GENERAL REVIEW
(WITH A CHART) T h e aim of the international cooperation for the study of the sea is: to pre- introduction pare £tor a rational j . ' 1 exploitation 1 • . ofr thei i sea on a scientific . . r • ibasis1. • _ national Aim of thestudy inter- of the sea Since the time, when the International Council for the study of the sea was formally constituted and held its first meeting on the 22nd of July 1902 at Copen hagen2, a comprehensive study of the hydrographical conditions, biology of the food-fishes and plankton of the northern seas, has been begun in the interests of the fisheries and of fisheries legislation, under the direction of the International Council and the Bureau in Copenhagen, by the various national committees of the nine participating states, namely: Belgium — Denmark — Germany England and Scotland — Finland — Holland Norway — Russia — Sweden.
The principal endeavours of this study, which strives to arrive at practical ends by common international work along scientific lines, are: I. The investigation of the hydrographical conditions obtaining in the North Sea, Norwegian Sea, Barents Sea, White Sea, as well as in the English Channel Principal and Baltic, and the connection of these conditions with the circulation of the inventions ' waters in the ocean. II. The study of the biological conditions of the animal and plant worlds in these seas, with special regard to the food, the reproduction, growth, and the distribution and migrations of the different food-fishes. III. The solution of the problem, how far the deep-sea fishery as a commercial industry stands in general on a rational basis; whether the quantities and the consumption of fish, taken from the seas mentioned, are in a proper proportion to the production occurring under the prevailing natural conditions, and whether any disproportion between production and consumption arises from a general or local overfishing, or from an injudicious employment of the fishing apparatus at present in use. 1 Résolutions textuelles de la Conférence internationale pour l’exploration de la nier, réunie à Stock holm 1899, p. 1. 2 Procès Verbal de la réunion du Conseil permanent international pour l’exploration de la mer. Copenhague, Juillet 1902. Rapports et Procès-Verbaux des réunions. Vol. I. p. 1—37. Each of these principal endeavours embraces a number of special questions, which were formulated in detail at the Conferences in Stockholm 189g1 and Chris- tiani 19012, and were definitely included in the program of the international investigations by the résolutions of the authoritative meeting in Copenhagen 19023- It is clear, that the large and varied tasks undertaken by the international investigation of the sea, could not be completed within the space of two years. Foreseeing this, the first international Conference in Stockholm in 1899 unanimously recommended to the participating states, that the proposed program of investigations should be given at least five years for its accomplishment4- The Christiania Con ference also resolved to recommend to the participating states, that a space of at least five years should be at the disposal of the investigations. As it appeared, however, at the authoritative meeting in Copenhagen 19025, that grants had been preliminarily voted by some of the participating states for the period of three years only, and the wish was in some cases expressed at the same time, that Concentration practical results should be chiefly aimed at, the International Council, having regard of the biological investigations for these limitations in fact and in time, resolved6 to concentrate the biological investigations of the first years on certain practical and important problems, and in particular, to make the two following problems the object of investigation in all the countries interested in the fisheries of the North Sea and neighbouring waters. Special problems (a) The migrations of the principal food-fishes of the North Sea fisheries, especially of the cod and herring. (b) The question of overfishing of those parts of the North Sea, including the Skager Rak and Kattegat, mostly fished in by the British, Dutch, German and other trawlers, with special regard for the plaice, sole and other flat-fish, as well as the haddock. To ensure uniformity in carrying out these investigations, two Committees7 were formed by the International Council, each under the direction of a convener; one of these, Committee A, was to investigate the problems connected with the migrations of fishes, the other, Committee B, the problems connected with over fishing. The investigations of Committee A extend over the entire region under survey in the international scheme, more especially, the North Sea, Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea; the investigations of Committee B are restricted to the North
1 Conférence Internationale pour l’exploration de la mer à Stockholm 1899. Résolutions tex tuelles. p. 2—28. 2 2. Conférence Internationale pour l’exploration de la mer à Christiania 1901. Texte des Réso lutions. p. 1—27. £ 3 Procès-Verbal de la (première) réunion du Conseil Permanent International pour l’exploration de la mer à Copenhague, Juillet 1902. p. 1—37. Rapports et Procès-Verbaux. Vol. I. 1902—03. Copenhague, 1903. 4 Résolutions textuelles de la Conférence internationale pour l’exploration de la mer réunie à Stockholm. 1899. p. i. 5 Procés-Verbal de la réunion du Conseil international pour l’exploration de la mer réunie à Copenhague. Juillet 1902. Annexe A. Rapports & Procès-Verbaux. Vol. I. 1902—03. p. 32. b 1. c. : p. 16— 19. 7 Procès-Verbal de la réunion du Conseil international à Copenhague de 1902. p. 18 et p. 29. _ 3 -
Sea, Skager Rak and Kattegat. In order that the investigations of the fisheries conditions in the Baltic should keep pace with those of the other seas, a third committee, Committee C, was instituted for the Baltic.
It was evident from the beginning, that the statistical portion of the investiga Statistics tions would play a prominent role, especially for the problem of overfishing. Accordingly, special weight was laid on statistics in the program of Committee B. The experience of the first year showed that it was necessary, however, both for the working out of certain problems as for a general treatment of fisheries statistics, that the Bureau itself should undertake the elaboration of the material sent in by the various countries1.
As regards the hydrographical work during the seasonal cruises, no occasion Program of. the hydrographical arose for introducing any further limitations into the program accepted at the investigations Stockholm and Christiania Conferences, than those which would arise of themselves, during the progress of the investigations, from the force of external circumstances and natural conditions. It was foreseen, indeed, that great hindrances to the work would arise from storms and unfavourable weather conditions, especially in the colder periods of the year. These hindrances would chiefly appear in the first few years, so long as all the participating countries did not have steamers at their disposal specially constructed and equipped for such investigations. This was declared an indispensable condition for the successful accomplishment of such a program, by the Conference at Christiania2- Unpreventable shortcomings in the scheme of observations also arose, because some of the countries taking part in the work were not yet ready with their preparations in 1902, and Belgium did not join the investigations until the spring of 19033. It seemed advisable, however, to postpone any changes in the original hydrographical program, until the first few years’ experiences had been gained. In the elaboration of the hydrographical program at the very beginning, at the Stockholm Conference, the greatest care had been taken to ensure the agree ment and uniformity of the methods of observation, and tc\ determine exactly the accuracy and the amount of error in the instruments, as well as the physical and chemical constants of sea-water of different origin. The aims first-mentioned were attained by the institution of the Central Labora tory at Christiania4.
The determination of the constants of sea-water, which was considered an Constants of sea-water extremely important preliminary investigation for the international study of the sea, was made by M. K n u d s e n in the interval between the Stockholm of 1899 and
1 Procés-Verbal de la Réunion du Conseil international à Hambourg de 1904, p. 12, 13 et p.20, 21 2 2. Conférence internationale pour l'exploration de la mer, réunie à Christiania 1901, p. 2, sub. D. 3 Procès-Verbal de la réunion du Conseil international Copenhague Février 1903. Annexe G Rapports & Procès-Verbaux. Vol. I. p. 86. 4 Procès-Verbal de la réunion du Conseil international Copenhague, Juillet 1902, p. 22 & 23. Rapport sur le laboratoire central à Christiania. 1902—1903. Rapports & Procès-Verbaux. Vol. I. p. XL. Id. 1903 —1904. R apports & Procès-Verbaux. Vol. II, p. XX. - 4 - Knudsen's tlic first meeting of the International Council in Copenhagen in 1902. The costs of the preparation of the “Hydrographische Tabellen”1, amounted to 18,400 Kroner. About one half was defrayed by contributions from scientific societies and academies in England, Norway, Sweden, Germany and Russia, and the remaining half by a contribution from the Copenhagen Carlsberg Fund and the International Council for the study of the sea.
Reports on A review over the general aims and administration of the international investiga- admmjstrai'on, (-;011S) contained in the two administrative Reports, for 1902—1903 and 1903—19042, submitted to the governments of the participating countries, and in the Proceedings of the International Council3 and of the three Committees A, B and C 4, published in the course of these years. In the present Report, the Bureau wishes to supplement the earlier Reports by the following
Repon on the Review over the organisation of the scientific and practical th?*MWMt"on°aiw 0 r k th e international investigations, its methods, means and work results, in so far as these have assumed a definite character at the present time.
Bureau The direction of the work is entrusted to the International Council for the study of the sea, whose executive organ is the Bureau. The Bureau has its seat at Copenhagen and consists of three ordinary members, the president, vice- president and the general-secretary, and of four extraordinary members, the hono rary treasurer residing in Copenhagen, the director of the Central Laboratory, and of two other members chosen by the International Council. When the Bureau has to consider general questions regarding finance and administration, or wishes to make proposals to the participating countries or to the International Council, the outer executive is consulted and this consists of the ordinary and extraordinary members together.. The scientific assistants of the Bureau are: First assistant (physicist), Docent M artin K nudsen. Second assistant (biologist), Dr. H. M. K yle. Technical assistants, as draughtsmen etc., are called in by the Bureau, according to requirements. Publications In addition to the Reports of Administration and of Proceedings, the Bureau has algo the duty of editing and publishing the following series of scientific reports.
1 Hydrographische Tabellen, nach Messungen von K arl Forch, J. P. Jacobsen, M artin Knudsen und S. P. L. S ø r e n s e n , herausgegeben von M artin Knudsen. 2 Rapport administratif sur 1902—03. Copenhague. Septembre 1903. 52 p. Rapport et Procès- Verbaux, Vol. I, 1903. Id. sur 1903—04. Copenhague, Octobre 1904. 39 S. Rapports et Procès-Verbaux, Vol. II. 1904. 3 Procès-Verbal de la réunion du Conseil à Copenhague, Juillet, 1902. — Id. à Copenhague, Février 1903. — Id à Hambourg, Février, 1903. Rapports et Procès-Verbaux, Vol. I et II. 1903 et 1904. 4 Procès-Verbaux des réunions des commissions spéciales. Edinbourg. Septembre 1902 ; Copenhague, Février 1903; Stralsund, Juillet 1903; Amsterdam, Décembre 1903; Hambourg, Février 1904. Rapports et Procès-Verbaux. Vol. I et II. 1903 et 1904. - 5 — a. Bulletin des résultats acquis pendant les courses périodiques Of this series, the following have been published: Bulletin for 1902—1903. Four numbers: for August and November 1902, and for February and May 1903. — Idem for 1903—1904. Four numbers: for August and November 1903 and for February and May 1904. b. Publications de circonstance Of this series, the following have appeared: No. i. C. G. J oh. P etersen, H ow to distinguish between mature and immature Plaice throughout the Year. 8 p. 1 pi. July 1903. No. 2. M artin K nudsen, On the Standard-Water used in the hydrographical Research until July 1903. 9 p. July 1903. No. 3. The Literature of the ten principal Food Fishes of the North Sea. In the form of compendious monographs. 112 pp. 10 PI. August 1903. No. 4 —5. M artin K nudsen, Ueber den Gebrauch von Stickstoffbestimmungen in der Hydrographie. —, Gefrierpunkttabelle für Meerwasser. Zusammen: 13 S. September 1903. No. 6. H arry M. K yle, On a new Form of Trawl Net, designed to fish in mid water as well as 011 the ground. Preliminary notice. 8 p. November 1903. No. 7. P. J. van Breemen, Ueber das Vorkommen von Oithona nan^ Giesbr. in der Nordsee. Mit einer Karte. 24 S. November 1903. No. 8—9. T. W emyss F ulton, On the Spawning of the Cod (Gadus morrhua L.) in Autumn in the North Sea. With a chart. —, A new Mark for Fish. Together: 14p. March 1904. No. 10. G. O. S ars, On a new (Planktonic) Species of the Genus Apherusa. 4 p. With a plate. March 1904.. No. 11. M artin K n u d se n , at Tabelle, Anhang zu den 1901 herausgegebenen hydrographischen Tabellen. 23 S. M ai 1904. No. 12. Catalogue des poissons du nord de l’Europe, avec les noms vulgaires dont 011 se sert dans les langues de cette région. 76 p. Mai 1904. No. 13 A. Die Ostsee Fischerei in ihrer jetzigen Lage (Krster Teil). I. Uebersicht über die Seefischerei in den dänischen Gewässern innerhalb Skagens. Im Auftrag von Dr. C. G. J oh. P etersen bearbeitet von A ndreas O tterstrøm. II. Uebersicht über die Seefischerei Schwedens an den süd- und östlichen Kü sten dieses Landes. Bearbeitet von Dr. F iup T rybom und A lf. W ollebæk. Zusammen 59 S. 6 Taf. Juni 1904. c. Reports on the Results of the International Investigations The present report is the first of this series. The Bureau is the executive organ of the International Council. Its sphere of work is controlled by the regulations drawn up by and for the Inter national Council, as well as by its own busiuess-regulations, which have been communicated to the Council1. 1 Procès-Verbal de la réunion du Conseil de Copenhague. Février 1903. Annexe F: Règlement du Bureau. Rapports et Procès-Verbaux. Vol. 1. 1903, p. 79 85. 2 * — 6 — *
Central The Central Laboratory in Christiania undertakes the duties of testing the Laboratory apparatus and methods and of supervising the uniformity of the observations. Its sphere of work is controlled by rules and regulations1 drawn up by the Interna tional Council and is superintended by a director chosen by the Council. The officials are: First assistant : Dr. V. W. E kman, physicist. Second assistant: Dr. C h a r l es J. J. F o x , c h e m is t. Annual reports on the work of the Central Laboratory for the years 1902—1903 and 1903—1904, have appeared in the Reports of Administration for those years2.
During these two years, the Central Laboratory has been specially engaged in the following labours: 1. The Laboratory has provided the expeditions fitted out by the various countries with hydrographical apparatus. 2. It has controlled the water-samples sent in by the participating countries. 3. The Laboratory has prepared normal-water and holds it at disposal. 4. The apparatus and instruments employed for the hydrographical investigations, which have been sent in to the Laboratory, have been tested there. 5. New apparatus and instruments (water-bottles, current-measurers, ground-samplers etc.) have been constructed by it. 6. Various special investigations have been undertaken by the Laboratory (as, of the gases dissolved in sea-water, the compressibility of sea-water etc.).
Committees To ensure efficient direction of the work in each region, the Bureau has the right to take counsel with experts and bodies of experts, who are called together for this purpose to a place determined by the Bureau. Of such meetings, the following have been held: at Edinburgh, September 1902: Meeting of Committees A and B, - Stralsund, Juli 1903: — — — C, - Amsterdam. December 1903: — — — B, - Copenhagen, July 1904: — — the hydrographical assistants of the laboratories of the participating countries. Iu addition, Committees A, B and C met at Copenhagen in February 1903, and Committees A and B at Hamburg in February 1904, when meetings of the International Council were held at these towns 3. The resolutions and protocols of these meetings were laid before the Inter national Council, which decided how far these were to act as guiding rules for the international work.
As mentioned earlier (page 2), three committees of experts were formed by the International Council in July 1902. These committees are at present constituted as follows: 1 Procès-Verbal de la réunion de Copenhague, Février 1903. Annexe B. Règlement du laboratoire central. Rapport et Procès-Verbaux. Vol. I, 1903. p. 64 -67. 2 Rapports et Procès-Verbaux. Vol. I. 1903, p. X L —XLJV. — Id. Vol. II. 1904. p. X X XXIV. 3 For the Proceedings of the meetings held by the Committees, see Vols. I and II of the “Rap ports et Procès-Verbaux”. — 7 — C o m m ittee A: For the problems concerned with the migrations of the principal c™mil,K A food-fishes of the North Sea. Members: Dr. J ohan H jort, Bergen, Convener. Prof. D ’A rcy W. T hompson, Dundee. Mr. W alter G arstang, Lowestoft. Prof. F r. H eincke, Heligoland. Dr. N. K nipowitsch, Petersburg. Dr. C. G. J oh. P etersen, Copenhagen. Dr. H. C. R edeke, Helder.
Committee B: For the investigation of the biology of the Pleuronectidae committee b and other fishes taken by the trawl. Members: Mr. W alter G arstang, Lowestoft, Convener. Dr. T. W emyss F ulton, Aberdeen. Prof. F r. H eincke, Heligoland. Prof. G. G ilson, Louvain. Dr. C. G. J oh. P etersen. Copenhagen. Dr. H. C. R edeke, Helder. Dr. F. T rybom, Stockholm. Committee C: For the problems concerned with the fisheries in the Baltic, committee c Members: Dr. F. T rybom, Stockholm, Convener of Committee Ct, (for the north-eastern part of the Baltic). Dr. C. G. J oh. P etersen, Copenhagen, Convener of Committee C2 (for the south western part of the Baltic). Prof. K arl B randt, Kiel. Prof. O. von G rimm, Petersburg. Prof. H. H enking, Hanover. Mr. J. A. S andman, Helsingfors.
The duties of the conveners of the commitees are fixed by the rules and regu lations passed by the International CouncilI. They have to arrange the reports sent them by the members of the committees, to draw up summaries of the results and to transmit these to the Bureau of the International Council. Preliminary (annual) reports have been sent in by the conveners and published as Appendixes to the Reports of Administration for 1902—03 and 1903—04. Two general summaries are added to this Report as Appendixes G and H : namely, one by Dr. J. H jort and Dr. C. G. J oh. P etersen (chiefly concerning the Danish and Norwegian fisheries investigations), in which the work of Committee A during the years 1902—03 and 19°3“ °4 is also reported on, and a second, 011 the work of Committee B, by its Convener, Mr. W. G arstang. I11 addition, the Conveners of Committee C, Dr. P etersen and Dr. T rybom, have
1 Procès-Verbal de la réunion de Copenhague de Fevrier 1903. Annexe E. Rapports et Procès- Verbaux. Vol. I. 1903, p. 77. List I: Personalia and Region of Investigations
Specialists and Assistants for the Country Members of the Committee Director of the Investigations Region of Investigations Investigations
Prof. E . G ilson, Gand ; chemical side of the hydrographical investigations. No committee. Mr. L ienarl, Brussels, engineer. The business-direction is under Southern part of the North Mr. H u w a rt, Ostend, engineer, physicist taken by the Director of the Sea. Belgium Prof. G. G ilson, Louvain. for the hydrographical investigations. ’’Musée d'Histoire naturelle” Northern entrance to the Prof. M eunier, Louvain \ , . , . , in Brussels. English Channel. Mr. H. P ype, Ostend | b' ° ' ° f :al Dr. M. fienseval, Ostend I .an s enes Mr. J. Rohaert, Ostend ) ‘"vestigat.ons Dr. C. G. Joh. P etersen, Presi Dr. Johs. Schmidt \ fisheries investi- dent. Dr. C. G. Joh. P etersen , biologi Dr. A . C. Jo hansen j gations. Captain C. F. Drechsel. cal and fisheries investigations. Western part of the Baltic, Cand. mag. y. Museumsinspector C. H. Osten- Martin Knudsen, hydrographi P. Jacobsen) the Belts, Kattegat, Denmark Cand. mag. J. N. Nielsen i phiçal Skager Rak, North Sea, fe ld . cal investigations. ° ; vestigations Docent Martin Knudsen , Sec C. H. O stenfeld, plankton in Dr. C. W esen b erg -L u n d \ , , . the waters round the retary. vestigations. Mag. Sc. M. P. Porsild Pla" kt° n in‘ Færoe Isles and Iceland. (All in Copenhagen). Mag. Sc. Ove Paulsen j ^U gaU ons London ^ ^ r‘ M asterm an, statis- Board of Agriculture and Fishe ( tical investigations. ries, Mr. W. E. Archer, Assi 1 Mr. D . J . M atthew s, hydro- Sir E. W. Hamilton , President. stant Secretary, statistical in Plvmouth ’ graphical investigations, Mr. J. M. Dodds. vestigations. rjymoutn < D r L Qough, plankton Southern part of the North England Mr. W. E. Archer. The Marine Biological Associa ( investigations. Sea. Mr. M. F. Fleadlam, Secretary. tion of the United Kingdom. English Channel. i Mr. (All in London). Dr. E. J. Allen , Director and Walter Garstang\ Secretary, Plymouth, biological Lowe- Dr. W. Wallace c/! and stoft 1 Mr. R . A . T odd f e r i e s investigations. Mr. J . O. B orley mvesti- J ) gations. Prof. Anders Donner, President Prof. Theodor Homen. Prof. Th. H om en, hydrographical Prof. K. J. Slotte. investigations. Cand. phil. Rolf Witting , hydrogra phical assistant. Finland Director Ernst Biese. Docent K. M. Levander, biolo Gulfs of Bothnia and Fin Mag. phil. J. A. Sandman. gical investigations. Mag. phil. Sigurd Stenius, chemistry land. assistant. Docent A M. Levander, Secre Mag. phil. J. A. Sandman, Baltic north of 5g0 N. L. tary. fisheries investigations. (Both in Helsingfors). (All in Helsingfors). Dr. R ttp p in \ hydrographical investi- Dr. K em n itz J gations. Dr. Strod tm a n n 1 biological and Prof. O. K rü m m el, hydrogra Dr. B o la u J fisheries investiga- Dr. IV. H erw ig , Hanover, Pre phical investigations. Dr. Im m e rm a n n | tions (Heligoland). sident. biological Dr. C. A pstein. Director of the sea Prof. K. B randt, and fisheries Germany Prof. K . B ra n d t, Kiel. sonal cruises. Prof. Fr. Heincke, Heligoland. Prof. Fr. Heincke, investigations Dr. Reibisch. Prof. H. Henking, Hanover. Prof. H. H enking , (North Sea Dr. R aben. Prof. O. K rü m m el, Kiel. and Baltic). Dr. Rauschenplat. Prof. H. H enking , statistical in Dr. Süssbach. vestigations. Dr. F isch er \ Fisheries and statistical Dr. Freiherr ( investigations (Deutscher vonReitzen- | Seefischerei-Verein, a r t . . / , . .- ' & ' * ■ ' / « ste in ) Hanover).
J f - m ------r ^ -T ------— 4 1 '■ »' ------— — - , , .....- !—it------..... ■ ---- M l
Prof. M a x Weher, Eerbeek, Dr. J . Jioeke. i. biological assistant. Dr. , oceanographical President. W. E. Ringer Dr. C. H . W ind, de Bildt. assistant. Doctorand. P. J. van Breemen, 2 . North Sea, southern and Holland Prof.H. W.BakhuisRooseboom, Dr. H . C. Redeke, Helder. biological assistant. south-western portion. Amsterdam Mr. Lieuten. Capt. G. F. Tydem an, Amster A. M. van Roosendaal, Navy, hydrographical assistant. dam, Secretary. All in Helder.
Cand. K n u t D ahl, fisheries assistant. • Cand. B. Helland-Hansen , hydrogra • phical assistant. Norwegian Sea, north Norway No Committee. Dr. Johan Hjort, Bergen. Cand. E. Koefoed, biological assistant. eastern North Sea. Dr. H. H . G ran , Docent. All in Bergen.
For the Barents Sea: Mr. VI. Issa tsch en ko , for zoology, Eastern part of the Baltic, No Committee. The Department For the Barents Sea: fisheries, meteorology. Gulf of Finland, Russia of Agriculture and Imperial Dr. L. Breitfuss, Director of Mr. VI. Ssoldatoff, for zoology, salmon- Barents Sea : easterly, as Domain has the general direc the “Committee for the Support fisheries, seawater analysis, far as the coast of Nova tion. of the Pomores”. Mr. A . L in ko , for zoology and plankton. Zembla, westerly, to the * Dr. Al. Hausmann , for chemical ana line : Vardô—Bear Island. lysis.
Dr. T. Wemyss Fulton , Aberdeen, fisheries investigations. Mr. A. J. Robertson, B. Sc. Dundee (hydrography). Sir E. W. Hamilton, President. Dr. T h. Scott, Aberdeen (plankton), Northern part of the North Mr. J. M, Dodds. Mr. R. M. Clark, M. A. Aberdeen, Sea. Prof. D Arcy W. Thompson, Scotland Mr. W. E. Araber. (plankton). Southern part of the Nor for the Scottish Fishery Board. Mr. M. F. Hea&tam, Secretary. Mr. Alexander Bowman, B. Sc. (for wegian Sea. Baron Gothen G. L agerbring, Prof. P. T. Cleve, plankton-investiga- burg, President. tions. Engineer G. E km an, Gothenburg. O. Pettersson, hydrographical and administrative part. Cand. J W. Sandström, Gothenburg, SkagerRak and the western Sweden Prof. P. T. Cleve, Gothenburg. first assistant, physics. part of the Baltic from Dr. F. T rybom , Stockholm. F. T rybom , biological and prac tical fisheries investigations. Cand. A. Wollebaek, Stockholm, second Stockholm to Öresund. Prof. 0. Pettersson , Stockholm. assistant, biology. Prof.A. Wijkander,Gothenburg. A. Palmquisl, Stockholm, chemistry. List II: Institutions and Steamers Steamers Scientific institutions where the results Country Remarks are worked out Cubic Names capacity 1. Musée Royal d’Histoire Naturelle, B r u s The inspection-steamer ’’Ville d’Anvers” is sels. also used for fisheries investigations during the £ seasonal cruises. 2. Zoological Institute of the University, 1. Fisheries inspection- The Natural History Museum of Brussels L o u v a in . steamer “Ville d'An employs a steam-tug for the investigations con Belgium 3. Pharmaceutical and toxocological-chemical vers” (for the seasonal nected with the fishes and fisheries, during six Laboratory of the University, G and. cruises). +1 0 months of each year. The assistance of the 4. Laboratory for fisheries investigations of 2. Hired steam-tugs. the free fisheries school. Ostend. light-ships at the West Hinder and Wandelaar 5. Aquarium, Ostend. is also called in for regular series of observa tions etc. The “Thor” is employed specially for the 1. Laboratory for fisheries investigations, “Thor”. investigations in the Skager Rak, Kattegat, and Copenhagen 0 ., Strandboulevard. “Sallingsund” North Sea, also at the Færoes and Iceland, 2. Hydrographical Laboratory, Copenhagen Denmark Several of the vessels be and both for the fisheries and the hydrographical 0 , Frederikhaldsgade. longing to the Royal and plankton investigations. 3. Plankton Laboratory, Copenhagen 0 ., Danish Navy. The “Sallingsund” belongs to the Danish Nordre Frihavnsvej. biological station and is used exclusively in the Danish waters. The “Huxley” is a steam trawler of 35 m England 1. Plymouth Marine Biological Laboratory. 1. “Huxley”. 191 tons in length, altered to suit the investigations. 2. Lowestoft Marine Biological Laboratory. 2. "Oithona”. 69 » The “Oithona” is a steam-yacht belonging to the Marine Biological Association. 1. Laboratory of the "hydrografisk-biologiska Kommission”, Helsingfors, Konstan- The steamer "Nantilus” has a length of 29 ill; as it is not constructed as an ice-breaker, tinsgatan (for the hydrographical and 1. "Nautilus”. Finland it cannot be used for the winter cruises. These biological investigations). 2. Various other steamers. 2. Fisheries Museum, Helsingfors, Hele are carried out by other steamers suited to the ne g a tan, (for the fisheries investigations). purpose. 1. Laboratory for the international investiga 1. “Poseidon”. 1363.6 m3 tions of the Roy. Prussian Commission for 2. Motor-boat of the the investigation of the German seas, in Biological Station at The research-steamer ’’Poseidon” has been Kiel. Heligoland. built for the investigations and has a length of i a. Section for the hydrographical work, Germany 3. Trading steamer “Hol- 45,9 m. It is used regularly, as also the motor ib. Section for the biological work. satia”, Kiel. boat of the Heligoland Biological Station. 2. Roy. Prussian Biological Station at Heli 4. Fishing steamer. 400—500 The other vessels are used "occasionally”. goland. 5. Sail fishing boats of m3 3. Laboratory of the “Deutscher Seefischerei- various kinds. Verein” in Hannover. The “Wodan” is a steam-tug specially Laboratory for the North Sea Investiga arranged for the investigations. 1. “Wodan”. Holland tions, at the Zoological Station, Helder. The steamer “Zeemeeuw” belongs to the (N.B. The hydrographical investigations 2. “Zeemeeuw”. Dutch Board of Customs, and is used for the are carried out in a neighbouring building). investigations in the Texel Current and in the Zuiderzee. The steamer "Michael Sars” carries on Scientific Section of the Fisheries Admini “Michael Sars”. scientific marine and fisheries investigations Norway stration, Bergen. ,+ 300 d.o. during 9 months of the year. 1. In Petersburg. The steamer “Andrei Perwoswanny” has 1. “AndrejPerwoswanny” 336 brutto 2. On the Murman Coast: Expedition for been built for the expeditions on the Murman Russia 2. Some sailing vessels. registered scientific and practical investigations, coast. It has a length of 38 m. between the 3. Steam-motor boat tons. Alexandro w sk. perpendiculars. 1. In D u n d e e : Laboratory of the University. The “Goldseeker” is a steam-trawler altered 1. H. M. S. “Jackal”. 750 tons. Scotland 2. In Aberdeen: Laboratory of the “Fishery to suit the investigations. H. M. S. “Jackal” is 2. “Goldseeker”. 200 tons. Board for Scotland”. employed for the seasonal cruises. 1. Navy vessel, placed at the disposal of the 1. Bornö, Marine Station of the Swedish 1. S. M. S. Svensksund. investigations by the Government. hydrographical biological Commission. 2. Steam-trawlers, hired for the fisheries in Sweden 2. “Betty” , “Christina’ 2. Chemical Laboratory of Stockholm’s “Atlas”. vestigations (2V2 months yearly). “Högskola”. 3...... ’) 3. A new steamer is being built for the inves tigations !). *) Has since been put to use*, has received the name “Skagerak” [Note, when correcting the last proof.] s — 12 — èach sent in a Report on the present condition of the Baltic fisheries. These have been published together as Nr. 13 A of the “Publications de circonstance”. (See the list of these publications, p. 5.) Iu order to carry out the scientific and practical investigations in the regions1 to be explored by the different countries, national committees were formed by most of the participating states. The appended list gives a review of the organisation and personalia of these national committees. See List I, p. 8 and 9. Means for With regard to the means for carrying out the national investigations, the Ca'im"rnat°i"naihC mentioned are the laboratories and steamers, fitted up for the scientific investigations work, which are at the disposal of the various countries. As regards the labora tories, some of which were specially instituted for the present investigations (e. g. the Swedish station of Bornö), others of which had already for many years been successfully engaged in marine investigations (e. g. the laboratories of the Kiel Commission, the Danish Biological Station etc.), reference may be made to the papers and annual reports etc. published iu the countries concerned. Several of these are not exclusively restricted to the carrying out of the investigations, but are also open and available for the studies of home and foreign scientists, as for the wider treatment of problems concerning marine biology ; of such institutes, the Heligoland Biological Station, the Zoological Station at Helder and the Marine Laboratory at Plymouth, may be named. I11 this connection, the course of study founded at Bergen on the initiative of Dr. J o h. H jo r t has to be mentioned here. For some years, a course of study extending over several months, on the theory and practice of marine investigations, has been conducted in the laboratories of the Royal Norwegian Fiskeridirektion and in scientific institutes of the town of Bergen by various specialists of the Fiskeridirektion. The majority of the steamers have been specially built for this purpose, some have been chartered for longer or shorter periods, others are inspection-steamers etc. belonging to the Navy or other departments. The seasonal cruises, the prac tical fisheries investigations and the other biological and hydrographical investiga tions are carried out by means of these steamers. The material obtained during the seasonal and other cruises of investigation, is worked up scientifically by the analysts, the physicists, chemists and biological specialists, according to the program framed by the Conferences at Stockholm and Christiania. See List II, p. 10 and 11. Methods With regard to the hydrographical portion of the work, the general method followed in the international investigations is to take soundings and water- and plankton-samples from various depths, simultaneously at fixed stations at sea and at different periods of the year. The seasonal cruises are made in the beginning of the months of February, May, xA.ugust and November. The same stations are visited during each of these seasonal cruises, so far as unfavourable weather- conditions do not prevent it. These stations form an outstretched observation-net 1 Proposals for the hydrographical subdivision of the regions to be investigated were made at the Stockholm Conference, and for the biological and fisheries subdivision at the Christiania Conference. — 13 — over the regions investigated, as is shown in the accompanying Chart (Plate I). The red points on it indicate the stations which were visited on the seasonal cruise during August 1903. The aim of this method is to determine the changes occurring during the course of the year in the hydrographical conditions and in the distribution of the plankton, and also to some extent in the distribution of the (so-called pelagic) fish-eggs, larvæ and young fish floating in the sea. Låst III gives a review over the seasonal cruises carried out by the various cofintries. The seasonal cruises are naturally not suited to the study of the problems connected with the influence of the deep-sea fishery 011 the stock of fish and the migrations of the fishes, nor those concerned with the biological investigation of the sea in general. In these cases, the scientific investigations must employ the methods of the practical fisheries and study their results, partly by control-experiments on the fishing-grounds and investigations in the laboratories, partly by critical treatment of the statistical data collected in the various countries. Of great importance in this connection, are the measuring and setting out of marked fish, especially flat-fish, in the North Sea, the Skager Rak, Kattegat and Baltic. This method is used systematically on a large scale in the international investigations. List III : Seasonal Cruises Regions investigated and number of Aug. 1902—May 1903 Aug. 1903—May 1904 the stations on the seasonal cruise August 1903 I / Eastern entrance to the English Channel, Belgium. . Aug., Nov., Febr., May I Southern part of the North Sea: ro stations. /Danish waters: 27 stations. Denmark. Aug., Nov., Febr., May Aug., Nov., Febr., May 1 North Atlantic Ocean : 20 stations. England. . Febr., May Aug., Nov., Febr., May English Channel : 18 stations. 1 Gulf of Bothnia : 31 stations, Finland . . Aug., Nov., Febr., May Aug., Nov., F'ebr., May j Gulf of Finland: 27 stations. ' Baltic : 15 stations. ( North Sea : 1 5 stations. Germany . . 1 Aug., Nov., Febr., May Aug., Nov., Febr., May 1 Baltic : 12 stations. Holland . . Aug., Nov., Febr.. May Aug., Nov., Febr., May North Sea: 9 stations. Norway. . Aug., Febr., May Aug., Nov., May Norwegian Sea: 12 stations. Russia . . . Aug., Nov., May Aug., Nov., Febr., May Arctic Sea : 26 stations. Scotland . . j: Aug., Nov., May Aug., Nov., Febr., May North Sea, northern part. Norwegian Sea : 29 stations. Skager Rak : 15 stations. Sweden . . . ji Aug., Nov., Febr., May Aug., Nov., Febr., May < \ Baltic: 5 stations. Total. ! 30 cruises 39 cruises 271 stations on the seasonal cruise of August 1903 The practical fisheries experiments and investigations are carried on during every season of the year, in cruises which last several days or weeks, even some months, by the specially built or chartered steamers. List IV, p. 14, 15 and 16, 3* List IV: Expeditions and Fisheries Investigations < s S O) o a . . 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The same cruises were often utilised for investigations 011 the occurrence and distribution of the fish-eggs and larvae, the rate of growth and geographical distribution of fishes, their conditions of food and reproduction. Re ports 011 certain results of these investigations have already been given in numerous publications, which have appeared in the various countries. A list of these is given in Appendix F of the Report of Administration for 1903 — 04. For the most part, however, these investigations have not yet been completed; the results of some of them have been sent in to the Bureau, and are published here as appen dixes of this General Report. (See Appendixes D, E, F, G and H.) A brief report on the present state of the investigations is given in the introduction to Appendix A as also in that to the Appendixes D—K. These introductions are not so much intended to show, just at present, the results attained by the international investigations, but rather to explain the plan and purpose of the investigations, partly also, the methods followed in working out the various problems. The Appendixes which are published in the name and for the responsibility of the authors, may be considered as so many “Capita selecta” concerning various problems in details, chosen from the field of the general investigations. No one will be surprised, that these treatises are not quite evenly representative of every field of the study of the sea; in this first report on the general work, indeed, only those papers 011 the investigations could be included, which were known to contain definite even though preliminary conclusions.1 Copenhagen, October 1904 HERWIG P e t t e r s s o n H o ek * The General Review lias been translated from the German by Dr. H. M. K yle. General-Report : 1902 - 1904 CHART of the Hydrographical Stations PR AN CE August 1903 lAvel E.Auviodi? lith.Eta.b7.Kbh -s ° G X » ■ S ' S S • XI T3 HD V 4 3 « 3 2’S3 .*3 Siv—' t_ bo Ï I 11 I I. I; w c G to O «o Cn b- vo r. C3 O .S CG^ - c« "—•"£ S-C O r t 'S .2 *. o - « X : '“' G