UNEP-WCMC technical report

Non-CITES timber species from South East Asia (Leguminosae) potentially warranting further protection

(Version edited for public release)

2 Non-CITES timber species from Southeast Asia (Leguminosae) potentially warranting further protection

Prepared for The European Commission, Directorate General Environment, Directorate E - Global & Regional Challenges, LIFE ENV.E.2. – Global Sustainability, Trade & Multilateral Agreements , Brussels, Belgium

Prepared January 2014

Copyright European Commission 2014

Citation UNEP-WCMC. 2014. Non-CITES timber species from Southeast Asia (Leguminosae) potentially warranting further protection . UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge.

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Contents

Executive summary ...... 4 Introduction and background ...... 5 Methods ...... 6 Overview of Dalbergia spp...... 7 Dalbergia annamensis ...... 8 Dalbergia oliveri (including D. bariensis and D. mammosa ) ...... 9 Dalbergia tonkinensis ...... 15 Koompassia grandiflora ...... 20 Pericopsis mooniana ...... 22 Appendix ...... 27

4 Executive summary

The aim of this report is to assist the SRG with the identification of non-CITES timber tree species that may be threatened by international trade and require action accordingly. In particular, it reviews a selection of South East Asian Leguminosae timber tree taxa identified as of potential concern at a 2007 regional workshop on " Strategies for the sustainable use and management of timber tree species subject to international trade ".

Introduction and background 5

This report provides an update on the status of selected timber species to inform SRG deliberations on further action to ensure that trade is sustainable The report has been produced on the basis of the findings of the South East Asia workshop on " Strategies for the sustainable use and management of timber tree species subject to international trade ", held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in September 2007.

In 2013, the SRG agreed to revisit the findings of the workshop, starting with Leguminosae, to assess whether any additional action may be required. This report provides an update to the information gathered at the 2007 Workshop for a selection of Leguminosae timber tree taxa considered to be of higher priority.

The 2007 Workshop aimed at identifying South East Asian timber species in international trade and in need of action at the national or international level to ensure their long-term sustainable use.

The Workshop was funded by the governments of the Netherlands and the United Kingdom and managed by UNEP-WCMC, with participation of experts from various sectors, including CITES, forestry, timber trade and plant taxonomy. Participants provided information on 115 South East Asian timber tree taxa in international trade, identified by UNEP-WCMC based on a global survey undertaken previously (WCMC, 1998). They also nominated an additional seven species for consideration. Preliminary reviews of these taxa were assessed and prioritised by the group of experts on the basis of their conservation status and evidence of international trade.

Following this workshop, Dalbergia cochinchinensis , which had been identified as a priority for action, was listed in CITES Appendix II at CITES CoP16 following a proposal by Thailand and Vietnam.

The EU FLEGT Action Plan, in particular through its Voluntary Partnership Agreements (VPAs), aims to ensure that only legally harvested timber is imported into the EU from countries part of the scheme. Under this scheme, VPA partner countries develop systems to verify that their timber exports are legal and the EU only accepts licensed imports from those countries. Indonesia is currently the only South East Asian VPA partner country, but agreements are under negotiation with Lao PDR, Malaysia, Thailand and Viet Nam. In addition, the EU Timber Regulation lays down the obligations of EU operators who place timber and timber products on the market.

6 Methods Species selection Twenty-eight Leguminosae timber tree taxa were assessed at the 2007 Workshop (PC17 Inf. 7). Twelve of these taxa were considered to meet the criteria for listing under CITES Appendix II by an earlier assessment of non-CITES tree species (WCMC, 1998). Out of these 12 taxa, Dalbergia cochinchinensis was excluded from this report as it was listed in CITES Appendix II at CoP16; on the basis of the findings of the 2007 Workshopk, Afzelia rhomboidea and Kalabbia celebica were excluded due to lack of international trade; and Dalbergia cambodiana and Erythrophleum fordii were excluded due to insufficient information on trade. This report therefore provides an update to the trade and conservation status information of the remaining seven taxa:

• Dalbergia annamensis

• Dalbergia bariensis 1

• Dalbergia mammosa 2

• Dalbergia oliveri

• Dalbergia tonkinensis

• Koompassia grandiflora

• Pericopsis mooniana Trade information In the absence of trade statistics for timber by species in the data routinely collected by FAO or the World Customs Organisation, information on trade from the 2007 Workshop has been updated on the basis of recent regional reports on timber trade issues (TRAFFIC, 2012; Environmental Investigation Agency, 2012; Wenbin and Xiufang, 2013) and International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) Annual Review and Assessment of the World Timber Situation (years 2002-2012). In addition, information on the purposes of use of the different species was collected from relevant literature.

According to ITTO’s Annual review of Tropical log production in 2011, there were no reports from EU countries of imports of the species under review. However, Malaysia did report production of Koompassia spp. Anecdotal reports indicate that timber of some species under consideration may have been reaching the EU through indirect trade.

1 Combined with Dalbergia oliveri in this report due to taxonomic uncertainties. 2 Combined with Dalbergia oliveri in this report due to taxonomic uncertainties.

Overview of Dalbergia spp. 7

Trade and management Dalbergia spp. rosewood was reported to be Despite domestic legislation controlling and highly prized by international traders and restricting its use, Lao People's Democratic worth up to USD 6000 per cubic metre Republic (hereafter referred to as Lao PDR), (Environmental Investigation Agency, Cambodia and Viet Nam were considered to 2012). be significant source and transit countries in the illegal rosewood trade (Environmental According to Wenbin and Xiufang (2013), Investigation Agency, 2012). It was reported China accounted for over half of the global that rosewood was often smuggled from imports of tropical logs over the period Thailand into Lao PDR and Cambodia, from 2001-2012. Rosewood (including Southeast where it was transported to Viet Nam before Asian Dalbergia spp. and other species with being shipped to China (Environmental similar wood quality) was reported to Investigation Agency, 2012). The account for approximately 10% of the total Environmental Investigation Agency (2012) tropical log imports of China in 2012, and to reported several seizures of Dalbergia spp. be steadily increasing, with a significant during the years 2007-2012; the number of proportion sourced from adjacent countries logs seized varied between 193 and 50 000 in Southeast Asia (Wenbin and Xiufang, annually. 2013). However, no species-specific trade data were available for China. The majority In Thailand, illegal and unsustainable of the furniture produced remains within logging was reported to be a major threat to China or South East Asia – although the rosewood species, particularly in the north China customs statistics recorded furniture and east of the country (Environmental trade with France (Wenbin and Xiufang, Investigation Agency, 2012). 2013).

Taxonomy Participants of the 2007 workshop on whereas Lock and Heald (1994) and Chính et Southeast Asian timber species identified al. (1996) recognised D. bariensis , the genus Dalbergia as a priority, as it D. mammosa and D. oliveri as separate contains species of economic importance species. which are known to be in trade internationally and because some of the Due to their unclear taxonomic status, the species are of conservation concern due to fact that workshop participants reported their highly restricted distribution (PC17 Inf. that these species were often treated as 7). However, there is considerable synonyms nationally (PC17 Inf. 7) and taxonomic confusion within the genus and because little information was available on further taxonomic research was considered a trade, status or management for each high priority (PC17 Inf. 7). species separately, the report combines these species (as D. oliveri , including D. Three of the species selected for review – bariensis and D. mammosa ). However, it is Dalbergia bariensis , D. mammosa and recognised that further taxonomic research D. oliveri – suffer particular taxonomic is needed to clarify how many taxonomic confusion. For example, Van Sam et al. entities are actually represented by the (2004) considered D. bariensis and Dalbergia species under review. D. mammosa to be synonyms of D. oliveri

8 MAGNOLIOPSIDA : LEGUMINOSAE Dalbergia annamensis

SYNONYMS: D. velutina var. annamensis

COMMON NAMES: Trac day (Vietnamese)

RANGE STATES: Viet Nam

UNDER REVIEW: Viet Nam

IUCN: Endangered

Taxonomic note value and use. Lieu (2001) included Neither the electronic Plant Information D. annamensis in a list of priority species for Centre (ePIC) of the Royal Botanic Gardens, gene conservation in Viet Nam. Kew (available at http://epic.kew.org/ ) nor The main threat to the species was the TROPICOS database of the Missouri considered to be overexploitation for timber Botanical Garden (available at (Nghia, 1998a). Deforestation and http://www.tropicos.org ) recognise the unsustainable forest management were name Dalbergia annamensis; however, ePIC considered to have resulted in a sharp includes D. velutina var. annamensis . The decline in forest cover in Viet Nam between name D. velutina var. annamensis is also the 1940s and the 1990s, although forest area used in a taxonomic paper concerning the was reported to have increased since 1990 in revision of the genus Dalbergia for some areas (Republic of Viet Nam, 2007). Peninsular Indochina (Niyomdham & Pham Hoang Ho, 1996). The species was not protected under Vietnamese forestry law, unlike several other Trade patterns Dalbergia spp. (Viet Nam, 2006). However, The species was reported to be traded locally unplanned and unpermitted timber logging within Viet Nam (PC17 Inf. 7). No were reported to be banned under the Viet information was located on international Nam Law on Forest Protection and trade. Development (Nguyen & Tran, 2011). Viet Nam has approved a Forestry Development Conservation status Strategy 2006-2020 aimed at ensuring the Dalbergia annamensis is a small tree sustainable management and development endemic to Viet Nam, where it is restricted of forests (Nguyen & Tran, 2011; Republic of to the lowland dry open forests of the south Viet Nam, 2007). central coast (Phú Yên and Khánh Hòa Provinces) (Nghia, 1998a). Ex situ conservation stands of D. annamensis , consisting of 1000 trees, were It was categorised as Endangered in the reported to have been established over the IUCN Red List (Nghia, 1998a) and in the Red period 1990-2000 by the Forest Science Data Book of Viet Nam (Ministry of Science, Institute of Vietnam (Nghia, 2004). Technology and Environment 1996). Nghia (2003) regarded it as a threatened species with high economic value. TRAFFIC (2012) included D. annamensis in their list of potentially precious species which require further research on conservation status,

MAGNOLIOPSIDA : LEGUMINOSAE 9 Dalbergia oliveri (including D. bariensis and D. mammosa )

SYNONYMS: Dalbergia bariensis, Dalbergia dongaiensis, Dalbergia duperreana, Dalbergia mammosa

COMMON NAMES: Neong Nuon (Cambodian), Asian rosewood, Burma pallisander, Burmese rosewood, Burma tulipwood, Pinkwood, Tamalan tree, Laos rosewood, (English), Kampee (Lao PDR), Tamalan (Myanmar), Tamalan (Singapore), Cam lai, Trac lai, Pi (Vietnamese)

[as D. bariensis : Bali Huangtan (Chinese), Pa dong daeng, Mai Kor phee (Lao PDR), Mai ching chan (Thai), Cam lai ba ria (Vietnamese); as D. mammosa : Cam lai vu (Viet Nam)]

RANGE STATES: Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam, Malaysia (?), India (?) [as D. bariensis : Cambodia, Lao PDR, Thailand, Viet Nam; as D. mammosa : Viet Nam]

UNDER REVIEW: Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam

IUCN: Endangered [as D. oliveri, D. bariensis and D. mammosa ]

Taxonomic note timber of D. oliveri and D. cochinchinensis Van Sam et al. (2004) considered (CoP16 Prop. 60). D. bariensis , D. dongnaiensis , D. duperreana and D. mammosa to be synonyms of Trade patterns D. oliveri. In contrast, Lock and Heald D. oliveri was reportedly sourced from the (1994) considered D. laccifera and D. prazeri Mekong region (including Myanmar, Lao to be synonyms of D. oliveri , whereas PDR, Thailand, Cambodia and Viet Nam) to D. bariensis , D. dongnaiensis , D. duperreana the Chinese market, where it was classified and D. mammosa were considered to be as a ‘mid-market class’ timber, fetching 3 separate species. Chính et al. (1996) and the prices of ca. USD 2000-3000 per m (Wenbin IUCN Red list (Nghia, 1998a,b,c,d), also & Xiufang, 2013). recognised D. bariensis , D. mammosa and As D. bariensis , the species was considered D. oliveri as separate species. to produce high-quality timber (Chính et al. , Workshop participants reported that, in 1996) and to be in high demand for Cambodia, D. bariensis was considered a international trade, although no trade data synonym of D. oliveri and that, in Viet Nam, were available (PC 17 Inf. 7). Soerianegara D. oliveri , D. mammosa and D. bariensis and Lemmens (1994) noted that D. bariensis were used synonymously. The treatment of was used for timber in Indo-China and D. bariensis as an accepted name was Thailand. D. bariensis was reported to have reported to be under revision in Thailand particularly high demand in the Chinese (PC 17 Inf 7). The trade name Burmese furniture market (TRAFFIC, 2012), and the rosewood was reported to be used for both Environmental Investigation Agency (2012) D. oliveri and D. bariensis (Nghia, 1998a), reported a sharp increase in this market in complicating the interpretation of trade 2010, with particularly high demand on records. Similarities were noted between the Asian rosewood.

The Environmental Investigation Agency According to ITTO (2002, 2003, 2004), the 10 (2012) noted that in Thailand and the demand for D. oliveri from Myanmar Mekong region, D. bariensis was one of the increased in the early 2000s. No trade was most valuable species in the regional timber reported in the ITTO annual reviews of trade and reputedly commonly logged 2006-2012, but Wenbin and Xiufang (2013) illegally. reported that significant quantities of D. oliveri were imported from Myanmar to No information was located on trade under Yunnan (China) in 2012. However, Woods the name D. mammosa . D. mammosa was and Canby (2011) reported a general, recent reportedly illegally logged in Viet Nam decrease in hardwood exports from (Nghia, 1998). Myanmar, in particular to China. A significant proportion of Myanmar Cambodia: Illegal logging was reported to hardwood exports were reported to be take place in Cambodia (Cambodia Tree imported by Malaysia, and although Seed Project, 2003), and the species was systematic tracking was not taking place, it reportedly traded under the names D. oliveri was considered likely that hardwood from and D. bariensis (PC17 Inf. 7), however no Myanmar was being re-exported to the EU information was located about the and US via China, Malaysia, Thailand and quantities exported from the country. Viet Nam (Woods & Canby, 2011). According Lao People’s Democratic Republic: No to interviews with Myanmar timber traders information was located. conducted by Woods and Canby (2011), certificates of Malaysian origin were Myanmar: Traded under the trade name commonly forged for Myanmar timber, to Tamalan, D. oliveri was reported to belong ease access to the EU and US markets. to the major timber species exported from Myanmar as logs and sawnwood 2002-2005 Illegal trade of timber from Myanmar was (Table 1). The species was considered to reported to take place to countries including have ‘very high’ commercial value in China, India, Bangladesh, and Thailand; it Myanmar (Oo, 2004). D. oliveri gamble was also reported that illegally logged (trade name Siam Palisander) was reported timber is commonly traded in the domestic to be shipped to China and Japan from market (Forest Trends, 2013). Wenbin and Myanmar (Woods & Canby, 2011). In 2012, Xiufang (2013) described illegal trade in significant imports of D. oliveri were rosewood from Myanmar to China as recorded at the Yunnan province (Wenbin & ‘extensive’. Xiufang, 2013). Export shipments of logs in Thailand: Thailand was reported to import general from Myanmar were reported to D. oliveri in logs and sawnwood in 2004- have increased in 2013, due to the log export 2006 (ITTO, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008). ban coming to force in 2014 (ITTO, 2014). Viet Nam: No information was located. Table 1. Exports of Dalbergia oliveri (Siam Palisander) from Myanmar 2000-2010. Sources: Conservation status (ITTO, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005). No trade was D. oliveri was described as a deciduous tree recorded for 2006-2012 (ITTO annual review and that reaches 30 m in height and 90 cm in assessment of the world timber situation 2006- diameter (Van Sam et al. , 2004). It was 2012). reported to occur in a variety of forest types, including mixed deciduous, tropical Export term 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 evergreen and semi-deciduous, and in both primary and secondary forests up to 1200 m Logs yes yes yes yes yes - above sea level (Van Sam et al. , 2004). sawnwood 1000 4000 3000 1000 yes yes Although D. oliveri was reported to typically (m 3) produce high number of seeds, the species

was considered slow-growing and natural Cambodia, D. oliveri was reported to be regeneration was considered poor in some found in the northeastern provinces of 11 areas (CTSP, 2001 in: Cambodia Tree Seed Kratie, Ratanakiri and Stung Treng, in the Project, 2003). northern provinces of Preah Vihear and Siem Reap, in the western province of Pursat As D. bariensis , the species was described as and in the central province of Kampong an evergreen tree that grows up to 25 m in Thom (Cambodia Tree Seed Project, 2003). height and 60 cm in diameter (Chính et al. , Within Lao PDR, D. oliveri was reported to 1996). It is widely distributed in the lowland occur in the southeastern provinces of and submontane broadleaved forests of Savannakhet and Saravane (Van Sam et al. , Indo-China (Nghia, 1998b), and typically 2004). Within Thailand, the forests with found in Dipterocarp forests (Chính et al. , highest abundance of Dalbergia spp. were 1996). reported to be located in the northeastern parts of the country (Environmental As D. mammosa , the species was described Investigation Agency, 2012). as a semi-deciduous tree that reaches up to 30 m height and 80 cm diameter (Chính et As D. bariensis , Nghia (1998b) and the al. , 1996). It prefers deep and well-drained Environmental Investigation Agency (2012) soils up to 800 m above sea level, and is considered the species to occur in typically found in dense tropical and semi- Cambodia, Lao PDR, Thailand and Viet deciduous forests and transitional habitats Nam, but Lock and Heald (1994) and White between evergreen forest and dry (2005) did not consider Cambodia or Lao Dipterocarp forest (Chính et al. , 1996). PDR to be range countries. Chính et al. (1996) reported the occurrence of The distribution of the D. oliveri appears D. bariensis in southern Viet Nam, including contested, presumably due to the unclear the provinces of Gia Lai, Kon Tum, Dac Lac, taxonomic status of the species. The species Lam Dong, Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan, Dong was reported to occur in Myanmar (Lock & Nai, Song Be and Tay Ninh. More recently, Heald, 1994; Nghia, 1998b; TRAFFIC, 2012; Millet and Truong (2011) recorded Van Sam et al ., 2004; White, 2005), Viet D. bariensis in Tan Phu forest in southern Nam (Chính et al ., 1996; Lieu, 2001; Lock & Viet Nam but noted that it was rare, showed Heald, 1994; Nghia, 1998b; TRAFFIC, 2012; limited regeneration and was “close to Van Sam et al ., 2004; White, 2005), and extinction”. Thailand (Chính et al ., 1996; Lock & Heald, 1994; Nghia, 1998b; TRAFFIC, 2012; Van Sam As D. mammosa , the species was reported to et al ., 2004); occurrence in Cambodia was be endemic to Viet Nam (Chính et al ., 1996; confirmed by FLD et al. (2006) and the Lock & Heald, 1994; White, 2005), where it Cambodia Tree Seed Project (2003). Some was reported to occur in the central and authors also reported occurrence in Lao PDR southern parts of the country (Nghia, 1998c). (TRAFFIC, 2012; Van Sam et al ., 2004), India It was recorded in the provinces of Kon (TRAFFIC, 2012; White, 2005) and mainland Tum, Gia Lai and Đắk Lắk in the central Malaysia (Van Sam et al. , 2004); White highlands region, Đồng Nai (southeastern (2005) reported introduced populations in Viet Nam) and Sông Bé (southern Viet Nam) insular Malaysia, however the occurrence in (Chính et al. , 1996). Malaysia has been contested (PC17 Inf. 7). D. oliveri, D. bariensis and D. mammosa Within Viet Nam, D. oliveri was reported to were classified separately in the IUCN Red occur in the central and southeastern parts List, each as Endangered (Nghia 1998b,c,d). of the country (Lieu, 2001) in the provinces D. oliveri and D. bariensis were reported to of Ninh Thuân, Binh Thuân, Lâm Dông, be listed in the Red Data Book of Viet Nam Dông Nai (Chính et al. , 1996; Van Sam et al. , (PC17 Inf 7). 2004), Quang Tri, Dac Lac, Phu Yên, and Bà Ria-Vung Tàu (Van Sam et al. , 2004). Within

The Cambodian populations of D. oliveri considered to be subject to regular human 12 were considered to consist of very few impacts, although no further details were mature or large individuals and described as provided on the nature of these impacts “seriously threatened” (Cambodia Tree Seed (Phongoudome & Mounlamai, 2004). Project, 2003), and the species was considered to be at risk of extinction if no Nghia (1998c) reported that overexploitation conservation measures were taken (CTSP, of D. mammosa timber had led to declines 2001 in: Cambodia Tree Seed Project 2003). throughout the entire population. The In Cambodia, D. oliveri was reported to be a timber was considered to be valuable priority tree species for gene conservation (Nghia, 2003), and reported uses included and was assigned the highest threat level furniture, fine arts, statues and machine category, based on potential uses and the accessories (Chính et al. , 1996). IUCN conservation criteria (FLD et al. , Nghia (1998b) reported that overexploitation 2006). D. oliveri/ bariensis was considered by of D. bariensis timber was reported to have Cambodia and Viet Nam as a priority species resulted in a rapid decline in the number of for the Asia Pacific Forest Genetic Resources large trees throughout the range. TRAFFIC Programme, which aimed to encourage the (2012) reported that D. bariensis was affected conservation and management of forest by illegal logging in all range countries. In genetic resources in the region (Luoma-aho, Cambodia, Chann et al . (2011) reported that et al., 2004). D. bariensis was logged from the Stung D. oliveri was described as rare and Chrey Bak catchment area in the 1980s and vulnerable in Lao PDR (Phongoudome & early 1990s, along with other high value Mounlamai, 2004). species. Evans et al. (2013) reported that in the Seima Protection Forest in eastern As D. bariensis , the species was considered Cambodia, illegal logging of D. bariensis was to be endangered in Viet Nam, where a common and represented a large-scale population decline was recorded (Chính et problem. al. , 1996). Nghia (2003) classified D. bariensis as a threatened species with high economic Apart from timber, the species was also value in Viet Nam. reported to be used for medicinal purposes in Lao PDR (Libman et al. , 2006), and TRAFFIC (2012) included D. mammosa in a Delang (2007) recorded prices of up to LAK list of potentially precious wood species 55 000 (EUR 5) per kg in the Vientiane which required further research on market. conservation status, value and use. Lieu (2001) included D. mammosa in a list of Management priority species for gene conservation in Viet Cambodia: The Cambodian Law on forestry Nam, and Nghia (2003) classified of 2002 prohibits the harvesting of rare tree D. mammosa as a threatened species with species under Article 29 (Cambodia, 2002). high economic value. Burmese rosewood was reportedly included in the list of endangered or rare species of Overexploitation was regarded as the main Cambodia (Environmental Investigation threat to D. oliveri (Cambodia Tree Seed Agency, 2012), however this list could not be Project, 2003; Nghia, 1998b). The wood was located to verify which scientific name(s) considered to be of good quality, and used were used. for various purposes, including furniture and luxury items (Chính et al ., 1996; The Cambodia Tree Seed Project (2003) Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994; TRAFFIC, noted that regeneration efforts for D. oliveri 2012; Van Sam et al ., 2004). The stem and had been limited. leaves were reported to have medicinal uses in northern Thailand (Khuankaew et al ., Boung and Phoeun (2005) reported that in 2013) and in Lao PDR, D. oliveri was Cambodia, seed production areas had been

established for rare and endangered tree harvesting (Puangchit, 2003). However, species which were in need of conservation; logging was reported to remain prohibited 13 four of these production areas included in rosewood-rich conservation and D. bariensis . Jalonen (2009) noted that protection forests (Environmental D. bariensis was found on six gene Investigation Agency, 2012). conservation stands in Cambodia, covering an area of 186 ha. Other sources also D. oliveri was reportedly planted in gene conservation stands, covering an area of reported that a 72 ha in situ conservation 34 ha and was considered to be a “very high area existed for D. bariensis (PC17 Inf 7, priority” for conservation (Sumantakul, Thea, 2004). 2004). The species was considered to be a “top priority” in terms of research required Lao PDR: Article 27 of the Lao PDR Forestry on distribution and status and a “high Law of 2007 sets the measures regarding the priority” in terms of conservation strategy preservation of rare and endangered tree (Tangmitcharoen, 2009). It was considered species, under which D. bariensis is to be “well conserved” in situ and “partly categorised as rare and under risk of conserved” ex-situ in Thailand extinction in natural forests (Lao PDR, (Tangmitcharoen, 2009). 2007). The Article lists several measures to D. oliveri was reported to occur in the Ban be taken with regard to the species: i) status Pong Forest Sanctuary (Aerts et al. , 2010). surveys, ii) classification, inventory and registration of seed stands, iii) planning of Viet Nam: D. oliveri was included in Group conservation areas, iv) elaborating and II A [including D. mammosa and implementing conservation and utilisation D. bariensis ], i.e. ‘restricted from regulations, and v) other necessary activities exploitation and use for commercial (Lao PDR, 2007). It is unclear whether purposes’ (Viet Nam, 2006). The Agriculture D. oliveri is covered under this legislation. and Rural Development Ministry is All Dalbergia spp. are protected under the responsible for licensing exploitation plans Prime Ministerial Order No-17/PM, which for the species under Article 6, and any prohibits logging of the species (Lao PDR, transportation of the species must be 2008). accompanied with appropriate documentation and proof of origin (Viet Myanmar: D. oliveri was reported to be Nam, 2006). listed as a vulnerable, protected species in the Burma Forest Act (Oldfield, 1988). Until Viet Nam has approved a Forestry recently, Myanmar was reported to be one of Development Strategy 2006-2020 aimed at the only remaining countries in the world ensuring the sustainable management and that has set no prohibitions to the export of development of forests (Nguyen & Tran, logs (Woods & Canby, 2011). The policy and 2011; Republic of Viet Nam, 2007). legal framework in the country was regarded as insufficient for the prohibition of illegal Nghia (1998d) reported that a protected logging and export of wood (Forest Trends, subpopulation of D. oliveri occurred in Nam 2013). However, it was reported that a log Cát Tiên National Park, and Phong et al. export ban is going to come into force on (2011) recorded D. oliveri in the Yok Don the 31 st of March 2014 (ITTO, 2014). National Park.

Thailand: A logging ban on natural forests Millet et al . (2004) reported that in Tan Phu was enforced in 1989, following large-scale forest, Viet Nam, an area of approximately flooding that was exacerbated by 100 ha had been set aside as an enrichment deforestation (Puangchit, 2003) . This plantation for high value tree species present logging ban was reported to remain in force, in the forest; D. bariensis was included in although some areas of forest, including the list of species for which seeds had been plantations, may be utilised for timber harvested for the plantation. Nghia (2004) also reported that three hectares of ex situ

conservation areas had been established in 14 the country. Lieu (2001) included D. bariensis in a list of priority species for gene conservation in Viet Nam.

D. bariensis was reported to occur in Cat Tien National Park (Morris & Polet, 2004; Polet, 2003; Tan et al. , 2012) and in Lo Go – Xa Mat National Park (Hoa & Ly, 2009); Chính et al. (1996) emphasised the need to establish strict protection in the Cat Tien National Park.

Ex situ conservation stands of D. mammosa , consisting of 1 000 trees, were reported to have been established from 1990-2000 by the Forest Science Institute of Vietnam (Nghia, 2004).

Vu and Quang Vu (2011) reported that D. mammosa was found in Bu Gia Map National Park in southern Viet Nam.

MAGNOLIOPSIDA : LEGUMINOSAE 15 Dalbergia tonkinensis

COMMON NAMES: Huynh dan, Sua, Huemoc huynh dan, Trac thoi (Vietnamese)

RANGE STATES: Viet Nam, China

UNDER REVIEW: Viet Nam

IUCN: Vulnerable

Taxonomic note planted as a shade or ornamental tree in It was noted that, in Viet Nam, the name some northern Vietnamese towns (Chính et D. tonkinensis may be used for several al. , 1996). different species (PC 17 Inf. 7). Several authors also reported the species to Trade patterns be native on the Hainan Island of southern China (Ban, 1998; Flora of China, 2014; D. tonkinensis was categorised in the White, 2005) and to occur in mainland ‘collectable class I’ of highest value rosewood southern China (Fang et al. , 2011). species in the Chinese market, indicating it may fetch market prices of up to D. tonkinensis was classified as Vulnerable in 3 USD 2 000 000 per m (Wenbin & Xiufang, the IUCN Red List (Ban, 1998) and also in 2013). It was noted that the price of high-end the Red Data Book of Viet Nam (Chính et rosewood had undergone rapid increases al. , 1996; Ministry of Science, Technology since 2006, and was expected to rise even and Environment 1996). The species was higher (Wenbin & Xiufang, 2013). included in a list of potentially precious wood species which required further The species was reported to be illegally research on conservation status, value and traded from Viet Nam to China and Hong use (TRAFFIC, 2012). The species was Kong (PC17 Inf. 7). Ha et al. (2008) reported regarded as a threatened species with high that D. tonkinensis was traded illegally in economic value by Nghia (2003). Viet Nam, and Le and Mahood (2008) reported evidence of illegal logging taking The main threat to D. tonkinensis in Viet place in the Chu Yang Sin National Park in Nam was considered to be overexploitation Viet Nam. of timber (Ban, 1998). The species was noted to have high commercial value in Viet Nam Conservation status (Le & Mahood, 2008; Nghia, 2003) and to be D. tonkinensis grows up to 25 m in height used mainly for furniture (Nguyen & Tran, and 80 cm in diameter (Chính et al. , 1996). It 2011), but also for medicinal purposes was reported to prefer deep, fertile soils in (TRAFFIC, 2012). primary and secondary forests below 500 m in altitude (Chính et al. , 1996). Management The species is listed as a Group I A species The species was considered a Vietnamese under the Vietnamese decree 32/2006/ND- endemic (Lock and Heald 1994; TRAFFIC CP (Viet Nam, 2006). Article 6 of the 2012), reported to occur in northern Viet legislation prohibits commercial use and Nam in the provinces of Lạng Sơn and Ha specifies that these species may only be Bac, and in the northeastern coast in the exploited for scientific research or provinces of Quảng Ninh and Ninh Bình international cooperation (Viet Nam, 2006). (Chính et al. , 1996). It was reportedly

D. tonkinensis was reported to occur in some 16 Nature Reserves in the Lang Son province, where Chính et al. (1996) considered it to need additional protection. Phong et al. (2011) also recorded the species in the Ha Noi and Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Parks.

References 17

Aerts, R., Volkaert, H., Roongruangsree, N., Roongruangsree, U.-T., Swennen, R., & Muys, B. (2010). Site requirements of the endangered rosewood Dalbergia oliveri in a tropical deciduous forest in northern Thailand. Forest Ecology and Management , 259 , 117–123. Ban, N. T. (1998). Dalbergia tonkinensis . In: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. URL: www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed: 08/01/2014. Boung, L., & Phoeun, P. (2005). Participatory seed source management in Cambodia. In: H. C. Sim, S. Appanah, & N. Hooda (Eds.), Forests for poverty reduction: Changing role for research, development and training institutions. 17-18 June, 2003. Dehradun, India (pp. 183– 185). Bangkok: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. Cambodia. (2002). Preah Reach Kram - Cambodia Law on Forestry (2002), NS/RKM/0802/016. Cambodia Tree Seed Project. (2003). Forest Gene Conservation Strategy. Part A: Conservation of forest genetic resources . Forestry Administration. Chann, S., Wales, N., & Frewer, T. (2011). An Investigation of Land Cover and Land Use Change in Stung Chrey Bak Catchment, Cambodia . Phnom Penh, Cambodia: CDRI Working Paper Series No. 53. Chính, N. N., Chung, C. T., Can, V. V, Dung, N. X., Dung, V. V, Dao, N. K., Hop, T., Oanh, T.T., Quynh, N. B. & Thin, N. N. (1996). Vietnam forest trees . Hanoi, Viet Nam: Agricultural Publishing House. CTSP. (2001). Some endangered species of Cambodia. Unpublished: Cambodia Tree Seed Project. Delang, C. O. (2007). The role of medicinal plants in the provision of health care in Lao PDR. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research , 1(3), 50–59. Environmental Investigation Agency. (2012). Rosewood Robbery. The Case for Thailand to List Rosewood on CITES . London. Evans, T. D., O’Kelly, H. J., Soriyun, M., Hor, N. M., Phaktra, P., Pheakdey, S., & Pollard, E. H. B. (2013). Seima Protection Forest. In: T. C. H. Sutherland, J. Sayer, & M. H. Hoang (Eds.), Evidence-based Conservation: Lessons from the Lower Mekong (pp. 157–186). Routledge. Fang, J., Wang, Z., & Tang, Z. (Eds.). (2011). Atlas of woody plants in China - Distribution and climate . Springer-Verlag: Berlin. FLD, CTSP, & FA. (2006). Conservation of valuable and endangered tree species in Cambodia 2001- 2006 - a case study. Forest and Landscape Development and Environment Series 3-2006. Hørsholm, Denmark: Danish Centre for Forest, Landscape and Planning. Flora of China. (2014). Dalbergia tonkinensis . Flora of China @ efloras.org . URL: www.efloras.org. Accessed: 15/01/2014. Forest Trends. (2013). Tackling timber regulations: A guide for Myanmar . Ha, N. M., Dung, V. V., Song, N. V., Thang, H. V., Dung, N. H., Tuan, P. N., Hoa, T. T. & Canh, D. (2008). Report on the review of Vietnam’s wildlife trade policy . Hanoi, Viet Nam: CRES/FPD/UNEP/CITES/IUED. Hoa, D. Le, & Ly, N. T. Y. (2009). Willingness to Pay for the Preservation of Lo Go – Xa Mat National Park in Vietnam . Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia. ITTO. (2002). Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation 2002 . Yokohama, Japan. ITTO. (2003). Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation 2003 . ITTO. (2004). Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation 2004 . ITTO. (2005). Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation 2005 . ITTO. (2006). Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation 2006 . ITTO. (2007). Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation 2007 . ITTO. (2008). Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation 2008 . ITTO. (2009). Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation 2009 . ITTO. (2010). Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation 2010 . Yokohama, Japan: International Tropical Timber Organization. ITTO. (2011). Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation 2011 . Yokohama, Japan.

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Peninsula (Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam)]. Bulletin du Museum national d’histoire naturelle B, 18 (1-2), 137-149. 19 Oldfield, S. (1988). Rare Tropical Timbers (p. 48). Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. Oo, T. N. (2004). Status of Forest Genetic Resources Conservation and Management in Myanmar . National Coordinator’s meeting, Malaysia Asia Pacific Forest Genetic Resources Programme, 29-30 November 2004, Kuala Lumpur. Phong, D. T., Hien, V. T. T., Thanh, T. T. V, & Tang, D. V. (2011). Comparison of RAPD and ISSR markers for assessment of genetic diversity among endangered rare Dalbergia oliveri (Fabaceae) genotypes in Vietnam. Genetics and Molecular Research , 10 (4), 2382–2393. doi:10.4238/2011.October.6.3 Phongoudome, C., & Mounlamai, K. (2004). Status of forest genetic resources conservation and management in Lao PDR. In: T. Luoma-aho, L. T. Hong, V. Ramanatha Rao, & H. C. Sim (Eds.), Forest Genetic Resources Conservation and Management: Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Forest Genetic Resources Programme (APFORGEN) Inception Workshop, Kepong, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 15-18 July, 2003 (p. 338). Serdang, Malaysia: IPGRI-APO. Polet, G. (2003). Co-management in protected areas: the case of Cat Tien National Park, Southern Vietnam. In: G. Persoon, D. M. E. van Est, & P. E. Sajise (Eds.), Co-management of Natural Resources in Asia: a comparitive perspective (pp. 25–42). NIAS Press. Puangchit, N. (2003). Present Situation of Timber Harvesting in Thailand . Republic of Viet Nam. (2007). Viet Nam forestry development strategy 2006 - 2020 (Vol. 2020). Soerianegara, I., & Lemmens, R. H. M. J. (1994). Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees: major commercial timbers (p. 610). Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen. Sumantakul, V. (2004). Status of forest genetic resources conservation and management in Thailand. In T. Luoma-aho, L. T. Hong, V. Ramanatha Rao, & H. C. Sim (Eds.), Forest Genetic Resources Conservation and Management: Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Forest Genetic Resources Programme (APFORGEN) Inception Workshop, Kepong, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 15-18 July, 2003 (p. 338). Serdang, Malaysia: IPGRI-APO. Tan, D., Thu, P., & Dell, B. (2012). Invasive Plant Species in the National Parks of Vietnam. Forests , 3(4), 997–1016. Tangmitcharoen, S. (2009). National status report - Thailand. In: R. Jalonen, K. Y. Choo, L. T. Hong, & H. C. Sim (Eds.), Forest genetic resources conservation and management: status in seven South and Southeast Asian countries (pp. 137–152). APFORGEN. Thea, S. (2004). Status of forest genetic resources conservation and management in Cambodia. In: T. Luoma-aho, L. T. Hong, V. Ramanatha Rao, & H. C. Sim (Eds.), Forest Genetic Resources Conservation and Management: Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Forest Genetic Resources Programme (APFORGEN) Inception Workshop, Kepong, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 15-18 July, 2003 (p. 338). Serdang, Malaysia: IPGRI-APO. TRAFFIC. (2012). Precious Woods: Exploitation of the Finest Timber . Chatham House Workshop: Tackling the trade in illegal precious wood. 23-24 April 2012. Background Paper 1 (pp. 1–62). Chatham House Workshop: Tackling the trade in illegal precious wood. 23-24 April 2012. Background Paper 1. Van Sam, H., Nanthavong, K., & Kessler, P. J. A. (2004). Trees of Laos and Vietnam: a field guide to 100 economically or ecologically important species. Blumea , 49 , 201–349. Viet Nam. (2006). Decree No. 32/2006/ND-CP of March 30, 2006, on Management of Endangered, Precious and Rare Forest Plants and Animals. Vu, L. Van, & Quang Vu, C. (2011). Diversity Pattern of Butterfly Communities (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidae) in Different Habitat Types in a Tropical Rain Forest of Southern Vietnam. ISRN Zoology , 1–8. WCMC. 1998. Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES listing criteria . Wenbin, H., & Xiufang, S. (2013). Tropical Hardwood Flows in China: Case Studies of Rosewood and Okoumé . White, R. (2005). LegumeWeb. International Legume database & information service. Version 10.01. URL: www.ildis.org. Accessed: 09/01/2014. Woods, K., & Canby, K. (2011). Baseline study, 4: Myanmar: Overview of forest law enforcement, governance and trade .

20 MAGNOLIOPSIDA : LEGUMINOSAE Koompassia grandiflora

COMMON NAMES: Kempas, Tualang (Indonesian)

RANGE STATES: Indonesia, Papua New Guinea

UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

IUCN: Vulnerable

Trade patterns Management K. grandiflora was reported to produce K. grandiflora is not listed as protected in medium-weight hardwoods (kempas and Indonesia (Republic of Indonesia 1999). tualang) (Soerianegara & Lemmens 1994); However, Nair and Sumardi (2000) reported timber from Koompassia spp. is used for a that Koompassia spp. in natural forests are variety of purposes including railway now protected from cutting and that forest sleepers, telegraph poles, flooring and concessionaires were also being encouraged furniture ( Soerianegara & Lemmens 1994; to raise plantations of these species. No Nair & Sumardi 2000). The species was further information on national protection reported to be traded internationally from of the species was located. Papua province, Indonesia (PC17 Inf. 7). No recent trade information has been found. It was reported that there are many laws and regulations which relate to forest Conservation status governance in Indonesia, but that conflicts K. grandiflora is a large tree species which often arise between them and that forest grows up to 37 m in height and 100 cm in management needs to be urgently improved diameter (Soerianegara & Lemmens 1994), (Blaser et al . 2011). A selective cutting and and is found within primary rainforest, on replanting system, which was introduced in coastal plain foothills and stony low hills 1989, set a minimum cutting limit of 50 cm (Eddowes 1998). The species was reported to for production forest and prescribed that at provide habitat for wild honey bees Apis least 25 commercially valuable trees should cerana (PC17 Inf. 7; Nair & Sumardi 2000). be retained per hectare (Blaser et al . 2011). Illegal logging was considered to be an issue K. grandiflora was reported to occur on the and the Ministry of Forestry was reported to island of New Guinea, in Vogelkop (West have formulated policies to eliminate such Papua province, Indonesia) and in the practices (Blaser et al . 2011). In 2011, Morobe, Gulf and Central provinces of Indonesia issued a moratorium on new Papua New Guinea (Eddowes 1998). In West forest concession licences in primary natural Papua province, the species was reported to forests and peatlands (President of be “fairly common” in the lowland near Indonesia 2011), in order to put in place Manokwari (Soerianegara & Lemmens 1994). improvements to the forest governance systems (Sloan 2014). However, concerns K. grandiflora was classified as Vulnerable in were raised over the exclusion of secondary the IUCN Red List (Eddowes 1998). It was forests and logged forests (Murdiyarso et al . noted to be particularly vulnerable as it 2011) and Sloan (2014) considered that the occurs in readily accessible areas (Eddowes aims had not been fully realised. In May 1998). 2013, this moratorium was extended for an additional two years (Sloan 2014).

References 21

Blaser, J. , Sarre, A., Poore, D & Johnson, S. 2011. Status of tropical forest management 2011 , Yokohama, Japan: ITTO Technical Series No 38. International Tropical Timber Organisation. Eddowes, P.J., 1998. Koompassia grandiflora . URL: In: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. URL: www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed: 14/01/2014. Murdiyarso, D., Dewi, S., Lawrence, D. & Seymour, F. 2011. Indonesia’s forest moratorium: a stepping stone to better forest governance? , Bogor, Indonesia: Working Paper 76. CIFOR. Nair, K.S.S. & Sumardi. 2000. Insect pests and diseases of major plantation species In: Insect pests and diseases in Indonesian forests: an assessment of the major threats, research efforts and literature , K.S.S. Nair (Ed.),CIFOR, Indonesia, pp. 15-39. President of Indonesia, 2011. Suspension of granting of new licenses and improvment of governance of natural primary forest and peatland , Instruction of the President of the Republic of Indonesia Number 10 of 2011. Republic of Indonesia, 1999. Jenis-jenis tumbuhan dan satwa yang dilindungi. Lampiran peraturan pemerintah Republik Indonesia - Nomor 7 Tahun 1999 , Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. Sloan, S., 2014. Indonesia’s moratorium on new forest licenses: An update. Land Use Policy , 38, pp.37–40. Soerianegara, I. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J., 1994. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees: major commercial timbers , Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen.

22 MAGNOLIOPSIDA : LEGUMINOSAE Pericopsis mooniana

SYNONYMS: Ormosia villamilii, Pericopsis ponapensis, Dalbergia lanceolaria, D. mooniana, Derris ponapensis

COMMON NAMES: Nandu wood (English), Kayu kuku (Indonesian), Kayu besi papus (Sulawesi), Nani laut (Irian Jaya), Kayu laut (Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah), Merbau laut (Peninsular Malaysia), Makapilit (Bisaya, Borneo)

RANGE STATES: Indonesia, Malaysia, Federated States of Micronesia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka

UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines

IUCN: Vulnerable

Taxonomic note historic and current trade levels were very Synonyms were reported as Ormosia low. villamilii and Pericopsis ponapensis Indonesia: It was noted that exports from (Soerianegara & Lemmens 1994; White Indonesia were likely to be traded mostly to 2005). White (2005) also considered Japan (Soerianegara & Lemmens 1994). Dalbergia lanceolaria, D. mooniana and Indonesia is now implementing its VPA (EFI, Derris ponapensis to be synonyms. 2014).

Trade patterns Malaysia: No trade was reported from Pericopsis mooniana was reported to Malaysia (PC17 Inf. 7). No recent produce a valuable, multipurpose wood information on trade was located. (Ishiguri et al . 2011) which has decorative uses and can be used as a substitute for teak Philippines: No information on trade was (e.g. cabinet work, furniture, high-quality located. joinery, parquet flooring, panelling and veneer) in addition to heavy construction Conservation status purposes (Soerianegara & Lemmens 1994). P. mooniana is a medium-large tree species De S. Wijesinghe (2003) described the wood which occurs in evergreen or semi- as “high quality cabinet wood”. Hardiyanto deciduous forests, scattered in coastal, et al . (2001) noted that the species was of riverine and periodically inundated areas up socio-economic value in Indonesia for to 200-350 m in altitude (Soerianegara & timber production. Lemmens 1994). It was reported to grow up to 40 m in height and 80-100 cm in Supplies of timber were considered to be diameter, with seedlings growing slowly and very limited and trade and export were flowering to produce fruits after 10 years reported to be negligible (Soerianegara & (Soerianegara & Lemmens 1994). Seeds were Lemmens 1994; Asian Regional Workshop, reported to have no dormancy period and to 1998). Ishiguri et al . (2011) also noted that germinate well (~87 per cent) if sown soon supplies of P. mooniana were very limited, as after collection and it was noted that stem the wood was harvested primarily from cuttings were easy to propagate natural forests and in PC17 Inf. 7, it was (Soerianegara & Lemmens 1994). reported that most trade in the species was

P. mooniana is the only Pericopsis species to Regional Workshop, 1998). Oldfield (1988) occur in South East Asia (Soerianegara & noted that the species was disappearing fast 23 Lemmens 1994). The species was reported to due to logging and land clearance. In occur in Indonesia (West Papua, Indonesia, the species was considered to be Kalimantan, the Moluccas, Sulawesi, “mildly” threatened by clearing and felling Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia and (Hardiyanto et al . 2001). Sabah), the Federated States of Micronesia (Yap, Pohnpei), Palau, Papua New Guinea, Ishiguri et al . (2011) noted that the the Philippines (Mindanao) and Sri Lanka establishment of P. mooniana plantations (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994; Asian was required to prevent the extinction of the Regional Workshop, 1998). The Asian species and research on silvicultural aspects Regional Workshop (1998) also reported its of this species was considered to be urgently occurrence in Java, Indonesia. needed by Soerianegara & Lemmens (1994).

P. mooniana was considered to be an Management uncommon species with scarce natural Indonesia : P. mooniana is not protected in regeneration, which was at risk of becoming Indonesia (Republic of Indonesia 1999 endangered due to large-scale exploitation not being followed by replanting P. mooniana was considered to be a priority (Soerianegara & Lemmens 1994). In species for evaluation and conservation Peninsular Malaysia, Kalimantan, Sulawesi (Hardiyanto et al . 2001) and for the and Sri Lanka, the species was considered to conservation and management of forest be rare and vulnerable (Soerianegara & genetic resources (Masripatin et al . 2004) Lemmens 1994; Asian Regional Workshop, and was included in a list of species which 1998), in Sulawesi there were reported to be had been planted within demonstration only a few stands remaining and in Sabah it plots to show local communities how to was considered to be “almost extinct” (Asian conserve forest genetic resources (Santoso, Regional Workshop, 1998). In Indonesia, the 2009). The species was reported to occur in species was reported to be “very rare” (PC17 Lamedai Nature Reserve, southeast Sulawesi, Inf. 7) with stands of importance reported to Indonesia, although it was also noted that occur only locally, in West Papua and south this area had been damaged by deforestation Sulawesi. and mining activities (Lestari & Santoso 2011). Soerianegara & Lemmens (1994) considered the species to be in urgent need of (see also information on general forest protection and noted that it was proposed in regulations and management in Indonesia 1992 for inclusion in CITES Appendix II. under Koompassia grandiflora ).

P. mooniana was classified as Vulnerable in Malaysia: P. mooniana is not protected in the IUCN Red List (Asian Regional Sabah (SWD 1997) or in Peninsular Malaysia Workshop, 1998) and was reported to be (Malaysia 2010). Malaysia was reported to listed as Vulnerable on the Red List of the have had a national forest policy since 1978 Philippines (PC17 Inf. 7). and to be negotiating a VPA [Voluntary Partnership Agreement] with the European The main threat to P. mooniana was Union (Blaser et al ., 2011; EFI, 2014). Blaser et considered to be overexploitation for its al. (2011) considered that forests were well timber, which was noted to be in high managed in general and illegal harvesting demand and to fetch high prices was negligible. TRAFFIC (2004) reported (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994; Asian that Malaysia had an established system for Regional Workshop, 1998). Other threats monitoring log extraction and exports. were reported to include poor natural regeneration and a lack of replanting Philippines: P. mooniana was listed as a (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994; Asian vulnerable species (Republic of the

Philippines 2007), meaning that collection of 24 the species and its by-products and derivatives was prohibited, except for conservation purposes (Republic of the Philippines 2001). This legislation also noted that the habitats of all threatened species would be designated as ‘critical habitats’ and would be protected from exploitation or destruction (Republic of the Philippines 2001). In 1991, an Order was issued which restricted logging activities in the country to second growth (residual) forests and prohibited logging in old growth (virgin) forests (Government of the Philippines, 1991). This was followed in subsequent years by bans on all logging in certain parts of the country (Bugayong 2006) and in 2011 by a ban on the cutting and harvesting of timber in natural and residual forests and the creation of an anti-illegal logging task force (President of the Philippines 2011).

References 25

Asian Regional Workshop (Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees, Viet Nam, A. 1996), 1998. Pericopsis mooniana . In: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. URL: www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed: 14/01/2014. Blaser, J., Sarre, A., Poore, D & Johnson, S. 2011. Status of tropical forest management 2011 , Yokohama, Japan: ITTO Technical Series No 38. International Tropical Timber Organisation. Bugayong, L.A. 2006. Effectiveness of logging ban policies in protecting the remaining natural forests of the Philippines , Paper presented at the 2006 Berlin Conference on Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change - Resource Policies: Effectiveness, Efficiency and Equity, held at Freie University, Berlin, Germany on 17-18 November 2006. European Forest Institute (EFI), 2014. EU FLEGT Facility. URL: www.euflegt.efi.int. Accessed: 15/01/2014. Government of the Philippines, 1991. Shift in Logging from the Old Growth (Virgin) Forests to the Second Growth (Residual) Forests. Hardiyanto, E.B., Java, E. & Tenggara, N., 2001. Present status of conservation, utilization and management of forest genetic resources in Indonesia. In: J. Koskela, S. Appanah, A. P. Pederson & Markopoulos, M. D. (eds.) Proceedings of the Southeast Asian Moving Workshop on Conservation, Management and Utilization of Forest Genetic Resources . Bangkok, Thailand: FORSPA Publication No. 31/2002. Ishiguri, F., Wahyudi, I., Takeuchi, M., Takashima, Y., Iizuka, K., Yokota, S. & Yoshizawa, N. 2011. Wood properties of Pericopsis mooniana grown in a plantation in Indonesia. Journal of Wood Science , 57(3), pp.241–246. Lestari, D.A.Y.U. & Santoso, W., 2011. Inventory and habitat study of orchids species in Lamedai Nature Reserve, Kolaka, Southeast Sulawesi. Biodiversitas , 12(1), pp.28–33. Liyanage, W.K.D.D., Gamage, S. N., Kumara, G. D. C. P. & Xulong, L. 2013. An Assessment of the Contribution of an Analog Forest as a Sustainable Land-use Ecosystem for the Development of Rural Green Economy in Sri Lanka. Journal of Tropical Forestry and Environment , 3(1), pp.9–16. Malaysia, 2010. Wildlife Conservation Act 716 (of 2010). Masripatin, N., Rimbawanto, A., Widyatmoko, A. Y., Purwito, D., Susanto, M., Khomsah, N., Setiadji, Y. T. & Hakim, L. 2004. Status of forest genetic resources conservation and management in Indonesia. In: T. Luoma-aho, L. T. Hong, V. Ramanatha Rao & H. C. Sim (eds.) Forest Genetic Resources Conservation and Management: Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Forest Genetic Resources Programme (APFORGEN) Inception Workshop, Kepong, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 15-18 July, 2003 . Serdang, Malaysia: IPGRI-APO, pp. 164–182. Murdiyarso, D., Dewi, S., Lawrence, D. & Seymour, F. 2011. Indonesia’s forest moratorium: a stepping stone to better forest governance? , Bogor, Indonesia: Working Paper 76. CIFOR. Oldfield, S., 1988. Rare Tropical Timbers , Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. President of Indonesia, 2011. Suspension of granting of new licenses and improvment of governance of natural primary forest and peatland , Instruction of the President of the Republic of Indonesia Number 10 of 2011. President of the Philippines, 2011. Declaring a moratorium on the cutting and harvesting of timber in the natural and residual forests and creating the anti-illegal logging task force , Manila, Philippines: Executive Order No. 23. Republic of Indonesia, 1999. Jenis-jenis tumbuhan dan satwa yang dilindungi. Lampiran peraturan pemerintah Republik Indonesia - Nomor 7 Tahun 1999 , Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. Republic of the Philippines, 2007. Establishing the national list of threatened Philippine plants and their categories, and the list of other wildlife species , Quezon City, Philippines: Department of Environment and Natural Resources DENR Administrative Order 2007-01. Republic of the Philippines, 2001. Republic Act No. 9147. An Act providing for the conservation and protection of wildlife resources and their habitats, appropriating funds therefore and for other purposes , Manila, Philippines.

De S. Wijesinghe, L.C.A.S., 2003. Forestry in Sri Lanka: a voyage through time. Tropical 26 Agricultural Research and Extension , 6, pp.14–21. Santoso, H., 2009. National status report - Indonesia. In: R. Jalonen, K. Y. Choo, L. T. Hong, & H. C. Sim (Eds.), Forest genetic resources conservation and management: status in seven South and Southeast Asian countries (pp. 1–20). APFORGEN. Forest genetic resources conservation and management: status in seven South and Southeast Asian countries . APFORGEN, pp. 47– 60. Soerianegara, I. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J., 1994. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees: major commercial timbers , Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen. SWD, 1997. Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997 , Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia: Sabah Wildlife Department. TRAFFIC, 2004. Progress report on the study on: Forest law enforcement and governance in Malaysia in the context of sustainable forest management , Prepared by TRAFFIC International for the Government of Malaysia: International Tropical Timber Council. White, R., 2005. LegumeWeb. International Legume database & information service. Version 10.01. URL: www.ildis.org. Accessed: 09/01/2014.

Appendix 27 Table 1: Leguminosae timber tree species of Southeast Asia assessed at the 2007 South East Asia timber tree workshop (PC17 Inf. 7). Species highlighted were selected as they had previously been identified as meeting the CITES Appendix II listing criteria and were thought to be in international trade.

Meet criteria Conservation Species CITES? Range States in South East Asia 4 Notes 5 for CITES 3 status

Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam

Traded Afzelia rhomboidea N II Bi VU A1cd √ √ √ domestically.

New additional

Afzelia xylocarpa N EN A1cd √ √ √ √ √ species. Traded

internationally.

Traded Albizia splendens N NE √ √ √ √ √ internationally.

Traded

internationally.

This

assessement

Cynometra elmeri N VU A1d √ √ √ refers to three

Cynometra

species

(currently

recognised as

3 WCMC. 1998. Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES listing criteria. 4 This report and UNEP-WCMC. 2007. Strategies for the sustainable use and management of timber tree species subject to international trade: South East Asia. 5 UNEP-WCMC. 2007. Strategies for the sustainable use and management of timber tree species subject to international trade: South East Asia.

28 C. elmeri Merr ., C. inaequifolia

A. Gray and C.

malaccensis

Knaap v.

Meeuwen).

Cynometra N VU A1d √ inaequifolia

Cynometra N VU A1d √ √ √ malaccensis

Traded

internationally. Dalbergia N II Bi EN A1cd √ (Endangered) 6 Species with annamensis taxonomic

uncertainties.

Traded, √ (V - Dalbergia bariensis N II Bi EN A1cd √ √ √ probably Vulnerable) 7 internationally.

Insufficient

Dalbergia information N II Bi EN A1cd √ √ cambodiana trade and

biology.

Traded, YES probably Dalbergia (CoP16): √ (V - II Bi VU A1cd √ √ √ internationally. cochinchinensis App II/ Vulnerable) 8 More Annex B information

6 Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society. 7 Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society. 8 Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society.

needed. 29 Traded, √ (V - Dalbergia mammosa N II Bi EN A1cd probably Vulnerable) 8 internationally.

Traded Dalbergia oliveri N II Bi EN A1cd √ √ √ √ internationally.

Traded,

probablly

Dalbergia √ (V - internationally. N II Bi VU A1cd tonkinensis Vulnerable) 8 More

information

needed.

√ (K - Dialium Traded N LR/nt √ √ √ √ √ √ insufficiently cochinchinense internationally. known) 8

Insufficient

Erythrophleum fordii N ?II Bi EN A1cd √ information

trade.

Traded Intsia bijuga N VU A1cd √ √ √ √ √ √ √ (R - Rare) * √ √ internationally.

Traded Kalappia celebica N ?I B/ II Bi VU D1+2c √ domestically.

Traded Koompassia excelsa N LR/cd √ √ √ √ √ √ internationally.

Koompassia Traded N II Bi VU A1cd+2cd √ grandiflora internationally.

Koompassia √ (V - Traded 30 N LR/cd √ √ √ √ malaccensis Vulnerable) internationally.

Traded Pericopsis mooniana N II Bi + ii VU A1cd √ √ √ internationally.

Pterocarpus Traded N DD √ √ √ √ √ macrocarpus internationally.

Excluded:

irrelevant, Pterocarpus indicus N VU A1d √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ widespread and

planted.

Insufficient

Sindora beccariana N DD √ √ √ information on

trade.

Insufficient

Sindora inermis N VU A1d √ √ information on

trade.

Insufficient

Sindora supa N VU A1d √ information on

trade.

Insufficient

Wallaceodendron information N DD √ √ celebicum trade and

biology

New additional

Xylia xylocarpa N NE √ √ √ √† √ † √ √ species. Traded

internationally.