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Martin Huggon Hospitals Thesis Redacted Version.Pdf M Huggon The Archaeology of the Medieval Hospitals of England and Wales, 1066-1546 By: Martin Huggon A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Sheffield Faculty of Arts and Humanities Department of Archaeology Submission Date 08.06.2018 i M Huggon Abstract This thesis provides the first comprehensive synthesis of the archaeology of the medieval hospitals of England and Wales in two decades, bringing together a broad array of academic publication and grey literature reports. Since Gilchrist’s (1995) summary of the archaeological evidence, there has been an increasing examination of these institutions from a historical perspective, investigating the constitutional origins of these sites, their place within the spiritual economy, the nature of medical practice carried out, founders and patronage, and regional variations and dedications. However, the utilisation of the archaeological remains has seen relatively little advancement, despite a surge in developer- funded excavation that has seen the numbers of sites investigated increase. By drawing upon these resources, as well as other published excavations, this research has tested and devised a new conceptual framework for how the hospital was set out architecturally. It proposes that there was a hierarchy of space, with the high-status chapel located to the southeast, with the religious brethren located to the north, and the infirmary to the west, northwest, or north. Where women were part of the residence, especially as staff, there were quartered to the northwest, often in the furthest place from the altar. The kitchen and staff areas buffered the religious eastern half of the site from the more secular western side. The layout held variability visually but was organised around zones of activity for the different groups that lived at the hospital, and mirrored the standard Augustinian monastic layout, modified with a northern, rather than a traditional southern, focus. The thesis also examined the material culture and evidence of diet and environment, integrating these finds into the wider hospital layout through the appreciation for the manner in which the medieval hospital functioned as a non-natural environment. ii M Huggon Acknowledgements There are many people I would like to thank for the help they provided over the years. Apologies if I have forgotten anyone, and I thank you for all the help. Firstly, I would like to thank all those I contacted over the years to supply a considerable wealth of reports from a vast array of locales. For humouring this ex-commercial archaeologist and his wish to utilise grey literature, I thank you and I apologise if I miss any one off the list: Grahame Appleby, City Archaeologist, Leicester; Dr Nigel Baker; Suzy Blake, Historic Environment Record Officer, Staffordshire HER; Dr Rose Broadley, Historic Environment Record Officer, Kent County Council; Giles Carey, Historic Environment Records Officer, Shropshire HER; Dr Patrick Clay, Director ULAS; Sean Cook, 110 Archaeology; John Craven and Dr Rhodri Gardner, Directors, Suffolk Archaeology CIC; Liam Delanewy, Historic Environment Record Officer, Herefordshire HER; Philip Dixon; Ben Donnelly-Symes, Archaeology Officer, Cambridgeshire HER; Dr Helen Drinkall, Project Support Technician, University of Durham Archaeological Services; Camila Garces-Bovett, Historic England; Dr John Gater, Director of Archaeology, GSB Prospection Ltd; Jonathon Goodwin, Senior Planning Officer (Archaeology/HER) Stoke-on-Trent; Sue Hill, Heritage Conservation Officer, Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust Ltd; Nick Hodgson, Archaeological Projects Manager, Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums; Nancy Hollinrake, C & N Hollinrake Ltd; Zoe Horn, Archaeological Services WYAS; Lorraine Horsley, HER Officer, Nottinghamshire County Council; Guy Hunt, L-P Archaeology; Marc Johnson, The Archaeological Practice Ltd; James Kenny, Archaeology Officer, Chichester District Council; Claire MacRae, Tyne and Wear Archaeology Officer; Tracy Matthews, Archaeologist for Winchester Historic Environment Team; Peter Mills, Director Mills Whipp Projects; Melanie Millward, Warwickshire Historic Environment Record; Ian Milstead, Head of Archaeology York Archaeological Trust; Keith Parfitt, Canterbury Archaeology Trust and Dover Archaeology Group; Ingrid Peckham, Historic Environment Record Officer, Southampton; Mandy Pover, Archives Assistant, Stoke- on-Trent Libraries and Archives; Natasha Powers, Senior Manager, Allen Archaeology Ltd; Lin Rivers, Director HR & Administration, Border Archaeology; Kate Smart, Project Manager (Programme and Archives) Trent and Peak Archaeology; Charlotte Walker, Historic Environment Record Advisor, Northamptonshire Archives and Heritage Services; Zoe Walter, Archives Enquiry, Tyne and Wear Archives; Richard Watts, Historic Environment Record Assistant, Lincolnshire HER; Chris Webster, Somerset Historic Environment Record; Helen Wells, Historic Environment Record Officer Leicestershire and Rutland HER; Sonia Whiteman, Funding Officer, and Brett Thorn, Keeper of Archaeology, Buckinghamshire County Museum; David Whitmore, Senior Project Officer, NPS Archaeology; Julia Wise, Historic Environment Record Officer, Buckinghamshire County Council. I would also like to thank all those who provided permissions for the images or helped in my search for contact details. Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders, but if there are any issues, I will make every effort to rectify them. iii M Huggon Thanks go out to all those who aided me on my journey, and who I met through the opportunities this thesis dragged me through. In particular: Vickie Bruce, Johnnie Bedford, Martin Dunk, and Richard Lester; to my friends from home my thanks for being there whenever I pop back: Ellen Redmond, Adam Luckett, Aidan Drage, and Rob Inwood. I would also like to thank Dr Sarah Kerr and Dr Duncan Berryman for suggesting I head to Borderlines, and from which much has developed. Thank you for providing me with the opportunities you have, and I hope we will continue to work together and meet up in the future. To all my friends both far and wide, for all the fun times: Jake Nickles, Dunc Cameron, Liam Lee, Lee Eales, Alex Cassels and Ros Buck, Fiona Eaglesham, Tom Stratford, and Islay, Emily Eastwood, Sam Fairhead and Grace Corbett, Tom and Charlie Firth and the Firthlets, Mike Hartwell and Ruth Surman, James and Lizzie Thomson, Phil Garner and Dani Kow, Toby Pillatt, Jude and Pete Townend, Sam Bromage, Emma Hook, Tracy O’Donnell and Scott Hawley, and all the students both new, current, and gone from the department. Thanks and see you soon a lot less stressed. Thanks to my fellow PhDs: Sam Garwood, Hannah Plumer, Ged Poland, Mik Lebowski, Lenore Thompson. It has been a long, eventful experience, and I am glad to have done it with you guys. Thank you to Prof Dawn Hadley for the advice, suggestions, and pointers that have led me to where I am now. Special thanks to Nic Austen for all the help and support. Thanks to my now grown family, both those from my Stamford part: Jim Simons, Clare and Adrian Mainstone, Colin Crichton-Turley, and Jay and Lydia Mainstone; and those to do with home: Geraldine and John Huggon, Andi Huggon, Alex Huggon and John, Eddie, and Aaron. Thank you for all the support, the interested questions, and the good times. And especially to Mum and Dad, for putting up with the long silences and the forgotten phonecalls. One day I will get it right. Thank you to me examiners, Dr Lizzie Craig Atkins and Dr Duncan Wright for the engaging comments, the good questions, and the pertinent suggestions that have only improved this work and given me many avenues to consider in the future. Any and all mistakes or errors remain my own. My eternal gratitude to Dr Hugh Willmott. Thank you for being a wonderful supervisor and mentor. You put up with a lot and never let me down. I am forever in your debt. I wish to apologise to Loki, my dog, for the stress I put him through getting this done. And finally, Courtenay-Elle Crichton-Turley, without whom this would have been a much sadder and lonely journey. You have helped me through some of the worst times I have known and been there for some of the best. I hope to be there for yours. iv M Huggon Contents Title Page………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… i Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ii Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………………………………………. iii Contents………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… v List of Figures………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ix Chapter 1. Introduction: Framing the Archaeology of the Medieval Hospitals of England and Wales………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………… 1 Chapter 2. Hospitals and Medicine: An Overview……………………………………….…………………… 9 The Medieval Hospital…………………………………………………………………………………………… 9 The Hospitals of England and Wales………………………………………………….…………………. 18 The Hospital Residents and Daily Routine…………………………………………..………………… 27 The Changing Face of Patronage………………………………………………………….………………. 35 Leprosy and the Hospital: A Special Case?................................................................ 44 Medicine and the Hospital…………………………………………………………………….…………….. 51 Discussion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 67 Chapter 3. Conceptualising the Architectural Layout of the Medieval Hospital: An Organised Space……………………………………………………………………………………………….………….. 71 Faith and Charity as Structural Elements of Layout…………………………………..…………… 72 Architectural
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