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Manifest Destiny Chapter 13 Mountain Men • Rough and tough men who braved the wilderness to trap and capture furs, animals, etc • First Americans to move beyond the Rocky Mountains Western Land • Americans believed it was their right to take the land from the Native Americans Land Speculators • Bought huge pieces of land in the hope it would increase in value and make them rich • If land went up in value they sold some to people moving west and made huge profits Santa Fe Trail • Trail from Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico • 800 miles long • Founded by William Becknell and he continues to find safer routes along the trail Oregon Trail • From Missouri to Oregon • Missionaries were the first to use this trail • 2000 miles long Mormon Trail • Mormons moved west for religious freedom • Founded by Joseph Smith • Made enemies among non Mormons b/c of their policy of polygamy or having more than one wife • 1844, after Joseph Smith was murdered, Brigham Young moved his people west to Utah • Built Salt Lake City, Utah Texas Settlement • 1821 Mexico gets independence from Spain • Texas is allowed to have Americans move there and create a colony if they agree to become Mexican citizens and Catholic • Stephen F. Austin negotiates this • Between 1821 and 1830, population of Texas grew from 300-25,000 • By 1830, Americans outnumbered Tejanos (people of Spanish heritage) 6 to 1 Problems grow in Texas • Americans in Texas grew angry that laws were written in Spanish and didn’t like some Mexican laws • Mexico outlawed slavery in 1829, which angered more Americans in Texas (Austin negotiated for Americans to keep slavery) • Mexicans cracked down on the Americans out of fear of a revolution • More Mexican soldiers in TX, taxes for first time, no more Americans can move to TX Texas Revolution • 1833, Austin goes to negotiate with Mexicans for more freedoms for Texas • President Santa Anna finds out that Austin wrote a letter saying if demands weren’t met, Texas would break away from Mexico (Austin was put in jail for a year) • 1835, Mexican soldiers fight Texans in Gonzales for the first time • Tried to capture a Texas cannon that had sign on it, “Come and Take it!” The Alamo (Feb 1836) • March 1836, Texas declares its independence • Sam Houston is put in charge of the Texas Army (about 600 men) • 183 men were stationed at the Alamo • Led by William Travis and James Bowie and Davey Crocket • Mexican army had 6000 men at the Alamo led by Santa Anna • Battle for the Alamo took 13 days • 1000 Mexicans were killed and 176 of the Texans (the survivors were executed) • Juan Seguin, a Tejano member of the Texas Army was lone survivor of the Alamo • He was sent with a letter from Travis to Sam Houston during the battle and by the time he returned, the Alamo was in flames and everyone dead Battle of Goliad • 300-400 Texan soldiers based her • Santa Anna and the Mexican army kill 300 Texans who were captured • Helped anger Texans and more joined the army Battle of San Jacinto (April 1836) • Houston and Texas army surprise and surround Santa Anna and Mexican Army • Soldiers yell, “Remember the Alamo” “Remember Goliad” • Lasted only 18 minutes • Half the Mexican army was killed • Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign a treaty ending the war and giving Texas its independence Republic of Texas • Sam Houston was its first president • Nicknamed the “Lone Star Republic” • 1836, they asked to become part of US but Congress said no • Didn’t want war with Mexico and didn’t want fight over if it’s a slave state James Polk • James Polk elected president in 1844 and he wanted to add Texas and Oregon to USA • Slogan was “54 40 or fight!”-map designates for borders of Oregon • 1846, he negotiates a split of the Oregon territory with British at 49th parallel (todays border with Canada) • Offered Mexico $30 million for Texas, New Mexico, and California (Mexico said no) Manifest Destiny • Belief by Americans that it was our destiny to expand the US across the continent from ocean to ocean Texas becomes a state • 1845, Texas became a state (slavery legal there) • Mexico still viewed Texas as their property • Texas and Mexico could not agree of what the border between them was War with Mexico • President Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor to station his 3500 men on the disputed border with Mexico at the Rio Grand River • April 1846, Mexico crosses border and kills an American patrol • May 1846, US army invades Mexico • US easily captures and controls New Mexico and California • Battle of Buena Vista, Santa Anna’s Mexican army (15,000) vs American Army (4800)- US wins and controls Northern Mexico • General Winfield Scott (US) captures Mexico City in Sept 1847 and the war ends Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) • Officially ends the war with Mexico • Set Rio Grande River as border with Mexico, set Texas as a part of the USA, gave up land that was ½ size of Mexico California Gold Rush • 49ers-went to CA looking for gold, starting in 1849 • Gold discovered by James Marshall • Thousands (250,000) moved to CA in search of fortune (gold rush) • 10% of those coming to CA were Chinese in 1851 • Very dangerous routes to get to CA for the gold seekers CA becomes a state • CA admitted as a state in 1850 • No slavery in CA • Passed tax for anyone not American who wanted to mine gold • Forced many into cities and out of mining • Chinese owned so many businesses in San Francisco at the time that it became known as Chinatown • 1845-1850, San Francisco population grew from 400-35,000 b/c of its use as a port city • CA admission as a free state tipped balance to more free states than slave states which causes a lot of fear and conflict Gadsden Purchase (1854) • Last major addition to USA (lower 48 states) • Bought land from Mexico .
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  • "James Bowie", a Hero of the Alamo

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    F 390 .B85 Copy 1 Jli Willi m^ ^*'i?j^-^ '''' ' ,(>', V'. > ^^/* ':''<^^^":'>^' ^60 JAMES BOWIE "JAMES BOWIE" A HERO OF THE ALAMO BY EVELYN BROGAN AUTHOR OF ••The Old Spanish Trail." SAN ANTONIO. TEXAS Theodore Kunzman"<,^^»l Printer & Publisher 1922 COPYRIGHT 1922 BY EVELYN BROGAN ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FEB 14 72 ©C1A656775 TO The Heroes of the Alamo. PREFACE. James Bowie, a hero of the Alamo, and one of the most noted characters not only of Texas but of the United States, was born in South Carolina in 1805 of pioneer American parents. While still a child they moved to New Orleans and there James Bowie grew to manhood. The famous "Bowie Knife" received its name from James Bowie. He or his brother (Rezin Bowie) was the inventor of it. Love of adventure, so strong in youths of the pioneer age, mani- fested itself in James Bowie and he came to Texas, then a Mexican state, about 1828. He spent much fruitless time in searching for the famous silver mine chronicled in the old Spanish Records, as being located near the site of the former San Saba Mission. Failing to find the mine, he settled in San Antonio de Bexar, where he mar- ried Miss Ursula de Veramendi^ the daughter of Vice Governor Juan Martin de Veramendi, of Texas. Their beautiful home, the Vera- mendi Palace located on Soledad Street, was the center of Spanish hospitality and culture in the early days of San Antonio. The fam- ous old Veramendi Palace has since been torn down to make room for a modern building much to the regret of tourists and loyal citi- zens of old San Antonio.