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Arqueología De La Batalla Del Jarama Archaeology of the Battle of Jarama

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Arqueología De La Batalla Del Jarama Archaeology of the Battle of Jarama Arqueología de la Batalla del Jarama Archaeology of the Battle of Jarama Eduardo PENEDO COBO, Juan SANGUINO VÁZQUEZ, Jesús RODRÍGUEZ MORALES, Javier MARAÑÓN LÓPEZ, Ana Belén MARTÍNEZ GRANERO, Marcos ALONSO GARCÍA ARTRA, S.L. Trabajos Arqueológicos. C/ Saldaña, 25. 28019 Madrid. [email protected]/, [email protected] Recibido: 01-07-2008 Aceptado: 11-07-2008 RESUMEN En este artículo se describen varias intervenciones arqueológicas en municipios del sureste de Madrid que resultaron afectados por el desarrollo de la Batalla del Jarama (1937). Las intervenciones incluyeron prospecciones, documentación planimétrica y fotográfica de estructuras militares, excavaciones y la orga- nización de itinerarios histórico-arqueológicos de la guerra. PALABRAS CLAVE: Batalla del Jarama. Guerra Civil Española. Arqueología contemporánea. Gestión del patrimonio arqueológico. ABSTRACT In this article, we describe several archaeological interventions in municipalities south of Madrid that were affected by the Battle of Jarama (1937). These interventions involved survey, mapping of military structures, excavations, and the organization of historical-archaeological routes of the Spanish Civil War. KEY WORDS: Battle of Jarama. Spanish Civil War. Archaeology of the contemporary past. Management of archaeo- logical heritage. SUMARIO 1. Introducción. La Batalla del Jarama. 2. San Martín de la Vega. 3. Ciempozuelos. 4. Valde- moro. 5. Arganda del Rey. 6. Aranjuez. 7. Conclusiones. Complutum, 2008, Vol. 19 Núm. 2: 63-87 63 ISSN: 1131-6993 Eduardo Penedo Cobo et al. Arqueología de la Batalla del Jarama 1. Introducción. La Batalla del Jarama cional que quedaba en manos republicanas conec- tando Madrid con el resto del territorio republica- En este artículo pasaremos revista de forma su- no. Intentaron aprovechar la conquista de Toledo cinta a una serie de actuaciones arqueológicas lle- para intentar el envolvimiento y corte de comuni- vadas a cabo por ARTRA S.L. en lugares significa- caciones de Madrid desde el Sur, es decir, por el tivos de la Batalla del Jarama entre el año 2002 y Valle del Jarama, interceptando no sólo las carre- el año 2006. Las intervenciones se llevaron a cabo, teras de Toledo y Andalucía, sino también la de Va- dentro de diversos proyectos de gestión, en los mu- lencia, completando así el deseado cerco y copo de nicipios de San Martín de la Vega, Ciempozuelos, Madrid. Valdemoro, Arganda del Rey y Aranjuez. La Bata- Al mismo tiempo los republicanos también pla- lla del Jarama tuvo lugar entre el 6 y el 27 de febre- neaban una ofensiva en ese sector sur de Madrid pa- ro de 1937, fue desencadenada por el ejército su- ra aliviar la situación en la capital. La línea del fren- blevado y se considera una de las más cruentas de te a primeros de febrero estaba en el Cerro de los la Guerra Civil. El esfuerzo bélico fue enorme en Ángeles (Getafe) - Pinto - Valdemoro - Seseña. Así, ambos bandos y en consecuencia el número de ba- la acometida nacional en la zona, replicada y conte- jas resultó muy elevado, pese a lo cual la batalla nida por la del ejército republicano, dio lugar a una concluyó en tablas. acción bélica, que resultó ser el acontecimiento mi- Madrid, en su calidad de capital de España, fue litar más importante de la Guerra Civil hasta aquel objetivo de defensa y toma por las partes en conflic- momento y que sería conocido precisamente como to desde el primer momento; se combatió en la prác- Batalla del Jarama. Dicho hecho bélico tuvo lugar tica totalidad del territorio de la Comunidad, aunque entre los días 6 y 27 de febrero de 1937 y afectó tan- cada batalla fue de diferente extensión e intensidad to a municipios ribereños como a otros próximos, en el espacio y en el tiempo. Tas los intentos de asal- no solo por los hechos de armas desarrollados en to a Madrid desde el oeste, detenidos por la llegada sus términos, sino por soportar las consecuencias de las primeras Brigadas Internacionales y la colum- directas de los combates al aprovecharse sus térmi- na anarquista de Durruti, el frente se paralizó y Fran- nos como cantones de tropas, hospitales y cemente- co renunció a tomar directamente Madrid el 23 de rios de guerra –sobre el desarrollo de las operacio- noviembre (Colodny 1970, cf. López Fraile et al., nes cf. Martínez Bande y Campanario (1984), Per- en este dossier). muy y Mortera (2003). Los mandos nacionales decidieron, tras el fracaso La operación nacional estaba proyectada para del ataque frontal sobre la capital, asfixiar Madrid que comenzara en la madrugada del 24 de enero, mediante ataques por los flancos, tomando los prin- pero en la noche del 23 al 24 cambió bruscamente cipales nudos de comunicación y posibilitando así el tiempo, desencadenándose un fuerte temporal de su aislamiento y posterior ataque decisivo. La pri- lluvias que hizo imposible el comienzo de la ofen- mera de estas ofensivas se realizó al noroeste de la siva. Sólo una pequeña fuerza logró ocupar la casi- capital, con la carretera de La Coruña y los nudos lla de peones camineros de la Cuesta de la Reina, adyacentes como epicentro de la operación, con lo tras envolver al enemigo. Esto hizo que la sorpresa cual se pretendía aislar la capital de las fuerzas gu- desapareciera, lo que permitió que los republicanos bernamentales que resistían en la sierra madrileña. tuviesen tiempo para prepararse. A partir del 4 de El primero de estos ataques se realizó sobre los pun- febrero el tiempo mejoró sensiblemente y el día 6 tos de Boadilla - Húmera - Aravaca. La ofensiva se de Febrero comenzó por fin la ofensiva. paralizó a lo largo de diciembre y se reinició en ene- Rápidamente, los republicanos empezaron a mo- ro de 1937. El 4 de enero, Asensio ocupó Majada- vilizar fuerzas para el valle del Jarama. El 7 de fe- honda y alcanzó la carretera de La Coruña. Poste- brero los nacionales controlaban las alturas del va- riormente cayeron El Plantío y las Rozas, mien- lle y llegaron a San Martín de la Vega. También hu- tras los republicanos retomaron Aravaca y Villa- bo fuertes combates en el vértice de Coberteras, don- nueva del Pardillo, con lo cual evitaron que los re- de confluyen el Manzanares y el Jarama –muy im- beldes pudieran cortar las comunicaciones con la portante porque podría servir de observatorio sobre sierra. la carretera de Valencia. En los días siguientes con- El siguiente intento de aislar Madrid fue intentar tinuaron los combates en la Cobertera y camino del cortar la carretera de Valencia, la única carretera na- puente del Pindoque, al este de la Marañosa. Este Complutum, 2008, Vol. 19 Núm. 2: 63-87 64 Arqueología de la Batalla del Jarama Eduardo Penedo Cobo et al. puente era muy importante por ser casi el único uti- canos contraatacaron en el sector de Vacíamadrid y lizable para cruzar el Jarama, pues el otro estaba los vértices Corbetera y Pingarrón. En este vértice más al sur, en Gózquez de Abajo. los combates fueron muy intensos en la fase final de Para el 10 de febrero los nacionales ya habían lle- la batalla, cambiando varias veces de manos. Su im- gado hasta el Manzanares y esa noche un tabor de portancia residía en que permitía controlar gran par- Ifni llego al extremo sur del puente de Pindoque, te del cauce del Jarama en la zona de la batalla. Hu- cruzó el río sin ser detectado y sorprendió a los de- bo combates el día 21 y sobre todo el 23 en el que fensores. Después de una corta pero intensa lucha los republicanos atacaron en toda la línea. El frente los nacionales controlaban los dos extremos del quedaría establecido en esa línea. El 23 de febrero puente y sus zapadores cortaron los cables de los es el último de esta batalla, con el sólo epílogo del explosivos preparados para volar el puente. Sin em- día 27 en el Pingarrón, tras lo que las líneas de trin- bargo con la noche y las prisas algún cable debió cheras se estabilizaron hasta el fin de la guerra. quedar sin cortar y los republicanos, alertados por Al final de la batalla se puede decir que la ofen- la lucha intentaron volar el puente. Hubo una fuerte siva nacional falló por dos motivos fundamental- explosión y el puente se elevó en el aire, volviendo mente: lo reducido de los efectivos que tenían en- a caer a continuación en el mismo sitio, aun utiliza- tonces, sobre todo después del desgaste que habían ble. Así, por este puente del Pindoque empezaron a sufrido en los meses anteriores, durante el avance cruzar las unidades nacionales y continuaron el ata- hasta Madrid y el hecho de que su progresión, sal- que sobre las casas de Pajares y el vértice de Pajares, vo el primer día, fue muy lenta y careció de sorpre- que tomaron ese día. Más al sur entraron en San sa. El ataque se retrasó varios días y dio tiempo a Martín de la Vega, que los republicanos habían aban- los republicanos a reorganizarse y defenderse con donado y se dirigieron al puente de Gózquez de Aba- más tropas. jo. Allí también hubo una explosión, que no llego Por su lado los republicanos tenían muchos pro- a inutilizar el puente. En la noche del 11 al 12 de fe- blemas en su intento de organizar un ejército regu- brero los nacionales realizaron otro golpe de mano lar. Las milicias de los primeros días se estaban reor- muy audaz y tomaron el puente, de forma similar a ganizando en unidades regulares, pero era tarea de como habían tomado el del Pindoque. Los republica- varios meses. Durante los primeros días hubo una nos estaban organizándose rápidamente.
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