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1471 Impact of Reclamation Practices on the Content and Qualitative AJCS 6(10):1471-1480 (2012) ISSN:1835-2707 Impact of reclamation practices on the content and qualitative composition of exchangeable base cations of the solonetz soil Milivoj Beli ć*1, Ljiljana Neši ć1, Miodrag Dimitrijevi ć1, Sofija Petrovi ć1, Vladimir Ćiri ć1, Saša Peke č2, Jovica Vasin 3 1Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia 2Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia 3Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract This paper shows the impact of long-term reclamation practices on the content and qualitative composition of exchangeable base cations of the solonetz soil. Based on the results of field visits and laboratory analyses, chemical and agrotechnical reclamation practices (phosphogypsum application 25 t ha -1 or 50 t ha -1, drainage pipes distance 20 m, trenching 50 cm, fertilization, soil tillage and cropping) have been applied to the solonetz soil. Analyses of cation exchange capacity (CEC) have shown that calcium (Ca +2 ) and sodium (Na +) cations prevailed over magnesium (Mg +2 ) and potassium (K +) cations in the soil exchange complex in all variants and all depths. Comparisons among variants and soil layers have shown that the contents of individual exchangeable base cations varied significantly (P ≤ 0.05). The highest changes in exchangeable calcium content were achieved to the depth of 30 cm, in both treated variants, and these changes were still higher in the variant with 50 t ha -1 of phosphogypsum. The content of exchangeable Na + decreased by 43 % to 71% in variant I and by 23% to 64% in variant II in comparison with the control variant. The application of the reclamation practices caused changes in the composition and proportions of cations in the layers of the solonetz soil to the depth of 50 cm. When compared with CEC in the control variant, the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) in the treated variants decreased by 6% to 15% after fifteen years. Keywords: reclamation; exchangeable cations; phosphogypsum; solonetz soil. Abbreviations: cation-exchange capacity (CEC); exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP); sodium adsorption ratio (SAR); gypsum requirements (GR); exchangeable Na (Na exch ); equivalent weight (Eqwt) Introduction Solonetz soils cover large areas around the world. In Europe specific nature of the soil type in question and the climatic only, they cover more than 20 million ha. There are about conditions of the given area. Based on the above theoretical 80.000 ha of solonetz soil in Vojvodina - a region in the postulates and the results of solonetz reclamation projects south of the Pannonian basin, in the north of the Republic of previously conducted in this region, the following Serbia. It is characterized by unfavorable physical and reclamation practices were determined to be necessary: chemical features, caused by high contents of clay and chemical reclamation - phosphogypsum application, physical sodium in the Bt,na horizon (Beli ć et al., 2006). Sodium reclamation - loosening the compact Bt,na horizon, excess causes a strong alkaline reaction and peptization of colloids, sodium removal - setting up a combination of underground which are primary causes of extremely unfavorable chemical, pipes and surface drainage canals, agrotechnical reclamation physical, and water and air properties of solonetz soils. For - fertilization with mineral and organic fertilizers, biological those reasons, this soil type is typically used as a natural reclamation - selecting and growing appropriate field crops pasture. The objective of applying reclamation measures to (Petrovi ć et al., 2010). The use of chemical reclamation dates solonetz soils is to change their cation content, which is back to German naturalist Meyer (cit. Lozanovska, 1987). He achieved by decreasing the sodium level and increasing the noticed positive effects of gypsum on sodic soils and calcium cation level (Ca 2+ ), which leads to the coagulation of recommended its application. The chemical reaction created soil colloids (Kruzhilin and Kazakova, 2011). Improvement by the input of gypsum in soil was explained by Hilgard ← of solonetz properties, achieved by application of complex (1906): Na 2CO 3 + CaSO 4 → Na 2SO 4 + CaCO 3. Hilgard was reclamation practices, has been achieved in a variety of cited in numerous papers, because his theoretical and different climatic conditions. The time needed to reclaim practical instructions have been accepted in many countries soils such as solonetz depends on climatic conditions, (Miljkovi ć, 1963). The research results of Gedroiz (1917) reclamation practices applied, and the predefined extent of served as the scientific basis for solonetz reclamation in the improvement. In order to attain best possible effects in the former USSR. Numerous studies showed that solonetz shortest period of time and maintaining economic viability, it reclamation by gypsum application was highly effective, is necessary to choose reclamation practices based on the bringing significant increases in the productivity of the 1471 cultivated plants (Pak, 1975; Abrol and Gupta, 1988; Content of exchangeable K + Bahceci, 2009; Makoi, 1995; Agar, 2011; Lyubimova, 2011; Voropaeva et al., 2011). Phosphogypsum is a byproduct in Highest contents of exchangeable K +, from 2.88 to 3.30 cmol the process of phosphoric acid production. Depending on the kg -1, were found in variant II, followed by variant I, from origin of phosphates, phosphogypsum contains around 1- 2.08 to 2.45 cmol kg -1 (Table 4). The contents of 1.25% P 2O5, 0.25-1.0% F, 2-3% SiO 2, 0.05-0.4% Al 2O3, 0.1- exchangeable potassium in the control variant were lower 0.2% Fe 2O3, 0.01-0.2% Na 2O, and 0.01-0.07% organic than those in the treated variants. The control variant matter. Phosphogypsum provides good results in reclaiming contained only 0.38 cmol kg -1of exchangeable K+ in the highly alkaline soils. Phosphogypsum application leads to the surface layer (from 0 to 10 cm), while the highest content of + -1 forming of sodium sulphate (Na 2SO 4), which is leached from exchangeable K , 0.83 cmol kg , was in the layer 20 to 30 the soil profile. The application of phosphogypsum increases cm. The distribution of exchangeable K + along soil profile the content of Ca 2+ and decreases the alkaline reaction, thus was fairly uniform in the treated variants. improving the content and stability of structural aggregates, water and air properties, thermal and nutrient status, and the Sum of base cations effective fertility of solonetz soils (Amstrong and Tanton, 1992; Gharaibeh et al., 2009). In the years following The sums of base cations (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + and K +) in phosphogypsum application, increased amounts of organic variants I and II were increased from 9% to 57% in and mineral fertilizers are combined with conventional comparison with the control variant (Table 5). The highest cultivation practices. During that period, crops tolerant to a sums of base cations were found in variant II (from 19.40 high alkaline reaction (wheat, barley, sunflower, sorghum, cmol kg -1 to 26.23 cmol kg -1 of soil). In the control variant, castor bean) are grown. After soil quality improvement has the sums of base cations ranged from 7.55 to 20.23 cmol kg -1 been achieved, other crops may be grown on the reclaimed of soil and they were significantly lower than the values in solonetz soil as well (Dimitrijevi ć et al., 2011). The aim of variants I and II. According to the distribution per soil layers, this paper was to determine the changes in the content and the sums of base cations increase with depth, almost qualitative composition of exchangeable base cations in the invariably in all variants. adsorptive complex of a solonetz soil after fifteen years of application of reclamation practices. Soil pH Results and Discussion The values of soil pH (in 1M KCl) differed in the examined variants and soil layers (Table 6). The soil reaction varied Content of exchangeable Ca 2+ from slightly acid, over neutral, to alkaline. The surface layers of all examined variants had lower pH values than the Compared with the control variant, the content of deeper layers. According to Thun's (1955) classification, the exchangeable Ca 2+ increased in the treated variants, in all soil surface layer (0 - 10 cm) in the control variant had a slightly layers to the depth of 50 cm (Table 1). In the control variant, acid to neutral reaction (pH 6.5). The soil reaction increased the content of Ca 2+ varied from 1.85 cmol kg -1 in the surface with depth, with all the deeper layers becoming alkaline. layer (0 - 10 cm) to 4.31 cmol kg -1 in the layer from 40 to 50 Compared with the control variant, the pH value decreased in cm, with a trend of increase with depth. In variant I, the almost all layers of the treated variants. In variant I, the content of Ca 2+ varied from 8.47 to 9.35 cmol kg -1 and in layers from 0 to 20 cm were neutral (pH 6.68-6.88) and from variant II from 10.27 to 14.22 cmol kg -1. In contrast to the 20 to 50 cm alkaline (pH 7.36-7.91). In variant II, the lowest control, with the which the content of Ca 2+ decreased with pH value (pH 5.41) was in the surface layer, the highest (pH depth in variants I and II. Largest changes in the content of 7.13) in the layer from 40 to 50 cm. exchangeable Ca 2+ were achieved to the depth of 30 cm in both treated variants, and better results were obtained in the ESP variant with 50 t ha -1 of phosphogypsum. Compared with the values of CEC, the exchangeable sodium Content of exchangeable Mg 2+ percentage was below 15% in almost all layers of the treated variants, except in the layer 40 to 50 cm in variant I and Magnesium (Mg 2+ ) content was less abundant than Ca 2+ variant II (23.88% and 18.72%, respectively).
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