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Views About Desirability of Associations with Whites, but for the Most Part, They Do Not Offer Ideological Beliefs Without Prompts

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Views About Desirability of Associations with Whites, but for the Most Part, They Do Not Offer Ideological Beliefs Without Prompts WARRING SOULS, RECONCILING BELIEFS: UNEARTHING THE COUNTOURS OF AFRICAN AMERICAN IDEOLOGY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Melanye T. Price, M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2003 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Paul Allen Beck, Adviser Professor William E. Nelson Jr. ____________________________ Adviser Professor Clarissa Rile Hayward Political Science Graduate Program Copyright by Melanye Tarea Price 2003 ABSTRACT Previous studies of African American politics focus on political cohesion in the form of bloc voting, party loyalty and notions of linked fate. This has been detrimental to understanding ideological diversity among African Americans. This project attempts to outline the connection between major tenets in African American political thought – based on degrees of subscription to integrationist and Black nationalist beliefs—and ideological adherence among ordinary citizens. There are three primary findings. First, it finds that this ideological dimension does exist, is methodologically reliable, and is an important ingredient in African American decision-making. It determines levels of internal racial awareness, support for leaders, and other issue positions. Second, like liberalism and conservatism, it is not foremost in ordinary citizens’ political calculus. In the focus groups, for instance, Blacks have clear views about desirability of associations with whites, but for the most part, they do not offer ideological beliefs without prompts. Instead, what is found and echoed by the subsequent statistical analyses is that Blacks are ambivalent about their relationship to America. They fall into a middle ground, sometimes endorsing and embracing their “American-ness” and other times taking a more racially protective stance by developing and maintaining Black social and political structures. Last, the Integrationist-Nationalist Index created to measure this ideology can predict levels of political efficacy as well as support for a Black third party. ii For SANDRA FAYE SPATES PRICE, The first great thinker I ever met and greatest intellectual I know iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This process has been a long, personal, difficult, stressful, complicated and even rewarding journey and was undertaken and completed with the help of many, many people. First, I want to thank my committee—especially my chair, Paul Allen Beck whose scholarship, leadership and mentoring style is a model that I try to follow in my own career. I am also grateful for the help and support of the rest of my committee William E. Nelson, Jr., whose knowledge of Black politics is rivaled only by a handful of scholars, and Thomas E. Nelson, who really introduced me to the study of political psychology. Thankfully, Clarissa Hayward graciously stepped in at the last minute as a member of my committee. Jewel L. Prestage and the Benjamin Banneker Honors College’s faculty, Barbara A.P. Jones, Mack Jones, Lisa Aubrey, Linda Eustace, and others at Prairie View A&M University profoundly impacted my education and career goals. Larry Brown has been a loyal ally and supporter during my time at OSU. More recently, my colleagues at Wesleyan University offered a nurturing environment and generous resources to finish this project. I am truly excited working in this intellectual community An invaluable set of people united to provide shelter and assistance in the form of the Black Political Science graduate students. My dissertation group—Javonne, Shelly, Gloria, Khalilah, and Cynthia—provided both academic input and good times. In addition Kathy, Valeria, Theresa, Travis, Ray, Harrison, Raquel and Raheema Watts iv were vital to that community. Thankfully, Holy Rosary St. John Church (especially the Costas, Suttons and Reisslands) provided prayers, distractions, and meals. Fransisca Figueroa-Jackson and Cynthia Duncan Joseph went the extra mile to help with my data collection. I must thank friends I have known forever who when I requested, stopped asking me when I would be finished and were proud of me no matter the pace. Salina, Israel, Rhoda and Byron, Kesha and Jon, Carleton, Mark, and Lori, David and Rebecca are unconditional supporters and valiant compadres. I have already thanked her above but special thanks goes to Gloria J. Hampton, my best friend, whose assistance in this process was immeasurable. Now I have no excuse not to buy you all real gifts from identifiable retail outlets. Just before I finished this project, my mother, Sandra Price, and aunt, Mary Gordon, showed up in Middletown with encouragement, food, cleaning, distractions and love. That is my family in a nutshell! They practice radically unconditional and enveloping love daily. I am so proud and blessed to be a part of them. I am but one personification of their struggle, sacrifice, hope, resilience, intellect, and love. Hopefully I am living up to their legacy. I must thank my womb-mate and eternal friend, Melynda, who knows me like no one else and crossed this and every milestone with me. My sister- mothers—Sandra Carr, Leslie Maxie, and Sharon Price—are my protectors, life coaches, style experts, and role models. My many aunts, uncles, nieces, nephews, cousins, and siblings have provided monetary gifts, kind words, or other precious resources. Finally, this project represents a first cut at me presenting my scholarly work. I feel both vulnerable and excited simultaneously. The individuals listed above have helped to set me on the right path. Any foibles or errors are solely mine. v VITA March 31, 1973………………………… Born – Houston, Texas 1995……………………………………. B.A. Geography, Prairie View A&M University 1998……………………………………. M.A. Political Science, The Ohio State University 1998-2002……………………………… Graduate Teaching and Research Associate, The Ohio State University 2002-Present…………………………… Assistant Professor of Government, Wesleyan University FIELD OF STUDY Major Field: Political Science vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………… ii Dedication ……………………………………………………………………………… iii Acknowledgements ……………………………………………...………………........... iv Vita ………………………………………………………………………………........... vi List of Tables ………………………………………………...………………………… ix Chapters: 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………… 1 2. Reconciliation or Rejection: Ideology and African American Political Thought……... 16 2.1 Introduction……………………………………………….………….…..... 16 2.2 The Shortfalls of Linked Fate……………………………….………...…... 16 2.3 Origins of a Racialized Ideology……………………….............................. 18 2.4 Implementing the Dream: Defining Integrationism………….………….... 22 2.5 Ending Sufferings, Creating New Histories: Defining Black Nationalism ...25 2.6 Summary………………………………………………………………...… 29 3. Regarding Race and Other Issues: Focus Group Participants Express Their Opinions ……………………………………………………………………………….. 32 3.1 Introduction……………...…………………………………………...….… 32 3.2 Constructing the Focus Groups ………...……………………………….… 33 3.3 The Frustrated American Dilemma ….……..……….…………………..... 36 3.4 In Spite of Blame “American-ness” Still Present: Voting and Candidate Evaluations ………………………………………………………..…. 37 3.5 Distrust and Disenchantment ……………………………..…….………... 46 3.6 Contours of the Generation Gap …………………………...…….……..… 48 3.7 Endurance and Metamorphosis of Linked Fate………………...….…...…. 54 3.8 Attributing Fault: Black Blame vs. System Blame……………...…….….. 61 3.9 Summary …………………………………………………….………...….. 68 4. In Our Own Words: Ordinary Citizens Define Integrationism and Black Nationalism ………………………………………………………………………...….. 70 4.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………...…... 70 4.2 Integrationism ……………………..…………………………………....… 74 vii 4.3 Black Nationalism …………………..……………………………….….… 87 4.4 Integrationism Nationalism Mix ……………………………………...…... 93 4.5 Observations of Parent-Child Cohorts ……….……………………..….…. 98 4.6 Dreaming Blackness… ………………………...……………..…………. 103 4.7 Summary ……………………………………………………………..…. 109 5. Measuring Integrationism and Black Nationalism in the Mass Public …..…………... 111 5.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………… 111 5.2 Measuring Race Specific Ideology: The Integrationist-Nationalist Index.. 112 5.3 Validating the Integrationist-Nationalist Index: What Can It Tell Us? .... 119 5.4 Summary ………………………………………………………...…...….. 123 6. Sources of Integrationism and Black Nationalism …….……………………….…..… 124 6.1 Introduction …………………………………………………...………..... 124 6.2 Analyzing Ideological Sub-categories …………………………………... 125 6.3 OLS Estimation of Predictors of Integrationism and Black Nationalism .. 137 6.4 Examining Race of the Interviewer Effects More Closely …………...…. 146 6.5 Summary …………………………………………………………...……. 153 7. Consequences of Integrationism and Black Nationalism …….……………..……..… 157 7.1 Introduction …………………………………………………..………..... 157 7.2 Alienation and Ideology: Analysis of Trust and Efficacy …………….... 158 7.3 Ideology and Support for Government Efforts ………………………...... 171 7.4 Ideology and Political Parties ………………………………………...…. 178 7.5 Ideology and Political Participation …………………….………………. 187 7.6 Summary …………………………………………………………..……. 202 8. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………….... 204 7.1 Summary of Major Findings and Contributions …………………...……. 205 7.2 Making Stronger Measurements to Produce Stronger Results ………….. 210 7.3 Next Steps ……………………………………………………………...... 214 Appendix A: Focus Group Characteristics and Concluding Survey ……………………….… 218 Appendix B: Descriptive Statistics ……………………………………………….…………... 226 List of References
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