Workshop on NATIVE SPECIES REFORESTATION IN SINGAPORE Saturday, 4th February 2012 NUS Kent Ridge Campus, Singapore

Nave Plant Culvaon in Urban Singapore Hugh Tan & Ang Wee Foong Department of Biological Sciences Naonal University of Singapore Why Plant Naves in Urban Areas? • Nave plants of nonlocal or local provenance – Food and shelter for nave animals – Less likely to become invasive – Interacons with nave animals, plants and microbes interesng – Aesthecs • Nave plants of local provenance – Local provenance is valuable – Species level conservaon [Richard Corle’s talk] – Extension of nature reserves into urban areas Number of Trees Number of S/No. Species Nave (Roadside) Trees (Parks) Total 1 Samanea saman 0 26226 3334 29560 2 Peltophorum pterocarpum 1 23682 1932 25614 How Many Nave 3 Swietenia macrophylla 0 20079 770 20849 4 Syzygium grande 1 18106 2339 20445 5 Khaya senegalensis 0 14344 998 15342 6 Taberuia rosea 0 9965 3334 13299 Trees Planted Here? 7 Cinnamomum iners 1 9371 1694 11065 8 Xanthostemon chrysanthus 0 8780 1630 10410 9 Mimusops elengi 0 9609 343 9952 10 Arfeuillea arborescens 0 8666 217 8883 11 Hopea odorata 0 7022 473 7495 12 Cassia fistula 0 5364 1093 6457 For the top 39 trees 13 Syzygium polyanthum 1 5094 1037 6131 14 Khaya grandifoliola 0 5401 343 5744 15 Pterocarpus indicus 0 4567 626 5193 •25.8% nave spp. 16 Mangifera indica 0 4206 342 4548 17 Syzygium campanulatum 0 3097 1152 4249 (8 naves out of 39 most commonly planted trees in 18 Cratoxylum formosum 0 3502 502 4004 19 Terminalia catappa 0 3231 892 4123 streets and parks by NParks ) 20 Lagerstroemia flos-reginae 0 3195 922 4117 21 Fagraea fragrans 1 2456 1595 4051 22 Erythrophleum guineense 0 2791 425 3216 •28.3% nave individuals 23 Callistemon species 0 2589 201 2790 24 Millea atropurpurea 0 2389 228 2617 (72,217 nave sp. trees out of 255,514 total) 25 Syzygium lineatum 1 2214 143 2357 26 Callistemon citrinus 0 2128 113 2241 27 Filicium decipiens 0 1862 290 2152 28 Kopsia flavida 0 1755 391 2146 29 Alstonia scholaris 0 1451 397 1848 30 Andira inermis 0 1195 638 1833 31 Dalbergia lafolia 0 1644 89 1733 32 Melaleuca 'Golden Gem' (Melaleuca bracteata?) 0 1496 115 1611 33 Maniltoa browneoides 0 1319 253 1572 34 Dalbergia oliveri 0 1144 364 1508 35 Pongamia pinnata 1 1043 292 1335 36 Khaya nyassica 0 1267 40 1307 37 Tamarindus indica 0 1117 190 1307 38 Sandoricum koetjape 1 1175 44 1219 39 Azadirachta excelsa 0 1081 110 1191 Tan, P. Y., B. Yeo, W. X. Yip & H. S. Lua, 2009. Carbon Storage and GRAND TOTALS 225623 29891 255514 Sequestraon by Urban Trees in Singapore. Centre for Urban NATIVE GRAND TOTAL 8 63141 9076 72217 Greenery and Ecology, Naonal Parks Board, Singapore. 14 pp. EXOTIC GRAND TOTAL 31 162482 20815 183297 225623 29891 255514 Many Nave Plant Spp. Available!

All Used for % Used for Category Naves Culvaon Culvaon Tree 857 313 36.5 Climber 427 45 10.5 Shrub 215 60 27.9 Herb 339 44 13.0 Others (e.g., epiphytes, stranglers, etc. ) 313 27 8.6 All Habits 2151 489 22.7 …but not many exploited for culvaon in Singapore!

Updated from: Chong, K. Y., H. T. W. Tan & R. T. Corle, 2009. A Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore: Nave, Naturalised and Culvated Species. Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, Naonal University of Singapore, Singapore. 273 pp. Uploaded 12 November 2009. [PDF, 1.03 MB] Only 5 Pure Nave Planng Sites

1. Kranji Sanctuary Golf Course 2. NUS Nave Plant Demonstraon Garden 3. Enhancing the Nave Urban Biodiversity of Singapore Project sites i. Nave Garden @ HortPark ii. Per Road iii. NUS Kent Ridge Campus Kranji Sanctuary Golf Course • Established in 2002 • Mostly nave spp. landscaping • Converted from wasteland, abandoned farmland, former pig farms • 18-hole golf course • Naonal Service Resort & Country Club (NSRCC) administered • Emphasis on conservaon of natural habitats • Public access to bird-watching sites NUS Nave Plant Demonstraon Garden • Blks S1 and S2, Science Drive 4, NUS Kent Ridge Campus • 60-odd spp. of trees, shrubs, climbers • Established Mar 2007 • By OED and DBS, NUS • Website: hp://www.nus.edu.sg/oes/prog/natural/nave_plants/nave_plants.html • First public-access nave plant garden • Just outside this workshop venue! Enhancing the Urban Nave Biodiversity of Singapore (EUNBOS) Project • 3-year project funded by the Ministry of Naonal Development Research Fund for the Built Environment (MND RF) in 2009 • Collaboraon between Centre for Urban Greenery and Ecology (CUGE), Naonal Parks Board (NParks) and Department of Biological Sciences, Naonal University of Singapore (NUS)

EUNBOS Project Aims

• Increase the use of nave landscape plants among professionals in the landscape and horculture industry through publicaons, creaon of the first nave plants database, and demonstraon landscape plots. • Develop appropriate know-how for propagaon of nave plants and diffuse the knowledge to NParks’ and local nurseries to enable a gradual build-up of nave plant stock for landscape uses. • Develop the know-how to screen and grow nave plants in the urban environment for high survivability. • Demonstrate the posive ecological benefits of the use of nave plants in urban landscapes in Singapore. EUNBOS Project Achievements

• 1,611 nave plant species write-ups for NParks’ Fauna & FloraWeb • Propagated over 150 species of nave plants (from common species to rediscovered exnct species) over past two years and have provided plants to NParks for reforestaon EUNBOS Project Achievements

• Publicaon of 9 journal arcles on statuses and rediscoveries of nave plant species in Singapore 1. Lok, A. F. S. L., W. F. Ang, K. Y. Chong & H. T. W. Tan, 2010. Rediscovery of Liparis barbata Lindl. (Orchidaceae) in Singapore. Nature in Singapore, 3: 277–281. hp://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/nis/bullen2010/2010nis277-281.pdf 2. Ang, W. F., A. F. S. L., Lok, C. K., Yeo, S. Y. Teo & H. T. W. Tan, 2010. Rediscovery of Dendrobium aloifolium (Blume) Rchb. f. (Orchidaceae) in Singapore. Nature in Singapore, 3: 321–325. hp://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/nis/bullen2010/2010nis321-325.pdf 3. Ang, W. F., A. F. S. L., Lok, K. Y. Chong & H. T. W. Tan, 2010. Status and distribuon of Neoscortechinia sumatrensis S. Moore. (Euphorbiaceae). Nature in Singapore, 3: 333–336. hp://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/nis/bullen2010/2010nis333-336.pdf 4. Lok, A. F. S. L., W. F. Ang & H. T. W. Tan, 2011. The Rediscovery of Polystachya concreta (Jacq.) Garay & Sweet (Orchidaceae) in Singapore. Nature in Singapore, 4: 19–24. hp://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/nis/bullen2011/2011nis019-024.pdf 5. Lok, A. F. S. L., W. F. Ang, & Hugh T. W. Tan, 2011. The status of Cystorchis variegata Bl. var. variegata (Orchidaceae) in Singapore. Nature in Singapore,4: 25–29. hp://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/nis/bullen2011/2011nis025-029.pdf 6. Lok, A. F. S. L., W. F. Ang, K. Y. Chong, P. X. Ng, S. Teo, T. K. Yee, C. K. Yeo & Hugh T. W. Tan, 2011. The Status of Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. in Singapore. Nature in Singapore, 4: 43–48. hp://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/nis/bullen2011/2011nis043-048.pdf 7. Lok, A. F. S. L., W. F. Ang, K. Y. Chong, C. K. Yeo & H. T. W. Tan, 2011. The Rediscovery of Coelogyne rochussenii de Vriese (Orchidaceae) in Singapore. Nature in Singapore, 4: 49–53. hp://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/nis/bullen2011/2011nis049-053.pdf 8. Lok, A. F. S. L., W. F. Ang, B. Y. Q. Ng, S. M. Suen, C. K. Yeo & Hugh T. W. Tan, 2011. Leea, Linn. (Vitaceae) of Singapore. Nature in Singapore, 4: 55–71. hp://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/nis/bullen2011/2011nis055-071.pdf 9. Ang, W. F., A. F. S. L. Lok, C. K. Yeo, B. Y. Q. Ng & Hugh T. W. Tan, 2011. The Status and distribuon of Plocoglos javanica Blume (Orchidaceae) in Singapore. Nature in Singapore, 4: 73–77. hp://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/nis/bullen2011/2011nis073-077.pdf • Three nave plant landscaping projects Nave Garden @ HortPark • Landscaped and planted according to 4 habitats: Freshwater swamp forest, mangrove forest, beach vegetaon; lowland evergreen rainforest • Mixed planng using 160 nave plants of Singapore • Done in collaboraon with CUGE and HortPark • Set up in 2010 • Book published: Tan, P.Y., R.T. Corle & H.T.W. Tan (eds.), 2010. Field Guide to the Nave Garden @ HortPark. CUGE and NUS, Singapore. 124 pp. • hp://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/index.php? opon=com_content&view=arcle&id=48&Itemid=56#27 • hp://www.selectbooks.com.sg/getTitle.aspx?SBNum=050129

Nave Garden @ HortPark

• 13 species of nave fishes introduced • 13 species of nave birds recorded • 16 species of nave amphibians and reples recorded • 38 species of nave buerflies and moths recorded • 25 species of nave damselflies and dragonflies recorded • Book just published: Lok, A. F. S. L., W. F. Ang, H. T. W. Tan, R. T. Corle & P. Y. Tan (eds.), 2012. The Fauna of the Nave Garden @ HortPark: Birds, Fishes, Amphibians, Reples, Buerflies, Moths, Dragonflies, and Damselflies. Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, Naonal University of Singapore, and Centre for Urban Greenery and Ecology, Naonal Parks Board, Singapore. 148 pp. Uploaded 17 Jan.2012. [PDF, 16.1 MB] Per Road Streetscape Planng

• Landscaped and planted 4 secons of the road as part of research project • Mixed planng using nave plants of Singapore Bus shelter construcon and sewer • Done in collaboraon with CUGE and Streetscapes line construcon will cause much of • Each plot landscaped with 24 species of nave plants the plots to be removed so this is a • 9 species of nave birds recorded major consideraon for future • 8 species of nave amphibians and reples recorded planning of nave planng • 74 species of insects recorded exercises. NUS Campus Greening

• Landscaped various parts of NUS campus (e.g., University Hall, Faculty of Arts and Social Science, Faculty of Science, and NUS Business School) with nave plants of Singapore • Done in collaboraon with CUGE and NUS Office of Estate and Development (OED) • More than 160 species of nave plants used Acknowledgements

• Alvin Lok • Tan Puay Yok • Chew Chin Huat • Chong Kwek Yan • Trudy Terlt • Mahadi bin Sugiri • Ng Pei Xin • James Wang • Supari bin Warno • Yeo Chow Khoon • Toh Chin Heng • Ang Chee Wee • David Ausn • Nur Liyana binte Zolpakar • Seh Been Tah • Ng Xin Yi • Karni Omar-Hor • Yong Kwet Yew • Beatrice Ng • Vijaya Kumar • Joseph Mullinix • Suen Si Min • Chua-Tan Boon Gek • • Richard Corle • Wilson Wong Tan Chorh Chuan • Navjot Sodhi • Gary Chua • Joyce Foo • Evee Wee Khee Li • Soh Weijing