24:796 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 25, 1 U77 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS CORA TOMPKINS WILSON-A there was no way to tell the new shift where In 1934, West Texans sent George H. Mahon she wa.s. to Congress, where Lyndon Johnson was a WOMAN FOR ALL SEASONS we a.re used to seeing television sets, often staffer. Ma.hon began wrestling with the na­ in color, on all the wards, but the first two tion's budget when Jimmy Carter was sets were brought by Mrs. Wilson, and they, wrestling with high school algebra. HON. RICHARD L. OTTINGER too, had to hide out in a closet until the Today, after 43 years of service, Ma.hon 1s OF NEW YORK coast was clear. senior to all hiS colleagues. He ls retiring at the end of this term because he would IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Gradually, as friends and neighbors heard of Mrs. Wilson's effort, they joined her. be 80 before the end of another. That 1s a Monday, July 25, 1977 Stores, service organizations, the whole poor reason for the House, or any other in­ neighborhood. of Larchmont and environs stitution, to lose the services of a man whose Mr. OTI'INGER. Mr. Speaker, the pa­ cooperated until Mrs. Wilson was able to a.billtles remain formidable. tients in our mental hospitals are, all provide two or three presents for every pa­ Ma.hon ls six-feet-two, erect and lean. too often, isolated and forgotten. Fortu­ tient in the hospital. Now she has become an He looks as though he was whittled from nately, those at the Harlem Valley State institution. The local pa.per need only note a fence post by the West Texas wind. H1s Psychiatric Center in Wingdale, N.Y., that "It's Cora Wilson Time," and the pres­ capacious memory ls papered, floor to celling, have had Cora Tompkins Wilson to re­ ents fill up the empty store that ls Mrs. with poetry and hymns, which sometimes member them. For 43 years, Mrs. Wilson Wilson's Chrlstma.s headquarters. ring down the fairways when he 1s golfing. had brought gifts to every patient in the Nothing, not her husband's death, her This morning he poses on the Capitol steps hospital at Christmas and Easter. More daughter's death, nor several personal ill­ with a small regiment in bright polyester, importantly, though, she has brought nesses have broken the flow. Her friends Texas la.dies here to keep a.n eye on Congress. friendship and hope to these lonely peo­ have pitched in and ta.ken up the slack. Returning to hiS office, he passes a congress­ ThiS year 1s a memorable one for Mrs. Wil­ man leaving the House floor in shirt sleeves ple. son for another reason; for her second son and murmurs disapproval of the slack stand­ Cora Wilson has created happiness out (her first died some years ago) was dls­ ards of the age. of her own heartbreak. Both of her sons charged from the hospital this year and ls He 1s one of the last links with the New were patients at the center. Despite her living in Westchester County hlmsel!, not Deal, but his credo as chairman of the anguish, she gathered support in her too far from home. But even after this, Cora House Appropriations Committee has been community of Larchmont, and her gift Wilson gathered and sent up Easter candy less Hyde Park than West Texas: "Pay for it project has become a local tradition. for every patient in the hospital. or put it off until we are willing or able to do Even when her surviving son left the The interest has kept her young. At 81, so." hospital, she did not fail to gather pres­ she looks and acts 25 years younger at least. When he was bor-n, there were 26,000 fed­ She ls five feet of dynamo, an eternally inter­ eral workers in Washington. By 1940 there ents for all those who were less fortu­ esting and frequently challenging lndlvld­ were 166,000, a.bout the number the Depart­ nate. ua.l, but always one who has a greeting for ment of Health, Education and Wel!are Recently, the staff of the psychiatric her many friends among the staff and pa­ employs today. Don't blame Ma.hon. center honored Cora Wilson for her tients here. Rep. Thomas Reed of Maine, Speaker of work, for the second time in 4 years. On One person can change the world when the House when Ma.hon was born, once heard learning of this occasion, I came across that person 1s Cora Wilson. a cha.plain pray that Reed would conduct a tribute to this extraordinary woman the House according to the wlll of God prepared in 1974 by the then-director of without regard to partisan politics. Reed volunteer services at Wingdale. Since exclaimed. "I never heard a more prepos­ almost every word of it still rings true to­ AN UNRETIRING CHAffiMAN HAS terous prayer addressed to the throne of DECIDED TO RETIRE Grace." day, I would like to share it with my Reed was right. The House 1s an inherently colleagues: pa.rtlsa.n place. But no man has taken less A WOMAN FOR ALL SEASONS HON. BOB GAMMAGE advantage of large opportunity to abuse pow­ er than has Chairman Ma.hon. (By T. Kent du Pre) OF TEXAS The portraits on the wall of his office in­ ThiS year, as we celebrate the Fiftieth IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Anniversary of thiS hospital, it 1s fitting to clude a baleful one of Thaddeus Stevens, the honor as well a lady who has worked d111- Monday, July 25, 1977 radical Republican of Reconstruction whom gently for much more than hal! the hospi­ the late Stewart Alsop well described as "the tal's existence to help the patients therein. Mr. GAMMAGE. Mr. Speaker, it is a most merciless and vindictive polltlclan the ThiS, indeed, ls the thirty-fifth (and just distinct personal pleasure to call to your United States has produced." No two men possibly the last) year that Mrs. Cora Wilson attention, and to the attention of all my who have served on Capitol Hill a.re less a.like has gathered presents from the citizens of fine colleagues, the following editorial by than Stevens and Ma.hon. southern Westchester County and brought George R. Will, appearing in the Sun­ His conversation constantly teeters agree­ them to our patients for Christmas. For day, July 24, 1977, Washington Post. en­ ably on the edge of a chuckle. Like the red­ nearly as long she has also been dlstrlbutlng titled "An Unretiring Chairman Has De­ and-whlte check necktie he ls wearing with candy and cigarettes for Easter. an otherwlse subdued ensemble, there 1s It all started when she and her husband cided to Retire." a.bout him an unexpected and, happily, ir­ ca.me up at Christmas to visit their son, who I join Mr. Will in lauding the chair­ repressible impulse to lightness. He has been had recently been admitted to the hospital. man for his solid personal charact.er and an ornament to a city with more than its Finding themselves surrounded by B111y's his fair and judicious legislative atti­ fair share of the pompous, a city that ls not fellow patients, who were without vlsltors tude. As Will says: a.bout to take G. K. Chesterton's point. or presents, they went back out, pooled their Mahon ls an American ty-pe-an alloy of "It ls really a natural trend to lapse into money and spent it all on Christmas presents, piety, industriousness, reticence and ab­ ta.king oneself gravely, because 1t is the forgetting in their enthusiasm to save out stemiousness-that once was as common easiest thing to do . . . For solemn!ty flowt; their bus fare home. The next year, Mrs. as, and soon may be as scarce· as, the homing out of men naturally, but laughter ls a leap. Wilson almost single-handedly gathered, pigeon. It ls easy to be heavy; hard to be light. wrapped and dlstrlbuted 300 gifts. Sa.tan fell by force of gravity." In these days when the local Mental Health I am proud to know and serve with the The hall outside his office is full of scaf­ Associations and many private groups regu­ dean in the House of Representatives. folding for the workmen whose job ls the larly collect, make, and bring presents to the We will sorely miss him. perpetual one of maintaining the special mel­ hospital, it wlll seem strange to know that lowness of the Capitol's rich interior decora­ the first few yea.rs the Wilsons had to smug­ AN UNRETmING CHAmMAN HAs DECID'ED To RETmE tions. The scaffolding, Mahon chuckles, is gle their presents in. One Christmas, in fact, for hanging miscreants, and there never 1s as Mrs. Wilson was going about the wards (By George F. Will) enough scaffolding. And a ladder leaning with a cartload of presents, the word ca.me He was born with the century, in 1900, against the wall puts him in mind of a hymn. up that the Director was touring the wards. in Ma.hon, La., but soon his family, 10 strong, Quickly Mrs. Wilson and her cart were moved to Texas. There, mother kept the We are climbing Jacob's ladder, shunted off into a locked closet, where she children's noses in books, including the one Soldiers of the Cross spent the next two or three hours. The shift read on countless 19th century hea.rths­ Ma.hon is an American type-an a.Uoy of changed while the Director was there, and "Pllgrim's Progress." piety, industriousness, reticence and a.bstem- July 25, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24797 iousness_:that once was as common as, and given to VA to contract for outpatient tire shortly and I thought his long rec­ soon may be a.s scarce a.s, the homing pigeon. care is especially important. There is an ord of service merited the attention of As Ma.hon approaches the yellow leaf (I extraordinary and increasing prevalence my colleagues. say approaches: His father, who moved to Texas for his health, lived to be 97), he can of alcohol-related admissions to the VA Jay spent 12 years as deputy comp­ take leave of government serene in the hospital system-Officially estimated by troller in St. Paul and for the past 23 knowledge that the government ts better the VA at 1 out of every 10 admissions years he has been Ramsey County Ab­ than it would have been if he had not oome in fiscal year 1975, making alcoholism stract Clerk. He was first elected to that to it, a.nd that he ls a.s good a. person a.s he the most common of all listed admission position in 1954 and was reelected ever wa.s when he ca.me. diagnoses in that year. Even more re­ since. The fact that his victories were vealing are the results of a comparison mostly by acclamation speaks well for between a 1970 and 1973 census in VA services rendered to the public. health care facilities which included In addition, Jay O'Connor has per­ VETERANS HEALTH CARE AMEND­ data on the number of bed-occupant formed at a leadership level in many MENTS OF 1977 patients who were defined alcoholics or civic and charitable causes. To list just problem drinkers. a few, grand knight, Knights of Colum­ HON. TOM HARKIN The study revealed that the propor­ bus; president, Downtown Lions Club; tion of defined alcoholics and problem State secretary, Ancient Order of Hiber­ OF IOWA drinkers increased from 1 out of every nians; prime minister, St. Paul Winter IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 5 patients in 1970 to 1 out of every 4 Carnival, and State chairman, March Monday, July 25, 1977 patients in 1973. of Dimes. Second, almost 25 percent of Viet­ I do not know anybody in the St. Paul Mr. HARKIN. Mr. Speaker, today I nam-era veterans in the 1973 patient community that is better known or bet­ have reintroduced legislation entitled the census were diagnosed as defined alco­ ter liked than Jay O'Connor. He is both "Veterans Health Care Amendments of holics or problem drinkers, as compared gregarious and friendly with a typical 1977." I originally introduced this meas­ to 13 percent in the 1970 census. St. Paul Irish wit about him that has ure on July 12-H.R. 8229. I am pleased Finally, within the 35 t.o 44 age group, endeared him to countless of our citi­ to say that the entire Iowa House dele­ 35.2 percent of all hospitalized veterans zenry. gation has now joined in cosponsoring were defined alcoholics or problem I certainly want to wish Jay and his this measure. . drinkers in 1973, as compared to 26 per­ family a happy and fruitful retirement The bill is largely the result of a meet­ cent in 1970. along with the hope that he will con­ ing between various House Members and My own State of Iowa provides a use­ tinue his involvement with our city and officials from State alcoholism authorities ful illustration of this problem. Studies its fortunes. held earlier this year. It responds to some by the Iowa Division of Alcoholism in­ of the most important unmet health care dicate that 80 percent of the persons needs of veterans in this country. It is going into alcoholism treatment in the similar to legislation passed last year by State require outpatient counseling. PUERTO RICAN CONSTITUTION the Senate. It is nearly identical to legis­ Statewide veterans in alcoholism treat­ DAY lation-S. 1693-introduced by Senator ment constitute 40 percent of the total CRANSTON and which is expected to be re­ client caseload. Without treatment it is ported by the Senate Veterans Affairs estimated that it costs the employer and "HON. PETER W. RODINO, JR. Committee this week. taxpayers more than $7,000 a year in OF NEW JERSEY The amendments contained in H.R. sick leave, lost production, and tax-sup­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 8229 principally would accomplish the ported welfare to maintain the active Monday, July 25, 1977 following: alcoholic and family. Mr. RODINO. Mr. Speaker, July 25 Establish a new program to provide A.ii additional reason wl1y we have outpatient readjustment professional marks the 25th anniversary of the enact­ placed greater emphasis on outpatient ment of the constitution of the Com­ counseling for veterans to assist with care is that the alcohol abuser or alco­ their readjustment problems; monwealth of Puerto Rico. In commem­ holic must be treated and rehabilitated ·Orating this event we acknowledge the Establish a new program in preventive within the person's normal environ­ health care for veterans who have serv­ contributions Americans of Puerto Rican ment-family, home, job, friends. It is descent have made to the cultural diver­ ice-connected disabilities; important that the individual maintain Provide for outpatient and other alter­ his or her relationship with family sity and growth of American society. It native treatment services for veterans members and employees during treat­ is a recognition well deserved. with alcoholism and drug-related prob­ ment. In addition, outpatient care is the Our Nation's development has been en­ lems. riched by the vitality of its immigrant most cost effective means of treatment community. Citizens of Puerto Rican Provide for increased coordination be­ in terms of cost t.o the client or third heritage have played an important role tween the VA and HEW at national and party payor and the community. in America's progress, and, at the same regional levels to improve VA's capacity Mr. Speaker, this legislation has been time, have maintained their own iden­ to assess the quality and cost-effective­ passed by the Senate in some form in tity. This is indicative of the pride ness of care furnished in its facilities; three previous Congresses beginning in Puerto Ricans have in both their native Mr. Speaker, perhaps the most far­ 1972. It has already been endorsed by culture and America's. reaching aspect of H.R. 8229 deals with the Alcohol and Drug Problems Associa­ Constitution Day also marks the be­ providing a broader range of treatment tion and its member organizations. It ginning of self-government in Puerto for veterans addicted to alcohol or other deserves our immediate attention and I Rico. On this date, 25 years ago, the drugs. hope that my colleagues will support Governor of Puerto Rico proclaimed the In the case of alcohol treatment pro­ this bill as it progresses in the House. constitution to be in effect. Its success grams, the legislation stresses the use of over this past quarter-century is a trib­ recovered alcoholic counselors, halfway ute to the principle of democracy and is houses, and alternative treatment serv­ a strong example to other nations of the ices, in a comprehensive program ranging JAY P. O'CONNOR RETffiES viability and benefits of American demo­ from detoxification to recovery. In addi­ cratic ideals. tion, the Administrator is authorized to HON. BRUCE F. VENTO This coming Sunday, the Puerto Rican provide halfway house and outpatient fa­ OF MINNESOTA communit.y in my home State of New cilities directly or by contract with other IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Jersev will hold its annual Puerto Rican Government or community-based pro­ Day Parade to celebrate the significant grams licensed or approved by the appro­ Monday, July 25, 1977 contributions of Puerto Rican Amer­ priate State alcoholism and drug au­ Mr. VENTO. Mr. Speaker, Jay P. icans. I commend the efforts o.f the pa­ thority. O'Conhor, one of St. Paul, Minnesota's rade president. Miguel Rodriquez; the This new authority which would be most popular civic figures, plans to· re- master of ceremonies, Raul Davila; the 24798 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 25, 1977 parade coordinator, Leo Mendez; the ton and Savannah. During the battle of conspiracy in some segments of the coun­ parade queen, Carmen Colon; and espe­ Savannah, Pulaski was mortally wounded try to make the VA health program indis­ cially Marie Gonzalez, the liaison co­ while leading an American charge. He tinguishable from other Federal health ordinator between the Newark Human died on October 11, 1779, at the age of programs. Therefore, the need for strong Rights Commission and the community, 32. congressional support for the independ­ and Jose Rosario, both of whom have According to the American Military ence of the VA medical system cannot worked on the parade for 15 years. Biography: be overstated. The Puerto Rican Day Parade and Thus fell In a most bold and daring The Subcommittee on Medical Facm­ Constitution Day provide an excellent achievement the distinguished Polish patriot ties and Benefits is scheduled to meet opportunity to publicly salute the proud and hero, in the cause of American llberty­ again in September to hear from the Vet­ exercise of self-government the Puerto hls memory ls entitled to our veneration as erans' Administration in order to receive Rican people have undertaken, and have his llfe forms an item in the price of our its reaction to the NAS report. I hope independence. Soon Congress resolved that a that some of the :findings and recom­ made work; and their positive and pro­ monument be erected to his memory. found impact on American society and mendations of the NAS will prove use­ culture. Mr. Speaker on behalf of the citizens ful to the VA in improving the quality of Pulaski County, DI. I pay tribute of care our veterans receive. However, to this distinguished Polish patriot who it will be necessary for the Congress to A TRIBUTE TO GEN. gave his life in defense of American listen to the needs of the VA and be will­ KAZIMIERZ PULASKI liberty. We all should proudly remember ing to support every effort to improve its and honor General Pulaski. health program. Unfortunately, the rec­ ommendation made by the NAS, that the HON. PAUL SIMON VA system be incorporated with com­ 0:1' n.LDl'OIS munity hospitals, has made it increasing. . IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES HEALTH CARE FOR AMERICAN ly difficult for the Veterans' Affairs Com­ VETERANS Monday, July 25, 1977 mittee to get its suggestions through the budgetary obstacles in the Congress Mr. SIMON. Mr. Speaker, on July 23, andOMB. 1777, Gen. Kazimierz Pulaski arrived HON. ELWOOD HILLIS in America from Poland to :fight in the 0:1' INDIANA American Revolution. General Pulaski IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES UNFILLED PROMISE was an intelligent, able, and courageous Monday, July 25, 1977 omcer who was a true hero in the strug­ gle for American liberty. Mr. HILLIS. Mr. Speaker, last week HON. PAUL E. TSONGAS In honor of the 200th anniversary of the Subcommittee on Medical Facilities OF :MASSACHUSETTS his arrival in this country, I wish to pay and Benefits of the House Veterans' Af­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES fairs Committee held hearings on the tribute today to General Pulaski. His Monday, July 25, 1977 contribution in the American Revolution National Academy of Sciences' report is especially meaningful to me, since I entitled, "Health Care for American Vet­ Mr. TSON'GAS. Mr. Speaker, I am represent Pulaski County, m. in the erans." As a member of that subcommit­ pleased today to participate in Helsinki's House of Representatives. Pulaski County tee I have particular interest in the con­ "Unfilled Promise," a project that is be­ was organized as a distinct political en­ tinuing efforts of the Congress to provide ing coordinated by Representative DRI­ tity in 1843 and was named after this quality health care to our veterans. NAN. This project is being conducted on famous Revolutionary War hero. During the hearings on the NAS re­ behalf of Soviet Jewish families and in­ General Pulaski was an accomplished port, the subcommittee heard from sev­ dividuals who are being forcibly detained m1litary tactician when he came to join eral veterans' organizations and repre­ in the U.S.S.R., a practice that clearly the American cause. Born near Warsaw sentatives from the National Academy of violates the human rights provision of in 1747, he fought valiantly to protect Sciences. Mr. Oliver Meadows, national the Helsinki Final Act. Poland from Russian aggression. In 1771, commander of the Disabled American I would like to call your attention to an at the age of 24, he became a national Veterans clarified the issue best when he individual who is a victim of these vio­ hero when he defeated overwhelming told the subcommittee: lations: Dr. Yuri Orlov, a distinguished Russian forces at Czestochowa. The portion of the Academy recommenda­ high-energy physicist. For many years, Forced into exile by the Russians, tion that has received widespread attention high-energy physics have pioneered col­ ls its recommendation that acute care facili­ lective actions between Soviet and Amer­ Pulaski was recruited for the American ties of the VA medical system be phased out ican scientific groups. These collabora­ cause by Benjamin Franklin. Pulaski's and acute patients transferred to community tions have resulted in many significant experience in guerrilla tactics were cru­ faclllties. We (the DAV) view that single rec­ contributions including Dr. Orlov's writ­ cial in saving American military supplies ommendation bS tantamount to recommend­ during the battle of BrandyWine in Au­ ing destruction of the VA hospital and medi­ ten works that deal with a new approach cal system. to the problem of theoretical physics. gust 1777. Pulaski's role was documented These works represent a beginning of the in the American M1litary Biography: Although the recommendation to reconstruction of the most basic princi­ Pulaski, who commanded a party of horses, transfer a major portion of the V A's sustained his reputation for courage; his ples of the natural sciences. activity and exertions were conspicuous medical care system to community fa­ In 1956, Dr. Orlov appeared before a throughout the engagement and he was par­ cilities was only one of several recom­ Communist Party meeting of the Insti­ ticularly noticed by the Commander-in­ mendations made by the NAS, it dis­ tute of Theoretical and Experimental Chief, as having distinguished himself. credited almost the entire report. Not Physics in Moscow with a program of And Congress was so much grattfted with only was it well beyond the purview of democratic reforms of the party and gov­ his conduct and his promise of usefulness, the Academy to make such a recom­ ernment. Immediately after his appear­ that they--a few days afterwards--appointed mendation, nowhere in the report does ance he was dismissed from work and htm a brigadier general and commander of the horse mounted attachment. the Academy support it with data which expelled from the party, making it im­ would indicate an improvement in the possible to find another job until 1 year Pulaski also distinguished himself in quality of care available to eligible vet­ later. the. battles of Brandywine and White­ erans or a reduction of the total cost After many years spent in Yerevin marsh. His bravery and bold tactics were to the Federal Government. In fact, where he tutored to keep bread on the again noted by General Washington. many of the conclusions on which the table, Dr. Orlov returned to Moscow in In 1778. Pulaski presented to Wash­ recommendation was made were based 1972 where he worked for the Academy ington a plan for the formation of an on questionable methodology. of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. Again he was independent corps of light cavalry and It would be a major mistake for the dismissed from work after writing a ·Iet­ infantry. ·Washington and the Congress Congress to move in any direction-which ter to Brezhnev in which he again pre­ agreed to form such a unit with Pulaski would lead to the eventual disassemble­ sented several questions regarding re­ at its head. The so-called Pulaski Legion ment of the VA health program. There form. played key roles in the battles of Charles- appears to be a continuing and growing Dr. Orlov orgailized the "Group to July 25, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24799 Monitor the Fulfillment of the Helsinki There are optimistic signs that the problems. But we are not in the least bit leery in to fiy this plane." agreement the U.S.S.R.," in May Carter administration recognizes the Lt. Jerry Harris, 27·, an engineering major 1976. The group's declared intention was mistakes of its predecessor on Cyprus. in college, said he knows the F-14 is de­ to observe how the humanitarian articles While certain elements of the State and signed to be safe. of the first act were being realized, and Defense Departments continue to plead "It is safer to fiy this plane th.an to drive to promote their fulfillment. Reports that the primary goal should be restora­ on California freeways," he said. "I would were produced and sent to Amnesty In­ tion of American bases in Turkey which rather fiy the F-14 than to get into my car ternational up until February 1977, and that country closed in retaliation against and drive from here to Los Angeles. It's a then stopped less than 3 weeks before the arms embargo which the Cyprus beautiful plane." Another aviator, Lt. Dale Carlson, 27, a Dr. Orlov's arrest. events precipitated, the new emphasis in radar intercept omcer, said he talked to a On February 10, Dr. Orlov was ar­ Washington is now on explaining to Tur­ number of people who wanted to get out of rested at the home of another member key that there can be no restoration of the F-14 program after the crashes last year. of the Helsinki group. Charged with normal relations with the United States but once the problem was identified and "fabrication slanders against the Soviet until the Cyprus problem is solved. solved, attitudes changed and the student Union," he was taken to prison in Mos­ Three years is a long time for the at­ pilots decided to stay in the program. cow where he is still being held, unable tention of a super-power to stay focused The pilots said they hear a lot of criticism about the plane but the criticism does not to communicate with his family and on Cyprus. But the pressures of the day come from people who fiy the craft. friends. should not make us indifferent to the fate "We fiy that plane day and night and we Because the final act of the Helsinki of 600,000 Cypriots. don't know one person who won't fiy it," the agreement sets forth internationally The goal of this anniversary observ­ pilots said. "It bothers us to read about the recognized human rights, the need for ance should be a rededication to ending "'trouble-plagued' plane in the newspapers immediate ~ction on behalf of Dr. Orlov, the Cyprus tragedy and all similar and hear it on the air. we are surprised peo­ and others m his situation is urgent. In threats to human rights and the rule of ple can't look ~t things objectively." order to fulfill the promise of the Hel­ The pilots said when one looks e.t what law. they do, there are not th.at many accidents. sinki agreements, and in response to Statistics show that the F-14 has had 33 the need for action, I urge that all those per cent fewer accidents than the F-4 Phan­ concerned with human rights publicly MIRAMAR Pil..OTS WHO FLY THEM tom and the A-7 Corsair light attack aircra!t. protest Dr. Orlov's arrest. DEFEND F-14 TOMCATS The Phantom joined the fieet in December, 1960, and the Corsair, in February, 1967. Both were mainstays of combat in Vietnam. HON. BOB WILSON Based on ofticial records of operational ac­ cidents of the three planes, the F-4 Phantom THffiD ANNIVERSARY OF CYPRUS OF CALIFORNIA INVASION had 50 accidents, for a. 4.99 rate (per 10,000 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES fiight hours) in a total of 100,000 fiight hours Monday, July 25, 1977 while the A-7 Corsair has 31 operational ac­ HON. BENJAMIN S. ROSENTHAL cidents for a 3.02 rate in 103,000 fiight hours. Mr. BOB WILSON. Mr. Speaker, there F-14'8 RATE IS 1.66 OF NEW YORK has been some concern by Members of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES The F-14, which has fiown 102,000 houra Congress about the :flight characteristics since the first plane was delivered to Miramar Monday, July 25, 1977 of the NavY'S F-14. in October, 1972, has had 16 operational ac­ Many squadrons of this fine aircraft cidents: a rate of 1.56. Mr. ROSENTHAL. Mr. Speaker, last "Every F-14 crash gets national atten­ Wednesday was the third anniversary of fly from Miramar Naval Air Station in my district. tion," said Rear Adm. Ernest E. Tissot, com­ the invasion and occupation of Cyprus by mander of Fighter Airborne Early Warning Turkey. That event followed a week of This plane has proved to be one of Wing, U.S. Pacific Fleet, in an interview at turmoil in Cyprus including an attemp­ the most reliable new weapons systems his Miramar headquarters. ted coup against its legitimate govern­ ever introduced into the fleet. It has gone "Its legacy comes from the F-111 (U.S. Air ment instigated by the military dictators through its growing pains and is now a Force plane, once called the TF.X) ," Tissot mature component of our carriers. said. "It looks a little like the F-111, but it ts in Athens. The Turkish occupation con­ an entirely different airplane." tinues today, 3 years after any justifica­ I include as a portion of my remarks the attached article by Kip Cooper en­ (The F-111 originally was conceived as a tion for military action by Turkey ceased plane that could be used by both the Air to exist. titled "Miramar Pilots Who Fly Them Force and the Navy. The Navy rejected It, Anniversaries are not simply occasions Defend F-14 Tomcats." saying it was too heavy for aircraft carriers. to mark receding events of the past. The article follows: The F-111 subsequently suffered a large num­ Rather, they should also remind us anew MIRAMAR Pn.OTS WHO FLY THEM DEFEND F-14 ber of crashes attributed to engine problems of the ):luman aspects of those events and TOMCATS that ga.l.ned national notoriety. (By Kip Cooper, The San Diego Union) Tissot said the F-14 Tomcat also gets "In­ restore, thereby, our dedication to end tense congressional scutiny. It is an expen­ injustices no matter how long they en­ Critics of the F-14 Tomcat jet fighter do not know what they a.re talking about, pilots sive aircraft and it has both its proponents dure. The people of Cyprus have now at Miramar Naval Air Station say. and its opponents,'' he said. "They both are waited 3 years for justice. They will con­ Responding to questions about pilot bound to keep it (F-14) in the limelight." tinue to wait. But those in power must do morale and F-14 safety following the crash Tissot said sonie F-14 crashes have been more than wait. June 28 of two more of the jets, pilots ad­ caused by human error, but that the major­ The new administration in Washing­ mdtted there had been a time when they had ity of them were due to mechanical failure. ton has dedicated itself to maintain been "leery" of the F-14. But they said that "I am not talking a.bout the two most re­ human rights as an important principle the plane today is the safest in the Navy. cent crashes," he said, "I can't talk about There have been 16 operational crashes of them, for they are under investigation." in foreign affairs. This is a significant the F-14, eight of them at Miramar. Two of The F-14's mechanical problems have been and overdue change from the previous the crashes last June killed four aviators. identified as the susceptibility of the jet­ administration which, in Cyprus and Those fatalities, said pilots, represented a engine ran blades to damage such as "swal­ elsewhere, seemed to place the greatest low point in morale, particularly among the lowing birds; "lateral control dtmcu1ties th.at emphasis on pragmatism and power-bal­ aviators' friends or former classmates. caused the accidents at Miramar last year, ancing. But the Carter administration Lt. James Carroll, 34, an F-14 pllot who and problems with engine turbines and ro­ must now begin to apply this principle on has over 1,000 hours fiying the F-4 Phantom tator !ans. and 3Y:i years teaching other pilots to fiy Fan blades damaged by foreign objects can human rights consistently and there is the F-14, admits that morale was low at the cause fires and also damage the frame of the no better place to begin than in Cyprus. station last June. aircraft by cutting cables and causing the One-third of that country's population frame to vibrate violently. became refugees through the Turkish in­ THE l\llEN, NOT THE PLANE "It was because we knew the men killed," Interim modifications have been made on vasion. Today, that proportion has not he said. "But so far as the plane is concerned, all F-14 engines, according to a Pentagon re­ been altered by a single percentage point. I would have gone out and fiown an F-14 port, as well as to those coming otr the pro­ In fact, the refugee situation is worse as that same day." duction line. Turkey continues to expel the few re­ Carroll said Miramar pilots "love that Tissot said the rellab111ty of the F-14 en­ maining Greek Cypriots from the north­ plane. I know because I instruct them. They gine has been improved, although not all of ern 40 percent of the island it occupies. don't have blinders on. They know there are the planes have had all the improvements 24800 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 25, 1977 (both frame and engines) made. He said THE NEUTRON BOMB gressional approval to modernize its tactical mocllfications are being made as quickly as CONTROVERSY warheads. Influential members of the Joint parts are received to do the work. Committee on Atomic Energy, prompted by experts from the Los Alamos and Livermore BOND CONTAINS FAILURE DAMAGE HON. LEE H. HAMILTON nuclear laboratories, withheld support com­ A "containment shroud,'' a reinforcing plaining that the tactical nuclear innova­ band around the engine helps contain the OF INDIANA tions were too "conventional." Politically, it da.mage in case of an engine !allure. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES was clear that the Army would have to sug­ "We have not had any catastrophic !all­ Monday, July 25, 1977 gest more dramatic changes. ures !or some time now and don't expect Bureaucratically, some figures in the Army any." he said. Mr. HAMILTON. Mr. Speaker, before a had come to fear the steady erosion of their He said an engine compressor ls being fixed final decision is made regarding the neu­ nuclear mission. The drastic decline in nu­ but that is an ongoing program that will tron bomb I hope that several issues will clear-capable air defense forces had been fol­ continue to require financing to complete be to lowed by the negotiated abandonment of the the work on all F-14s. debated and answers found some Army's anti-ballistic missile (ABM) system, The admiral said the airframe is being critical questions. Once a realistic assess­ the service's best hope for a long-term nu­ strengthened. "If we had an engine problem, ment is made of the military utility and clear role. There was talk in NATO and in it wouldn't shake the aircraft apart. I! deterrent value of the neutron bomb the Mutual Balanced Force Reduction dis­ blades were thrown, or something like that, then full consideration can be given to cussions of cutting the number of theater the airframe would be better able to resist the political and moral issues. Detente nuclear weapons in Europe. Thus, there were the damage." seems to be in a particularly crucial powerful institutional reasons for the Army Other actions being taken at Miramar are phase and therefore, the neutron bomb to devise novel and exciting weapons to pro­ more stringent inspections o! engines at the and the Cruise Missile must be judged tect its claim to a nuclear mission. maintenance level. Technologically, work on warheads for the (Lt. Cmdr. Bruce (Coyote) Hart, the F-14 scrupulously so that they do not un­ ABM system had made significant progress maintenance officer in Fighter Squadron 213, necessarily destabilize the prospects of toward enhancing various types of radiation. said, "I not only fiy the planes but I am re­ continued progress on arms reductions Weapon engineers had explored different sponsible for the people who flx them. We by the United States and the Soviet kinds of "kill mechanisms" for use against have good mechanics and they have high Union. missiles and had tinkered with ways to "fine­ pride. I never get into any F-14 with any Mr. Speaker, I would like to recom­ tune the output spectrum" from nuclear doubt that the plane is ready.") mend an article written by Alton Frye in detonations. There was much interest in find­ Asked why the Navy does not report the the Washington Post on Sunday, July 17, ing an alternative application for this costly results of its investigating boards, Tissot said and hard-won knowledge. tha investigations are confident;1al in order 1977 entitled "The High Risks of Neu­ Furthermore, the legacy of James Schles­ to get the pilots to talk freely a.bout tron Weapons." Alton Frye's article sug­ inger's tenure as Secretary of Defense was accidents. gests a line of inquiry and questioning a heightened interest in the Pentagon and "A guy can come up and say 'I was wrong, which could be helpful to decisionmak­ among our NATO allies in forging nuclear I goofed,• and there will be no disciplinary ing on the neutron bomb. Realizing that systems capable of discrete attacks and less action from that accident reoort brought deterrence depends upon the perception wholesale destruction. Faced with these in­ on him. We can find out what happened,'' of those to be deterred Alton Frye points ducements and the very impretsive threat of Tissot said. "That is the only way we can out, for example, that if the Soviets judge Soviet armored forces, the Army hierarchy get a good, proper investigation." overcame its persistent skepticism of en· Tissot emphasized that Navy pilots are the neutron bomb as an enhanced radia­ ha.need radiation devices. dedicated professionals, aware of the risks tion system which the United States will Yet this history only underscores the fact of their jobs, and no longer flt the barn­ use against their conventional tank force that policymakers have not addressed the storming image of bygone days. then this may cause the Soviets to launch vital issues. Would such weapons increase He took exception to a recent report by a preemptive nuclear strikes. There must or decrease the likelihood that nuclear weap­ Navy filght surgeon that Navy pilots have a be a full evaluation of questions such as ons would actually be used raising or lower­ superman complex and feelings of machismo this since a miscalculation or a misjudg­ ing the so-called nuclear threshold? Would because of their job. ment could be so dangerous. they strengthen or weaken deterrence of So­ "The pilot is probably a. little different Mr. Frye's article follows: viet attack? Woule distributing this the members of the terrorist organizations. in the New York Times, October 30, 1976, type of misleading report to Members of There 1s no logic a.t a.11 in using methods that when the first set of new trustees came wUl leave such a. legacy of hate and revul­ on board, "it would wait and see how the Congress, and asking him to convey a sion that the next generation of terrorists to similar message to Ambassador Espil. new board acted before passing judg­ arise will prove even more vicious than the ment." On a similar subject I believe that the la.st. The insurrectionist dream which has haunted so many young people in recent We have waited, and we have seen. following article from the Buenos Aires If there is another side to this other Herald will be of interest to my col­ yea.rs, with tragic and terrible consequences, cannot be destroyed with violence a.lone; than what meets the eye, the trustees or leagues. It shows clearly why we have quite the contrary, the dream feeds on vio­ the Labor Department should make that failed so badly in Latin America in re­ lence; especially on illegal violence. known immediately. Otherwise we must cent years, and why we will continue to Hill's "pro-Argentine" address included a accept this development at its face do so as long as we are represented in ta.cit accusation that must be refuted. Ac­ value-as a continuation of the old in­ that area by men of the caliber of Am- cording to him the a.buses of human rights bassador Hill. · that have occurred here were not the work sider deals. of marginal groups of demented individuals In that case, I call at the very least for (From the Buenos Aires Herald in English a complete resignation of the new trust­ July 2, 1977] or of members of the security forces a.t the end of their tether because of terrorist atro­ ees, and if that does not do the trick, RETIRING U.S. AMBASSADOR RoBERT HILL cities, but were the results of a. deliberate then we should find a new set, and we LEAVES ARGENTINA DEFENDING HUMAN government policy. This ts damaging enough RIGHTS VIOLATIONS should continue to press this matter un­ t~ deserve an official denial. til we get a group of trustees who will (By James Neilson) One of the wickedest slogans ever coined is: place the benefit of fund participants Former Ambassador Robert C. Hill's address "The end justifies the mans." Any end any above the benefit of cronies and crooks. to the Argentine-U.S. Chamber of Commerce means. This assumption lies behind the hide­ tn New York has been welcomed with de­ ous moral rela.tivisms that have multila.ted The Labor Department should step light among government supporters and sym­ ma.n's recent history. It is deeply etched on up its investigation immediately and the pathizers here. At last, they sigh to them­ the Inind of every terrortst and is used to Internal Revenue Service should assess selves, here is a man who knows what is going justify all the countless crimes of interna­ what powers it has to remedy this repre­ on in Argentina and ts willing to cut through tional communism. To ex-ambassador Hill it hensible situation. all that moralistic cant about human rights. ts obviously good, robust common sense. I include here a copy of an article from His statements were prominently displayed If Argentina. is to emerge cleansed from today's Wall Street Journal outlining in the bigger newspapers under approving the ordeal of the last few years, discipline the trustee's action: headlines. The Herald lauded him in a.n· edi­ will have to be imposed not merely in the [From the Wall Street Journal, July 25, 1977] torial a.s a. "loyal and true friend of this economy, in political parties, and 8.IllOng tax­ country." payers, but discipline must a.lso be imposed TEAMSTER FuND TRUSTEES EXTEND CONTRACT Hlll clearly thinks b,imself a tough-minded in the security forces a.s well. The number of OF CONTROVERSIAL BUSINESSMAN DoRFMAN realist who likes Argentina. and wants to peope involved in free-la.nee anti-terrorist (By Jim Drinkhall) improve its image. This is praiseworthy. Un­ activities is, one prays, more restricted than In the midst of a. massive federal investi­ fortunately, the arguments he uses are of the H111 seems to think. As the government itself gation into alleged wrongdoing within the kind that can do Argentina. nothing but agrees, these people must be brought to heel. Teamsters union, the trustees of the union's h'arm. They are the sort or arguments that They have not merely broken the law the Central States Health and Welfare Fund would have instantly appealed to Lenin and government must uphold U anarchy ts to be voted la.st Tuesday to extend a 10-yea.r multi­ Hitler, two other tough-minded realists who kept at bay, but they have also committed Inillion-dolla.r insurance contract with con­ had their priorities neatly sorted out. Hill grave offences against the military code no troversial businessman Allen M. Dorfman. said, for example, that the battle against army (or police force) that prides itself on Mr. Dorfman, 54 yea.rs old, for yea.rs the terrorism has proved successfuI "partly its professionalism can possibly fall to punish symbol of the in1luence of organized crime July 25, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24803 in the union, has served time in prison !or bers, plus a formula for additional money, Here ls the essential element of the change! his part in defrauding the union's pension depending upon various !actors. Under the recent system there was an Assist­ fund. According to sources famillar with the ant Secretary of Defense for Manpower and The surprise action comes during an al­ agreement, there isn't any provision to al­ Reserve Affairs. There was also an Assistant most two-year investigation by a special low the health and weifare fund to inspect Secretary for Installations and Logistics. This Labor Department task force into the ac­ Mr. Dorfma.n's books to determine the accu­ provided for personnel--or people--to be the tivities of the related but separate Central racy of the claims he says he ls handling. specific concern of an Assistant Secretary. In­ States Pension Fund. It also comes at a time The la.ck of this control has particularly net­ stallations and Loglstlcs--whlch is basically when the Teamsters union has been trying to tled Daniel J. Shannon, executive director of hardware--also was under an Assistant Secre­ polish its tarnished Image with a nationwide both funds who has tried in the pa.st to get tary. This sensible and workable organiza­ publlc-relatlons campaign. the fund to switch Its business from Mr. tion also prevailed in the secretariats of the Earller this year, the Labor Department Dorfman. Department of the Army, Navy, and Air forced a housecleaning at the pension fund Following inquiries of both the fund and Force. that resulted in the forced resignation of all the government, two trustees say that Mr. Reorganization wlll change much of that. the fund's longtime trustees, including Fitzsimmons called them to say there would The strange combination of people and hard­ Teamsters chief Frank Fitzsimmons, and be an emergency meeting of the trustees to­ ware under the same Assistant Secretary placement of the management of the unit's day on "the Dorfman deal." means a. lot of things, none of them encour­ $1.4 b1111on in assets with Equltible Life As­ Mr. Fitzsimmons technically hasn't a.nJ aging to active, Reserve, or retired fighting surance Society of the U.S. Six trustees of connection with either fund, and shouldn't men and their families. the 10-man pension fund board serve as have any say in its operation. But sources at (At the time of writing this article it was trustees of the health and welfare fund. the fund say Mr. Fitzsimmons and Team­ not clear that the Army and Air Force would Some labor observers see the action as ster official Roy L. Willia.ms, another ousted follow the Navy example of combining its an attempt by the trustees to head off any trustee, may have been lobbying all year !or a Assistant Secretaries of Manpower and Re­ Labor Department demand that Mr. Dor!­ renewal of Mr. Dorfma.n's contra.ct. Sources serve Affairs and Installations and Logistics, man's contract not be renewed. One lawyer in Mr. Dorfma.n's office say he and Mr. Fitz­ as DOD did.) said: "They wanted to hand the Labor De­ simmons a.re in touch by telephone "fl ve or Thus, no longer will service people's in­ partment a !alt accompll. Under the law six times a week; sometimes three and four terests, hopes and problems be the sole con­ (the 1974 pension fund law, which also cove-rs times a day." cern of an Assistant Secretary. That will be the health and welfare fund), they probably "DON'T KNOW NOTHIN' " changed by placing people in the same mixed don't have any remedy ... except for a Mr. Fitzsimmons, reached at his home over administrative bag with hardware. drawn-out lawsuit." the weekend, said: "I don't know nothln' Under the reorganization, people problems La.st week, a Labor Department spokes­ a.bout the fund because I'm not a trustee." will have to compete with hardware and ma­ man told a congressional committee that the Advised that two trustees had said he'd terial for the attention, understanding and task force had turned up evidence of what been in contact with them a.bout Mr. Dorf­ time of the same Assistant Secretary. At least press reports have alleged !or years: namely, ma.n's contra.ct, he commented in an obvi­ some of the time, people will come out that the Central States Pension Fund has second. ously outraged voice: "They're G .. D .. The plain, practical fa.ct of the matter is loaned money to organized crime figures. This liars." week, the labor task force ls starting a that if the Assistant Secretary, as he of Robert Billings, a spokesman for the course will, tries to do a proper job for both similar investigation into the workings of the fund, said he didn't have any information health and welfare fund. people and hardware he won't have the time that would enable him to comment. Trustees to do what he is trying to do. TITLE IS "CONSULTANT" of the fund either couldn't be reached !or The reason? If a Personnel Assistant Secre­ Since the 1950s, Mr. Dorfman has been a comment or refused to allow their names to tary takes the interest he should in the peo­ key figure at the pension fund, though his be used. ple for whom he is responsible, there are title always was "consultant." A complex of Neither Mr. Dorman nor his two insur­ never enough hours in a day for him to do insurance agencies he controls ls based on ance partners would discuss the contra.ct re­ all he should. People problems a.re continu­ the second noor of the funds' Chicago head­ newal. ing and never ending. The people job of an quarters building. The companies placed At the Labor Department, a spokesman Assistant Secretary ls never done. If it ls, hundreds of milllons of dollars in insurance said it couldn't comment on any continuing then he hasn't been doing the job properly. coverage for the membership until the fund investigation. The responsibilities and workload of an became self-insured ls.st year. The Dorfman Assistant Secretary for Installations and companies retained the business of servicing Logistics-the hardware job--are also tre­ the coverage, ma.inly the processing of DOD SWITCH HURTS PEOPLE mendous. Few, if any, material managers in claims. industry have anything approaching the di­ Though he has been indicted four times versity and immensity of the inventories and in connection with Teamsters activities, he HON. BOB WILSON functions for which the Assistant Secretaries has been convicted only once. In 1972, a jury of Installations and Logistics in the mllltary OF CALIFORNIA departments are responsible as Presidential found him guilty of conspiring to accept a IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES kickback to facmta.te the granting of a fund appointees. loan, and he was sent to prison. Monday, July 25, 1977 It would indeed be a rare Assistant Secre­ tary who could handle the combined people According to documents flied with the Mr. BOB WILSON. Mr. Speaker, under and hardware workloads and give the de­ Recorder's Office in Clark County, Nev., Mr. leave to extend my remarks in the REC­ tailed personal attention to mi11tary people Dorfman currently ls involved in business that they deserve This means that the load deals with three of the trustees who were re­ ORD, I include the following: [From the Navy Times, June 6, 1977] will be so heavy that sheer necessity will cently forced out of the fund: Donald Peters, force the delegation of functions and au­ a Chicago Teamster official, and Albert NEW DOD PLAN PuTs PEOPLE IN BACK thority to administrative subordinates. That Matheson and Thomas J. Duffey, trucking SEAT might work for such things as oil drums and industry lawyers from Detroit and Milwau­ (By Brig. Gen. J. D. Hittle, USMC (Ret.)) truck tires, but it ls not the direction that kee, respectively. . (The author, a frequent contributor to Navy people matters should be ta.king. According to various corporate and pub­ Times, is a former Assistant Secretary of The serviceman deserves better than to lic documents Mr. Dorfman also ls involved the Navy for Manpower and Reserve Af­ have attention to his professional destiny in business deals with pension fund borrow­ fairs. He ts the author of History of the and his family's welfare tossed downward ing Jay Sarno, owner of Circus Hotel Military Sta.ff, and has been closely asso­ from the Assistant Secretary level toward an and Casino, Las Vegas; Calvin Kovens, a ciated with Defense Department reorgani­ increasingly faceless bureaucracy. Florida contractor, and Zachary Strate, a zations since being a congressional adviser There was vast virtue in servicemen know­ developer. Messrs. Kovens and Strate have on the National Security Act of 1947.) ing that they were so important in the eyes been convicted of pension-fund fraud. Military people are finding out just how of the government they serve that there was in the Army, Navy, Air Force and even at the The action approved unanimously by the important they are in 1977. They are bein~ six trustees came about at a special meeting put on the same administrative shelf with Depa.rtinent of Defense level, an Assistant at the fund's hearquarters in Chicago last dry docks, pa.int brushes and gasoline cans. Secretary, appointed by the President, con­ Tuesday, according to sources at the union. That's the message in the Defense Depart­ firmed by Congress, charged by law with su­ pervision of people matters. TEN YEAR EXTENSION ment's reorganization of the duties of some of the Assistant Secretaries. Of course, it will be explained, under the In the agreement, the insurance-service reorganization there will stm be an Assist­ contract of Mr. Dorfman's flagship com­ Of course, the reorganization doesn't spell out downgrading of the fighting man and ant Secretary for people. At the Department pany, American & Overseas Inc., due to ex­ of Defense level he might, according to re­ pire in February 1978, was extended another his family in such pointed terms. Maybe it didn't even intend such a disheartening re­ ports, be an Under Secretary. But, along with 10 years. The terms are that the company people, he will have hardware. So, the people wlll be paid about $6 mlllion a year for han­ sult. Intended or not, that's what the reor­ have to share their own top omcial with in- dling the claims filed by the 200,000 mem- ganization really says. 24804 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 25, 1977 animate, unthinking things. Anyway the pro­ How can he give personnel the continuing Committee, charged by Executive order posal is looked at, it stlll comes through clear primary emphasis it so desperately needs? with oversight of the security classifica­ and loud that the attention and identity the It ca.n's have such constant emphasis un­ tion system, sent its annual progress re­ service people have had with their own As­ less the requirements of I and L functions port to the President. sistant Secretary is now to be diluted and a.re drastically diminished, and wrestling Without attempting at this point to mixed with hardware. with ship construction cost over-runs is no This inescapable aspect of the reorga.n1za.­ longer a problem. evaluate any of its findings, I simply t1on ra.1ses another question: The timing Of Take, for instance, the matter of the Re­ wish to include in the RECORD at this the proposal. serve Advisory Boa.rd and the Retired Ad­ point the highlights of this report, as At the very time that service people are be­ visory Committees in the Department of the prepared by the Interagency Committee. ing told by high DoD authority that they Navy. These, emphasizing concern with peo­ The Subcommittee on Government In­ a.re the most important part of our defense ple problems, a few yea.rs a.go were ma.de formation and Individual Rights, which I organization, the new set-up downgrades adjuncts of the om.ce of the Assistant Secre­ chair, is in the process of evaluating the their relative importance and a.dmin1statively tary of the Navy for Manpower and Reserve. equates people with ma.ter1el. The Boards consulted with him personally work of the Interagency Classification This 1s a pretty big difference between ver­ and reported to him directly. Review Committee, and the operation bal assurance and executive action. And it's With personnel now tossed together with of Executive Order 11652, which estab­ not the kind of stuff of which high morale hardware, will these boards still consult fre­ lished the present security classification is ma.de. quently and directly and have direct access system. Another point ls to the t1m1ng of the to the Assistant Secretary charged by law The text follows : proposal: It comes right at the time that for the supervision of people matters and INTERAGECNY CLASSIFICATION REVIEW COM­ the nation has real, king-sized military per­ now having materiel !unctions? If so, then MnTEE 1977 PROGRESS REPORT sonnel problems on its hands. The volun­ the boards will have to fight against hard­ HIGHLIGHT SUMMARY teer force is in trouble; retention of the ware tor the time, maximum understanding high-ca.Uber persons needed in the career and attention of the Assistant Secretary. Since early 1972, classification authorities force is a. serious problem; a.wol rates are Or, now will the retired and Reserve repre­ have been reduced from 59,316 under EO too high; a military union is more than a. sentatives on the boards work directly on a. 10501 to 13,976, a 76 percent reduction. Dur­ possibility, and the ground Reserve person­ day-to-day basis with one or more deputies ing 1976, a five percent reduction was nel situation is at "a. disaster" point. under the Assistant Secretary? If so, people achieved. So, at the precise time the personnel crisis will have been moved a. step down the Penta­ Examples of significant reductions made in requires undivided attention, the attention gon's administrative ladder. classification authorities include: AID-from ls going to be divided. In justified amaze­ A key issue in this bizarre decision to mix 1389 to 238 (83%); CIA-3500 to 1864 (47%); ment, one can ask: Is that the way to handle people and hardware is the essential legality Commerce-7745 to 36 (99%); DOD-30,542 the nation's military manpower crisis? Even of such a move. What has often in the past to 4265 (86%); Executive Offl.ce of the Presi­ a member of the "personnel management been overlooked, or conveniently forgotten, dent--473 to 90 (81 % ) ; GSA-866 to 23 cult" should be able to answer this one! is that the Assistant Secretaries for Man­ (97%); NASA-109 to 31 (72%); Sta.te- 5435 to 1633 (70%); Transportation-349 to From the standpoint of organization, the power and Reserve were specifically estab­ lished by law. That is not the case with all 6 (98%); and Treasury--699 to 105 (85%). plan 1s baffling. It runs squarely against the Departments reported a 65 percent reduc­ accepted, workable, basic categories of mlli­ the other Assistant Secretaries. In so recog­ nizing the importance of people in the mili­ tion in the number of unauthorized disclo­ ta.ry function. This 1s not to say that the sures in 1976. Pen ta.gon 's civilian secretarial orga.n1za. tion tary, Congress underlined its concern by establishing an Assistant Secretary in DoD Departments experiences a 90 percent in­ should strictly follow military staff orga.n1- crease in the number of requests !or declas­ za.t1on and functioning. To do so would mili­ and the Army, Navy and Air Force and clearly designated him as the one with super­ sification review under EO 11652 during 1976. tarily be unwise from the standpoint of ad­ This involved the review of nearly 850,000 ministrative effl.ciency and governmental vision of people matters-specifically Man- power and Reserve. , pages of classified material. policy. Eighty-six percent of all requests for de­ But the practical !a.ct does exist that over If it had wanted this people !unction com­ bined with Installations and Logistics, it classification review acted upon by Depart­ a long period of time, military activities ments in 1976 were granted in full or in pa.rt; have, in the development of U.S. staff organi­ might be assumed Congress would have said so. Can this now be done by administrative only 14 percent were denied in full. zation, been sorted out into practical work­ order? Lawyers might argue the legalisms, Over a four year period less than 3 percent ing categories. U.S. staff organization evolved but the serviceman can come up with · a of the requests for declassification review essentially into personnel, intelligence, op­ simple heartfelt answer: Congress wanted submitted to Departments have been ap­ erations and logistics sections. Special cir­ the serviceman to have an Assistant Secre­ pealed to Departmental Review Committees cumstances frequently added additions and tary charged with people problems. If Con­ and less than 0.6 percent have reached the variations. gress wanted people and hardware mixed up ICRC appeal level. Personnel-the people section-earned under one Assistant Secretary, it could have During 1976 Departments achieved a 19 recognition as a distinct organizational !unc­ written the law that way. percent reduction in the number of Top Se­ tion !or a very basic reason: the importance Nor should the Reserves be overlooked. An cret classification actions. Departments ma.k­ of people. Logistics-the materiel section­ Assistant Secretary !or Manpower and Re­ ing the greatest overall reduction in classifi­ became a distinct staff section because of the serve is a key feature of the Reserve Activa­ cations actions during 1976 include: AID-28 importance and magnitude of the supply tion and Revitalization Act of 1967. percent; ACDA-44 percent; Export Import !unction. Of course, different servicemen will react Ba.nk-27 percent; FCC-81 percent; NASA- Thus combining people and hardware un­ differently to the change downgrading their 28 percent; and OPIC-32 percent. der one Assistant Secretary clashes with ac­ relative importance so they appear to rate A comparison of the use of the various cepted organizational doctrine. This could a.long with hardware. Some will react with classification categories during 1976 with the well short-circuit and impede smooth civi- a :flash of anger, some with amazement, some results of 1975 shows 0.4 percent less of the 11an-m111ta.ry working relationships in the with dismay. Probably most, on re:flection, material being classified is being assigned as Pentagon. will just !eel sad that they-the :fighting man Top Secret, 3 percent less as Secret, and 4 Before these changes, there was a recog­ and his family-a.re lumped together with percent more as Confidential. Since 1972 nizable parallelism in organizational struc­ unfeeling materiel items as "resources." there has been a 22 percent greater use of ture between the Assistant Secretaries of There a.re some ways to cancel this strange Confidential, the least restrictive category. Manpower and Reserve and the top uni­ idea. Congress could do it by law or per­ In most Departments 75 percent of docu­ formed staff organizations of the Army, Navy suasion. The President can revoke it. Both ments classified a.re being placed under the and Air Force: This facilitated the working should so act to underline the eternal truth: automatic declassification provisions of the relationship between the Assistant Secre­ Hardware can make a nation strong, but General Declassification Schedule (GDS); taries and the senior service staff chiefs with only the :fighting man can make it safe. one percent are being declassified in advance comparable areas of responsibility. Now there of the time limits of the GDS; and only 24 a.re, with the combination of people and percent are being exempted from the GDS. hardware under the same Assistant Secre­ A REPORT ON THE SECURITY CLAS­ In 1976 the ICRC started full implementa­ taries, a host o! organizational problems be­ SIFICATION SYSTEM tion of a program of detailed on-site reviews ginning to appear. of Departmental information security pro­ Will the Assistant Secretary work directly grams. These have become the core of the with the military staff chiefs charged with HON. RICHARDSON PREYER Committee's oversight function and have personnel and also with the chief charged provided the members with detailed infor­ with materiel matters? Will the Assistant OF NORTH CAROLINA mation about personnel, organization and Secretary delegate day-to-day Secretarial­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES procedures within the Departments. During uniformed working relationships to his dep­ Monday, July 25, 1977 1976 there was a 153 percent increase in the uty for each type of !unction? Or will he numbers of reviews conducted by the staff. meet part of the time with the uniformed Mr. PREYER. Mr. Speaker, on July 6, It is projected that over 210 program re­ staff chiefs, and delegate pa.rt of the time? the Interagency Classification Review views will be conducted in 1977. July 25, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24805 Departments ma.de vast improvements in served in 1970 to 1972 as the executive not believe recreation ca.n be a. right for all their own monitorship and inspection sys­ director of the North Georgia Moun­ Americans if the full responsibiUty for in­ tems. This contributed to more accurate re­ suring that right rests solely with the Fed­ porting of data and more effective control tains Authority. In 1972 Mr. Delaporte eral Government. An objective of my ad­ over classification/declassification iregula.ri­ returned to his native State of Oklahoma ministration will be to give you options a.nd ties. to become the director of the Division alternatives which insure a. shared responsi­ Since 1972, nearly 200 mUlion pages of offi­ of State Parks, a p·osition he held until bility a.nd joint roles among Federal, State cial records have been declassified under the 1976. CUrrent with his State parks re­ a.nd local governments, in providing recrea­ National Archives and Records Service sponsibilities in Oklahoma, Mr. Dela­ tion for our people. (NARS) declassification program. Review of porte served as the State liaison officer Third, I believe the Federal Government World War II material is 98 percent-complete. should be the prime leader in the field of In addition, Departments declassified mil­ to the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation recreation for our Nation. This is our right­ lions of pages under separate programs. For and for 3 years he was the executive ful role. But I do not mean the leader in a example, DOD elements reviewed over 29 mil­ director of the National Association of presumptuous, dogmatic or arbitrary way­ lion pages in 1976 of which 97 percent were State Outdoor Recreation Liaison Of­ I mean the leader by the best example, declassified. ficers-NASORLO. within a.nd among her own institutions. To I would like to call to the attention use a. phrase of the da.y, if we can't "get our of the members Mr. Delaporte's swear­ own a.ct together"-if our performance can't AMERICAN FESTIVAL OF YOUTH ing-in remarks and particularly note his be so compelling a.nd exemplary in all that ORCHESTRAS we do-let us never make a. demand, pro­ emphasis on urban recreation. Tulsa, mulgate a. regulation, issue a.n order, or Okla., is one of the 17 study areas being withhold a. favor from State or local gov­ HON. HAROLD C. HOLLENBECK studied by the Bureau of Outdoor Rec­ ernment that otherwise we would not do OF NEW JERSEY reation for purposes of determining the unto ourselves. This I call the principal of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES needs of urban citizens for recreation equality. It is, perhaps, our greatest chal­ close to home. lenge as a.n administration because it pre­ Monday, July 25, 1977 It is particularly encouraging to me to sumes no notion of superiority of the Fed­ eral Government over State a.nd local gov­ Mr. HOLLENBECK. Mr. Speaker, it see a person with Mr. Delaporte's experi­ ernments. But, Mr. Secretary, as I said, it has been our pleasure here in Congress to ence at the local and State level assum­ imposes upon us a great responsibility-let welcome the First American Festival of ing responsibilities as Director of the us not ask of our counterpart governments Youth Orchestras to Washington, D.C. Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, because what we will not ask of ourselves. As a Representative from New Jersey, I I have every confidence he will strive to Fourth, the principle of equality implies was particularly pleased to hear a per­ give us a balanced recreation policy and Ininimum standards of quality efiort--a.t all formance of the Bergen Youth Orchestra program for all of our citizens, and I levels of government--to insure that a.ll our am particularly grateful that he has al­ people enjoy recreation a.s a. right. The role at the Carter Barron Amphitheater as of the Federal Government in this regard part of the festival. The American Sym­ ready demonstrated his desire to pay is to formulate policies, principles a.nd ob­ phony League and the Youth Symphony particular attention to the question of jectives-at6a.inst measured national condi­ Orchestra Division in cooperation with urban recreation, as was requested by tions and circumstances that address the de­ the National Park Service cosponsored t.he Congress when in its wisdom it man­ ficiencies of our recreation estate-to recom­ the program in an effort to bring greater dated the bureau to study and report on mend funding programs, a.nd yes, incentives recognition to these fine young musicians. that subject. and requirements that ca.use, in a. common The Bergen Youth Orchestra was or­ sense wa.y, our Nation to meet a. basic human I would like to call my colleagues' at­ need: Recreation. ganized in 1968 and has now grown to tention to Mr. Delaporte's swearing-in Also, Mr. Secretary, I would like to depart include performers from 35 communities statement as given below: from the genera.I observations I have made around Bergen County, N.J. Their per­ CHRIS THERRAL DELAPORTE'S REMARKS UPON a.nd comment on one specific area. of inter­ formance in the Capital demonstrated BEING SWORN IN AS DmECTOR, BUREAU OF est--urba.n recreation. Most of our people how talented our young musicians are OUTDOOR RECREATION live a.nd work in urban areas. The movement today. Pieces by Mahler, Dvorak, and Mr. Secretary and Assistant Secretary of our citizens to urban centers ha.s gone on Beethoven were heard and well received Herbst, thank you for reposing in me your unabated since the founding of our coun­ by the audience. The Youth Symphony confidence by appointing me Director of the try, when only 2 percent of our people lived Orchestra Division has hopes that the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation. in our cities. Today approximately 70 percent festival will become an annual affair. I would also like to express my apprecia­ of our people live there. The campaign a.t a.ll tion to others who helped me along the way, levels of government a.nd the private sector Mr. Speaker, I would like my fellow and made this opportunity possible. Most to make our towns and cities good places to Members of Congress to join me in wel­ notably, I would like to thank my mother live has gone on in an accelerated way since coming this fine group of musicians, and and father-two good a.nd generous people the early 60's. The job is fa.r from complete, in extending to them an invitation to who disciplined me a.nd gave me values but no less compelling. Our challenge is to return again next year. which motivate me still. Much of what I be a. vital part of that effort, not a.pa.rt from stand for today is attributable to their early it. To do that we a.re going to have to have a.n a.nd formative guidance. I hope I ca.n repay urban recreation policy-a. national set of them in this position by remembering the goals a.nd objectives-which will cause us to use a.11 tools a.t hand, to see that neighbor­ OKLAHOMAN BECOMES BOR elementary lessons they taught me, and by never letting them down. hood parks become synonymous with the DIRECTOR And there a.re others-many in the audi­ reputation a.nd quality of our Na.tiona.1 ence today-whom I owe a. great deal. They Parks. also helped me a.long the wa.y. They inspired Fina.Uy, Mr. Secretary, permit me to close HON. JAMES R. JONES me. They pressed me. They ca.used me to with this little story. A State Sena.tor in OF OKLAHOMA strive for my potential. Particularly, but not Georgia. once admonished me for spending IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES exclusively, I want to recognize Claudia. and taxpayers money to tea.ch children to swim. David Hales-friends extra.ordina.ire-who He said the way the Navy taught him to swim Monday, July 25, 1977 through times over the past 6 yea.rs have was to throw him overboard. I responded that Mr. JONES of Oklahoma. Mr. Speaker, been my professional associates, a.nd most there were three things we didn't know when I would like to call to the attention of often my guide posts toward being a better we ta.Uf6ht a. youn~ster, or anyone for that my colleagues the recent appointment public servant. matter, to swim: We didn't know if he/she This is the appropriate time to declare would save their own lives, or someone else's; of Mr. Chris Therral Delaporte, of Okla­ myself-to say what I stand for, to espouse we didn't know if we were giving a person · homa, as the new Director of the Bureau what my tenure a.s Bureau Director will be a positive recreation val_ue they would use of Outdoor Recreation. a.bout. the rest of their lives; a.nd we didn't know Mr. Delaporte comes to his position First, Mr. Secretary, I want the Bureau to if we were ta.king the initial steps toward with a solid background in local, regional have your confidence. I want you to feel the earning our country a. gold medal. We didn't and State parks and recreation adminis­ reliability of a. Bureau at your command know those things because recreation-at that ca.n fashion for the President a.nd you any point in time-is a.n investment in hu­ trative experience. He developed an out­ a range of policies, programs, and projects man potential. door recreation experiment station in that will guarantee recreation a.s a. right for The dividends from this investment unfold north Georgia, and was instrumental in a.ll Americans, not a. privilege of the few. throughout a. person's life and weave them­ the initial recreational planning of Second, I want you to know that I am a. selves into the total fa.bric of our society. Georgia's Chattahoochee River. He constitutional and fiscal conservative. I do So, I believe, Mr. Secretary, that recreation 24806 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 25, 1977 well done can intluence to the good all else one non-voting Delegate for the 750,000 committee of local people was appointed. that we do. citizens in the District of Columbia. To com­ The members were Donald Holshouser, That will be my credo, my philosophical pound this irony, tax receipts from District William "Witz" Colyer, Leland Shafer, pledge to you. And when our time at bat here residents represent a high proportionate Joe Moss, Louise Ogg, Elaine Bonifield, in Washington has pas.sed, I hope we can share of federal revenues--a clear example Lon E. Ogborn, Harold Nelson, Leon look back with pride and say in our time of taxation without representation. it became accepted that recreation be a Citizens of our nation's capital are re­ Russell, Tom Webb, Helena Holmes, and legitimate function of government and that quired to assume all of the obligations and Jess White. Their alternates were: we committed our Nation to the principle responsibilities of citizenship. Yet, they are Genivia Shafer, Claudia Nelson, Lester that recreation is a right for all our people. denied the concoinitant privileges and bene­ Picket, and Mary Abercrombie. In addi­ Thank you. fits of such citizenship. America was founded tion, William Rouse was chosen to be the on the principle that each citizen should administrator; Tom Bridges, the office have a voice in the direction of government. manager; Robert Pobenson and Max Government was to draw its power from the consent of the people. Our country has Ambler were field supervisors; Imolu­ JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL SUP­ extolled the virtues of our democratic sys­ dene Baker was secretary; and James PORTS LEGISLATION ON HOME tem throughout the world, yet the District Webb and Rex Adams were the program RULE is not represented in our own national legis­ assistants. Expert advice was obtained lature. Of course Washington, D.C., ts a from Paul Rubenacker, Jerry Johnson, HON. DON EDWARDS unique city. It is the seat of the Federal Gov­ Joe Newcomb, Dale Mowery, Bill Taake, ernment and the setting for numerous na­ Michael Lipe, Henry Schnaare, Miles OF CALIFORNIA tional monuments. Too often, however, the Hartman, Ralph Gibson, Richard IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 750,000 people who make their homes and live their lives here have been forgotten as Grigsby, Warren Bundy, Dennis Thorn­ Monday, July 25, 1977 they have repeatedly been denied voting rep­ burg, and Jerry Caldwell. All of the Mr. EDWARDS of California. Mr. resentation. people associated with the program came Speaker, on August 3, hearings will begin Since 1800, voting representation for the from local communities. on the constitutional amendment for full District of Columbia has been considered 23 The steering committee received 60 congressional representation for the Dis-· times. Support for voting representation has project proposals, from which they been bi-partisan and every President since selected 31. The choice of projects was trict of Columbia. 1915 has made a public statement in favor reviewed by the Soil and Water Con­ The Jewish Community Council, rep­ of it. More recently, both the national Demo­ resenting over 180 affiliated Jewish orga­ cratic and Republican Party platforlllS have servation District. nizations, has issued the following state­ advocated voting representation for the The field workers were paid $3 per ment in support of the legislation: District. hour, and they received a 25-percent in­ H.J. 139 is an indispensable first step to crease after 30 days employment. Crew STATEMENT ON H.J. 139 BEFORE THE SUBCOM- providing District residents with the op­ chiefs were paid $4.25 per hour, but they 11.U'ITEE ON CIVIL AND CONSTITUTIONAL portunity to elect national representatives. had to supply a truck or a car with which RIGHTS, HOUSE JUDICIARY COMMITI'EE, JULy We commend Congressman Fauntroy for ~5. 1977 to haul supplies, parts, and water for introducing this legislation and urge its their men. The office manager was paid The Jewish Community Council of Greater adoption by the House Judiciary Committee. Washington, the representative and coordi­ The Jewish Community Council of Greater $10,000 per year; the field supervisor, nating body of over 180 Jewish organizations Washington is most grateful for the op­ $12,000; the administrator, $15,000; the in Maryland, Virginia, and the District of portunity to reaffirm its support for full program assistant, $10,000 per year; and Columbia has, for more than 25 years, en­ voting representation for District residents. - the secretary $3.50 per hour. dorseq and advocated the principle of full We have long believed that the right to Edward 0. Pawlisch, of the Soil Con­ home rule for the District of Columbia. elect representatives ts the heartbeat of servation Service, described some of the The Jewish Community Council believes democracy. Without it, democracy rings dull, projects that were completed under the that one of the fundamental rights of Amer­ lifeless and ineffective. program: ican citizenship is the right of every citizen Subinitted by The nonprofit Egyptian Recreation to elect his or her own governmental repre­ JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCU. OF sentatives. The Council further believes that GREATER WASHINGTON. Center in Tamms is used by about 100 such representation for citizens of the Dis­ teenagers every night. The project in­ trict of Columbia should be the same as that cluded a new storage area in the gym, of all other American citizens. and a cold mopping of the roof. The However, in the District of Columbia-a TWO COUNTIES PROVIDE EXAMPLE entire town has benefited from the im­ city which serves as a world-wide symbol of FOR NATION provements which cost only $102 for freedom and democracy, as well as the seat material and $485 for labor. of representative government in the United States---citizens are denied the right to elect, HON. PAUL SIMON Another project involved the cleaning and thereby hold accountable, their national OJ' ILLINOIS of 56 cemeteries. Brush, weeds, and trash representatives. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES were removed, a bridge was built over a Although Article I, Section 8, of the ditch at the entrance to a cemetery, and United States Constitution provides that the Monday, July 25, 1977 the location of each of the graves was District of Columbia will be the "exclusive Mr. SIMON. Mr. Speaker, because we recorded. The project involved $46,283 in legislative jurisdiction" of Congress, nowhere often hear only of the misuses of Gov­ labor and $254 in material. Local resi­ does it provide for the denial of congres­ dents have taken the responsibility for sional representation for the District's citi­ ernment money, I would like to share zens. There is strong evidence that this denial with my colleagues an example of the the upkeep of the cemeteries. is the result of historical oversight-the wise use of Government funds. We Three hundred and fifty-two dollars in framers of the Constitution simply did not should all take note when we hear about labor was spent to clear debris on the envision the growth of the nation's Capital programs as successful as this one, so Len Small levee. The debris was left there into the major city it is today. that we can establish similar programs by high water on the Mississippi River. Moreover, in Federalist Paper No. 43, James in the future. Roosevelt Pavilion, a bandstand in St. Madison referred to the necessity of provid­ On July 17, 1975, the Soil and Water Mary's Park in Cairo, was beginning to ing for the "rights and consent of the citi­ Conservation District of Pulaski and collapse. Money was raised for the lum­ zens" who were to inhabit the Federal Dis­ ber and the paint, Levill's Pest Control trict. In the same passage, he asserted in Alexander Counties--counties with high principle the right of federal district res­ unemployment--in southern IDinois re­ treated the building for termites, Cairo­ idents to have a "voice in the election of ceived a $720,000 grant under title X of Egyptian Adult Center did the carpen­ .the government which is to exercise au­ the job opportunities program. The try and foundation work, Burkart Corp. thority over them". money was to be used for work on levee put a new roof on the pavilion, and the There are ten states (New Hampshire, repair, park improvement, and other title:&: project did the painting. Because Idaho, Montana, South Dakota, North projects of a similar nature. The grant of the excellent cooperation from the Dakota, Delaware, Nevada, Vermont, Wyo­ community, the· project required only ming, Alaska) with fewer residents than the stipulated that no more than 25 percent District which have a total of 34 Members of the funds could be spent on material, $455 from the title:&: money. of Congres.s. On a per capita basts, there and the program must employ at least The Soil Conservation Service made is one voting Member of Congress for every 90 people for 900 man-days. several conclusions about the program: 143,000 citizens in those states, compared to To administer the program, a steering First. A Soil and Water Conservation July 25, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24807 District can administer and make a pro­ Realizing that his daughter was paralyzed, Church, under the direction of Father gram, like this, successful. Dr. T. J. Anderson, a physician himself, George Rados, pastor, of Washington, Second. Complicated guidelines are not rushed her to a medical center in Selma. A D.C., is the host parish. necessary. tiny wound on the back of one arm below the shoulder was found. That led to the dis­ Tomorrow, it will be my privilege to Third. Administrative costs can be kept covery of a bullet lodged in her spine. have an audience with His Beatitude to a minimum. The administrative costs There had been no sound of gunfire when Elias IV, the holy man who will be joined were held to 10 percent of this project. the little girl fell. However, on that same by other Government officials and mem­ Fourth. Local people are eager to co­ street, a man found a hole through the coal bers of the diplomatic community who operate with projects like these. scuttle he had been carrying. A washwoman respect the work he has done to improve Fifth. "Hardcore" unemployed can be discovered holes in the clothes 8he had toted the spiritual, administrative, and eco­ turned around. Many found that they atop her head along the Tuscaloosa Street. nomic life of the archdiocese. did not mind working, and they preferred Later, a seven-year-old boy told of being The Patriarch of Antioch and All the to work for their income rather than with a young neighbor when the youth tried East, the 164th successor of Saints Peter have it given to them. They worked as a out his father's rifle. and Paul, was born in Arsoun Al-Matn, team and became proud of their work. After a long stay in the Selma hospital, Lebanon, the son of Diab Mouawad. He The title X grants of the job opportu­ Eve!yn returned to Greensboro and her fam­ received his primary education at the nities program and the people of Alex­ ily But she was to spend the rest of her life reclined in a wheelchair (she cannot sit Monastery of Saint George Al-Harf, and ander and Pulaski Counties have shown erect). continued with his secondary education the value of programs like this. Not only Forty-seven years later, Miss Anderson is at the Orthodox schools in Homs and did this program take people off of the Ala.bama's 1977 Professional Handicapped Damascus, Syria. welfare rolls and give them work, it also Woman of the Year. She also is one of 20 In 1927, during the reign of Patriarch helped the economy oi a depressed area nominees for the national award cospon­ Gregory IV, he received the monastic and made many worthwhile projects sored by the President's Committee on Em­ tonsure. Patriarch Alexander III recog­ become a reality. ployment of the Handicapped, Pilot Club In­ nized his outstanding intellectual and I want to publicly congratulate all of ternational and Sears, Roebuck and Co. leadership abilities, and in 1934 sent him the fine people who helped make this Now a guidance counselor at Greensboro to Halki Theological Academy of the program a success; they did an exem­ High School, she claims she was rehab111tated Patriarchate of Constantinople. In 1939, plary job. I am proud to represent them by love. "I came along before the days of re­ habilitation centers," she said. "I was re­ he was graduated with the Licentiate in in Congress. hab111tated by love- the love of my family, Theology and was swiftly appointed dean thP. people of Greensboro and really by the of the Balamand Orthodox Theological love to everyone whom I have known through Seminary. By 1941, he was elevated to the years. People are basically good and the rank of Archimandrite, after his or­ GREENSBORO WOMAN NAMED kind." ... dination to the holy priesthood. HANDICAPPED WINNER The Andersons lived on a corner opposite the courthouse and the Baptist church. A His scholastic and leadership abilities retired school teacher, Miss Kate Boardman, were recognized again as he was the HON. WALTER FLOWERS taught a private school for Eveyln and a few mentor to thousands of young people at OF ALABAMA others at the Baptist pastorium ... the Orthodox College of Assiyat in IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES It was after her devoted teacher, Miss Kate, Damascus where he taught Arabic litera­ finally gave up tutoring that Evelyn entered ture. In six years time, the spiritual Monday, July 25, 1977 Greensboro High School in the 10th grade ... needs in the Antiochian community of Mr. FLOWERS. Mr. Speaker, for a In addition to her family and Miss Kate, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were met by him, long time we in west Alabama have fol­ Miss Anderson said one person who did a lot where he served until his election to the lowed with much interest and admira­ to rehabilitate her was Kermit Mathison. As principal of Greensboro High School, he gave Metropolitan See of Aleppo, Syria in tion the remarkable accomplishments of her her first job. First she taught art, then 1950. Evelyn Anderson of Greensbor~a wom­ SpaLish, history and Englisl}. Now she has From 1960 to 1970, he is credited with an who has achieved great success in a master's degree and last year was named as exercising his strong will and holy her profession despite an enormous the outstanding school counselor by the guidance during the crisis of the Anti­ handicap. state association. She also will receive the ochian throne, preserving the integrity of Miss Anderson, who has been para­ Judson College Aluinnae Achivement Award the throne. lyzed most of her life, has earned a mas­ for 1977. ter's degree, has taught several subjects Her handicap doesn't stop her from travel­ The Holy Synod elected Metropolitan in high school and now is a guidance ling. She's been to Canada, and even took Elias of Aleppo as the Locum Tenens counselor at Greensboro High School. her van by ferry to Cuba before the Castro upon the death of His Beatitude Theo­ Last year she was named Alabama's regime. This summer she's thinking about dosios VI. Just 2 days after the burial going to New York, and who knows where of Patriarch Theodosios, His Beatitude outstanding school counselor by the else beyond there in the years ahead. State's association of guidance counsel­ Elias rose to the need and summoned ors, and recently she was selected as Ala­ the Holy Synod to convene at the bama's 1977 Professional Handicapped Patriarchate in Damascus. Woman of the Year. FIRST TIME IN msTORY After tears and anguish with the death Miss Anderson was the subject of a of His Beatitude Theodosios VI, the new recent article in the Birmingham News, spiritual leader, His Beatitude Elias and I offer excerpts of it for inclusion brought joy again to the people, unit­ HON. MARY ROSE OAKAR ing them with their mutual bond of faith in the RECORD: OF OHIO GREENSBORO WOMAN NAMED 1977 HANDICAPPED and trust. WINNER IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES To His Beatitude Elias IV, who makes (By Lib Bird) Monday, July 25, 1977 this inspiring visit to our country, I issue GREENSBORo.-It was Christmas Eve morn­ Ms. OAKAR. Mr. Speaker, for the first a warm and sincere welcome, knowing ing in 1930 and 4-year-old Evelyn Anderson time in history, the Apostolic Successor his visit will be a blessed one for those of woke up tingling with visions of Santa Claus of the Patriarchate of Antioch is visiting us wh'> will be fortunate to be graced by and toys in a home fill1ng to the brim with his presence, and for the future genera­ the holiday spirit. But by the next day all our North American Continent from the such thoughts would be gone from her mind. Middle East. His Beatitude Elias IV, the tions who will know it is his visit that Her mother was busy around the house; 165th Greek Orthodox Patriarch of An­ truly spurs refiection in this the Anti­ so a visiting aunt took the little girl and her tioch, has arrived in the United States to ochian Holy Year. older brother for a stroll several blocks down prepare for his visit tomorrow to the May I parenthetically add, that just the street--the last time Evelyn would walk week-long 32d annual convention of the as my own later Mother was baptized in in her life. this dignified and Holy Church, and just It was in the upper 30s, but the sun was Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdio­ shining and the children playfully ran up cese of North America. It will be held as I have special reverence for my own and down the high banks of the lawns on here in our Nation's Capital as part of dear mother and her memory, so too do Greensboro's Tuscaloosa Street. Suddenly the Antiochian Holy Year, proclaimed in I revere the presence of His Beatitude Evelyn fell and could not stand up again. anticipation of his visit. St. George's Elias IV. CXXIII--1562-Part 20 24808 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 25, 1977 CONSUMER PROTECTION AGENCY They knew from Congressional hearings and broad impacts on society that to really reports how unbalanced the regulatory proc­ get at i.t requires a treatment and ap­ ess ls in Washington and how a consumer proach that we've never been able to take HON. BOB ECKHARDT ombudsman with the authority to challenge in this country, let alone internationally." OF TEXAS these bureaucracies and take them to court White is one of our foremost weather and will save money, lives and serve the cause of climate experts. For the past 14 years he's IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Justice. served five presidents as head of the Weather Monday, July 25, 1977 As disabled people, we know too well how Bureau and its successor agencies, the En­ helpful a consumer agency would be for pre­ vironmental Science Services Administration Mr. ECKHARDT. Mr. Speaker, the ventive medicine and consumer rights. The and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric House will soon be voting on legislation deplorable insensitivity of the CAB and FAA, Administration. A few days ago he took up a to create a Consumer Protection Agency. to cite just one of many examples, to our new position as chairman of the National There has been considerable debate, both rightful travel needs, would have been chal­ Academy of Science's Climate Research pro and con, about this legislation during lenged and overcome years ago 1f the Sen­ Board. the last few months. Unfortunately, the ate's overwhelming vote for the consumer "We have ftuctuatlons in our weather and agency in 1970 had carried through to law. climate that are totally natural," he said, debate has for the most pa.rt focused on Ours 1s a growing and informed consumer "that will occur without anything that man abstract ideas, and we have lost sight of movement. We are astonished to see how does. And then we have :fluctuations in our the very basic human issues involved. b1llions of taxpayer dollars are spent every climate which may be brought about by The Agency for Consumer Protection will year by federal departments to subsidize and man's activities. Conditions like the one be a champion for the poor, disabled, and advance special economic interests. It ls time we're involved in now, for example, give rise the minority consumers who lack the to give consumers--especlally the poor, el­ to questions as to what is happening to our clout and the know-how to deal with derly, and disabled-a champion inside the . atmosphere, and whether we can anticipate Washington agencies. Executive branch of government. situations like these." If you are going to vote for the consumer Then, quietly, a reflection: In order to focus our debate onto the advocacy b111, we thank you. If you are not "The other part of this is what man is human issues, I would like to insert in or 1f you are undecided, please let us know doing to the climate. And there are some today's CONGRESSIONAL RECORD copies of promptly so that we can reason with you in things that are terribly, terribly intriguing. two letters which will remihd us of the greater detail. Some of them have an ominous character to human rights involved and the individ­ Sincerely, them." DEBORAH KAPLAN, Chairperson. The headline on my desk, emblazoned uals so much in need of the protection across the front page, proclaims: "Cooler, this Agency could give them. I think tny Drier Air Arriving Tomorrow." It's come, and colleagues will find these letters most in­ the latest alert has passed. Also scattered structive: CLIMATE, COAL, AND GAS across my desk are piles and piles of news­ AMERICAN COALITYON OF paper clippings, all on the same subject. CrrIZENS WrrH DISABll.ITIES INC., Here's one: Washington, D.C., June 1, 1977. HON. GEORGE E. BROWN, JR. "AIR QUALrrY HERE WORST ON RECORD Congressman JACK BROOKS, OF CALIFORNIA "COG extended the air pollution alert Chairman, House Government Operations IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES yesterday for the fourth straight day as the Committee, Washington, D.C. 90-degree temperatures and absence of wind DEAR CONGRESSMAN BROOKS: The American Monday, July 25, 1977 caused automobile emissions to gather in the Coalition of Citizens with Disab111ties, a na­ atmosphere at hazardous levels. 'This is the tionwide, consumer-based organization of Mr. BROWN of California. Mr. worst we've had yet,' said David Di Julio, fifty-four organizations of and for disabled Speaker, I would like to call your atten­ head of COG's air resources program. "There Americans, strongly endorses passage of the tion and that of my colleagues to two have been four alerts slnc_e May and I expect Agency for Consumer Protection bill. As an articles which appeared this weekend in there will be a few more. We are getting the umbrella group representing millions of citi­ the Washington Post, again illustrating highest index readings we've ever had.' 'The zens with virtually every disab111ty, ACCD the need for the national climate pro­ increase in car travel has made this kind of views this bill as fundamental to the ensur­ gram envisioned under H.R. 6669, the pollution worse rather than better since the a.nce and protection of our human and civil 1970 Clean Air Act,' Di Julio said." rights. National Climate Program Act of 1977. That story ran two summers ago. There's Thirty-six million Americans-one in six­ reported in May by the House Science something startling about these stories are disabled by physical, mental, and/or and Technology Committee. What is printed over the last two yea.rs. It's not their emotional impairments. As with other mi­ most important is that we set coherent writing style. They are, in the mass, virtual norities, disabled consumers have had to programs in motion to examine the most carbon copies, with the same phrases, same struggle to obtain inherent basic rights and serious questions relating to climatic descriptions, same explanations, same warn­ services. We have had to fight for an equal phenomena., their impacts, and long­ ings: Most pollution here ls the result of opportunity in such areas as education, em­ sunlight reacting on vehicle exhaust to form ployment, housing and transportation. Years term climate change. The articles follow: ozone. (last summer) ... And: Despite ef­ of delay in enacting and implementing legis­ [From the Washington Post, July 24, 1977) forts by COG and EPA over the last several lation-whether Section 504 of the Rehabil­ MAN'S OMINOUS IMPACT ON THE CLIMATE yea.rs, no enforceable program for limiting itation Act of 1973 or the Urban Ma.ss Transit (By Haynes Johnson) vehicle traffic during an alert exists. (ditto) . Act (Transbus)-have become a norm and They are the same, but with a vital dif­ a tangled maze to fight through. In the beginning there was heaven and ference. The conditions they describe get The consumer advocates provided under earth and darkness upon the deep and great worse, the stories come more frequently. One the Agency for Consumer Protection blll can lights and a :firmament. Then there was man, year ago last spring: The Council of Govern­ effectively represent disabled consumers in w_\lo was given dominion over the fish of the ment's air pollution alert, the earliest in his­ many agency proceedings in which we other­ sea and over the fowl of the air and over tory, remains in effect as ... One year ago wise have no voice. We wm continue to fight every living thing that moves and over the last summer: "Area's 6th Air Pollution Alert for our rights--you can help by protecting earth itself. And the Lord looked upon his of the Year Sets 2 Records.'' them. We urge you to use available avenues creation and proclaimed, behold, it was very And they end, always, with the same lack to ensure the b1ll's passage. good. of results: Again, from last summer: "'D.og Sincerely yours, "What may be perhaps the central environ­ Days' Trigger Record 7th Pollution Air Alert FRANK G. BOWE, Ph. D., mental problem of the planet ls the problem for Area.'' Director. of what's going to happen to the climate," "That's Washington in August-the dog Robert M. White was saying. "The climate days,'' a Weather Service official said ... NATIONAL DISABLED WOMEN'S CAUCUS, ls really the only environmental character­ Another alert? What else ls new? Stagnant Washington, D.C., June 1, 1977. istic that can utterly change our society and air? Stay inside. Trouble breathing? Tough To all Members of Congress: our civilization. We do have environmental luck. We petition you to vigorously suoport the problems, and they're serious ones, the pres­ The bite from those "dog days" gets more Agency for Consumer Advocacy which wlll ervation of species among them, but the cli­ severe, but we wearily accept it as our reality. soon be scheduled for a vote by the House mate ls the environmental problem that's so Mark Twain, you know: Everyone talks about of Representatives and the Senate. pervasive in its effects on the society­ the weather, no one ever does anything about Congress passed legislation durine; the past whether it impacts on the production of it. Certainly not the government. session to establfsh such a needed agency but agriculture, whether it determines the char­ So here's a pro'Oosal: until we bite the dog, Gerald Ford's prospective veto signal blocked acter of our energy usages, or whether it de­ let's ban the news. the b111. In spite of heavy lobbving by big termines what's going to happen to the Robert White takes the PO"itlve view. Sure business against the b111. a mafority of mem­ deserts of the world. You're dealing with it looks bad, sure the alerts are increasing, bers knew of the evidence and the consumer what's going to happen to the earth's atmos­ sure the levels of pollution are rising. But grievances that called for such legislation. phere, and it's so complex and "has such look at the situation from a different per- July 25, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24809 spective. What would it be like now it we The findings, while recognizing many un­ Since the Mesozoic era, the world has ex­ hadn't taken even the steps we have? With certainties, indicate that "a reassessment of perienced a gradual cooling, leading to the population still rising, with automobile pro­ global energy policy must be started prompt­ present glacial age which began a million duction increasing, with the numbers of car ly because long before [200 years from now] years ago and is characterized by ice ages trips growing, think what the pollution there will have been major climatic impacts relieved by warmer periods. The most recent would be like if we had no air quality act, all over the world," the study says. ice age, during which average temperatures no Environmental Protection Agency. "We A comprehensive worldwide research pro­ were 5 to 10 degrees centrigrade below the would be in a desperate situation," he says. gram, costing $20 million to $100 million a present, ended 10,000 years ago, the study But there is recent evidence that gives him year, and a national climatic council to co­ said. pause. It now appears, from extensive re­ ordinate studies on the carbon cycle, climate, To illustrate the magnitude of a 6-degree search, that the levels of carbon dioxide in population, energy demand and food produc­ change, Malone pointed out that during the the atmosphere are increasing to the point tion should be established, tho academy said. year 1816, when the temperature dropped an that they could have a profound long-term "Worldwide industrial civilization may face average of 1.5 dE!f6rees, snow fell every month impact on the planet, and all the life on it. a major decision over the next few decades­ in New England. "Given reasonable scenarios for the use of whether to continue reliance on fossil fuels A 6-degree increase could mean that the fossil fuels, oil and coal, over the next cen­ as principal sources of energy or to invest corn belt would move north to Canada, the tury, it can reasonably be anticipated that the research engineering effort, and the capi­ study predicts. "This wouldn't be so bad there wlll be a significant rise in the world tal, that will make it possible to substitute worldwide," Revelle said, "but it would be temperature of the order of let's say 6 de­ other energy sources for fossil fuels within hard on the people in Iowa. Also, the soils in grees," he says. the next 50 years," the study said. Canada are very poor, while Iowa soil is Normal changes in world temperature from "A decision that must be made 50 years very good." year to year are very small. A half a degree from now ordinarily would not be of much Rainfall would increase around the world, would be large. A change of only a few de­ social or political concern today, but the but so would evaporation, studies said, thus grees can move the earth from an ice to a development of the scientific and technical reducing any benefit from increased mois­ non-ice age. bases for this decision will require several ture. Arid regions, such as the southwest "So you're talking about a change that is decades of lead time and an unprecedented United States, would expand or contract, pos­ very large," he says, "and a change that could effort ... sibly making large areas unfit for farming or impact everything one does in society . . . It "If the decision is postponed until the im­ pastures and damaging soil and ground may change the whole nature of the whole pact of man-made climate changes has been water. planet, and change how people live and how. felt, then, for all practical purposes, the die Such drastic shifts in the location of cli­ they interact with that planet. So you're will already have been cast," the report said, matic regions, changes in the relationships talking about something that is r.eally a very, noting that the carbon dioxide would take of temperature, evaporation, water supply, very fearful thing were it to come about." 1,000 years to disperse. cloudiness and radiation balance would have That would be a change man has created. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has in­ serious effect on fanning technology, crop­ It is White's experience that we respond creased 11.5 per cent to 13.5 per cent since ping patterns and varieties-all based on when there is fear-fear of some other gov­ the Industrial Revolution began, and wm years of experience, the academy predicted. ernment, political fear, economic fear, health have increased 25 per cent by the year 2000, Food production in underdeveloped coun­ fear. "We're always responding to fear after the scientists estimated. They predict it wm tries could be severely affected, the study fear, and problem after problem. I call it double by 2050. found. careening from problem to problem." About 40 per celllt of the carbon dioxide A warmer atmosphere would mean a warm­ Another observation: "The decay curve from fuel burning remains in the atmosphere. ing of the upper layers of the oceans, the after disasters is remarkable. I have 14 years The rest is absorbed by the ocean, trees and melting of sea ice and a rise of about 1 meter of experience on this and it's never failed to organic matter in the soil, the scientists said, in sea level, the study says. Fish populations shock me just how fast the public reaction adding that the rapid clearing of forests for would drift toward the poles and, because and concern disappear after the disaster farming exacerbates the carbon dioxide prob­ warm water would form a lid over deep wa­ passes." lem. ters, inhibiting natural stirring of the The weather forecast for this weekend is The study avoids discussion of replace­ oceans, marine plants would be less produc­ fair. No alerts, no pollution. Live it up, or do ments for oil and coal except to say, "No tive. what James Schlesinger, our so-called energy energy sources alternative to fossil fuels are "czar," did recently, and look it uo. currently satisfactory for universal use." "I looked up the fie:ures the other day," At a news conference Friday, Philip H. YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT AND THE he said, "and in the first five days of July Abelson of the Carnegie Institute, co-chair­ MINIMUM WAGE the motorists of America used more oil or man of the study committee, said nuclear more ga"oline than the Army ground forces energy involves other risks, while solar energy in the whole year of 1944. In the first two is impractical and costly. "One alternative is HON. JOHN B. ANDERSON weeks of July we used more gasoline than to conserve," he said. The study assumes that world population OF ILLINOIS the U.S. Army Air Corns in all of 1944. Just IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES blowing it away in the 100 m1llion cars we will grow to 10.7 billion by the year 2075 have here." and total energy consumption will increase Monday, July 25, 1977 to 5 times the current level. [From the Washin11:ton Post, July 25, 1977] Because so much remains to be learned Mr. ANDERSON of Illinois. Mr. Speak­ about climate, Harvard Prof. Roger Revelle, er, this week the full House has an op­ WORLD FACES A HEATING-UP, STUDY WARNS head of the energy and climate panel which portunity to act on proposed increases (By Margot Hornblower) reviewed the study, said its conclusions were in the minimum wage. In so doing, we If industrial nationc; continue to burn oil "very shaky." But he added, "They should be will also have the chance to enact a pro­ and coal for energy. the world's average tem­ taken seriously, because a change in tempera­ vision to H.R. 3744, the Fair Labor perature could increase more than 6 degrees ture could have profoundly disruptive ef­ centigrade in the next 200 years, the National fects." Standards Amendments, that would seek Academy of Science warns. Asked if the Carter administration's push to minimize the adverse effects of the Such an increase could have "adverse, per­ to burn more coal is a mistake, Revelle said, minimum wage on our young people. haps even catastrophic" effects around the "For the next 20 to 30 years, it is all right to There can be no denying that youth world, including dramatic changes in agri­ use coal, provided we don't get committed to unemployment has reached scandalously cultural areas and ocean fisheries and a it. But we'll have to be able to kick the habit high levels. The statistics have been rise in sea. level that could flood coastal cities, in the next century if the climatic effects analyzed and documented many times the academy said in a study released today. turn out to be deleterious. We should look by myself and others for the benefit of Twenty-three scientists, among the na­ for alternatives as fast as we can." tion's foremost experts in climate and geo­ Thomas F. Ma.lone of the Holcomb Re­ our colleagues. physics, participated in the academy's 21/:i­ search Institute, co-chairman of the study However, there is still some uncer­ year study. They concluded that continued committee, said, "This is a flashing yellow tainty on the part of . some Members reliance on fossil fuels could result in a four­ light to administration policy. We have to de­ about the link between the minimum to eightfold increase of carbon dioxide in the termine whether it will mean a flashing red wage and youth unemployment. The earth's atmosphere. light or a flashing green light." connection has been examined by a num­ A transparent gas given off when coal, oil The predicted 6-degree centigrade ( 11 de­ ber of studies, one of the most recent and other fuels are burned, carbon dioxide grees Fahrenheit) increase "would exceed by of which was performed by Temple Uni­ acts like a greenhouse to impede radiation far the temperature fluctuations of the past versity economics professor Walter E. of the earth's heat into space. several thousand years," the study said, add­ Williams, for the Joint Economic Com­ While scientists have long debated the ing that "it would be comparable to the dif­ greenhouse effect, the academy study is the ference in temperature between the present mittee. Professor Williams' work is an first major federally sponsored report to take and the warm Mesozoic climate of 70 million important addition for our growing body a position on the issue using specific figures. to 100 million yea.rs ll/60." of knowledge about youth and jobs, and 24810 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 25, 1977 I would like to share excerpts from his TABLE 3. -COMPARISON OF TEENAGE AND GENERAL • The long run rise in the unemploy­ report with my colleagues: UNEMPLOYMENT RATES ment rate of teenagers relative to that of adults--especially marked since 1962-ap­ MINIMUM WAGE LAWS pears to have been associated with many fac­ Federal and State minimum wage laws are Unemployment rates both sexes Ratio tors. Compounding problems have been the an act of governmental intervention in the inc~ease in the relative size of the teenage labor market that are intended to produce Year General 16-19 t~~~~~=I population, the increase in the proportion a pattern of events other than that pro­ (1) (2) (3) of youth enrolled in school, and the shift duced 1n a free market. In practice minimum of employment out of agriculture." wage laws specify a legal minimum hourly One response to an increase in the mini­ wage to be paid. Certain industries and 1948 ______3.8 9.2 2.42 1949 ______mum wage law is not to hire fewer teenagers worker classes are exempted from the law. 5. 9 13. 4 2. 27 but to hire teenagers with higher productiv­ 1950 _ ------5.3 12. 2 12. 30 Among the major exceptions are highly sea­ 195L ______2.48 ity. The Bureau of Labor Statistics .found sonal amusement area workers, restaurant 3.3 8. 2 1952------3.0 8. 5 2. 83 some evidence that this was occurring. They employees who receive part of their wages 1953 ______2.9 7.6 2.62 found that whenever an employer raised age 5.5 12.6 2.29 in gratuities, employees in small firms (less 19551954______------or education requirements for any group, the than $500,000 1n annual sales). some agri­ 4.4 11.0 2.05 1956_ ------4.1 11.1 I 2. 70 most common reason given was increased cultural employees and college students 1957 ------4.3 11.6 2. 70 costs of training and hiring and the second doing summer work. 1958 _ ------6.8 15. 9 2.34 most common reason was the minimum wage. 5.5 14.6 2.65 The debate over the desirability of the 19601959 ______------Perhaps in recognition of the adverse ef­ minimum wage law has continued for well 5.5 14. 7 2. 67 196L _------6. 7 16. 8 I 2. 50 fects of the minimum wage legislation on -over 50 years, producing little agreement be­ 1962 ______5.5 14. 7 2.67 1963 ______youth employment, most States have estab­ tween advocates and opponents. However, 5. 7 17.2 I 3. 02 lished a differential wage minima for youth most economists agree on a number of issues 1964 ______5.2 16.2 3.12 1965 ______4.5 14.8 3.28 based on age, education, or work experiencP.. concerning wage rates in general which can 1966 ______3.8 12.8 3.37 Most have a youth minima ranging from 75 be helpful in evaluating the effects (not de­ 1967______12. 9 I 3. 39 1968 ______3.8 to 85 percent of the adult minima. The Bu­ sirab111ty) of governmental intervention in 3.6 12. 7 3. 53 reau of Labor Statistics findings are mixed the labor market. 1969_ ------3.5 12.2 3.49 1970 ______4.9 15. 2 3. 10 on the impact of youth wage differentials on The minimum wage law raises the wage to 1971______6.9 16. 9 2. 86 youth unemployment. Some of the States a level higher than that which would have 1972 ______5.6 16. 2 2. 89 surveyed report that the youth differentia1 occurred with uncontrolled economic forces. 1973 ______4.9 14. 5 12. 96 1974 ______5.6 16. 0 2. 86 is irrelevant to hiring decisions while others Legislative bodies have the power to legislate 1975 ______thought that youth unemployment would be a wage increase; this much is clear. But when 8.1 21.9 2.68 1976_ ------7.8 19.0 2.66 higher without the differential. they legislated a wage increase, have they Other factors play a role in reducing job also legislated a worker productivity increase? opportunities for youth. Factors such as child That is entirely unlikely. To the extent that 1 Years when there were changes in either the amount or coverage of the Federal minimum wage law. l·abor laws which restrict hours of work, the the minimum wage law raises the pay level tedious process of employers and employees to that which may exceed some worker's pro­ Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics "Handbook of Labor Statistics 1975-Reference Edition," p. 145 to get work certificates, and the attitudes ductivity, employers will make adjustments and conduct of some youth. in their use of labor. Such an adjustment by Columns 1 and 2 show the unemployment employers will produce gains for some groups rates for the general labor force and the STATISTICAL STUDIES OF THE MINIMUM WAGE of WOl'kers at the expense of other groups. teenage labor force. Column 3 expresses teen­ A number of other important studies have Those workers who retain their jobs and re­ age unemployment as a ratio of the general tried to evaluate the effect of legislated wage ceive a higher wage clearly gain. The most labor force's unemployment rate. minima on unemployment. The conclusions adverse employment effects fall upon those Table 3 shows that with increases in the of some representative samples of these workers who are most disadvantaged in terms Federal minimum wage the teenage unem­ studies will be summarized in this section. ot marketable skills, who lose their income. ployment rate relative to adult unemploy­ David E. Kaun using census data found This effect is more clearly seen if we put our­ ment usually rises, 1.e., the ratio increased that statutory wage minimums caused plant selves in the place of an employer and ask (with the exception of 1956, 1968, and 1973). closures and the replacement of labor by the question: If a wage of $2.30 per hour In each year, except 1956, 1968, and 1973, other productive inputs. Also the most ad­ must be paid no matter who is hired, who adult unemployment declined relative to verse effects of statutory minimums were does it pay the firm to hire? Clearly the an­ that of teenagers following an increase in concentrated among minorities, teenagers swer, in terms of economic efficiency, is to and fem:ales. hire the worker whose productivity is the the Federal minimum. Arthur F. Burns, 1n Yale Brozen in two studies discusses the closest to $2.30 per hour. If such workers are a study of the impact of legislated Federal impact of the minimum wage law. First he available, it clearly does not pay the firm to minimum wages, said: shows that the ratio of teenage unemploy­ hire those whose output is, say, $1.50 per "During the post war period the ratio of ment to that of the general rate of unem­ hour. Even if the employer were will1ng to unemployment rate of teenagers to that of ployment rose and the ratio of nonwhite to train such a worker, the fact that the worker male adults was invariably higher during white teenage unemployment rose following has to be legally paid more than his output is the 6 months following an increase of the increases in the federal statutory minimum worth plus training costs incurred makes on­ minimum wage than it was in the preceding wage. In another study he concluded that the-job training an unattractive proposition. half year. The ratio of the unemployment workers adversely affected by the statutory The impact of legislated minimum wages rate of female adults to that of male adults m1n1mum crowd into uncovered areas, such can be brought into sharper focus if we ask has behaved similarly. Of course, the unem­ as domestic household work, increasing em­ the distributional question: Who bears the ployment of teenagers and women depends ployment and depressing wages in the un­ burden of legislated mi.nima? As we said on a variety of factors--certainly on busi­ covered areas. See appendix tables at the end earlier, workors who are the most disadvan­ ness conditions as well as on minimum wage. of the study for data supporting Brozen's taged by minimum wage legislation are those I have tried to allow for this in a more re­ conclusions. that are the most marginal. These are workers fined analysis. It appears whether we con­ Kosters and Welch conclude that the min­ whose employers perceive them as being less sider the unemployment rates of teenagers imum wage has had the effect of reducing productive or more costly to hire, in some or that of women, that its primary deter­ job opportunities for teenagers during pe­ sense, than other workers. In the U.S. labor minants are, first, the g~neral state of the riods of normal employment growth and force, there are at least two segments that economy as indicated by the unemployment making their jobs less secure in short-term share the marginal worker characteristic to a rate of adult males, second, the ratio of the changes in the business cycle. They go on to greater extent than do other segments of the minimum wage to the average in manufac­ conclude that a disproportionate share of labor force. The first group consists of youths. turing. The influence to the wage ratio cyclical vulnerability is borne by nonwhite They are low-skilled mostly because of their turns out to be particularly strong in the teenagers and the primary beneficiaries of age, immaturity and lack of work experience. case of nonwhite teenagers." shifts in employment patterns are white The second group, which contains members While most studies agree on the effect of adult males: of the first group, are some ethnic groups the minimum wage law on youth unemploy­ That increases in statutory legal minimum such as Negroes, who as a result of racial dis­ ment, there is some disagreement on the wages reduce employment opportunities for crimination and a number of other socio­ magnitude of the effect. The U.S. Depart­ youth is not without dissenters. economic factors are disproportionately ment of Labor conducted an investigation Hugh Folk, using Department of Labor found among marginal workers. Other seg­ of the impact of the minimum wage law on data statistically analyzes the impact of ments o! the labor force represented among youth unemployment. It reached the con­ minimum wages on youth unemployment marginal workers in disproportionate num­ clusion that-- and youth labor market participation rates. bers are women, the uneducated, and the "Increases in the level and coverage of The study concludes f;hat in no instance was physically handicapped. Unemployment sta­ the Federal minimum wage may have · con­ the minimum wac;>;e variable statistically sig­ tistics showing a comparison of teenage and tributed to the employment problems of nificant in exolainin~ either teenage unem­ general employment rates for the period teenagers, but it is difficult to disentangle ployment or labor market participation rates. 1948 to 1975 are presented in table 3. such effects from numerous other influences. Folk's study, however, finds a significant re- July 25, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24811 la.tionship between the overall trend of teen­ hypothesis that a. generally high level of mums do not increase job opportunities for age unemployment and the minimum wage wages deters pa.ticipa.tion via. a. reduction in the marginal or disadvantaged segments of law. ' employment opportunities." the labor force. Micha.el C. Lovell, in a.n analysis of the In addition to the finding that low labor MINIMUM WAGE AND NEGRO YOUTH minimum wage law and teenage unemploy­ market participation rates a.re associated So far we have discussed youth unemploy­ ment stresses the importance of the size of with high teenage wage levels, this study ment in general. Now let us discuss and com­ the teenage labor force, which grew as a. also finds that the intercity differences in pare black youth unemployment and labor she.re of the tote.I labor force by over 50 per­ teenage unemployment ls associated with ar­ force participation rates relative to those of cent between 1954 and 1968, as a. cause of tificially high wage levels. The study points their white counterparts. Table 4 shows ma.le high teenage unemployment. Lovell feels out that wage level differentials are not that since teenagers are not perfect substi­ youth unemployment by race and genera.I caused by strictly market forces such as sys­ unemployment. Tables 5 and 6 give civillan tutes for adult workers, the increase in the tematic productivity differences or high de­ teenage population would have pushed un­ labor force participation rates by race and mand for teenagers. The differences a.re more age for males and females respectively. employment rates up in the absence of any likely to be associated with institutional change in the minimum wage. The most obvious observation from the forces such as legislated wages, community tables is that black teenage (16-17) unem­ Bowen and Finegan, in a statistical study and union pressures. ployment during earlier periods, 1948-54 (ex­ of the 100 largest metropolitan areas, report: The weight of academic research is that cept 1949), was lower than white unemploy­ "To state the most important conclusion unemployment for some population groups ment for the same age group. For black 18-19 first: Metropolitan areas with high wage lev­ is directly related to statutory wage minima. year olds, the unemployment rates for the els for teenage males tended to have relative­ As mentioned earlier, the debate on the same period were higher than those of their ly low activity rates for all three groups, al­ effects and the extent of those effects con­ white counterparts, but never more than 50 though the coefficient for males 20-24 is tinues without full consensus. However, a. percent higher. For blacks 20-24, their un­ small and just shy of significance at the 10 consensus reached implicitly in all minimum employment rate relative to that of whites percent level. These are important findings wage studies, those of opponents and sup­ has not changed significantly (only minor because they provide strong support for the porters, is that increases in statutory mini- fiuctuations), during the period 1948-1975.

TABLE 4.-COMPARISON OF MALE YOUTH AND GENERAL UNEMPLOYMENT BY RACE

Black/white, Black/white, Black/white, Year General White, 16-17 Black, 16-17 ratio White, 18-19 Black, 18-19 ratio White, 20-24 Black, 20-24 ratio

1948 __ ------3.8 10. 2 9.4 0. 92 9.4 10. 5 1.11 6.4 11. 7 1.83 1949_ ------5. 9 13. 4 15. 8 1.18 14. 2 17.1 1. 20 9.8 15. 8 1. 61 1950 __ ------5. 3 13. 4 12.1 .90 11. 7 17. 7 1. 51 7. 7 12.6 1.64 1951 _------3.3 9.5 8. 7 . 92 6. 7 9.6 1.43 3. 6 6. 7 1.86 1952_ ------3.0 10. 9 8. 0 . 73 7. 0 10. 0 1. 43 4.3 7.9 1.84 19541953______------__--____------______--- 2. 9 8.9 8. 3 . 93 7.1 8.1 1.14 4. 5 8.1 1.80 5. 5 14.0 13. 4 . 96 13. 0 14. 7 1.13 9.8 16. 9 1. 72 19551956 ______------____---_-______------4.4 12. 2 14. 8 1. 21 10.4 12. 9 1. 24 7.0 12.4 1. 77 4.1 11.2 15. 7 1.40 9. 7 14. 9 1. 54 6.1 12. 0 1.97 1957 _ ------4.3 11. 9 16. 3 1. 37 11. 2 20.0 1. 79 7.1 12. 7 1. 79 1958_ ------6.8 14. 9 27.1 1. 81 16. 5 26. 7 1.62 11. 7 19. 5 1.66 1959_ ------5. 5 15. 0 22. 3 1. 48 13. 0 27. 2 2. 09 7.5 16. 3 2.17 1961_1960 _ --______------______5. 5 14. 6 22. 7 1. 55 13. 5 25.1 1. 86 8.3 13.1 1. 58 6. 7 16. 5 31.0 1.89 15.1 23.9 1. 58 10. 0 15. 3 1. 53 1962_ ------5. 5 15.1 21. 9 1.45 12. 7 21. 8 1. 72 8.0 14. 6 1.83 1963_1964 ______------5. 7 17. 8 27. 0 1. 52 14. 2 27.4 1.93 7.8 15. 5 1. 99 5. 2 16.1 25. 9 1. 61 13.4 23. l 1. 72 7.4 12. 6 1.70 1965 __ ------4. 5 14. 7 27.1 1. 84 11. 4 20. 2 1. 77 5. 9 9.3 1.50 1966 _------3. 8 12. 5 22.5 1. 80 8.9 20. 5 2.30 4.1 7.9 1.98 1967 ------3.8 12. 7 28. 9 2.26 9.0 20. l 2.23 4.2 8.0 1.93 1968 ______3.6 12. 3 26.6 2.16 8. 2 19. 0 2. 31 4.6 8.3 1.80 1969 ______------3. 5 12. 5 24. 7 1.98 7. 9 19. 0 2.40 4.6 8.4 1.83 1970 _------4.9 15. 7 27.8 1. 77 12. 0 23.1 1. 93 7. 8 12. 6 1. 62 1971_ ___ ------5. 9 17.1 33. 3 1. 95 13. 5 26.0 1. 93 9.4 16. 2 1. 72 19731972 ______------______------5. 6 16.4 35.1 2.14 12. 4 26. 2 2.11 8. 5 14. 7 1. 73 4.9 15. 1 4.4 2. 28 10. 0 22.1 2. 21 6.5 12.6 1.94 1974 ______5. 6 16. 2 39.0 2. 41 11. 5 26.6 2. 31 7.8 15. 4 1. 97 1975 ______------8.1 19. 7 45. 2 2.29 14. 0 30.1 2.15 11.3 23.5 2.08 1976_ ------7. 9 19. 7 40. 6 2. 06 15. 5 35. 5 2.29 10. 9 22.4 2.05

Source: Adapted from Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Handbook of Labor Statistics 1975-Reference Edition" (Washington. D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975), pp. 153-155. TUrning to tables 5 and 6, labor force par­ Professor Mincer's study points out that ticipation rates, we make the remarkable the official unemployment rate is llkely to Black/white males finding that black youths 16-17, 18-19, and understate the disemployment effects of the 16 and 20-24 had a. higher rate of labor force par­ minimum wage law. He states, "No more 16-17 18-19 20-24 over ticipation during earlier times. In fa.ct, the than a third of the employment loss in the labor force participation rates were higher covered sector appears as unemployment, than labor force participation of white while the bulk withdraws from the labor $1.2~&:5 ~-o-~r_:______.88 1. 01 1. 05 .99 youths. For example, in 1955, in age group force." Incentives to drop out of the labor 1966_ ------. 87 . 97 1. 06 .98 16-17 the labor force participation rates of market and to become permanently unem­ $1.40 per hour: 1967 ______. 86 . 95 1. 04 .97 black males and white males were the same. ployed a.re no doubt increased by the avail­ $1.60 per hour: 1968_ ------. 79 .96 1. 03 . 97 In 1974 the labor force participation rates of ability of alternative sources of income such 1969_ ------• 77 .95 1. 02 .96 blacks age 16-17 was only 65 percent of that as welfare, enrollment in training programs 1970_ ------. 71 .92 1.00 .96 . 65 . 87 .98 .94 of whites age 16-17. In the case of black males which provide a. stipend and criminal activ­ 1971 _ ------18-24, their labor force participation rates in 1972_ ------.68 .85 .97 .93 ity a.s a form of earning a. living. 1973_ ------. 63 . 85 .95 .93 1955 were higher than those of whites. Now 1974_ ------. 65 . 85 .95 .92 it is lower. TABLE 5.-Mf,LE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 1975 _ ------. 57 • 79 .92 • 91 . 57 • 77 . 91 .90 Jacob Mincer, in an important econometric RATIO BY RACE, AGE 1976 _ ------study of minimum \\"'age laws reports: "The net minimum wage effects on labor Black/white males Source· Computed from U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of force participation appear to be negative for Labor Statistics, "Handbook of Labor Statistics 1975 and 1976 most of the groups. The largest negative ef­ 16 and Reference Editions" (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government fects a.re observed for nonwhite teenagers, 16-17 18-19 20-24 ove Printing Office, 1975), pp. 36-37. followed by nonwhite males (20-24), white $1 per hour: These findings a.re consistent with and males (20-24), white teenagers, and non­ 1954_ ------0.99 1. 11 1. 05 1.00 offer additional support to the theoretical white males (25-64). 1955_ ------1.00 1. 01 1. 05 1. 00 proposition that statutory legal minimum "The net employment effects are negative 1956_ ------. 96 1.06 1. 01 .99 wages reduce employment opportunities for with the exception of nonwhite females (2J 1957 ------. 95 1. 01 1. 03 .99 1958 _ ------• 96 1. 03 1.02 1. 00 disadvantaged or marginal workers. They plus), for whom the positive coefficient is 1959_ ------. 92 1. 02 1.04 1. 00 are also consistent wtih Professor Arthur statistically insignificant. The largest dis­ 1960 _ ------.99 1. 03 1. 03 1.00 Burns' earlier study which shows that an employment effects are observed for nonwhite $1.151c:r _h_o_~r_:______.96 1.06 1. 02 .99 increase of 25 cents in the statutory legal teenagers, followed by nonwhite males (20- 1962_ ------.93 1.04 1. 03 .98 minima. ts associated with a rise of 8 per- 24), white teenagers, and white males 1963_ ------. 87 1. 02 1. 03 .98 centage points in non-white unemployment. (20-24) ." 1964_ ------.85 1. 01 1. 04 .99 24812 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 25, 1977

YOUTH EMPLOYMENT IN OTHER COUNTRIES TABLE 7.-UNEMPLOYMENT RATES IN THEtJNITED KINGDOM Relevant to the analysis of youth unem­ ployment 1n the United States ls the compari­ son of youth unemployemnt records in other Unemployment rate industrialized countries. In the United Youth· All 15 to 25 and adult Kingdom, unemployment rates of both adults 1957 ------. 75 • 81 1. 02 1. 32 Date ages 19 over ratio and youths ran about 2.5 percent as of Janu­ 1958_ ------• 81 • 79 1. 05 1. 32 ary 1969. As shown in the folloWing tables 1959_ ------.69 . 71 1.10 1. 33 • 74 . 85 1. 07 1. 32 7, 8, and 9, West Germany, The Netherlands, 1960_ ------April 1961_ __ ------1. 7 2.3 1. 6 Do ______------______1. 44 Sweden, Belgium, and Japan experienced $1.151C3f ------• 73 .86 1. 02 1. 31 July 1966 ______1. 3 .9 1. 4 .64 _~~~r_:_ 1.1 1. 1 relatively low rates of youth unemployment. • 75 .88 1.03 1. 31 January 1967 ______1.1 1.00 1962_ ------2. 2 2.6 2.1 1. 24 It ls probably no coincidence that countries 1963_ ------• 77 .88 1. 04 1.29 .68 .94 1.10 1. 29 July 1967 _ ------2.0 2. 2 2.0 1.10 1964_ ------January 1968 ______2. 6 2.6 2. 5 experiencing low rates of youth unemploy­ 2 July 1968 ______1. 04 • 71 • 79 1.12 1. 27 2. 2 2.0 2.2 • 91 ment are countries With relatively large wage $1. ~&35_~~~~=------January 1969 ______2. 5 2.3 2. 5 .92 1966_ ------• 74 .83 1. 07 1. 26 differentials between the legal minima for $1.40 per hour: 1967 ______• 71 .92 1. 03 1.23 youths and adults. $1.60 per hour: 1968_ •• ------• 71 .88 1. 08 1. 21 Source: Data for table 7 was obtained from the U.S. Depart· TABLE 6.-FEMALE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 1969 ••• ------• 69 .83 1. 04 1.19 ment of labor Bureau of labor Statistics, "Youth Unemploy- .66 1.00 1.16 1 RATIO BY RACE, AGE 1970 ••• ------.81 ment and Minimum Wages." (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govern- 1971-. ------.60 • 75 • 97 1.15 ment Printing Office, 1970). 1972 ••• ------• 54 • 76 • 95 1. 13 • 58 • 77 • 93 1.11 Black/white females 1973. - • ------1974 ••• ------• 56 • 74 • 91 1. 08 1975 •• ------.60 • 74 .86 1.08 16 and • 55 • 70 .86 1. 07 Year 16-17 18-19 20-24 over 1976 •• ------

$1 per hour: Source: Computed from U.S. Department of labor, Bureau of 1954______0. 84 • 72 1.12 1. 38 Labor Statistics, "Handbook of Labor Statistics 1975 and 1976 1955______• 76 • 83 1. 02 1. 34 Reference Editions" (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Print- 1956______• 84 • 84 .97 1. 32 ing Office, 1975), pp. 36-37 .

TABLE 8.-UNEMPLOYMENT RATES AND THE YOUTH-ADULT UNEMPLOYMENT RATIO FOR SELECTED COUNTRIES

Unemployment rate, 211 ages Youth unemployment rate Youth-adult unemployment ratio 1 Country 1960-64 1967-68 1960-64 1967-68 1960-64 1967-68

2 0. 3 1.1 20. 3 1. 1 21.0 1.0 6.9 4.0 14. 4 9. 7 2.4 2.6 i:~~~~~Netherlands H~t~~~= (1960) __ === ------::=== ::______:: :: :::: :::: :: :::::::: :: :::::: :::: :: :: _ . 9 ------1. 4 ------1. 8 ------United Kingdom (1961-67). ___ ------' 1. 3 '2. 0 '. 9 '2. 2 '. 6 '1.1 2 1. 7 ------2 2. 3 ------2 1. 4 ------Sweden (1964-67) ______------!. 7 2.6 3. 9 6.1 2. 6 2.9 France (1960) ______------Belgium (1960) ______------______------______2. 1 ------6. 6 ------4. 4 ------­ 2. 5 ------4. 0 ------!. 7 ------1 3. 4 3.5 9. 3 11. 4 4. 9 5. 7 5.5 3.6 6 14. 7 6 12. 7 3.3 5.5 ~~lre~ mt:ni96o:.ss>======:::: ======

1 Ratio of youth unemployment rate to adult unemployment rate for adults 25 and over. Data 6 Youth unemployment data relate to 16· to 19-year-olds. fr~"t~an~~fd~~: f~~vf§6 ~xcept as noted. Data not strictly comparable among countries. Source: Data for table 8 was obtained ~rom · the U.S. Department of labor, Bureau of labor 1 Statistics, "Youth Unemployment and Minimum Wages," (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government a Outry, Sylvia, unemployment in Canada, 1968, males only1 ratio: youth/all ages. ' labor Ministry data from unemployment insurance recoras. Printing Office, 1970).

TABLE 9.-EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF TOTAL LABOR FORCE AND YOUTH IN JAPAN, 1961-67 (In thousands)

Unemployed labor force Employed Total 15 to 19 years Years Total 15 to 19 years Total 15 to 19 years Number Percent Number Percent 4 1961. ------45, 620 4,250 45, 180 4,200 440 1.0 60 1. 4 1962 ___ ------46, 140 4,260 45, 740 4,200 400 .9 60 1. 5 1963 ______------46, 520 4,080 46, 130 4,020 400 .8 60 1. 0 1964_ ------47, 100 3,820 46, 730 3, 770 370 .8 40 1. 5 1965_ ------47, 870 3, 920 47, 480 3,860 390 .8 60 1.4 1966_ ------48, 910 4,360 48,470 4,300 440 .9 60 1. 1967 ------49, 780 4,510 49, 350 4, 150 440 . 9 ------

Source: Data for table 9 was obtained from the U.S. Department of labor, Bureau of labor Statistics, "Youth Unemployment and Minimum Wages." (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970). For example, in the United Kingdom, teen­ tial by ma.king the young person an even of Mr. BADILLO of New York concerning agers enter employment at about 30 percent more attractive candidate for employment. the poverty program. of the adult wage and in steps reach the Hundreds of millions of federal dollars are adult level when they are 21. In West Ger­ going down the drain through all the com­ many youths enter employment at wages CHANGING TIMES munity action, model cities, youth, drug ad­ ranging from 60 to 90 percent of the adult diction and manpower training programs. rate. In The Netherlands, the wage rates Nobody evaluates them. The poverticians 1n for youth normally begin at 25 to 30 percent charge are running their own patronage sys­ of the adult wage rate, reaching 100 percent HON. ROBERT H. MICHEL OF ILLINOIS tems and have no one's interest in mind o! the adult rate by the age 20 to 23. In but their own. Wherever you look, you can't Franee and Canada, there is only a 20 to 30 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES find anything concrete that these programs percent reduction !or young workers and Monday, July 25, 1977 are accomplishing. Look at the community the duration of the reduction for the individ­ corporations. For fiscal year 1976 36.4 percent ual is only a year or so. Mr. MICHEL. Mr. Speaker, I recently of all our poverty funds went Into those cor­ Another important feature of those coun­ brought to the House's attention the fact porations. Show m.e the results. They have tries experiencing very low rates of teenage that the distinguished chairman of the block workers. What do they do? Cheer peo­ unemployment, as reported in the Depart­ Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs ple up? Nobody knows what those block ment of Labor study, was that there were workers do. Whatever is not tangible should good counseling services available for youth, Committee, Mr. REuss, ~riticized the large apprenticeship programs and good Carter administration for not carrying not be funded. placement services. These factors reinforce out the fight against infiation. Mr. Speaker, when a Democratic Con­ the beneficial effects of the youth d11feren- Today, I would like to quote the words gressman criticizes a Democratic Presi- July 25, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24813 dent for not fighting inflation and when a Of particular importance to this evalua­ conscripted, only some will actually serve­ Democratic Congressman from New York tion 1s a. careful consideration of the progress a result of the fact that present Inilita.ry City criticizes the poverty program in and prospects for the All-Volunteer Force. strength requirements are too small to ab­ That is, compulsory national service should sorb all who a.re eligible. There are m.any those words, can salvation be far behind? not be viewed in isolation from Inilita.ry different forms of selective service cons-crip­ It is good to know that the truths we manpower procurement since the Inilita.ry is tion, but these alternatives differ in the Republicans have been talking about for one of the largest claimants of the nation's method of selection, not in concept. years are at last being heeded by those youth. Consideration of compulsory national As a practical matter, force readiness re­ who, although Democrats, show them­ service in the context cf the AVF is further quirements and force size constraints pre­ selves capable of grasping essential facts. motivated by the fact that much of the sup­ clude the viability of universal Inilitary - port for a. national service draft seems to service and universal military training derive at least in pa.rt from concerns a.bout policies for the United States. Specifically, the future of the volunteer force. Thus, to force readiness requirements argue against A NATIONAL SERVICE DRAFT?­ the extent that these concerns a.re misplaced, reducing the length of the conscription tour the rationale for a national service draft is below two yea.rs. Given a. minimum con­ PART I correspondingly lessened. scription tour of two years, then, the size of To put the issue of compulsory national the miUtary aged male population means service in the perspective of military man­ that universal military service would thus HON. WILLIAM A. STEIGER power procurement, Section II of this pa.per result in a. force size of between four to five OF WISCONSIN begins by outlining the major manpower Inlllion uniformed members--tha.t is, two to IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES procurement policy options and focuses par­ two-and-a-half times larger than current Monday, July 25, 1977 ticularly on the reasons underlying the ter­ force size requirements. Inination of the postwar draft. The early The major Inllita.ry manpower procure­ Mr. STEIGER. Mr. Speaker, the re­ experience with the volunteer force is then ment options therefore reduce down to e. cent West Point Senior Conference on exa.Inined in Section III. Given this back­ selective service draft, a. national service national service produced some good in­ ground, Section IV turns to consider com­ draft, and voluntary military recruitment. pulsory national service, including the pos­ The decision to end the draft formation and thought-provoking ideas sible benefits and problems of such a. policy. for those who are concerned about the Conclusions are then presented in Section Although the volunteer force is frequently issue of the All Volunteer Force versus a v. viewed as an outgrowth of the Vietnam national service program. As you know, War, the move to end the draft was actually I have just completed an eight-part in­ II. MILITARY MANPOWER PROCUREMENT a result of far more funda.nlenta.l concerns. Because of the unique relationship be­ In this regard, the basic policy problem of sertion of a paper prepared by Stephen tween military manpower procurement the sixties can be traced to the growing in­ E. Herbits, formerly the Special As­ policy and other policies affecting the na­ equities of the selective service draft-in­ sistant to Secretary of Defense Donald tion's youth, the issue of compulsory equities created by the selective way the Rumsfeld, which was presented at the national service should be addressed in the burden of military service was applied to conference. context of military manpower procurement young men of Inili ta.ry age. Dr. Richard v. I. Cooper, of the Rand options. Accordingly, the discussion below This selectivity came as a. result of some Corp., was one of the participants in the first exa.Inines what the major options are simple demographic trends: specifically, in­ conference. Dr. Cooper is one of the top and, second, why the postwar selective serv­ cree.sing numbers of young men reaching civilian authorities on military man­ ice draft was terIDina.ted. military age ea.ch year and constant (or de­ Policy options creasing) force sizes meant that a smaller power questions. proportion of the Inilitary aged cohort His paper is highly instructive for Although it is often convenient to dichoto­ mize military manpower procurement policy would actually serve. In fact, by the mid those who want to learn more about the into the two extremes-voluntary recruit­ 1970s only one out of every five men would progress ,of the volunteer concept and ment and conscription-there are in fact ever serve in the mmtary. Coupled with the the possible need of a national service many different forms of conscription. These pay discriIDina.tion toward junior military program. Over the next few days, I will personnel that characterized the postwar include selective service, universal military dra.ft--often called the "conscription ta.x"­ be placing the full text of his presenta- training, universal military service, and, par­ this meant that increasingly fewer would tion in the RECORD. • ticularly germane to this pa.per, compulsory have to bear an increasingly large burden. Today's segment includes Cooper's in­ national service.1 The President's Commission on an All­ troduction and an outline of major man­ Under a compulsory national service policy, Volunteer Force-the so-called Gate Com­ power procurement policy options, with all young men (and on occasion, all young mission--concluded that, by simply raising women) a.re viewed as having an obligation recruit pay to the level earned by compar­ a particular focus on the reasons under­ to serve their country. Such service is usually lying the termination of the postwar designed to benefit the national purpose and ably aged and educated civilian workers, the draft. His conclusion is that-- military would no longer need a. draft. In can include, for instance, helping the dl.';­ other words, an all-volunteer military would Because there is no way of distributing the a.dvantaged members of society (e.g.. working not require any extraordinary measures; it burden of selective service "fairly" after the hospitals or programs such as VISTA), for­ basically meant the payment of a. "market fact, a return to selective service conscrip­ estry and park services, and, of course, mili­ wage" to new recruits. tion would only reintroduce the inequities tary service. The importance of these findings for the eliminated by the volunteer force. Under a. policy of universal military serv­ issue at hand-namely, compulsory na­ ice, all of the nation's young men a.re viewed Part I of Rick Cooper's excellent paper tional service and the All-Volunteer Force­ as having a specific obligation to serve in is that a selective service Inilitary draft follows: their country's mmtary forces. Such a. policy probably does not present a. socially viable A NATIONAL SERVICE DRAFT?• therefore differs from one of compulsory na­ alternative for Inillta.ry manpower procure­ (By Richard V. I. Cooper, the Rand Corp.) tional service in that nonmilitary service does ment under projected defense needs and ob­ not fulfill an individual's obligation. Al­ I. INTRODUCTION jectives. That is, because there is in fact no though universal military training is similar way of distributing the burden of selective The choice of a mmtary manpower pro­ to universal military service in that all young service "fairly" after the fact, e. return to curement policy has traditionally been men receive military training, all will not selective service conscription would only among the more important decisions that a actually serve in the standing forces. The re­ reintroduce the inequities eUIDina.ted by nation must make. Besides its effects on de­ m.ainder are instead usually assigned to re­ the volunteer force. fense capabilities and costs, manpower pro­ serve or militia units. curement policy has much broader economic The common element of these three forms and social implications. This is especially so of conscription is that all young men (and, for compulsory national service, a policy op­ in some cases, all young women) are required tion that has recently begun to receive con­ to fulfill their service obligation, whether HUMAN RIGHTS siderable public attention. that service consists of military service, some It is within the context of these defense, other national service, or just military HON. CHRISTOPHER J. DODD economic, and social considerations that the training. OF CONNECTICUT purpose of this paper 1s to sketch out a gen­ A selective service conscription policy, on eral approach for evaluating the efficacy of the other hand, differs from these forms in IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES a. national service draft; including some of that not all young men mu.st serve or even Monday, July 25, 1977 the possible consequences that such a. policy receive training. Instead, although all a.re would entail. usually subject to the possibility of being Mr. DODD. Mr. Speaker, I have re­ cently returned from the first annual *This paper 1s based largely on material 1 There a.re, of course, other Inilita.ry man­ meeting of the European Parliament. presented in a. forthcoming book by the au­ power procurement policies such as a. One of the principal concerns of this thor, Defense Without the Draft. reserve-only draft. Parliament is human rights, an issue 24814 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 25, 1977 that has long been of concern to me, as STATEMENT TO ACCOMPANY BILL improve railroads as the most energy­ it has been to this Administration, and ON NATIONALIZATION FEASIBIL­ efficient mode of all transportation sys­ as it should be to every human being. ITY STUDY tems. The prevsiling sentiment of the Euro­ If for no other reason, we must avoid pean delegations that I just met with at all cost any further weakening of the was one of great enthusiasm for the HON. JAMES J. FLORIO structure of the railroad plant. Carter administration's renewed com­ OF NEW JERSEY The Presidential Commission on mitment to the cause of human rights. Feasibility of Nationalizing the Nation's This is not an issue that concerns only IN THE HOUSE OF REPRF.sENTATIVES Railroads, proposed by this bill, would the Federal Government, but one that Monday, July 25, 1977 among other things, be directed to deter­ concerns every level of public and private Mr. FLORIO. Mr. Speaker", we are once mine the extent to which the existing action in America. It is an issue in which again about to be confronted with a crisis rail plant should be redesigned to pro­ State and local governments, private in the railroad industry. The events fore­ mote a more efficient use of energy as a citizens, and public officials should in­ shadowing this new threatened crisis are part of a comprehensive program in­ volve themselves, as the State senate in taking place at the very time when our volving all modes of transportation my home State of Connecticut has efforts to settle the last crisis are just within the United States. involved itself. beginning to bear fruit. This proposal is long overdue. That body has passed a resolution, I refer, of course, first, to the crisis Prompt action on the bill which I now dated May 11, memorializing the Presi­ which is beginning to take shape as a offer is needed in order to provide us dent of this Nation and the Connecticut consequence of the apparent breakdown with all the information which we will congressional delegation to use all in current negotiations between the rail­ require in dealing with the question of feasible means of diplomatic influence to road industry and railway labor organi­ what the future of railroads will be in cause the Government of the Soviet zations; and, second, to the Northeast this country. An analysis of the national­ Union to fulfill the Helsinki agreement. rail crisis out of which emerged ConRail ization of our railroad system and its I am conVinced that Soviet com­ which is now giving every indication of benefits and liabilities will be of assist­ pliance with the human rights pro­ succeeding in its mission. ance to the Congress as we plan to deal visions of the Helsinki agreement will Now that one is ending, another is with policies designed to cope with trans­ not be forthcoming until that government beginning. The emerging crisis is a replay portation planning that is required to is faced with worldwide condemnation of of an older crisis over composition of be undertaken in the future. their abusive behavior. The human rights train and yard crews and over the tra­ campaign must thus proceed at every ditional railroad wage systems and rules GENERAL PULASKI, A HERO OF THE level, and I am pleased that the Connect­ governing road and yard service. AMERICAN REVOLUTION icut State senate is once again asserting As a result of negotiating difficulties, its sentiments in this vital area. At this nationalization of our railroad system point I will insert, for the RECORD, the has been raised as an alternative to the HON. EDWARD J. DERWINSKI ~ull text of this commendable resolution: existing system. It is for this reason that OF ILLINOIS STATE OF CONNECTICUT--8ENATE RESOLUTION I am introducing a bill today to estab­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES No. 78 lish a Presidential commission to study, Resolution memorializing the President of once and for all, the ramifications of na­ Monday, July 25, 1977 the United States and the Connecticut tionalizing our rail system in whole or in Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, this Congressional Delegation to use all feasible part. year marks the 200th anniversary of the means of diplomatic influence to cause the arrival in America of one of Poland's Government of the Soviet Union to fulfill There have been other bills introduced the Helsinki Agreement into the Congress over the past years greatest heroes-Gen. Casimir Pulaski. Resolved by the Senate: bearing upon this general subject, but the General Pulaski is a hero of the Ameri­ Whereas, the Soviet Union was one of the time has now come to begin a serious, in­ can Re\rolution, having played a tremen­ nations signing the Helsinki Agreement on depth study of whether public ownership dous role in the fight for our independ­ August 1, 1975; and of the railroads will, or will not, better ence, and is a hero of Poland's struggle Whereas, the Helsinki Agreement contained serve the economic well-being of this against Russian domination. Both the provisions insuring the preservation of the country. United States and Poland revere the basic human rights of freedom of religion Some years ago, it became evident to name of Casimir Pulaski. and freedom of movement; and all of us that our mass transit systems Pulaski was forced into exile in 1773 Whereas, the government of the Soviet Union has continued the practice of harass­ would fail to provide essential services to as a result of his organizing and leading ment and intimidation toward the Jewish, our urban areas unless taken over by our the Confederacy of Patriots to defend Lithuanian and Ukrainian nationalities and municipalities under public ownership of Poland against Russian aggression. He others; and this part of our national transportation spent 3 years in the Balkans and Turkey Whereas, the government of the Soviet network. Had the Congress not acted to endeavoring to organize a concerted mili­ Union has continued to deny exit visas to support this critical need as it did, the tary action against Russia, but in vain. many of her residents; and cities would now be hopelessly over­ When his efforts failed, he went to Whereas, the government of the Soviet whelmed by transportation inadequacies. Paris in 1776 where he was already known Union has continually ignored the provisions of an agreement which it presumably signed We have seen similar problems con­ as an outstanding military leader. The in good faith. fronting our Northeast rail system and Royal Court recommended him to Benja­ Whereas, we further call upon the Soviet our passenger rail system and while the min Franklin, who, at that time, was Union in the name of humanity and brother­ Congress did not.legislate public owner­ seeking volunteers for the American hood to effect the releasa from prison or Si­ ship of these systems, it enacted a series Revolution. After a brief meeting with berian exile and grant immigration to the of laws which reflect the principle of him, Franklin gave Pulaski letters of rec­ West to: Nijole Sadunaito, Lithuanian; Ilya public support and management in re­ ommendation to the Continental Con­ Gleezer, Jewish and Valenten Moroz, Ukrain­ ian. sponse to compeling need. gress and to Gen. George Washington. Now, therefore, be it resolved, that the More than 95 percent of the energy Pulaski arrived in America on June 23, General Assembly of the State of Connecti­ used in transportation involve petroleum 1777. cut memorialize the President of the United products and more than one half of the Pulaski offered his services to the Rev­ States and its state Congressional delegation consumption of petroleum in this coun­ olution and requested that he be assigned to use all powers inherent in their offices to try is used by the various modes of trans­ under the direct command of General bring about compliance with the Helsink.1 portation. Washington or Marquis Lafayette. The Agreement by the government of the Soviet to Union. During· this period of concern over the opportunity prove himself came about Be it further resolved, thait the clerk of the diminution of our fossil fuels upon which on September 11 at the battle of Brandy­ Sen&te cause a copy of this resolution to be our great technological state so com­ wine, Pa., where he exposed himself to sent to the President of the United States pletely depends and over potential cut­ great danger by riding close to the Brit­ and Connecticut Congressional Delegation offs of imports and resulting fuel short­ ish lines and reconnoitering their posi­ and Anatolyi Dobrynin, Soviet Union Ambas­ ages, long-range and short-range, it is tion. At a critical moment, with Wash­ sador. imperative that we protect, maintain and ington's permission, he took command of July 25, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24815 the Commander-in-Chief's cavalry de­ SOLAR ENERGY AND SMALL BUSI­ vides a thoughtful and persuasive argu­ tachment and charged the British lines, NESS; THE SHAPING OF AN INDUS­ ment for greater involvement by small staying their advance. By this attack on TRY business in the evolution of a solar indus­ the British vanguard under Lord Corn­ try: wallis, Pulaski saved military supplies of OTA ExCERPT Washington's Army. Congress was so HON. ROBERT F. DRINAN The relatively small investments associated much gratified with his conduct and his OF MASSACHUSETTS with onsite solar energy devices have made promise of usefuless, that they ap­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES it possible for many small businesses to enter the market; indeed, much of the innovative pointed him a brigadier general and Monday, July 25, ~977 work now being done in the area has emerged commander of the horse-mounted at­ Mr. DRINAN. Mr. Speaker, on Wednes­ from firms with very limited assets. This tachment. He continued with the Army unique feature of onsite solar energy field in Pennsylvania during the remainder day the House Small Business Subcom­ presents a difficult choice for the policy­ of the campaign in 1777. mittee on Energy, Environment, Safety, maker. A program for supporting small, rela­ and Research will be considering the tively simple technologies will have many On February 25, 1778, Pulaski met role of small businesses in the develop­ more firms to choose from than a program with General Washington at Valley ment and implementation of solar tech­ for developing large, sophisticated energy Forge. Dissatisfied with the relatively nology in the United States. It is hoped technologies. Supporting some of these firms . minor role American military thinking that these hearings will illuminate sev­ represents an opportunity to explore a rich assigned to the cavalry, Pulaski sub­ variety of concepts without a massive invest­ mitted his resignation as commander of eral critical policy decisions which must ment in any one approach, as well as a bet­ the Cavalry Corps and presented a plan soon be made by Congress, including a ter opportunity to foster competition in the for the formation of an Independent number of issues which will be addressed energy market (a market in which compe­ Corps of Light Cavalry and Infantry. as part of the National Energy Act in the tition has been virtually nonexistent for With Washington's endorsement Pu­ week ahead. years). laski presented his plan to the War De­ These questions can be stated very In short, Mr. Speaker, we can no longer partment in Yorktown on March 18. clearly: First, will we sanction the vir­ afford to ignore the potential contribu­ Ten days later, Congress authorized the tual exclusion of small businesses from tion of small businesses in the develop­ formation of the Independent Corps and energy conservation and solar energy in­ ment and marketing of solar energy retained Pulaski's rank of brigadier centives by relying on tax credits, rather technology, and the role that conserva­ general. Congress appropriated only than direct financing? Second, will we tion and solar energy can play in reduc­ $50,000 for outfitting the legion and Pu­ allow the perpetuation of solar research ing small business energy costs. I com­ laski frequently paid from his own purse policy which targets contracts to large mend my colleague from Wisconsin

have participated. The overall quality of nents of qualitative continuing education RECORDKEEPING CHANGES PROPOSED; MARSHALL health care providers and of health care training. The marketing process is enhanced. DISCUSSES TASK FORCE STUDY itself is being improved. Southern lliinois The Consortium staff become learning con­ THE TASK FORCE sultants vis-a-vis coordinators of prograillS. as a whole is benefiting. Staff assist with the development of the Marshall's formal statement took note of Mr. Speaker, this educare concept is syllabus and the acquisition of faculty and recent controversy involving the formation a good new idea that is working well. preparation of instructional materials. of a high-level task force to consider eco­ While the program has been supported As financial exigencies race into higher nomic incentives as a replacement for safety by some Federal funds, it will soon be education and austere budgets are ubiqui­ regulations. (See following related article.) tous in continuing education departments, He said he is confident that President self-sufficient. The program is deserving Carter will do nothing to undermine OSHA of further attention and study as a model alternative models wm be developed. Pre­ payment financing of continuing education enforcement, adding that "this does not for future efforts in the health man­ may provide a vehicle to counter depleted mea.n that we will close our minds to ways power field. sources of revenue. While the market has of supplementing existing OSHA inspec­ I would like to recommend to my col­ yet to be tested, it is significant to note a tions." He noted that something "more per­ leagues a piece on educare written by willingness by clients to advance funds for vasive,'' such as economic incentives, might Andrew H. Marcec, who directs the pro­ their education in a society which thrives on be a useful addition to the limited number the buy now, pay later philosophy. of inspections. ject at the Southern lliinois Health The memorandum from Carter's advisors Manpower Consortium. Mr. Marcec will recommending the study of incentives used be giving an address on Educare this fall "unwise language" in explaining its approach, at the annual meeting of the American Marshall told reporters. Public Health Association. His paper fol­ CARTER-OSHA MEMORANDUM The secretary said it is difficult to conceive lows: of eliminating safety regulations. He noted EDUCARE: A MODEL FOR PRE-PAID that the study of economic incentives could CONTINUING EDUCATION HON. GEORGE HANSEN only come up with some recommendations Medicare is synonymous with pre-paid OF IDAHO for combining incentives with regulation. He said he is not alarmed about the memoran­ medical insurance. Judicare ls the handle IN THE HOUSE.OF REPRESENTATIVES given to pre-paid legal insurance. Educare dum, agreeing at the suggestion of reporters is a. new construct developed by the Southern Monday, July 25, 1977 that he will be tolerant of the effort to study Illinois Health Manpower Consortium, a. economic incentives as long as it does not community-based continuing education Mr. HANSEN. Mr. Speaker, there has undermine his agency's effort for more effec­ organization operating in the southern 30 been a great deal of debate and rhetoric tive enforcement. counties of Illinois. Registered nurses and concerning the beleaguered Occupational a.Hied health professionals ha.ve the oppor­ Safety and Health Administration­ MARSHALL SUPPORTS EFFORTS BY CONTROVER­ tunity to guarantee their professional con­ OSHA-for some years now. During this SIAL TASK FORCE tinuing education through Educare sub­ time I have been advocating a new ap­ Labor Secretary F. Ray Marshall gave as­ scriberships. Since its inception on December proach to guaranteeing America's 65 mil­ surances July 17 that formation of a high 1, 1976, over 300 area health professionals lion workers the proper safety and health level task force to study the use of economic have am.liated with Educare. A $20.00 annual incentives and other reforms to encourage fee guarantees tha.t the Consortium will care which they so rightfully deserve. It has been a proven fact that OSHA's ef­ compliance with health and safety rules ls produce 12 hours of continuing education not designed to diminish the effectiveness of for the professional. In addition to the mem­ fect to date have been insignificant in re­ the Occupational Safety and Health Act. bership fee, the professional wm be assessed ducing job-related injuries and illnesses. Marshall's remarks on the "Meet the Press" a workshop fee for each event attended. The In light of this fact, I have been pro­ television program were in response to con­ package is estimated to cost the professional posing the elimination of regulatory har­ between $20.00 and $60.00 per year. With cerns following recent release of a memoran­ ea.ch membership, an educational career assment by the Federal Government as dum to President Carter from Office of Man­ agement and Budget Diiector Bert Lance, profile is developed. . An assessment is made a first step to reducing on-the-job in­ of the member's academic preparation and juries and illnesses. In its place I have Councll of Economic Advisors Chairman continuing education needs. Definitive edu­ proposed utilizing a system of economic Charles Schultze, and Carter domestic affairs cational goals are produced. The profile incentives geared toward industry-wide aide Stuart Eizenstat (Current Report, July allows the member to proceed in an orga­ 14, p. 203). The memo noted that the Oc­ encouragement to proper health and cupational Safety and Health Administration nized manner to select training which will safety compliance. It is totally unrealistic satisfy her educational goal from the daz­ is an agency "where major changes might be zling array of professional education op­ to assume that OSHA's on-site inspec­ in order." It called for "serious consideration tions which without clearly defined goals tions of less than 2 percent of America's of eliminating most safety regulations and tend to confuse the professional. 5 million employers can significantly re­ replacing them with some form of economic The skeleton upon which an effective con­ duce the injury-illness rates. Only incentives." tinuing professional education program is through a system of incentives aimed at The May 27 memorandum recommended built is the needs assessment process. It is all of America's employers can effective that an interagency group chaired jointly by throu~h this process that the educational health and safety procedures be estab­ Marshall and Lance study changes in OSHA provider can systematically analyze and lished for the Nation's workers and real regulations and policy. determine specific individual professional Marshall told reporters he favored study­ needs vis-a-vis less structured informal progress made toward reducing the num­ ing the economic incentives approach "be­ methods of either guesswork or assumption. ber of illnesses and injuries on the job. cause we need to do everything we can to The Educare model implicates the profes­ Recently, top administration officials improve the effectiveness of the Occupa­ sional more than being an "enactive" stu­ recommended to President carter that tional Safety and Health Act. The Presi­ dent/ lea.mer. Members are solicited to be­ such a system of economic incentives be dent is interested in improving the effective­ come involved with program planning com­ adopted and the elimination of most Fed­ ness of the Occupational Safety and Health mittees which are given the task of develop­ Act." ing an active plan (learning module) for eral safety regulations governing condi­ tions in the workplace be instituted. The It would be dim.cult to use economic in­ the training to be presented. The action centives in the health area, Marshall said, planning process forces the professionals to memorandum is a controversial one, but since health hazards are incurred over a identify major stress areas related to their I view it as an enlightenment on the part long period of time. It would be hard to at­ work and to identify how these stresses can of administration officials directly con­ tribute a worker's particular health problem be relieved through the acquisition of new cerned with fulfilling the President's to a certain employer, he added. skills. Planners are taught how to write be­ havioral objectives and develop evaluative promise for reorganization and reduction TEXT OF MEMORANDUM criteria. for each objective. Committees pro­ of the Federal bureaucracy. The memorandum discussing the study of duce a rationale, review the literature, For the edification of my colleagues, I OSHA follows: specify pre-requisites, identify resources, and submit two articles from the Bureau of "The regulatory reform working group, the develop a budget for each event. The action National Affairs, Occupational Safety reorganization task force, and OMB in its plans produced are consistently practical and and Health Reporter dated July 21, 1977, initial work on zero-based budgeting have focus on behaviors related to the job. New all Identified OSHA as an agency where ma­ insights are gained for the significance of which offers indepth discussion of the jor changes might be in order. Specifically, careful program planning as a result of this entire text of the President's memo­ there is a need to go farther than the steps educational planning. The planning process randum and various comments which announced in the May 19 news conference of tends to enrich each participant, enabling have been made concerning this memo­ Secretary Marshall and Assistant Secre­ her to gain new cognizance of the compo- randum. The article follows: tary Bingham. Among other issues serious July 25, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24817 consideration should be given to totally elim­ gestion that we instead rely solely on com­ wage, because they are new, unskilled inating most safety regulations and replac­ pensating occupational injuries and the at­ entrants into the labor force. Unless ing them with some form of economic in­ tendant suffering." their special situation is dealt with, centives (for example, an improved work­ Congressman George Hansen (R-Idaho) , man's compen&ation program, or economic in a July 13 Letter to Carter, urged "expedi­ teenage unemployment may increase as penalties tied to the injury rate). thereby tious consideration and favorable action" on employers turn away from the hiring of redirecting OSHA resources to regulating suggestions to drop safety regulations and inexperienced teenagers, because the health problems and coverage of emergen­ replace them with economic incentives. This higher minimum wage makes them un­ cies. These 'a.re very controversial issues on proposal, he said, "will effectively eliminate profitable. which various groups have already ta.ken a major source of bureaucratic confusion." This spring, during the weekend of positions. Some business groups would like UNION PROTEST March 19, 1977, members of the House simple abolition; organized labor wants Wednesday Group were privileged to more detailed safety standards backed up The memorandum's prediction that crea­ by a.n enlarged crew of inspectors. OSHA re­ tion of the task force "could trigger some discuss a number of issues with Harvard form is more than an internal matter for labor concern" anticipated the organized Economist Martin Feldstein. The Mem­ the Department of Labor for the following labor reaction. Telegrams from several unions bers benefited from Professor Feldstein's reasons: illustrate the organizations' opposition. views on the nature of our unemploy­ Reform of OSHA is pa.rt of your overall International Brotherhood of Teamsters ment problem, and especially how to regulatory reform effort, offers a chance to President Frank E. Fitzsimmons told Mar­ deal with teenage unemployment. Dr. explore the use of economic incentives, and shall July 15 that the proposals in the memo­ Feldstein's original research sometimes will be a. first cut at issues which will re­ randum a.re "at odds with the clear congres­ cur in reviewing other social regulatory sional mandate of the Act and with the best, produces unorthodox conclusions, many agencies (EPA, NHTSA, etc.) and hence reg­ interests of American workers." He noted of which are worthy of careful exami­ ulatory reform staffs should be involved; that the union has supported Assistant Sec­ nation. I believe this solution for the Social regulations have pervasive impact retary of Labor Eula Bingham's "common teenage unemployment problem, a mini­ on the economy, and those concerned with sense" effort for OSHA enforcement and mum wage training voucher, merits fur­ economic policy and your a.nti-infiation pro­ urged that this approach "be given a fair ther study. gram should be involved; chance to succeed before wholesale, mis­ Mr. Speaker, at this point in the OSHA affects many constituencies-not chievous reforms a.re adopted." William W. Winpisinger, president, Inter­ RECORD, I include the portion of Dr. just labor but also business groups, public Feldstein's remarks on teenage unem­ interest groups, and the like-and the national Association of Machinists and Aero­ groups should perceive that the composition space Workers, also supported Bingham's ployment: of the reform effort refiects their concerns. efforts, noting that the suggested task force TEENAGE UNEMPLOYMENT "Therefore, we recommend that in your "is a conscious attempt to undercut the role If somehow you could tighten up the labor budget preview meeting with Secretary of the Department of Labor." market by monetary and fiscal policies, to Marshall on June 6 you suggest a study of "We oppose the present proposal as un­ drive the unemployment rate down for ex­ OSHA reform be conducted by an lnter­ workable and a. filnt hearted denial of the perienced, mature men, drive it down to an a.gency group cha.ired jointly by Secretary rights of workers defined in OSHA. We a.re unemployment rate of 1 Y2 percent, which is Marshall and Director Lance, with partici­ already aware that it is cheaper to let work­ lower than it's ever been in the postwar pation by their agencies, the Department ers die than to make the kind of changes period, how much could we actually reduce of Commerce, CEA, and the Domestic Coun­ mandated in the Act,'' Winpisinger said in the unemployment rate in some of these cil, to report back with recommendations no a July 14 statement. other groups? The teenagers, etc. later than March 1978. The OMB issue pa.per A. F. Grospirin, president, Oil Chemical I did some S'tatistlcal studies of that a on OSHA is attached [omitted) . and Atomic Workers International Union, few years a.go, and have elaborated on them "Because the prior Administration was urged Marshall to continue his efforts to re­ since. The picture doesn't change. It goes perceived as hostile to the goals of health direct OSHA's priorities, adding that the roughly like this: Every percentage that you and safety regulation, organized labor has union would support his attempts "to resist reduce the unemployment of prime age males, tended to be suspicious of proposals to 're­ any elimination of safety and health stand­ adult married, mature men over the age of form' OSHA. Hence, creation of an inter­ ards under the guise of a reform effort." 24-every percentage that you reduce their agency task force on this issue could trigger Arnold Miller, president of the United unemployment, you reduce the teenagers' some labor concern. However. OSHA ls, as Mine Workers, called the task force study of rate by lY:l percent. That means if you could you know, the leading national symbol of economic incentives "cold-blooded." He take the unemployment rate of mature men. overregulation; not to act decisively would charged the Carter Administration with down to 1 Y2 percent, you would lower the be perceived outside the labor movement as proposing "but another Nixon-Ford type of teenage rate from 17 percent to about 12 per­ a retreat from your commitment to major program to dismantle OSHA." cent. So it would stlll be very hard, by any regulatory reform. To minimize labor con­ Most major industry organizations have standards. You cannot lower the unemploy­ cerns, you should make clear to Secretary yet to respond to the announcement of the ment rate for teenagers by simply tightening Marshall and to the public that the aim of task force formation. The Na.tion-1 Asso­ up the labor market. The nonwhite teen­ regulatory reform at OSHA wm be to get ciation of Manufacturers told OSHA, how­ agers, you would take it down from 32 per­ more effective health and safety protection, ever, that it too supported Bingham's "com­ cent to 25 percent. Still, very, very little at less cost to the government and the pri­ mon sense" approach, noting that it appears change. It's a significant improvement, but it vate sector." that the agency must justify itself to the still leaves you with rates which a.re much too high to be tolerable as a long run policy CONGRESSIONAL OPINION Carter Administration and reduce the busi­ ness regulatory burden. goal. The chairman of the Senate Human Re­ After a while, I think it becomes useful to sources Committee strongly protested on look behind these totals to the character of July 15 the recommendation to President the unemuloyment. Let me do it firs't in a Carter by White House officials that con­ TEENAGE UNEMPLOYMENT crude statistical way, and then I'm going to sideration be given to "totally eliminating" talk in more detail about young people. most OSHA safety regulations. When you look at adult males, 20 years Sena.tor Harrison A. Willia.ms, Jr. (D-NJ) old plus, two-thirds of them a.re classified termed the suggestion "a totally unaccepta­ HON. JOHN B. ANDERSON OF ILLINOIS as having lost their last job. That includes ble policy for a nation which prides itself the people on temporary layoff. And very few on its commitment to human rights." IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES are reentrants and new entrants. On the other An imoroved workers' compensation pro­ Monday, July 25, 1977 hand, when you come to females, 40 percent gram "can serve as a powerful inducement of mature females are either new entrants or toward increased workplace safety and Mr. ANDERSON of Illinois. Mr. reentrants, indeed, roughly all of them a.re health,'' Willia.ms told Carter. However, he Speaker, unemployment among our reentrants. If you eliminated that category · emphasized that he was "outraged at the young people is a critical problem. The in female unemployment, there would be very suggestion that we let the compensation of current rate of unemployment for teen­ little difference between women and men in injured workers be the only means of en­ agers is 18.6 percent, an alarmingly high the unemployment rate. Almost a.11 of the couraging workplace safety." figure. While there are no quick easy difference between male and female unem­ Williams requested of Carter "a clarifica­ ployment rates ls due to the fact that women tion of your Administration's position con­ methods to alleviate youth unemploy­ are coming back into the labor force again. cerning the enforcement.of the Occupational ment, new initiatives must be explored. And each time they come back, there is a Safety and Health Act." He added, "I strongly I am especially concerned that the pro­ .per!od of unemployment associated with find- urge you to refect both the suggestion that posed increase in the minimum wage will ing a first job. If you eliminate that, there is we dispense with workplace safety regula­ impact severely on our youth, many of very little difference. tions and their enforcement and the sug- whom must take jobs at the minimum Among teenagers, almost none of the un- 24818 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 25, 1977 they eventually grow up, and the unem­ between the earnings of new employees and employment ts associated with losing the pre­ the earnings of people at age 20 is much, vious job. Roughly a fifth of the teenagers ployment l'ates fall. At least we hope so. I think it really ls an indication of something much greater-maybe by a factor of four­ a.re job losers, while % of them a.re either than it is in the United States. Throughout reentrants or new entrants. It is very, very about the character of the job that 1s ava.11- able to, say, the bottom quintile of kids who Europe, apprenticeship programs are much different in character, and while the job loss more important. Now I think we have essen­ unemployment is quite sensitive to market come out of school and find their way into work. tially precluded that by our minimum wage conditions, these other types of unemploy­ These are dead-end jobs, lousy jobs, jobs laws, but I think that a politically viable ment--reentrants, new entrants-a.re not with no training, with little opportunity for. way of getting around it--I don't know why sensitive. advancement. They are jobs that are easy to I shoUld be telling you what is politically Let me turn from talking about statistics find. Teenagers have the shortest duration of viable--is not to try to lower the minimum to talking about two specific aspects of un­ unemployment. The picture that teenagers wage to a dollar an hour for six months. It employment. Teenagers and unemployment have a hard time finding . jobs just doesn't doesn't make economic sense, because the insurance. square with the statistics. They have an people you are most concerned about help­ When I first looked at the teenage figures, easier time finding jobs. They know it. They ing are going to say: "What, me work for a I had a feeling that the reason that our un­ quit more often than others. But they a.re dollar an hour instead of $2.50 an hour? It employment rates were so high 1s that kids jobs that are not very worthwhile having. doesn't make sense. You tell me I am invest­ are just different from other people, an::t And they know that to. So they quit those ing in my own training and long run success. that's inherent in first jobs, and theres jobs when they have saved up enough money, School has been a total bust for me all my nothing you can do about it. I then looked to go off and enjoy themselves, because they life. Why should I give up a buck and a half into the British statl..stics, British census sta­ can always find another job pa.eking boxes or an hour now and work for next to nothing." tistics, and found that the unemloyment rate ~orking at McDonald's, or something like I think the only way to get around it is for teenagers in Britain runs about a half of that. to have some sort of training vouchers, with one percent above the adult rate. Ours runs And similarly, the employer knows that he which young people can go to private em­ about 12 percent above the adult rate. Ours can always find another kid with the same ployers and, in effect, buy on-the-job train­ runs four times as high. Theirs is almost ex­ lack of sk1lls to do the same lousy job. So ing. By collecting the minimum wage, or a actly the same. So something's going on. if demand is going to fall for a month, you little bit more than the minimum wage from I lived in England for six years, I know lay a kid off and find another one a month those employers: but giving the employers in that the educational system is very different. later. exchange a reduction in their wage costs The whole notion of term time jobs and sum­ I don't think that is inherent in either tax-something that might be worth a dol­ mer jobs: all that is very different in Eng­ youth or the nature of jobs. I think it re­ lar or a dollar and a half an hour for a thou­ land. So I decided, maybe that was really the flects the hard economic reality that we've sand hours over the first year after the per­ key to this problem: our kids stay in school built, unintentionally, perhaps, into the son is in school. more, people looking for more pa.rt time jobS character of the job market. Basically, firms while still in school are counted as unem­ just can't afford to hire young people and ployed. If I hire a research assistant and lay give them on-the-job training unless those him off after two months, then the CPS finds young people come already with substantial TIME OUT FOR THE CLINCH RIVER that he's unemployed. But that's not it at skills or promise. To give somebody the all. chance to waste materials, to stand around BREEDER REACTOR The unemployment among young teen­ and watch others work, to have actual su­ agers who a.re in the full time labor force, pervision of a more experienced worker may not in school any more, runs just as high make sense for a kid with significant voca­ H()N. GEORGE E. BROWN, JR. as the unemployment rates for those who are tional training in school or the high abllity OF CALIFORNIA in schol. We are stm talking 15 and 16 per­ kid, or the kid who's somebody's nephew. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES cent. So what's really going on here? But it doesn't make very mm:h sense for the Monday, July 25, 1977 It's definitely not a fa.ilure of aggregate de­ high school dropout who has low skil~ if mand. We saw that lowering the unemploy­ you have to pay him $2.30 or $2.50 an hour. Mr. BROWN of California. Mr. ment for mature men down to 1 Y:i 'percent is I think the minimum wage has an important stm going to leave the unemployment rate Speaker, now that the conference com­ impact on teenage unemployment. Not in mittee on the public works appropria­ for teenagers very high. I think there are two the way that's often asserted: These kids things. One is the very slow absorption of can't find jobs in which they are productive tions bill has decided to eliminate all ap­ teenagers into their first jobs. And the sec­ at $2.30 an hour. There are plenty of jobs propriations for the Clinch River breeder bnd is weak job attachment that leads to like that around where you substitute kids reactor demonstration project, it is clear very easy quitting and laying off of teen­ for forklift trucks. But they can't find jobs that the key vote will be on the fiscal agers. Let me say something about each of for $2.30 an hour and some decent training year 1978 ERDA authorization bill, now those. or some chance for advancement. And it's scheduled for September. While this Nearly 40 percent of the unemployment of that inability to buy on-the-job training that pause mav be a bit trying to the lobby­ teenagers is associated with finding their the minimum wage law implies that causes first job. They spend an average of maybe the high unemployment rate for teenagers. ists working on this multibillion-dollar ten weeks looking for that first job. That That makes these jobs interchangeable as demonstration project, I believe the really means that if we could get people far as the kids are concerned, and makes Members of the House can benefit from directly from schools into first jobs, we could the kids interchangeable as far as the firms through some kind of a voucher or rebatable lower the unemployment rate from 16 per­ are concerned. So that neither has any com­ this time by carefully considering all of cent to about 10 percent. And that's a major mitment to the other. the issues involved with commercializ­ part of the falling of our unemployment I think the effect of the minimum wage, policy with respect to teenagers, is getting ing the liquid metal fast breeder reactor, therefore, is to raise the unemployment rate and the Clinch River project, which is that first job. · for teenagers, but more importantly to take The British have developed a program this least stable group of teenagers and per­ part of this commercialization program. which is essentially like a separate employ­ manently hamper their ab111ty to make rea­ The issu"s range from the need for ment service that operates via the schools. sonable incomes. We say to people who can LMFBR, to the design of this particular Before anybody leaves school, he has gone afford to go to college, those who are bright plant, to the international implications through a job placement process run by the enough to go to college, or who just feel they of proceeding with a commercialization school, so that a period of unemployment can benefit from college--because we have program. The highest risk reason for between school and work ls much much less colleges for one level or another, private, pub­ postPOning the CRBRP is the danger that common in England than it is in the United llc, junior colleges, state colleges, whatever­ States. I'm not sure that that's really the and we'll pay you to go and we'll make the this type of nuclear reactor poses for solution in the United States, but it coUld tuition free. But if you're not bright enough nuclear weapons proliferation. While the play a much more important part than it for that, not only will we not give you any­ other issues are significant, they tend to does now. thing, we will tell you that can't buy it by be of domestic significance, and not of The other aspect is much more difficUlt. working for less than the minimum wage. great international importance. However, The fa.ct that quitting is so common among And let me say that this is not a pitch to nuclear proliferation is of the utmost im­ teenagers-the quit unemployment a.mong try and lower the minimum wage. I pursue POrtance to the world, and every effort teenagers is much higher than among a number of lost causes, but that ·is not one others--that layoffs are so much more fre­ possible should be attempted to control of them. it. quent-I think it is indicative of a much Knocking a quarter off the minimum wage more fundamental problem: That the un­ for teenagers is not going to change this. In Mr. Speaker, I wish to urge the House employment we see among, particularly the order to get a significant change, you have to carefully consider my amendment to lea.st skUled teenagers who have the highest to have a much bigger difference between cut $117 million from the CRBRP, as the unemployment rate, is really indicative of what young people earn and what workers President has requested, in order to something more serious than the unemploy­ with a couple of years experience earn. You phase out this project. The time allowed ment per se. Because after all, as we know. look at the data from Britain: the difference the House by this scheduling pause July 25, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24819 should be used to better understand the which to consider, with the Europeans a.nd share of AFDC grants for 18-year-olds­ significance of our actions. Japanese, what the alternatives are; to spell approximately $2.5 million. If Minnesota A recent editorial from the Washing­ out our own economic and scientifl.c worries iS forced to make the repayment, its about the course they are embarked on; to ton Post elaborates on the importance elaborate on what we a.re prepared to do to AFDC programs will suffer irreparable of our upcoming vote, and helps put this guarantee a fiow of enriched uranium fuel damage. vote in perspective. The editorial fol­ to countries foregoing the breeder; and, if Clearly, this legislation is justified, lows: it turns out that plut... nlum ls the wave of equitable, and necessary. It is important [From the Washington Post, July 24, 1977) the future, to try to work out some inter­ not only for Minnesota, but also for other TIME OUT AT CLINCH RIVER national disciplines to make it less danger­ States which may find themselves in a ous. No one ca.n say whether the President The now-you-see-it-now-you-don't con­ similar position. This bill would permit will succeed. But a deferral of the Clinch them to select a maximum age over 18 gressional treatment of the funds for the River project will a.t least prevent his looking Clinch River breeder reactor has led, at least foolish while he tries. but under 21 and would provide some re­ for the time being to a setting aside of the lief for States experiencing a financial project. This was what President Carter had strain. been urging for a variety of reasons. One of I urge the Committee on Ways and them was a desire to indicate to other na­ Means to act favorably on this measure tions now going forward with the plutonium­ CLARIFYING THE AFDC ELIGIBIL­ fueled a.nd producing fast breeder that the ITY STANDARDS FOR STUDENTS as soon as possible. United States, which wants a. slowdown, if not a.n a.ctua.l halt in the development of this pa.rticula.r technology, is itself wllling to HON. JAMES L. OBERST AR forego work on the plutonium breeder. OF MINNESOTA "ANGEL DUST" USE UP To be sure, this ls more in the wa.y of a. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES gesture than a. deprivation, since this coun­ try with its fossil fuels, uranium supply a.nd Monday, July 25, 1977 HON. : MORGAN F. MURPHY well-developed light-water reactor technol­ Mr. OBERSTAR. Mr. Speaker, on OF ILLINOIS ogy does not stand in any especially urgent IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES need of bringing the breeder reactor on line. July 21, I introduced legislation to But to sa.y that is not to sa.y it is a. empty or strengthen and improve one aspect of Monday, July 25, 1977 unnecessary gesture: We ca.n hardly hope to the AFDC program-aid to families Mr. MURPHY of Illinois. Mr. Speaker, get the Europeans a.nd the Japanese turned with dependent children-by allowing a a dangerous drug known as PCP-an around on the question of a plutonium-cycle State to exercise discretion in tailoring abbreviation for phencyclidine--is rap­ future if we ourselves a.re not even willing eligibility standards for AFDC funds to step back from one project such as this idly becoming one of the most abused within the 18 to 21 age group without the drugs in some of our big cities. one. danger of violating the Social Security Stlll, no one should think that our pull­ Although once thought to have "died" back will have anything but a marginal im­ Act. This measure is directed at cor­ in 1968 because of its bad reputation, pact on the relevant countries' thinking­ recting an inequity that has persisted PCP has made a remarkable comeback if that. For what the United states must since 1973. in the past 2 years. make the Japanese a.nd the Eura.tom coun­ The Social Security Act now sets the The drug is causing some alarm among tries understand ls that it ls still far from chronological age requirements for re­ drug enforcement officials, who report obvious that the plutonium reactors a.re needs that the State recognizes as es­ their best bet for the future. This is some­ sential. Section 406(a) (2) of the Social that PCP use increased 63 percent last thing quite different from persua.dlng them Security Act provides an option for year. PCP has been showing up with that we are not headed down the breeder States to extend age eligibility for funds greater frequency in the schools, partic­ road ourselves. They know that. What they ularly among high school and junior do not know is what their a.lterna.tives a.re. to children up to 18 or under 21 if the high school boys. This country, in the past, can hardly be child is regularly attending a school, Phencyclidine is also known by a host said to have been helpful in that respect. college, or university, or a course of of nicknames; Angel dust, crystal, hog, For yea.rs, mindlessly, we promoted abroad vocational or technical training. If the rocket fuel, and peace pill, to list a few the very technology we have now recognized State chooses to distribute aid to age 21, a.s dangerous (plutonium is also a nuclear ex­ AFDC funds must be administered to The reason why PCP has apparently plosive). We oversold it. And now part of the all eligible individuals up to an individ­ acquired so many aliases is that as soon American obligation is to undo some of the ual's 21st birthday. as one nickname gets a bad reputation, distortions of that oversell. PCP must be marketed under a new one. For example, you hear a. lot from the In 1973, Minnesota adopted· a plan While some PCP users are the victims Europeans and Japanese about the deslr­ using age 18 as a cutoff for AFDC of false advertising-the drug is fre­ a.blllty of the plutonium breeder a.s a. guar­ funds, but the cutoff was exten~ed to quently misrepresented as THC or mes­ antor of their "energy independence"­ age 19 if the individual was stlll en­ caline-most users know what they are somethlng of acute importance to countries rolled in school. This was done for two getting. Tragically, PCP abusers ignore that have limited fossil fuels. Only now is reasons: First, the age of majority in the drug's dangerous side effects, which it becoming evident in studies being done Minnesota is 18, and second, if 18-year­ by scientists a.nd economists on the subject include: Memory and speech loss, brain that this notion of "energy independence" olds were eliminated from the plan, impairment, loss of physical coordina­ as a result of the plutonium breeder is a many students would be forced to drop tion, muscular rigidity, disorientation, chimera: electricity being a. considerably less out of school. Furthermore, the exten­ paranoia, and schizophrenia. etncient heating fuel than oil and gas, it sion of services to age 21 was not con­ PCP's side effects have resulted in would take an enormous supply of pluto­ sidered since an additional 1,000 cases drownings, auto accidents, suicides, and nium-generated electricity to do the job the would put a great financial burden on murders. Europeans a.nd Japanese have in mind, put­ the State. Minnesota's plan was ap­ Mr. Speaker, I would like to draw my ting that independence a very long wa.y down proved by the Kansas City regional the road indeed. colleagues' attention to an article I have office of HEW and the program was written on this potentially fatal drug. It is of course true that this-along with implemented. · just about everything else to do with nu­ The article appeared in the Daily Calu­ clear energy-ls something you will get an In September 1973, Minnesota was met on July 5, 1977. argument on. But if any one thing is clear notified that they were in violation of The article follows: it is that the kind of pause for evaluation the eligibility standards as set down by PCP USE UP: URGE DRUG EDUCATION and reconsideration that President Carter the Supreme Court decision in Town­ is urging on the Europeans a.nd the Japanese send v. Swank, 404 U.S. 282 <1971). The [By Congressman MORGAN F. MURPHY) could not in itself represent any kind of decision defined a dependent child as A 27-year-old man, garbed in a. white sheet, dangerous, or even noticeable, loss of time one who is under the age of 18, or under knocked on doors in his apartment building. against the acquisition of "energy independ­ He told persons he was the Messiah and was ence." the age of 21 and a student. Prior to hungry. Two days later he was found dead A lot of people think the move to slow the this decision, HEW interpreted the law in his apartment. rush to a plutonium economy ls already to permit States to select 19 years of A 23-year-old man was taking a shower doomed. Maybe it is and maybe it isn't. We age as a cutoff for AFDC eli~bilit~ .. when he suddenly Jumped out of a second do know this-that Jimmy Carter would At the present time, HEW is aud1tmg fioor window a.nd ran toward a nearby creek. be reckless and irresponsible not to try to Minnesota's distribution of funds and A man was sitting in a. chair when he create that breathing a.nd thinking space in demanding repayment of the Federal realized his home ha.d caught on fire. Unable 24820 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 25, 1977 to move because of stiffness, the man was memory and speech loss, brain impairment, POVERTY, THE MINIMUM WAGE soon surrounded. by flames and burned to loss of physical coordination, muscular rigid­ AND YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT death. ity, dlsorlenta.tlon, aggressiveness, para­ The cause of these strange incidents is a noia, schizophrenia and others. Drownings, dangerous drug known as PCP-an abbrevia­ auto accidents, suicides and murders, have HON. JOHN B. ANDERSON tion for its technical name, phencyclidine. all occurred as a result of PCP use. It is also known by a host of nicknames: What can be done? A number of sugges­ OF Il..LINOIS angel dust, crystal, hog, rocket fuel and tions have been made, such as putting fed­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES peace pill, to list a few. eral controls on the chemicals that go into Monday, July 25, 1977 The drug is causing some alarm among making PCP; and stepping up law enforce­ drug enforcement officials, who report that ment efforts to discover and seize clandestine Mr. ANDERSON of Illinois. Mr. PCP use increased 63 per cent last year. PCP PCP laboratories. Speaker, much of the debate on the min­ has been showing up with greater frequency But the most important weapon in com­ imwn wage has centered on the need for in the schools, particularly among high bating PCP abuse ls drug education. Most a significant increase in the legislated school and junior high school boys. people, including a number of unwilling PCP PCP first appeared on the drug scene 10 buyers, know little or nothing about the minimwn and the impact of such a boost years ago in San Francisco. where it was sold dangers of PCP. on the Government's anti-poverty ef­ as the peace pill, or just PCP. PCP was ped­ Every effort must be made, therefore, to forts. I agree that the present minimwn dled as a drug more "mind-expanding" than get out the word that PCP and its numerous wage is too low for the average Ameri­ marijuana but lacking the side e1fects of aliases should be avoided like the plague. can breadwinner-a full-time worker LSD. can earn only about $4,780 per year when But PCP experimenters soon realized· they employed at the minimwn wage-over were the victims of false advertising and $1,000 less than the current poverty level warned others to stay away from the drug. HONORING OSCAR R. VAUGHN AND for a nonfarm family of four. PCP's bad reputation spread so fast that by RICHARD E. JOHNSON FOR However, I believe the argwnent that early 1968 the Halght-Ashbury Free Medical HEROISM Clinic declared that PCP was no longer a an increase in the minimum wage will problem. lift families out of poverty is unfounded. But reports of PCP's demise, much like HON. JAMES L. OBERSTAR In fact, a nwnber of economic studie8 the erroneous accounts of Mark Twain's OF MINNESOTA have shown that the minimwn wage is "deaith" were greatly exaggerated. In the not an effective in::o:::t'.) transfer mechan­ past two years, PCP has made a remarkable IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ism. comeback. Examples: (1) In San Francisco, Monday, July 25, 1977 One study, done by Terence F. Kelly of PCP recently jumped from 19th place to fourth place as a ca.use for drug abuse hos­ Mr. OBERSTAR. Mr. Speaker, I would the Urban Institute, concludes that min­ pitalization. (2) During the first two months like to bring to the attention of my col­ imwn wage increases are not a poverty of 1977, a Los Angeles hospital reported an leagues in the House the truly meritori­ panacea. Using data from May 1974, average of 10 per month in 1975. (3) For ous actions of two of my constituents: Kelly examines the impact of various almost two years, PCP has been the major Mr. Oscar R. Vaughn and Mr. Richard wage rates on the poverty population: cause of admissions to St. Elizabeth's mental E. Johnson, both of Duluth, Minn. These There are many alternative ways to ex­ health center in Washington, D.C. (4) In the press potential income changes associated past two yea.rs, the price of PCP has risen gentlemen have been awarded the Red with alternative wage rates. The interest of from $8,000 per pound to $12,000-$15,000 per Cross Certification of Merit for their this study is in changes ln economic welfare pound-a sure sign of the drug's increased efforts in saving the lives of two of their among families and thus three poverty re­ demand. fellow citizens. lated measures are utilized. Each ls based What ls PCP? The federal government On September 3, 1976, Mr. Vaughn ob­ on the Social Security Admlnlstratlon's classifies this white crystalline drug as a de­ served a man suffering an apparent poverty standards developed by Orshanksky. pressant under the Controlled Substances heart attack on a city street and went The advantage of this measme ls that it ls Act. PCP was devEnoped in the late 1950's adjusted for alternative family sizes, house­ as an anesthetic by the Parke-Davis Com­ to his aid. He called for an ambulance, hold location, and sex and age of head. The pany. After animal studies showed that PCP cleared the victim's air passage, and first indicator ls a simple count of the num­ had pain-killing abillty, the drug was tested began mouth-to-mouth resuscitation ber of families in poverty before and after on huma.ns-mainly women in labor-as and other life-supportive first aid meas­ assumed changes in the level or coverage early as 1957. ures. Soon the victim resumed breathing (compliance) of the minimum. Second, we But because of PCP's adverse side effects­ and was taken to a hospital. Without present the aggregate poverty gap before and dellrium, hallucinations, dlsorlenta.tion, and doubt, the actions of Mr. Vaughn saved after assumed changes. The poverty gap ls a general agitation-the drug's manufacturer measure of the difference by which total re­ asked in 1965 that PCP testing on humans be the victim's life. ported family income falls short of the SSA discontinued. However, in 1967 PCP was com­ On September 14, 1976, Mr. Johnson poverty standard. Third, since neither of the mercially marketed under the brand name was near the Duluth Canal when he above measures adjusts for differences ln the "Sernylan" for veterinary use only. Today it learned that someone was drowning in degree of poverty (1.e., they implicitly as­ ls mainly used as an anesthetic or tranqui­ the canal's frigid waters. Rushing to the sume that the marginal utlllty of money is lizer for monkeys and gorillas. scene, he threw a ring buoy to a man who either constant or zero below the poverty line What accounts for PCP's popularity among had already entered the water to rescue and one thereafter) • an index is constructed some drug users? As one medical researcher a woman and pulled them both to the which gives larger weight to income increases has pointed out: First, PCP is easy to manu­ for the very poor than for the not so poor. facture. Second, PCP ls versatile: it can be canal bank. Realizing that the coldness smoked, eaten, snorted or injected. Third, of the water would soon overcome the Measuring the impact of alternative small dosages of PCP are potent, which gives two in the canal, he had several on­ minimum wage rates using these three it economic appeal. lookers hold his ankles while he slid over poverty indicators, Kelly reports his But why do people take a drug that has the bank to grasp each one. Because the findings as follows: such a bad reputation? For one thing, PCP­ steep incline of the canal bank prevented Universal payment of a $1.60 wage ln 1973 pedllers frequently misrepresent the drug as him from lifting them out of the water, would have reduced the number of families THC (the hallucnogenlc ingredient ln mari­ Mr. Johnson entered the water to hold ln poverty by only about two percent. A $2.00 juana) or mescaline. Indeed, the reason why the victim face-up while the man clung universal wage would further reduce the PCP has acquired so many different nick­ number of poor families by another one per­ names, accord.ing to one official, is that as to the buoy. The Coast Guard rescue boat cent. However, if the 1973 minimum had soon as one nickname gets a bad reputation arrived and brought all three aboard. been $2.50 but coverage and compliance were PCP must be marketed under a new one. The heroic actions of Mr. Johnson un­ constant, ... the reduction ln poverty (rela­ others, who have heard that the drug ls a doubtedly saved the woman from possi­ tive to the initial $1.60 position) would have "super-downer," buy PCP as a substitute for ble death by either drowning or been about one percent, with a decline in barbiturates and other depressants, which hypothermia. the poverty gap of one percent, or a corre­ are currently dltncult to purchase because of sponding improvement in the poverty index federal controls. Mr. Speaker, through their courageous actions and quick thinking, Richard of 0.2 percent. If, at the same time that the But most PCP users know what they are minimum were set at $2.50, coverage and getting. They are after the feelings of Johnson and Oscar Vaughn have demon­ compliance became complete, ... the reduc­ weightlessness and psychedelic effects that strated the highest ideals of the concern tion in poverty would have been reduced PCP may produce. Tragically, these PCP of one human being for another. I per­ five percent, the gap would have been re­ users ignore the drug's numerous, and some­ sonally applaud these men and commend duced five percent, and the index would have times dangerous side effects. These include: them for their heroism. improved 0.7 perecnt. July 25, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24821 These numbers a.re a.ma.zingly small. In the minimum wage. As we consider changes Guest: Donald Kennedy, Commissioner of most extreme ca.se ... with a. $3.50 wage ex­ in the Fair Labor Standards Act, it be­ the Food and Drug Administration. tended to everyone, the reduction in poverty Reporters: George Herman, CBS News; (relative to the initial position reported by hooves us to be mindful of their overall Cristine Russell, the Washington Star, and the sample) would be ten percent, the gap impact. To act in haste in these matters, Lesley Stahl, CBS News. would fall by nine percent, a.nd the index or to ignore the advice of experts, is to Producer: Mary 0. Yates. would improve by 1.7 percent. run the risk of damaging our potential Associate Producer: Joan Barone. economic recovery. Editors: All copyright and right to copy­ While Kelly indicates a number of right in this transcript and in the broadcast possible explanations for these results, are owned by CBS. Newspapers and periodi­ he conck.tdes that: cals are permitted to reprint up to 250 words . . . a. large portion of those who a.re di­ DONALD KENNEDY: THE NEW of this transcript for the purpose of reference, rectly affected by a. minimum wage (those COMMISSIONER AT FDA discussion or review. For perIOission to re­ With wages within the range simulated) are print more than this, contact director, CBS not in poor fam111es. This ls implied by the News Information Services, 524 W. 57th low responsiveness of the poverty related Street, New York, N. Y. 10019 212-765-4321. measures. The count and gap measures give HON. HENRY A. WAXMAN HERMAN. Dr. Kennedy, does saccharin zero weight to wage changes among members OF CALIFORNIA really cause cancer in human beings? of nonpoor families and the index, though IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Dr. KENNEDY. Mr. Herman, the best evi­ less extreme, also gives very low weight to dence that we have, the kind of evidence on other than poor famllies. These results bring Monday, July 25, 1977 which we have to base our regulatory de­ into question the poverty effectiveness of cisions, says that it does. That's evidence the minimum wage a.s a transfer device. Mr. WAXMAN. Mr. Speaker, I would based on animal tests. Studies on the effect Continuing With the assumption that the like to include in the CONGRESSIONAL REC­ of saccharin on human beings, that is, the results are valid, the simulations suggest ORD a transcript of a recent television kinds of studies that attempt to associate that both coverage (and even compliance) interview on CBS' "Face the Nation" exposure with cancer, give us an uncertain and level increases are relatively poverty in­ with Donald Kennedy, the new Commis­ answer at this point, but we believe, and the effective. sioner of the Food and Drug Administra­ Congress has made a law to the effect that tion. I think it will be of interest to my where we can define a. human risk on the Mr. Speaker, Kelly is not alone in find­ basis of animal experiments, we have to make ing that the minimum wage cannot be colleagues to know Mr. Kennedy's views on the current concerns of the FDA-the a regulatory judgment. expected to reduce poverty greatly. ANNOUNCER. From CBS News, Washington, Other studies done by Marvin Kosters saccharin ban, the legalization of a spontaneous and unrehearsed news inter­ and Finis Welch, and Edward Gramlich laetrile, and approval of new drugs. Al­ view on FACE THE NATION, With the Com­ reach similar conclusions. I believe that though I do not agree with all the posi­ missioner of the Food and Drug Administra­ we must separate the issue of an increase tions taken by Mr. Kennedy. I am struck tion, Dr. Donald Kennedy. Dr. Kennedy will in the minimum wage from the need to by his forthrightness as. an administrator be questioned by CBS News Correspondent provide the poor with an adequate in­ in his handling of these matters. Lesley Stahl, by Cristine Russell, Science and come. The latter task, it seems to me, There is a tendency to think of sac­ Med\cal Reporter for the Washington Star, charin, laetrile, and approval of new and by CBS News Correspondent George could be better addressed by increased Herman. job training programs and efforts to drugs as separate issues. This is a mis­ take because there is a common theme: HERMAN. Dr. Kennedy, I guess your answer lower the high unemployment suffered to my first question was a sort of an answer; by various demographic groups. how can Government best protect the it wasn't a complete answer, perhaps it An important corollary to these stu­ public against a health menace­ couldn't be a. complete answer, but it leads dies is the effect of minimum wage in­ cancer-that we still know too little me to this question-if you seriously believe creases on teenagers. The Kelly study, about? Cancer is a baffling and terrifying that saccharin will cause cancer, or does which is further buttressed by similar disease. It strikes one out of four of our cause cancer, or does cause cancer in human citizens. According to public opinion beings, if Congress should pass a. law forcing studies points out that a minimum wage you to a.now saccharin to be sold for another increase will have unintended, adverse polls, more Americans fear cancer than fear war. 18 months to two years, will it be killing some effects on teenagers. He finds that: people? . . . the minimum wage does affect the Although under previous Commis­ Dr. KENNEY. Well, I think it will, yes, and industrial distribution of teenagers, and, fur­ sioners this has not always been the case, that's why I'm anxious that if Congress does ther, that it affects that distribution in such we expect great vigilance on the part of legislate in this area, it should do so With a way as to cause a net reduction in employ­ the Food and Drug Administration. We very strong warning label provisions, and very ment opportunities. This would be the case know there is no "threshold" for cancer. strong provisions about advertising, so that if, a.s a result of the minimum wage, teens We know that individual carcinogens can at the very le~t. we wlll have people know­ move into high unemployment industries, a.s ing something about the risks that they're suggested by Kosters and Welch. combine to create a synergistic effect far more threatening than any single can­ facing. I infer from this that a minimum wage cer-causing agent. The challenge and RussELL. Dr. Kennedy, do you see a.ny indi­ increase for teenagers would be extreme­ cations that Congress won't legislate against burden for the FDA is to educate Ameri­ this? All sbrns seem to point to it, and last ly unwise. Poor, disadvantaged teenagers cans about these scientific findings, mak­ week they almost succeeded in banning your would have the most difficulty in finding ing them understandable to a bewildered ban. Are there any signs that this is not a employment, thus suffering most from public daily buffeted by conflicting re­ losing political battle? the increased minimum. Those youth ports and claims. Dr. KENNEDY. No, I believe in all candor from upperincome families, who least There is probably no more dim.cult time that I have to regard it as a losing battle at .need the earnings from employment, than now to be Commissioner of the Food this point. I think we want, as a public would most likely still be able to find em­ and Drug Administration. We have en­ health agency, at lea.st to make sure that if ployment and would thus benefit from tered an unprecedented era of assault on the Congress does decide to interpose a mora­ the greater minimum wage. This is clear­ our governmental and medical institu­ torium it does so with the best guarantees of ly an undesirable situation, one which I tions. We must regain public trust in safety that we can get. believe could be avoided by a lower mini­ STAHL. Commissioner Kennedy, you have Government decisionmaking on health raised the question of a new Canadian study mum wage for teenagers-in other issues. I think Mr. Kennedy's leadership that shows some connection between sac­ words, a youth differential. will play an important role in improving charin and human--or at lea.st bladder can­ Our young people should not be priced public opinion and regaining this lost cer in men, but there have been at least. out of the job market. They deserve confidence: eight studies on saccharin in humans that meaningful employment. When a higher FACE THE NATION have not shown that connection. Why are you giving so much weight to the Canadian test? minimum wage excludes them from the (As broadcast over the CBS Television Net­ job market, they fail to receive the work work CBS Radio Network, Sunday, July 3, Dr. KENNEDY. Well, studies of this kind, experience and skill training which 1977-11:30 AM-12 Noon, EDT.) Miss Stahl, epidemiological studies in which might allow them to move up the em- one takes a population of people who have <© 1977 CBS Inc. All Rights Reserved.) bladder cancer and compares them against ployment ladder. · (Transcript reproduced from FACE THE matched controls who have not got bladder These studies clearly point out the NATION broadcast over the CBS Television cancer, and then asks the question, did these pitfalls of a well-intentioned, but injudi­ and Radio Networks on July 3, 1977.) populations differ in the extent to which cious across-the-board increase in the Origination: Washington, D.C. they us saccharin-those kinds of studies 24822 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 25, 1977 are as sensitive as the size of the sample that the main ones are the pressure to get ·protection law. It may need some fine tun­ allows them to be. The reason that the innovations to t:Qe market place to improve ing in the light of improvements in our Canadian study is more significant than the people's lives, and on the other hand the capacity to analyze small amounts of sub­ other ones th.at we've had to date, ls that demand that, particularly in the area of stances that are only marginally dangerous, it has a larger sample of males by a factor chemistry, those innovations be proven safe. but I think that there's no real urgency on of two or three, than any previous study, It's natural that the head of a regulatory the part of most of the people I talk to to but I should emphasize that that doesn't agency is going to be under heavy pressure, make sweeping revisions in the Delaney mean that. it's the the final word on the sub- and I think he or she just has to realize that clause, and here I should add something, ject--that's why we're putting out another it's part of the territory and that to the Miss Russell, that is, that we would have Federal Register notice and asking for a extent that you can you should keep a clear had to move to remove saccharin from the scientific evaluation of this and the other head and make the best decisions you know food supply under the general pro\'isions of studies. how to make, and then not let it bother you. our food safety laws. It didn't require the STAHL. Why are you extending the lite STAHL. You don't feel overwhelmed? Delaney clause to do that. of saccharin on the market until more in- Dr. KENNEDY. No, I don't. · RussELL. Right. But it's become an issue, formation comes through on the human HERMAN. And you're not chewing your and it looks like there ls considerable sup­ studies, 1! the animal studies are so defini- fingernails, I note. port for moving on the Delaney. Will you tive? Why extend? Dr. KENNEDY. Not right now, anyway. fight any efforts to try and change the De­ Dr. KENNEDY. Well, the extension is be- HERMAN. Let me ask you-a little while laney clause? cause the new evidence could cut either way. ago you said that it was your belief that Dr. KENNEDY. Well, we haven't reached a. That is, 1! we get comment that causes us saccharin was no where near as dangerous final position on that. I think that I would to believe that the Canadian study doesn't as cigarette smoking, as I understood it. We be opposed, and I can't say how the Secre­ come out where it asserts tha.~ it comes out, are still selling cigarettes-with a warning tary's consideration will eventually come out, then we might want, in fact, to relax our label-and the size of the label of the warn­ but I personally would be opposed to sweep­ regulatory posture, although I think the ing is fixed by government regulations. How ing it away or revising it beyond recognition. probab111ty is that it will be confirmed and about the same thing for less dangerous RussELL. One other thing in terms of the we would take the risk more seriously; but saccharin? law. You have frequently said when the in fa.ct, reopening the comment period is not Dr. KENNEDY. That's 3. question that's, I saccharin supporters bring up cigarettes, prolonging our decision-time by very much. think very important to deal with and I that this doesn't fall in your domain, that We have a terrific job on our hands because hope 'you'll let me deal with it thor­ you really can't regulate cigarettes. Now we got 130,000 comments on our first Federal oughly-- you're fac1.ng a petition from anti-smoking Register notice, so it's going to take us a lot HERMAN. With interruptions. groups who say, yes, that it could fall in your of time just processing those and coming Dr. KENNEDY. Thank you. The ditnculty domain and that you ought to treat cig­ up with the kind of judgment on that basis there is, what constitutes adequate knowl­ arettes as over-the-counter drugs. Now, do · that the law asks us to. edge to make a fully free choice-that means you think that the law, 1! it doesn't fall in HERMAN. Is saccharin, do you think, as an informed choice. I think that the task your jurisdiction, do you think the law dangerous, or more dangerous than ciga.rette of the regulator is to maximize public in­ should be changed to allow you to regulate smoking? cigarettes? Dr. KENNEDY. Oh, it's very considerably formation about risks and benefits so that Dr. KENNEDY. Well, that petition is a rather less dangerous as far as we can now estimate people can decide for themselves. The Con­ tha.t gress' view, when it originally wrote our ingenious argument to the effect that the authority that we've always been quite sure H~MAN. Is it--do you believe it to be as food additive laws, I think, was that food we didn't have, in fact, can be brought with­ dangerous as cyclamates were believed to is a very complicated and very important in our orbit if we adopt a very aggressive be? thing. Most manufactured foods have a lot posture about it. I don't really think-I don't Dr. KENNEDY. That's a much harder ques­ of things in them. The opportunity of people really to know what's in that food is kind really think they have the best of the law, tion. I really don't know how to compare but we're going to look very hard at that those risks. I suspect probably a little more, of limited, and I think that's what Congress meant when it passed the food safety law petition and respond to it as creatively as . but that's a guess. we can. With respect to what FDA would do HERMAN. What's the situation on cycle.­ saying you can't put anything in food unless about cigarettes, I can really only answer mates right now? it's safe. Wi~h cigarettes, quite aside from in a-if it had 'em-I can really only answer Dr. KENNEDY. The situation on cyclamates the economic and special interest pressures associated with smoking, there's a feeling, in a sort of general philosophical way. I ls that the manufacturer of cycle.mates, Ab­ think that there's a lot that might be done bott Laboratories, has an administrative I believe, that cigarettes, after all, are out about the regulation of smoking with regard hearing this summer on a petition that there, you know exactly what they are, to smoking in public places, with regard to they've issued asking us to review the data, there's fifteen years of evidence about the the spillover of risk by one person's smoke and my position is that I'm under the re­ cancer-causing potential of cigarettes, and coming to another person. But in the last quirements of the law staying away from in that case the regulator has to take a step analysis, you get down to the question of it until I get a report from the a.dministra­ back and say well, it's the people's call. should the states step into people's living tive law judge to review. HERMAN. Aren't soft drinks-I mean, it's rooms and say, you can't smoke in your own RUSSELL. Are there any other substitutes stretching a point a little bit to say that living room, and there I think the state in the ofHng? I mean, you've indicated earlier soft drinks are food. In a sense they're more eventually has to take a step back and say that there doesn't seem to be a substitute like cigarettes. They're something that no, that's the citizen's call. other than cyclamates. you do for pleasure, not for nourishment and STAHL. Talking about the citizen's call, Dr. KENNEDY. Aspartame ls a compound for sustenance, and most of the cry over let's move on to the question of laetrile. that many people offer as some hope, but in saccharin seems to be from the soft drink Sloan-Kettering has recently comuleted a originally proposing Aspartame for the ban. study showing that while laetrile ls not ef­ market, the company that's introducing it Dr. KENNEDY. Mr. Herman, a great many fective, it is, in fact, harmless. Why is FDA did not ask us for a food-additive petition people who testified at our public hearings continuing to take a position that cancer that would cover its use in soft drinks; so think that so!t drinks, diet or otherwise. are · a food, and according to our la.ws, they are a patients can't take a product that they be­ for that main bulk use of articficial sweet­ lieve helps them, as a placebo would, when eners, that one doesn't appear to be very food, and Congress, I think, was wise in it's harmless? useful. making the safety requirement about food Dr. KENNEDY. Well, in the first place, STAHL. Commissioner, you've been in the additives because it COl'll"ectly understood there's no evidence that it's harmless. It's job as head of FDA for a very short time that, although at the moment it may be just that nobody has made an issue of that. and already you're coming under as much clear that saccharin ls dangerous and that pressure, perhaps, as Q.UY Commissioner ever all diet soft drinks contain saccharin, at an­ I suspect--! suspect that one ought to look has. Congressmen say thBlt they are getting other time ln history lt may be that saccharin a little more intensively at that question. more ma.11 on sa.ccharin than thev did, in is only one of several artifical sweeteners, STAHL. Excuse me, didn't the Sloan-Ket­ some cases, over the Vietnam wa.r. What kind and that people would have to just keep a tering study say that they found no evi­ of pressures are you under, and how are lot more things in their minds to untangle dence that it caused side-effects or any harm you handling all of the mall and all of the the questions of safety and of risks and to the- requests to reverse the saccharin ban? benefits. That's why Congress said, don't Dr. KENNEDY. In those studies on the Dr. KENNEDY. Well, we try to answer our put unsafe things in the food supply. tumor-reducing potential, or lack of it, of mall the best we can, although we can't RussELL. But do you feel that the Delaney laetrile, in exnerimental laboratory animals, really do it individually-- clause-that section that mandates that you they didn't find any evidence of lack of STAHL. I'm not asking you about mall, h'l.ve to remove something from the market safety, but I call to your attention the fact I'm askinf't you a personal c;.uestlon about the if it's found to cause cancer in animals or that a baby died ln New York State as a re­ pressure that you're under. What's lt been humans-you're cha.iring a panel to review sult of accldential laetrile ingestion, last like for you? that, many people have called it very inflex­ week. A medical report of that ls soon go­ Dr. KENNEDY. It's all right. Let me tell you ible-do you feel that the Delaney cause ing to be published. I think maybe one ls what I mean by that. I think that the should be modified or ch'l.nged? going to want to take another-another look regulatory agencies of this nation are at the Dr. KENNEDY. I think tha.t on balance, the at that question. But that's not the main confluence of great social forces, and I think Delaney clause has been a useful consumer point of your question-- July 25, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24823 HERMAN. Just before you abe.ndon-do too overcautious about cancer drugs. And moralized it was, the Schwelb report that you have reason-person reason-to have there's now a. move to move a.11 cancer test­ uncovered some unpleasant practices inside-­ some doubts about the safety of laetrile? ing over to NCI, or the National Cancer In­ how do you find the machinery that you've Dr. KENNEDY. Yes, I think so. I think it's-­ stitute. Would you be grateful to see that taken over? I think it--it presents possible problems as responsib111ty taken away from the Food and Dr. KENNEDY. Well, let me deal with those that accidental death suggests. I don't think Drug Administration or are you opposed to three things quickly. First of all, I think that that used in small doses, by adults, it's it? Do you want to continue to control can­ the staff is very, very go0d. I've been enor­ likely to be a problem. But we're not sure. cer drugs? mously impressed with their competence. I STAHL. Well, let's talk about it in proper Dr. KENNEDY. I think that all drugs ought think that we need to upgrade the agency doses. to be governed by the same set of regula­ so that we can do a little better recruiting Dr. KENNEDY Yes. tory principles and regulatory responsibility, for some of the top science jobs that are STAHL. What's wrong with terminally 111 so I think I'd be opposed to moving that now vacant, but in general, I'm satisfied with or seriously 111 cancer patients taking a function. the skills aspect. As to morale, I think that harm-a product at proper doses? STAHL. Why isn't cancer different? there have been some morale problems. I Dr. KENNEDY. I think laetrile is a serious Dr. KENNEDY. Cancer is different in the think when you're at the center of this vortex public health problem, Miss Stahl. Let me sense that it's extra be.filing and extra. fright­ of social forces that I talked abaut, you get tell you why. I think that people who are ening and an extra serious public health criticized a lot, including getting criticized 111 with a baftling and terrifying disease are problem, but I don't think it's different in for a lot of things that you 're really doing being persuaded to try it instead of other terms of our fundamental task, which is right. I mean, we don't deserve a lot of the therapies that stand a better chance of be­ to provide some guarantees that medicines criticism that we're getting on the saccharin ing helpful, and I think those people are a.re effective for the purpose for which they're decision, Mr. Herman. We're doing exactly paying an opportunity cost. They're--they're intended and safe. And I don't see any rea­ what the Congress has told us to do and paying the price for not being in the hands son to breach that principle because a dis­ we're doing it on the basis of good science. of a therapeutic system that stands some ease is especially frightening. Indeed, I Nobody likes to be criticized for doing what chance of doing them some good. You have think there's every reason to adhere to it for he or she is supposed to do. So, to that ex­ to understand that, for sixteen years now, such a disease. tent, there's a morale problem. The personnel people and their doctors have built up con­ STAHL. Well, what if there were a cancer difficulties to which you refer, actually, are fidence in the proposition that the govern­ cure discovered tomorrow? How many years from a period of four or five years ago; we're ment has tested every drug that's out there would it take before FDA approved it for going to try to deal with those. I'm terribly on the marketplace and has evidence that general use? anxious that the agency be fair as well as each one ls safe and effective. If you intro­ Dr. KENNEDY. Well, I think that's a very open and we're going to respond, I hope, in duce one drug into that system that isn't dtmcult thing to estimate. If the evidence a satisfyingly swift way to those charges. proven to be safe and effective, then it were overwhelming, all of a sudden, that you RussELL. Dr. Kennedy, just as you've been seems to me that in the first place, you have had a cancer cure--and you understand that accused of being too slow in getting things no reason not to allow the introduction of in the real world, that's very unlikely-I on the market, others have accused you of more that don't meet that standard. And think we would be able to speed considera­ being too slow in getting them off the in the second place, you really are giving tion of those results so that it reached the market. There's a special provision in the people a license to defraud other people be­ market reasonably quickly. law that allows for the Department of cause so much confidence exists in every­ STAHL. In three years? Health, Education, and Welfare to take body's understanding of the safety e.nd ef­ Dr. KENNEDY. No, I think much less than things off immediately, invoking a special ficacy provisions. that. I'd like to point out that the drugs clause called the imminent hazard. You're STAHL. Well, would you, as Sloan-Ketter­ that FDA is accused of delaying on, often, in facing a legal challenge on this question ing has suggested, propose that there be fact, turn out to be removed from the market regarding a drug for diabetics called phen­ studies on whether laetrile reduces pain or in the countries in which they are originally formin. What are you recommending be whether it makes cancer patients have a marketed because they turn out to present done in regard to this drug which has been sense of well-being when they take it? chronic health hazards or because they turn said to cause hundreds of deaths each year out not to be as effective as they were th9ught and do you think that the agency should Dr. KENNEDY. If Sloan-Kettering or the to be. We do have to be a little extra careful National Cancer Institute or whoever, asked invoke this special clause more frequently? in this country because we've got a very­ Dr. KENNEDY. Well, as to the specific ques­ us for an· investigational new drug applica­ distribute it through a free enterprise health tion-give us an investigational new drug ap­ tion, we've sent a recommendation to the care system. In Britain and the Sca.ndana.­ Secretary and I'm really not able to tell you plication for laetrile, we'll evaluate it on the vian countries, with centrally planned health merits. But I want--! want to make you what it is at this point. With respect to the economies, they get much better track of general issue, of whether imminent hazard aware that there's a problem with that. Even drug problems, after introduction, than we the proponents don't agree on what laetrile should not be available to be invoked more do. As a consequence, they can take a. few readily, in the case of a very dramatic prob­ is, chemically, and one of the problems is more risks at the front end because they've that--that in some sense we WO'Il't even know lem, the answer is that we think it should got a very good adverse reaction reporting be available and we're prepared to seek leg­ what's being tested, until we can get people system a.t the back end. We don't. to agree on what it is. islation to that end. HERMAN. Has anybody made a.n applica­ HERMAN. When do you expect the Secre­ RussELL. But since the National Cancer tion to you for a new drug permit or what­ Institute has indicated agreeing with the ever it is, to try marijuana for cancer pa­ tary of HEW to let us know what the deci­ Sloan-Kettering President, Louis Thomas, tients, to counteract the nausea brought on sion is? Is there a time limit on when he has that they are seriously considering testing to announce a decision? by some anti-cancer drugs? Dr. KENNEDY. I expect that that will be it, you will have to make an exception of Dr. KENNEDY. I'm not aware of that, if they you allow them to test It because normally have, but it's possible that we've had a.n ap­ coming in a matter of a week or so. you require the animal evidence showing plication of that sort that I just don't know HERMAN. This comes from the Secretary, some sign of effectiveness before you allow about yet. himself? them to go a.head with human trials. Now, HERMAN. Okay, then let me change direc­ Dr. KENNEDY. That's right. isn't there a problem in making that excep­ tions. One of the things that one always hears STAHL. One quick question. Should food tion and what kind of ethical problems do when you talk a.bout the Food and Drug Ad­ dyes be banned? All of them because they you face in testing something which has ministration, is that its bureaucratic regula­ are not emoacious? not been shown effective in animal tests? tion is slowing the progress of American HERMAN. Yes or no is what you have time Dr. KENNEDY. Well, there are two re­ pharmacology-that we're not getting new for. sponses. First of all, it's not an exception medicines which are everyplace else in the Dr. KENNEDY. I'm afraid the answer is too to some law or published regulation of ours. world because you people a.re holding us complicated but a tentative no. It has been the custom never to test a drug back. True? False? Somewhere in between? HERMAN. OK, thank you very much, Dr. clinically until it's been proven effective for Dr. KENNEDY. Well, the Dorsen panel that Kennedy for being our guest on Face The that particular purpose in animals, but that just completed a.n exhaustive investigation Nation today. doesn't mean that it's a rule you can't break. of the Food and Drug Administration con­ Dr. KENNEDY. Thank you. It's a precedent, but not one that I find ter­ cluded that that charge was largely false, HERMAN. We'll have a word about next ribly alarming. I find the identity problem although it identified some areas in which week's guest in a moment. more troublesome. With respect to the ethi­ we have moved too slowly. I tried to give to ANNOUNCER. Today on "Face the Na­ cal design of studies and the consent prob­ Miss Stahl, one of the reasons why we feel tion," the Commissioner of the Food and lem and so forth, I think we'll just have to we have to move more slowly than some coun­ Drug Administration, Dr. Donald Kennedy, wait to see what the investigationa.l plan of tries and that's because of the problem of was interviewed by CBS News Correspondent the people who want to try the experiment adverse drug reaction reporting here. We Lesley Stahl, by Cristine Russell, Science is. We would certainly be conscious of those can't pull things very well. and Medical Reporter for The Washington problems. HERMAN. Then the other part of that ques­ star, and by CBS News Correspondent George STAHL. Among a.bout a thousand other tion in a sense, is how do you find the staff Herman. Next week, the Executive Director­ charges a.bout the Food and Drug Admin­ that you've taken over. There was a lot of designate of the NAACP, Benjamin Hooks, istration, one recent one is that you a.re just talk about how disorganized it was, how de- will "Face the Nation." CXXIII--1563-Pa.rt 20 24824 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 25, 1977 I'VE BEEN WORKING ON THE on a bill that will have such a massive early treaty" to authorize the giveaway of the Panama Canal is nothing more R~ROAD direct impact on so many? I think not. The House of Representa­ than a blatant attempt to ball out a tives has, in its handling of the National number of big international banks who HON. BILL ARCHER Energy Act so far, made a mockery of the desperately want financially troubled OF TEXAS legislative process. Panama's assets ~hored up to protect IN THE HOUSE.OF _REPRESENTATIVES The administration's hasty, secretive large loans which are soon due to Monday; .July 25, 1977 throwing together of its legislative pro­ mature. posals has unbelievably met its match in The big multinational corporations Mr. ARCHER. Mr. Speaker, through­ the way the matter has been handled by will get the next windfall from the tax­ out the markup sessions on the National the House. · payer if President Carter gets his pro­ Energy Act in the ad hoc Committee on There is one inescapable fact, how­ posed new multibillion sea level canal Energy, I kept finding myself humming ever, that I think all of us must consider whi:h would only benefit interests like the tune to the old song, "I've Been before the railroad continues into this the big oil companies and their super Working on the Rallroad"-not because House Chamber for further token de­ tankers which already carry emcient pay­ it has the same melody as my old school liberation. loads. song, but because it so accurately char­ Any national energy program which is The President cannot ''have his cake acterized the shameful manner in which adopted along such blatantly partisan and eat it too." on one hand stating that the bill was railroaded through with little political lines and which contains so our relations with Panama demand that pretense of deliberation and fairness. much regional bias is doomed to failure we withdraw and on the other hand As a member of the minority in this as an effective solution to the very reaJ stating that we need a large new canal House for 6 % years, I am certainly no energy dilemma we face. You may force in Panama or Nicaragua. The big stranger to partisan handling of legisla­ it on the American people, but eventually multinational corporations will benefit tive matters-but the majority indeed they are going to realize full well the by the $5 billion new canal and the big sank to a new low in this instance. hoax that has been perpetrated upon banks will be well taken care of if they Perhap~ it was not entirely the fault them, and the plan will lose all semblance can get the American taxpayers to shell of the leadership in the House. of broad-based support. out the $5 billion currently demanded After all, secrecy and lack of outside My service on the ad hoc committee is by Panama for taking over the old input had also been major character­ an experience that I will not soon for­ canal-a move which according to the istics of the program President Carter get-nor would I want to forget it. preliminary results of a current council sent to the Congress for consideration. It was the best lesson in blind politi­ for Inter-American security national In fact, his secret plan was kept so well cal and regional partisanship I could ever poll-America strongly opposes. that it was nearly a week after he went hope to witness in a country which The President was especially contra­ on television to discuss the proposal with espouses open, constructive deliberation dictory in stating that a new canal would the American people that we in Con­ among representatives of its people as accommodate large warships when his gress were permitted to see any actual the basis for its governmental frame­ administration has already stated that legislation. work. the present canal was of diminishing im­ When we did finally get a chance to portance to naval operations and has also see it, the Carter plan indeed reflected halted the further building of super air­ the obvious haste in which it was thrown A NEW PANAMA CANAL? craft carriers. · together to meet an artificial campaign Mr. Speaker, I am enclosing an article promise of an April 20 deadline. There HON. GEORGE HANSEN from the front page of the Washington was little or no input from the Congress OF IDAHO Post of Friday, July 22, 1977, to further or the general populace because he did IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES describe the situation. I strongly urge not take the time for that critical step. each and every member of the Congress The Congress had an opportunity to Monday, July 25, 1977 to carefully analyze the President's re­ rectify that great failing in the Presi­ Mr. HANSEN. Mr. Speaker, I am marks: dent's proposal-but the leadership thoroughly disturbed by President Car­ AT SEA LEVEL FOR OIL TANKERS-CARTER chose instead to railroad ~rough a sham ter's remarks last Thursday night in his BACK NEW CANAL of an energy program, rather than face town meeting in Yazoo City, Miss., con­ (By Austin Scott) up to telling the President and the Amer­ cerning the building of a new trans­ YAZOO CITY, Miss., July 21-Prestdent Car­ ican people that the Carter plan fell far oceanic sea level canal in Panama or ter, in a town meeting in a sweltering south­ short of the mark. Nicaragua. ern hall, tonight advocated the construction Certainly the President must be The President's comments were a of a "sea level Panama Canal" to permit the credited for bringing this national en­ shock to fiscal responsibility. At the interocean passage of large warships and oil ergy dilemma into sharp focus-but it is present, this administration is conduct­ and natural gas supertankers which cannot to his discredit that he did not turn his ing negotiations with the Republic of use the present waterway. popular appeal to the task of developing "My guess is that before many more years Panama aimed at the disposal of Ameri­ go by we might well need a new canal at sea a tru!y equitable, fair, effective program can property which has already cost the level . . . I would sa.y we will need a new which the American people could depend United States $7 billion in taxpayer's Panama Ca.na.l," Carter told a questioner who upon and believe in. money. Now the Panamanians are de­ asked how U.S. military needs could be pro­ The ad hoc Energy Committee was the manding that we pay them an additional tected if the present canal is turned over to most partisan, regionally biased, secre­ $5 billion for the privilege of turning Panama. as a result of the treaty negotiations tive committee I have ever had occasion the Canal Zone over to them, making a now in their final stages. to serve on. total of $12 billion. Now President Car­ carter said a new canal might solve prob­ The majority members decided in their lems of transporting Alaskan crude oil needed ter proposes spending approximately an on the U .S. Ea.st Coast. He noted that a study daily secret caucuses which subjects additional $5 billion to build another commission appointed by President Johnson would be debated and which amendments canal in Nicaragua or Panama! That is had looked into a new waterway. The com­ would be adopted. We in the minority $17 billion to get something which we mission report, finished in 1970, found such a were simply told what would be passed. already have and with firmer ·guaran­ canal would be physically feasible at a con­ There was no pretense of honest delib­ tees. struction cost a.bout $2.8 billion but the gov­ eration among concerned legislators. The Mr. Speaker, I believe that the current ernment has done nothing to implement the train simply rolled on, day after day. idea. wheeling and dealing over the Panama Plans for a sea level canal across Panama Is this the kind of consideration that Canal and the proposed new sea level or Nica.ragua.-a.nother possible site some­ ought to be given to perhaps the most canal is a cleverly contrived fraud de­ times mentioned in the past--might improve important piece of legislation considered signed to benefit big international cor­ the U.S. barga.lnlng position in the ~urrent by this Congress in over a decade? Is this porations by a ripoff of the American negotiations and alleviate some o! the strong the kind of "thoughtful deliberation" the taxpayer. public opposition to the eventual turnover American people have a right to demand The administration's panic for an to Panaro.a of the present waterway. July 25, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24825 Deputy White House press secretary Rex AN UNRETIRING CHAIRMAN HAS claimed, "I never heard a more preposterous Granum said last night Carter's position on DECIDED TO RETffiE prayer addressed to the throne of Grace." a new canal is based on information flowing Reed was right. The House is an inherent­ from the current negotiations between the ly partisan place. But no man has taken less United States and Panama. Those talks are advantage of large opportunity to abuse stalled because of Panamanian demands for HON. JACK HIGHTOWER power than has Chairman Mahon. up to $5 billion for continued U.S. control of The portraits on the wall of his office in­ the waterway until the year 2000. OF TEXAS clude a baleful one of Thaddeus Stevens, In a "town meeting" which marked the end IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the radical Republican of Reconstruction of his first six months in oftice, Carter told Monday, July 25, 1977 whom the late Stewart Alsop well described a.bout 1,500 local citizens that "we've had as "the most merciless and vindictive politi­ kind of a mixed bag" in his initial period but Mr. HIGHTOWER. Mr. Speaker, when cian the United States has produced." No added, "I'm pleased overall---so far I like the our colleague, GEORGE MAHON, the chair­ two men who have served on Capitol Hill a.re Job." man of the House Appropriations Com­ less alike than Stevens and Mahon. Peeling off his coat and rolling up sleeves mittee, announced several days ago that His conversation constantly teeters agree­ after the first 10 minutes in the non-aircon­ ably on the edge of a chuckle. Like the red­ ditioned auditorium of a new high school, he would not be a candidate for reelec­ and-white check necktie he is wearing with the President answered 19 questions that tion in the Democratic primary of 1978, a.n otherwise subdued ensemble, there is varied widely from abortion to human rights the shock waves of his announcement about him an unexpected and, happily, ir­ to a proposed Army Corps of Engineers water were intensively felt among his col­ repressible impulse to lightness. He has been project on the local Yazoo River. leagues, and especially among the mem­ an ornament to a city with more than its Carter seemed to thoroughly enjoy the 90- bers of the Texas delegation. Between fair share of the pompous, a city that is not minute give and take. The audience never now and the time that Mr. MAHON ac­ a.bout to take G. K. Chesterton's point. stopped waving fans passed out by a local tually begins his well-earned retirement, "It is really a natural trend to lapse into funeral home, and the President said he taking oneself gravely, because it is the thought "it's time for the rest of the country there will be many tributes paid to him. easiest thing to do . . .. For solemnity fiows to see the southern, self-propelled air con­ On Sunday, July 24, 1977, the Wash­ out of men naturally; but laughter is a· leap. ditiO'Iler we have here tonight ..." It re­ ington Post in an article entitled "An It is easy to be heavy; hard to be light. Satan minded him, he said, of going to church. . Unretiring Chairman Has Decided To fell by force of gravity." The President chose to hold this second Retire," compliments our friend and col­ The hall outside his office is full of scaf­ town meeting of his administration in the league for his service. Inasmuch as the folding for the workmen whose Job is the state that finally put him over the top dur­ life and career of GEORGE MAHON are perpetual one of maintaining the special ing la.st November's cliff-hanging election. mellowness of the Capitol's rich interior dec­ He spoke, when he arrived in nearby Jack­ worthy of emulation by all other Mem­ orations. The scaffolding, Mahon chuckles, is son, of a South bound together, among other bers of Congress now serving, or who will for hanging miscreants, and there never is things, by a willingness to change when it serve in the future, I would like for the enough scaffolding. And a ladder leaning saw "the future could be better than the RECORD to include this tribute: against the wall puts him in mind of a hymn: pa.st ..." a willingness to "Join up with AN UNRETIRING CHAIRMAN HAS DECIDED our black neighbors." TO RETIRE We are climbing Jacob's ladder, Yazoo City, about 12,000 population, is Soldiers of the Cross (By George F. W111) about 55 per cent black, and the fact that Ma.hon is an American type--an alloy of few black citizens won seats in the drawing He was born with the century, in 1900, piety, industriousness, reticence and abste­ held to determine who would get in the audi­ in Mahon, La., but soon his family, 10 strong, miousness-that once was as common as, and torium with the President drew a few pro­ moved to Texas. There, mother kept the soon may be as scarce as, the homing pigeon. tests here earlier this week. children's noses in books, including the one As Mahon approaches the yellow leaf (I In answer to questions, Carter gave these read on countless 19th century hearths­ say approaches: His father, who moved to answers to Yazoo City and a national tele­ "Pilgrim's Progress." Texas for his health, lived to be 97), he can vision and radio audience : In 1934, West Texans sent George H. Ma.hon take leave of government serene in the The neutron warhead "is much better than to Congress, where Lyndon Johnson was a. knowledge that the government is better using a regular projectiln programs will lose their the population ls beginning to rise. This benefits. Placing time limits on veterans means that some time after the year 2000 MAX, MINN., there w111 be relatively more people getting education benefits was reasonable a gen­ April 2, 1977. benefits than are working and paying into eration ago; it is inappropriate today. DEAR Sm: I was not able to begin the VA the system. When the GI bill was passed in 1944, it educational farm coop program until I pur­ provided "readjustment assistance" to chased land and began a working farm. Con­ One way of tackling this problem has been sequently I wlll not be able to complete my suggested by former Social Security Ad­ our World War II veterans. In 1944, vet­ eligibility before the August 1977 deadline. I Inlnistrator Robert W. Ball. It ls to reverse erans could not find decent jobs without feel now that I have made a commitment to the recent trend toward early retirement. additional training; most veterans would farming I should be able to obtain the full President Carter has proposed a three-part use their benefits within the time al­ benefits I earned in the Navy without regard program to Congress that would put the sys- lowed. to the time I was able to begin the program. July 25, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24827 In short, please try to extend the August MAx, MINN., employed by the insurance company for 1977 deadline for VA educational benefits. April 3, 1977. Thank you. DEAR MR. OBERSTAR: I was very disturbed the past 7 years, informed us that the CHARLES B. RANDA. when I read about the Veteran's Schooling NHTSA air bag data was based on cut to be made in August. These men have 433 million miles driven and was "sub­ CROMWELL, MINN., invested many dollars and much time get­ stantial." There seemed to be disagree­ April 26, 1977. ting set up to attend farm school classes, ment with NHTSA's own statement that DEAR MR. OBERSTAR: I was glad to hear that not to mention the hours and tears their not enough data had been gathered to H.R. 3585 wlll be introduced to justify us wives have poured into the project. As you be statistically reliable. In any event, we veterans in getting our full educational know. our township and in fact most ot were pleased to hear a defense of the benefits. northern Minnesota, is desperate tor employ­ I personally had no opportunity to attend ment. The veterans who went into farming NHTSA data, because it is that data veterans agriculture school as there were did so because they did not want to sacri­ which shows that air bags are less safe no openings available in the neighboring fice their rural way of lite yet were faced than safety belts, as detailed in the towns. Only through a 7ery active county with the need to support their families some­ analysis inserted in the CONGRESSIONAL agent and through many phone calls by what better than the level of abject poverty. RECORD on July 18, 1977, page E4560. myself to the vets in my area, was it possible In following the government project lines Sixth. We were surprised to be told to get a school started in our town. to qualify for this training, these young peo­ I have talked to my classmates about this that the NHTSA order does not require a ple have sacrificed so much. For some, both If and out of 25 men, ten of us will be cut husband and wife are city raised. For others lap belt with the air bag. this is true, short of our benefits if the delimiting date the wife had never been on a farm until she then the NHTSA data previously re­ is not extended. I'm sure if a survey was married and moved to rural Minnesota. ferred to gives the air bag more safety taken, this possibly would be the problem in When these girls made the commitment to credit than it deserves, because 87 per­ most of the veterans agriculture classes. farm, they did not realize how short the cent of the air bag car crashes RICHARD D. GODBOUT. money to meet the most necessary obliga­ investigated were also equipped with lap tions such as food and medical expenses belts. GRAND RAPIDS, MINN., would be. Seventh. We were told that our statis­ If something ls not done in Congress to March 31, 1977. tics showing that air bags did not inflate DEAR MR. OBERSTAR: I'm presently enrolled extend the farm school training b111, it wm in 42 percent of the towaway crashes In the Veteran's Farm Management Program, be a disaster !or many of these young peo~le who have already given so much. Think back studied was inaccurate and should be School District 318, Grand Rapids, Minnesota. 29 percent. We rel"erred to the NHTSA , I was employed by the Cleveland Cl11Is Iron to the first few years of your marriage. What Co. for 18 years and felt there was no need a struggle it was to establish ourselves as a data of 230 towaway crashes in which for further schooling or training. Due to a single family unit, to earn an identity which the air bag did not inflate in. 97 permanent lay-oft I had to seek a dltrerent was the beckoning light of success at the cases; 97 divided by 230 equals 42 end. What would happen to your family or percent. They acknowledged that our way to support my family. So, therefore, I to mine, had someone blown out the light? feel if I could take full advantage of my 45 arithmetic was correc~ after all, but months of schooling it would help me tre­ SHmLEY SWEEDMAN. claimed it was not fair to express our mendously, not only financially, for I feel "surprise" at the air bag not inflating that this is a good program and I feel that I in 42 percent of the towaway crashes, have learned a. lot and would like to con­ AIR BAG LOBBY-LONG ON EMO­ because it was not supposed to inflate. tinue. TION, SHORT ON FACTS At present the delimiting date is August 31, I could only repeat my concern that in 1977. My date of service was July 1954 towaway crashes the air bag did not through June 1956. HON. BUD SHUSTER even inflate in 42 percent of the LLOYD L. LAUSENG. OF PENNSYLVANIA accidents. Mr. Speaker, I appreciated the oppor­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES COHASSET, MINN., tunity to see and hear the sales pitch June 5, 1977. Monday, July 25, 1977 on the air bag, but I think they helped DEAR Sm: I am in the Veteran's Farm Man­ Mr. SHUSTER. Mr. Speaker, on July make the case against the mandatory air agement Program at Grand Rapids Minne­ 22, the insurance company leading the bag. A half dozen tests with dummies sota, District 318. My delimiting date ts Au­ air bag lobbying efforts gave their movie and stunt drivers slamming into brick gust 31, 1977. That will give me 23 months walls, a demonstration with a defective ot school. If there wasn't any delimiting and presentation on the air bag to cer­ date, I could go another 22 months of school. tain Members of Congress. safety belt, and a testimonial from some­ I got out of the Navy in August of 1957, Their presentation deserves a response one "saved" by an air bag, does not prove and the Farm Management Program didn't and I offer one to my colleagues for their that air bags are more effective than start in this area of Northern Minnesota. un­ consideration. safety belts. Only a large quantity of real til 3 years ago. So therefore I was unable to First. The movie shows only single im­ world statistics on car crashes with air get my 45 months of schooling. I have re­ pact direct frontal crashes into station­ bags and safety belts will reliably tell ceived a great deal of information which has ary walls, so no observations can be made us which is safer. NHTSA has real-world helped me on my farm. This information I data which shows that safety belts are would not have been able to receive other­ about other types of crashes such as side, wise. Therefore I would like very much to rollover, rear, frontal-followed by sec­ 5.5 times more effective saving lives in see my time extended. ondary crashes, and so forth. towaway crashes than are air bags and Thank you. Second. The movie compared crashes 2¥2 times more effective in preventing J.B. LEPPER. of a dummy protected by an air bag that injuries. While NHTSA discounts the worked with a dummy protected by a reliability of its own data, a former chief WARBA, MINN., lap and shoulder strap that failed to safety engineer says the data is very April 4, 1977. work. Hardly a fair comparison unless "substantial." The air bag lobby has an DEAR Sm: I am presently enrolled in a there is evidence to show that air bags emotional movie with plastic dummies, Farm Management course under the G.I. generally inflate and belts generally pull stunt men, and personal testimonials. Blll. I tried enrolling in last year's session apart. No such evidence was presented. But the most significant factor was the but it was already full. In January or 1977 I absence of statistically sound real-world was accepted with only 9 months left with Third. They emphasized that there is the delimiting date ot August 31, 1977. no Federal requirement for belts to meet data to prove their case. At this time, I believe this should be re­ a dynamic test. This is an excellent point moved so there would be a possibility that and deserves investigation. CONFIDENCE IN GOVERNMENT some of us who were unable to enroll earlier Fourth. The movie offered testimonials would be able to take advantage of this from a doctor and a stunt driver who say course for a longer period of time. their air bags protected them in frontal HON. JOHN B. ANDERSON I started !arming about nine years ago. I crashes. These personal testimonials are OF ILLXNOIS have been trying to build my farm up to be significant, of course, only if they are a success. In these times we have to have all IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the knowledge we can in order to manage representative of a broad statistically Monday, July 25, 1977 our crops better so we can earn a better liv­ sound sample. No such evidence was ing and at least break even. I !eel this course presented. Mr. ANDERSON of Illinois. Mr. is going to enable me to do so. Fifth. The former chief automotive Speaker, at the beginning of this year, DELBERT KoNGSJoao. safety engineer for American Motors, pollster George Gallup measured the 24828 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 25, 1977 American people's confidence in their in­ largely to the current deep malaise in public ognized, as author Ivan Hill puts lt, "When confidence toward our 1nSt1tut1ons. you leave honesty out of ethics, you are left stitutions. The results of that opinion The standing of business in the public with hypocrisy." Put another way, a cor­ sample bore discouraging news for many opinion polls today can be characterized only porate Code of Ethics is a hollow platform of us, including our business leaders. Only as shocking. if it lacks honesty as a base. one American in three expressed "a great Four out of 10 adult Americans believe As to our second guiding principle, integ­ deal" or 4 'quite a lot" of confidence in big that big corporations are-and I quote­ rity, a bank's right and ability to manage business, while at the other end of the "above the law and can get away with just its resources is effected, directly or indirectly, spectrum, one-quarter of the general a'bout anything." by a number of constituencies-including public expressed very little or no More than half of the nation's adults be­ our stockholders, our customers, government lieve that big companies got to be big by agencies, the communities we serve, our staff confidence. manipulating the market in some unfair way. and the public at large. In dealing with these An understandable reaction to this Over1ll confidence in business, which stood diverse constituencies, it ls critical that we state of affairs is one of despair. Yet a at a 70 % level in late 60s, today hovers treat our resources in the most prudent and number of prominent businessmen are around 15%. proper manner. taking positive action to counteract pub­ As survey researcher Daniel Yankelovtch This has profound implications, for exam­ lic sentiment as expressed in opinion polls puts tt, "To the general public, businessmen ple, in setting loan policy, which affects the like Gallup's. These are not cosmetic at­ are indifferent or worse ... to anything that lives and interests of many persons and tempts to put a better face on the work does not benefit immediately and directly groups. them.selves or their institutions." Chase's general policy with respect to loans of American business and industry, but Clearly, with our country's confidence ls to make all decisions ln the most respon­ efforts to substantially alter the way badly shaken through disturbing disclosures sible and constructive manner. We pay strict America does business: To "retool" our of corporate bribery, illegal campaign con­ attention to the legal, moral, and social im­ corporations, to outfit them with a sense tributions, and scandal at the highest plications of such decisions on a global basis. of purpose and a high degree of ethics levels-business has no choice but to alter And we seek to avoid business with identi­ and ethical standards. dramatically the way it discharges its social fiably harmful results. Recently, one of our most respected responsibilities. Spectflcally, I believe the sometimes this means stepping up where time has come for companies to move be­ others fear to tread . . . making a decision and farsighted business leaders, David yond narrow notions of corporate social re­ Rockefeller, chairman of Chase Manhat­ that flies in the face of prevalling wisdom sponsibility and adopt instead a more deep­ in our industry. tan Bank, addressed the problem and his rooted and pervasive framework of ethical In the case of South Africa, for example, proposed solutions in a speech before the policies and procedures-one which 1nher­ this approach has resulted in a lending policy Boy Scouts of America Greater New York en tly underlies every decision the corpora­ which spectflcally excludes loans that, in Council. His message is an important one, tion makes. our judgment, tend to support the apartheid and I would like to share excerpts from In most American companies, ethics, no policies of the South African government or his address with my colleagues: doubt, are already incorporated into man­ reinforce discriminatory business practices. agement decisions on an individual, intui­ Conversely, we are willing to consider loan Scouting's creed is a simple one really. It tive basis. The challenge now, as I see it, is is based on three principles which underlie proposals for projects of a productive nature to effectively "inStitutionslize" ethics-by which we believe will result ln social and eco­ America's traditional greatness: first-mental shaping individual corporate codes of con­ and physical strength, second----moral up­ nomic benefits for all South Africans. duct-to integrate ethical reflection more Admittedly, there is a certain risk ln link­ rightness, and third----sel!-respect, based on firmly into the corporate policy process. a high sense of honor and integrity. ing something as important and sensitive as Having recently struggled through this lending policy . . . to a set of ethical This evening, I'd like to spend some time process at '\'he Chase, I can tell you that discussing these values, particularly as they standards. But taking risks lies at the very developing a comprehensive corporate Code essence of our free enterprise system. And relate to the sector of society with which I of Ethics ts not an easy task. One of my am most familiar-the business world. I be­ ethical risks like business risks :must be taken colleagues compares it to "nailing a custard . . . when to avoid them would be to dis­ lieve it has become increasingly important pie to the wall." It is truly a dlmcult subject for those of us in positions of public respon­ regard the public trust. to pin down. On the one hand, moral gen­ The third cornerstone of Chase's Code of sibility to take a fresh look at the ethical eralities are often too broad to be meaning­ standards and practices of the institutions Ethics is to avoid conflict of interest. Like ful. On the other hand, lt is impossible to lawyers and doctors, bankers enjoy a special with which we are connected. Tonight, in create g, list of "thou shalts" and .. thou shalt addition to reviewing where I think business nots" to cover every situation. relationship with their customers. Because stands today in terms of these values, I'd Our attempt at The Chase was somewhere we deal in depth with the financial aspects like to offer a few suggestions as to how in between these two extremec;. We sought of so many individuals and entities, it is es­ corporations might improve their approach first to strengthen a proper climate for ethi­ sential that we avoid every conceivable con­ to ethics and morality. cal considerations within the bank; and sec­ flict of interest or breach of confidence. In a general sense, I believe the American ond, to provide a framework of practical Increasingly, it has become a delicate task business corporation has made a concerted guidance through concrete illustrations. to balance the need for customer privacy effort during the 70s to improve its perform­ with escalating requirements for public dis­ We based our a9proach on four funda­ closure. Determining where one citizen's ance in serving society's needs. Indeed, the mental cornerstones, which I believe must term "social responsib111ty," coined in the be present ln any organization which aspires right of privacy ends and another's right to late 60s, has become a permanent part of the know begins is a complicated matter. For ex­ to the highest standards of business con­ ample, to what extent does the public have corporate lexicon. But while most companies duct: have recognized the need for social respon­ the right to know the details of business First, honesty and candor in all activity. transactions, to know everything from the sibility, quite a few have had problems in Second, integrity in the use of corporate applying the concept to their day-to-day corner grocer's markup to such competitive resources. secrets as the costs of extracting minerals business onerations. Third, avoidance of conflict of interest. Too often, I'm afraid, social respons1b111ty And fourth, fairness ln dealings with all. from different mines? has been looked upon as an "add-on" to a Let me briefly illustrate how we apply these Clearly, no corporate Code of Ethics can firm's regular business. To some, social re­ four values ln our normal course of doing hope to answer all the questions that sur­ sponsibil1ty has meant stepping uo financial business at Chase. round the issue of conflict of interest. What contributions to urban projects. To others, The nature of the banking business de­ it can do though ls ensure that all employees the term has become synonymous with pro­ mands that we practice absolute honesty in fully understand that such conflicts--or even grams to minimize pollution, train the hard­ all our affairs. Banking, above all, is based the appearance of them-must be scrupu­ core unemployed, or counsel the disadvan­ on mutual trust-founded on the faith and lously avoided. taged. All of these are vital ingredients, but confidence of the public. The fourth and final tenet of Chase's cor­ we've often had a hard time, frankly, in In a practical sense, this translates into porate Code of Ethics is a commitment to coming to grips with what we mean by the strict internal policies governing personal total fairness in our dealings with all. In­ concept. One of our young lending omcers, fees, commissions, solicitation or acceptance ternally, this means maintaining high stand­ in fact, defines "social responsibility" as of gifts, and the like. It also demands an ards in employment practices and continu­ "not scheduling two dates for the same eve­ atmosphere that fosters personal candor ina the programs traditionally labeled as ning." among our employees to report promptly "s~cial responsibility" efforts Here I'm talk­ While I do not mean to disp·uage the many any questionable or possibly illegal action ing about such things as a.ftlrmative action, social goods that have been accomplished about which they have knowledge. job enrichment, training and educational op­ I am concerned that many companies have Are there occasional chinks ln our armor portunity programs, and the like. Externally, failed to integrate effectively their social re­ of honesty? Certainly, there are. An orga­ it means that we must treat our customers, sponsibilities with normal business opera­ nization as huge and as far-reaching as The potential customers, and the communities tions. They have presumed that business and Chase probably never can be rid of a few we serve with equal respect. social responsib111ty do not mix. And this dishonest individuals. The important point One objective in fostering a principle of presumption, I suspect, has contributed though is that we, as a corporation, have rec- total fairness to all is to forge a bond of what July 25, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24829 French sociologist Emille Durkheim called THE NINTH ANNIVERSARY OF SO­ destiny and aspirations. The invasion was an "institutional legitimacy"-whlch links in­ VIE!' ARMED INVASION OF CZECH­ intervention by the forces of reactionary stitutions with individual citizens through communism to prevent the Czechs and ties of respect rather than power. OSLOVAKIA Slovaks from establishing their own social A corporate policy of fairness also de­ order that did not endanger anyone and mands a corporate philosophy that encour­ sought to contribute to the building of ages the pursuit of excellence. As the Rever­ HON. JOSHUA EILBERG bridges across the discords of a divided world end Jesse Jackson said recently, "Ignorance OF PENNSYLVANIA and to lend aid to a better understanding and and mediocrity will never render the higher IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES cooperation among all nations on the basis ethical standards our country needs." His of true progress and humanity. point, I believe, is that excellence and the Monday, July 25, 1977 The people of Czechoslovakia have nO't re­ capacity to meet essential human needs are Mr. EILBERG. Mr. Speaker, on Au­ signed themselves to these aggressive plans of not at all in conflict as some suggest. Con­ Moscow. The day of August 21, is being com­ versely, both must be approached in concert gust 21, 1968, the free world will again memorated in Czechoslovakia as a Day of in order to maximize their ultimate benefits. mark with sorrow and dismay the fate­ Soviet Shame in a mighty and disciplined By the same token, the only way to attain ful day in 1968 when Soviet-led armies resistance against Soviet pressure. We are a higher corporate standard of ethics is to invaded the small homeland of the free­ joining our friends in Czechoslovakia in ask­ reward appropriately those who do the most dom-loving Czechs and Slovaks. ing the entire civilized world to support the and the best. In other words, companies that The immediate condemnation by the people of Czechoslovakia in their effort to hold excellence in the highest esteem and achieve "the withdrawal of Soviet troops from create a climate which allows it to flourish­ U.S. Congress was overwhelming and, in Czechoslovakia." wlll not only turn out to be best in a busi­ 1970, Senate Resolution 450 and House ness sense but in an ethical sense as well. Resolution 718 requested the President [From the New York Times, Jan. 27, 1977) Perhaps the most damning charge leveled to express support for the people of MANIFESTO CHARGING RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN at American business ls that it is so rigid in Czechoslovakia on the "Soviet day of CZECHOSLOVAKIA its policies and stultified in its practices that shame," and to take such additional (Following is the text of Charter 77, a it works to destroy human initiative. The steps as may be necessary to end the Czechoslovak human-rights manifesto cited kind of corporation I've described in broad intervention in Czechoslovakia by the by the State Department yesterday as evi­ outline this evenlng--0ne that places a high Soviet Union. dence of rights violations. It was translated premium both on ethics and excellence--can by and published in the current issue of The never be guilty of destroying initiative. On Today, the Soviets have been occupy­ New Leader, dated J::i.::i. 31.} the contrary, rather than diminishing indi­ ing Czechoslovakia for 9 years, depriv­ Law No. 120 of the Czechoslovak Collection vidual freedom, it enlarges it. Such an orga­ ing it of its sovereignty in flagrant vio­ of Laws, published October 13, 1976, includes nization, as John Gardner has said, "con­ lation of several articles of the United the text of the International Covenant on stantly renews itself and, in effect, enjoys Nations Charter. Civil and Political Rights, and the Interna­ eternal youth." Hundreds of thousands of Americans tional Covenant on E::onomic, Social and Cul­ To achieve such renewal and truly ethical tural Rights, both signed in behalf of our action, we must strive for one final quality in of Czech and Slovak descent have, over the generations, made a patriotic contri­ Republic in 1968 and confirmed at the 1975 the management of our organizations-a per­ Helsinki Conference. These pacts went into spective that transcends both narrow self­ bution to this country. On their behalf, effect in our country on March 23, 1976; since interest an~ purely short-term benefits. Mr. Speaker, I am placing in the RECORD that date our citizens have had the right, and Despite reams of rhetoric to the contrary, a statement issued by the Czechoslovak the State has had the duty, to abide by them. business-as well as government and other National Council of America; the text The freedoms guaranteed to individuals by segments of our society-tend to be overly of charter 77, a Czechoslovak human the two documents are important assets of parochial and short-range in its decision rights manifesto published in the New civmzation. They have been the goals of making. Because corporate managers are campaigns by many progressive people in the elected by their boards and stockholders in York Times of January 27, 1977; and a listing of agreements violated by the past, and their enactment can significantly much the same way pollticians are elected contribute to a humane development of our by the general public-"economic expe­ Soviet Union, as prepared by the Eu­ society. We welcome the fact that the Czech­ diency" sometimes seems as tempting as the ropean Liaison Group: oslovak Socialist Republic has agreed to enter often-maligned "polltlcal expediency." FREEDOM Is lNDIVISmLE into these covenants. To lessen this temptation, I would suggest (By the Czechoslovak National Council that managers move decisively to determine Their publication, however, is at the same and explain their actions clearly in the light of America) time an urgent reminder of the many funda­ of both long-term impllcations and implica­ On this sad occasion of the ninth anni­ mental human rights that, regrettably, exist tions for the overall social fabric. Such an versary of the brutal Soviet-led invasion and in our country only on paper. The right of open and broad-ranged policy would sharply occupation of peaceful and freedom-loving free expression guaranteed by Article 19 of underscore the fact that unethical behavior Czechoslovakia, we American citizens of the first pact, for example, is quite lllusory. is not only wrong, but foolish-in that it Czech, Slovak and Subcarpatho-Ruthenian Tens of thousands of citizens have been pre­ sacrifices the future for the present. descent, a1 be justice violate the rights of the defendants ignate Dr. Jan Patocka, Dr. Vaclav Havel and produced. Public criticism of social conditions and their counsel, contrary to Article 14 of Professor Jiri Hajek to act as spokesmen for is prohibited. Public defense against false and the first pact as well as Czechoslovakia's own Charter 77. These spokesmen are authorized defamatory charges by official propaganda laws. People thus sentenced to jail are being to represent Charter 77 before the State and organs is impossible, despite the legal pro­ treated in a manner that violates their hu­ other organizations, as well as before the tection against attacks on one's reputation man dignity, impairs their he'.ilth, and at­ publlc at home and throughout the world, and hon:>r unequivocally afforded by Article tempts to break them morally. and they guarantee the authenticity of its 17 of the first pa.ct. False accus'.3.tions cannot Point 2, Article 12 of the first pact, guar­ :iocuments by their signatures. In us and be refused, and it is futile to attempt rectifi­ anteeing the right to freely leave one's other citizens who will join Charter 77, they cation or to seek legal redress. Open discus­ country, ls generally violated. Under the pre­ will find their collaborators who wm par­ sion pf intellectual and cultural matters is text of "protecting the State security," con­ ticipate in the necessary negotiations, who out of the question. Many scientific and cul­ tained in Point 3, departure ls tied to various will accept partial tasks, and will share the tural workers, as well as other citizens, have illegal conditions. Just as arbitrary are the entire responsib111ty. been discriminated against simply because procedures for issuing visas to foreign na­ We trust that Charter 77 will contribute some years ago they legally published or tionals, many of whom are prevented from to making it possible for all citizens of Czech­ openly articulated views condemned by the visiting Czechoslovakia because they had oslovakia to live and work as free people. current political power. some official or friendly contact with persons Religious freedom, emphatically guar­ who had been discriminated against in our anteed by Article 18 of the first pact, is sys­ country. (Prepared by the European Liaison Group) temaitcally curbed with a. despotic arbitrari­ Some citizens-privately at their places of Chronological review: Soviet recognition of ness. Limits are imposed on the activities of work, or through the media abroad (the only the Independence of Eastern European na­ priests, who a.re constantly threatened with public forum available to them)-have drawn tional states, signature of Treaties of recog­ the revocation of government permission to attention to these systematic violations of nition of independence and aggressions perform their function; persons who manifest human rights and democratic freedoms and against these nations. their religious faith either by word or action have demanded a remedy in specific cases. 1917 lose their jobs or a.re made to suffer other But they have received no response, or have repressions; religious instruction in schools Nov. 7: Bolshevik Coup overthrows the themselves become the objects of investiga­ Russian Provisional Government of Kerensky. is suppressed, et cetera. tion. A whole range of civil rights ls severely (In the elections by secret ballot to the All­ restricted or completely suppressed by the The responsibility for the preservation of Russian Constituent Assembly, the S.R.s won effective method of subordinating all institu­ civil rights naturally rests with the State 58 percent of the seats. The Assembly met tions and organizations in the State to the power. But not on it alone. Every individual only once on 18. Jan. 1918, then was dis-. political directives of the ruling Party's ap­ bears a share of responsibility for the general banded for ever). paratuses and the pronouncements of highly conditions in the country, and therefore also Nov. 28: Independence of Estonia. influential individuals. Neither the Constitu­ for compliance with the enacted pacts, which Dec. 23: Independence of Moldavia. tion of the CSSR nor any of the country's are as binding for the people as for the 1918 government. other legal procedures regulate the contents, Jan. 10: Independence of the (Cossack) form or a.ppllcation of such pronouncements, The feeling of this coresponsibility, the Republic of the Don. which are frequently issued orally, unbe­ belief in the value of civic engagement and Jan. 28: Independence of Ukraine. known to and beyond the control of the the readiness to be engaged, together with the March 3: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: recog­ average citizen. Their authors are responsible need to seek a new and more effective ex­ nition of the Independence of Poland, and only to themselves :md their own hierarchy, pression, gave us the idea of creating Charter the Baltic States and of Ukraine, among yet they have a declslve influence on the ac­ 77, whose existence we publicly announce. others. tivity of the legislative as well as executive Charter 77 is a free and informal and open March 25: Independence of Byelorussia. bodies of the State admlnlstration, on the association of people of various convictions, May 11: Independent North-Caucasian Re­ courts, trade unions, social organizations, religions and professions, linked by the de­ public. other polltical parties, business, factories, sire to work individually and collectively for May 26: Independence of Georgia. schools and similar installations, and their respect for human and civil rights in Czecho­ May 28: Independence of Armenia and of orders take precedence over the laws. slovakia and the world-the rights provided Azeirbaidzhan. POLICE ACCUSED OF SURVEILLANCE for in the enacted international pacts, in Oct. 28: Independence of Czechoslovakia. the Final Act of the Helsinki Conference, and Nov. 11: Independence of Poland. If some organizations or citizens in the in numerous other international documents Nov. 18: Independence of Latvia. interpretation of their rights and duties, be­ against wars, violence and social and mental Nov. 28: Invasion of Estonia. come involved in a confilct with the dlrec­ oppression. It represents a general declaration Dec.: Invasion of Lithuania, then of tfves, they- cannot turn to a neutral author­ of human rights. Latvia. ity, for none exists. Consequently, the right 1919 ot assembly and the· prohibition of its re­ FOUNDED ON A COMMON CONCERN Feb. 3: Invasion of Ukraine. straint, stemming from Articles 21 and 22 Charter 77 is founded on the concepts of of the first pact; the right to participate in Throughout 1919: Civil War rages in Rus­ .:iolldarity and friendship of people who share sia Defeat of the Volunteer Army (Apr. 1920) . .p\lblic affairs, in Article 25; '.Ind the rie:ht to a concern for the fate of ideals to which they equality before the law, in Article 26-all have llnked their lives and work. · 1920 have been seriously curtailed. Charter 77 is not an organization; it has Feb. 2: Treaty of Dorpat with Estonia. These conditions prevent working people no statutes, permanent organs or registered March-April: Occupation of North-Cau- from freely establishing labor and other or­ membership. Everyone who agrees with its casus. ganizations for the protection of their eco­ idea and participates in its work and sup­ April 28: Occupation of Azerbaidzhan. nomic and social interests, and from freely ports it belongs to it. Apr. 25 to Oct.: War with Poland. using their right to strike as provided in Charter 77 is not intended to be a basis for May 7: Treaty of Moscow with Georgia.. Point 1, Article B of the second pact. June-July: Red Army occupies Ukraine Other civil rights, including the virtual opposition political activity. Its desire is to cerve the common interest, as have numerous and Byelorussia. banning of "willful interference with private similar organizations of civil initiative East July 12: Peace Treaty with Lithuania. life, the family, home, and correspondence" and West. It has no intention of initiating Aug. 11: Treaty of Riga with Latvia. in Article 17 of the first pact, are gravely its own programs for political or social re­ Oct. 14. Treaty of Dorpat with Finland. circumscribed by the fact that the Interior Dec. 2: Soviet take-over of Armenia. Ministry employs various practices to control forms or changes, but it wants to lead in the sphere of its activity by means of a construc­ 1921 the dally existence of citizens-such as tele­ tive dialogue with the political and State au­ Feb. 11 : March 18: Invasion of Georgia. ph9ne "ta_pping and the surveillance of private thorities-and particularly by drawing at­ homes, watching mall, shadowing individuals, March 18: Treaty of Riga with Poland tention to various specific violations of civil (with reference to Ukraine and Byelorussia). searching apartments, and recruiting a net­ and human rights, by preparing their docu­ work ·Of informers from the ranks of the mentation, by suggesting solutions, by sub­ 1926 population (often by illegal intimidation or mitting various more general proposals aimed Sept. 28: Non Aggression Pact with Lith­ sometimes, promises), etc. at furthering these rights and their guaran­ uania. RIGHT TO TRAVEL IS VIOLATED tees, by acting as a mediator in the event of 1939 The Ministry frequently interferes in the conflict situations which might result in Sept. 17: Invasion of Pola.nd (with Nazi decisions of employers, inspires discrtmtna- wrongdoings, etc. Germany). July 25, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24831 Sept. 29: Partition of Poland (with Nazi The Board of Directors of FTD specified almost automatically available to every other Germany). only that it should be presented from time agricultural commodity,'' he said, "Let's see Nov. 30: March 12, 1940: Soviet-Finnish to time to persons who have rendered Im­ what we can do about it. If you can justify war. portant services to their fellow citizens which your requirements, I'll help." Help he did, 1940 could be suitably expressed by means of the in cooperation with such stalwarts as Sen­ award; to those who have contributed impor­ ators Spessard Holland and Everett Dirksen. March 12: Treaty of Moscow with Finland And thanks to his understanding and con­ annexation of Karellan Isthmus. tantly to the appreciation of flowers in every­ day living; to those who have made signifi­ cern for the "little guys" in agriculture, the June 28: Occupation of Bessarabla and florist industry now has the crop reporting, North-Bukovlna. cant contributions to fioriculture; a.nd to those who, by their deep feeling and unique market news reporting and basic scientific, June 15-17: Invasion of Lithuania, Latvia economic and marketing research it so des­ and Estonia.. abillty to put into words the joy of flowers, communicate the joy of living with flowers perately needs to compete in a mass market­ Deportation of entire nations: ing economy. Aug. 18, 1941: Volga Germans;-Oct. Nov. to others. All of the recipients of the FTD Golden Senator Humphrey's role in the fioriculture 43: Karachal;-Dec. 1943: Kalmyks;-Feb. 22, industry has been wide ranging, entitling 1944: Chechen and Ingush;-Apr. 1944: Bal­ Rose have met some or all of these criteria, reflecting in their persons and achievements him to be called a universal man. He has kars;-May-June 1944: Crimean Ta.rta.rs·- recognized the importance of, and supported, Nov. 15, 1944: Meskhlans. ' the fine but intangible qualities In people that flowers express in such a unique man­ scientific research, the cultural programs of 1944-45 ner. The Golden Rose itself, a dellca.te, ver­ the National Arboretum and was, together Occupation of Independent countries in me11 long-stemmed rose held aloft by a gold­ with Senator Dirksen, the author o! much East Central Europe. en stem with finely wrought leaves, eas1ly of the beautification seen by millions each lends itself to the expression intended. year when they visit the U.S. Capitol grounds. 1944 In an article appearing in the August, 1977, Oct. 20: Red Army takes Belgrade and The Golden Rose has been given 11 times by FTD since 1962. The recipients and sites issue of the Reader's Digest, entitled "You clears Serbia from the Chetnlks. of the presentations a.re: Can't Quit'', Senator Humphrey describes 1948 1962-Margaret Chase Smith-Washington, his personal battle with cancer. It ls a re­ Feb. 25: Comm1:-ilst Coup in Czechoslova­ D.C. vealing portrait of the man who has come kia backed by the uSSR. 1964-Robert Dowling-New York, N.Y. to be known as this era's "happy warrior". It reveals his faith-in himself, his family, 1956 1965--Ia.n Stuart--Moblle, Ala. 1967-The Tournament of Roses-Denver, and in others-and his need to be "a part Hungarian Uprising defeated by the Red Colo. of the life of this country." He describes his Army. 1968--Everett McKinley Dirksen-Miami, election as Deputy President Pro Tempore 1968 Fla. of the Senate as re<:ognitlon by his colleagues Aug: Invasion of Czechoslovakia by the 1969-Amy Vanderbllt--Honolulu, Hawall. "that I had given a lifetime of service to Warsaw Pact Forces led by the USSR. 1970--Spessard Holland-Toronto, Canada. my party and that I still had more to give." 1971-Pierre Trudeau-Vancouver, Canada. He concludes the article by saying "I expect to be around for quite a while". 1972-Elmer Young-Washington, D.C. Senator Humphrey's contribution to the 1975-Mrs. Gerald R. Ford-Washington, relatively small industry of fioriculture has FTD GOLDEN ROSE D.C. been profound. It is also a living example 1977--Hubert H. Humphrey-Washington, of his capacity to help the small as well as D.C. the great, and to see others' problems as HON. ALBERT H. QUIE Those honored· with this foremost award keenly as his own. For these great traits and of A~erlcan fiorlculture have included both OF MINNESOTA human feelings, the Golden Rose of FlorL<>ts' world leaders a.nd lesser known persons of Transworld Delivery ls presented to Senator IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES high achievement. This approach, in the Hubert Horatio Humphrey with the heart­ opinion of the Board of Directors of FTD ls Monday, July 25, 1977 felt thanks and good wi"hes o! everyone in most appropriate for an award which rega~ds FTD and the fiorlculture industry. Mr. QUIE. Mr. Speaker, I have learned the flower as a. thing of beauty, a part of with great pleasure that our Minnesota gracious living, and a true expression of colleague HUBERT H. HUMPHREY, for sentiment. whom I have the highest regard, is the GOLDEN ROSE AWARD TO SENATOR HUBERT H. FRIENDSHIPMENT: PURCHASES AND 1977 recipient of the Golden Rose Award PROPAGANDA FOR HANOI of Florists' Transworld Delivery Asso­ HUMPHREY (Statement by Hubert J. Beudert, Executive ciation. This award, considered to be the Vice President, FTD) top award of American :floriculture, is HON. LARRY McDONALD Although few voices in the land can . natch OF GEORGIA given from time to time to public and the eloquence of Hubert H. Humphrey, Sena­ private persons who have made signifi­ tor !rom Minnesota and Deputy President IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES cant contributions to :floriculture. Pro Tempore of the United States Senate Monday, July 25, 1977 I know that I speak for the entire fewer stlll can match the high and unselfish Minnesota delegation in Congress when service he has rendered to his fellow citizens. Mr. McDONALD. Mr. Speaker, in a I extend congratulations to Senator Not only is Senator Humphrey eloquent in shameful display of acquiescence to HUMPHREY. He is indeed the "happy war­ the praise of flowers-he ls an avid home Communist aggression before the United rior," as he is being called these days, gardener and flower grower-he has done· Nations Security Council last Wednes­ much-in Congress to enhance understanding day, this country spoke in support of and I am glad that he continues to make ot the importance of fiorlculture as a part the good fight for all in agriculture in of agriculture. His concern for the well-being United Nations membership for the to­ this country and especially those in o! the 50,000 small businessmen and their talitarian Communist regime in Vietnam :floriculture. families who depend upon fiorlculture for which by a campaign of mass deporta­ Mr. Speaker, I insert the following their livelihOOd has been deep and con­ tions from the cities of the conquered descriptive material concerning the FTD tinuing. south is incarcerating those who :fled Golden Rose and a brief statement of His support !or the fioriculture industry ls from the Cor.ununists during the 1950's, reasons for Senator HUMPHREY'S selec­ an example o! his belle! that the government and more recent times in remote primi­ and the private sector must work together tive slave labor camps. tion to receive the award for inclusion for a sound economy, individual opportunity, in the body of the RECORD at this point: Along with supporting Vietnamese and social justice. He rightly believes that membership in the United Nations, our THE FTD GOLDEN ROSE this collaboration demands an open, continu­ ous, good-fa.1th exchange between govern­ Government has turned its back on the More than any other flower, the rose sym­ continuing stream of desperate Vietnam­ bolizes values that Americans have always ment and all levels of business. Especially, he treasured a.s a part of their daily llfe, their has sought to help small business perform ese refugees and has reaffirmed its aban­ music, llterature and poetry, and even their efficiently its fundamental economic role, donment of the anti-Communists still philosophical beliefs. There ls little doubt which he believes has been seriously neglected :fighting a guerrilla war of resistance that the rose ls the favored flower of the at the level of national policy, despite the against the North Vietnamese conquer­ American people. fact that small business accounts for 97 per­ ors. The selection of the rose, therefore, was a cent of the nation's approximately 13 million business enterprises. But the nadir of shame is American natural choice when, in 1962, Florists' Trans­ participation in Paris talks with the world Dellvery Assocla.tlon created the Golden When FTD came to Senator Humphrey Vietnamese Communists over arrange­ Rose Award to recognize persons not directly in the early 1960's and said "we need help associated with commercial fiorlculture for through the Department of Agriculture with ments for provision of U.S. economic as­ outstandlng achievement or service in vari­ economic and marketing problems, and access sistance to the Hanoi regime. Even for­ ous aspects of living. to the research and information services mer Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, 24:832 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 25, 1977 who bears so much responsibility for the Clergy and Laity Concerned-CALC­ headed a Communist Party front called abandonment of Vietnam to Communist and as the representative of Women the New Council of American Business. aggression, has pointed out that the Strike for Peace, New York City area. His money not only provides the basis for United States is not bound by the provi­ On her return to the United States, the operation of IPS, but has also been sions of the 1973 Paris "peace agree­ Mrs. Weiss found time to participate in used to fund Cora Weiss' projects .and ment" because the Vietnamese Commu­ the activities of one of the oldest surviv­ Castroite propaganda outlets like the nists broke the agreement before the ink ing Communist Party fronts, the Emma now defunct Ramparts magazine. In 1976 was dry and continually violated it by Lazarus Clubs. The Emma Lazarus Clubs, Rubin played a prominent role in IPS's its war of aggression until South Viet­ also called the Emma Lazarus Federation arrangements of meetings between rep­ nam was taken over. of Jewish Women's Clubs, used to be the resentatives of the terrorist Palestine -- Hanoi has an active lobby in this coun­ Emma Lazarus Division of the Jewish Liberation Organization and members of try diligently working to persuade Con­ People's Fraternal Order, :n turn a na­ U.S. Jewish groups to "legitimize" the gress and "opinion makers" that the U.S. tional section of the Communist Inter­ PLO. taxpayers must subsidize the Hanoi re­ national Workers Order. The IWO was With the signing of the 1973 Paris gime in accordance with the invalid 1973 ordered dissolved by the New York State peace agreement and U.S. abandonment Paris agreements. One of the most no­ courts when after lengthy investigations of South Vietnam, the PCPJ coalition ticeable groups lobbying in the corridors it was found that the IWO, operating as a spawned a number of "narrow issue" of this 95th Congress has been Friend­ bogus insurance and welfare company, subsidiary coalitions such as the National shipment. was funneling large sums of money into Council for Universal and Unconditional Examination of Friendshipment docu­ the Communist Party. Amnesty-NCUUA-the Coalition for a ments indicates that the organization In July 1975 she was a prominent fig­ New Foreign and Military Policy­ and a number of groups which comprise ure at a dinner sponsored by the Center CNFMP-and Friendshipment. it in fact operate at the direction of the for National Security Studies of the Fund After a summer of organizing, Friend­ Hanoi government and that Friendship­ for Peace, an organization which also shipment made its public debut at a New ment uses the tax-exempt money it so­ works with the Soviet World Peace Coun­ York City press conference on October 2, licits to buy heavY machinery such as cil and whose projects are staffed by per­ 1975. The press conference was attended railroad equipment for Hanoi which is sons drawn extensively from the Insti­ by North Vietnamese Communist officia] now deporting South Vietnamese to tute for Policy Studies. Chilean KGB Nguyen Van Luu who assured the as­ jungle slave labor camps termed by agent Orlando Letelier held important sembled "peace activists" that goods col­ Hanoi's propagandists "new economic and influential positions with both IPS lected by Friendshipment would be put to areas." and the Fund for Peace as he moved use. A substantial portion of the funds ob­ among Washington political and aca­ For purposes of tax-exempt status, tained by this tax-exempt-and thus demic circles. The Fund for Peace-Center Friendshipment: People to People Aid to taxpayer subsidized--operation are used for National Security Studies dinner was Vietnam, with its current address being for lobbying on Capitol Hill on behalf of held, said the Washington Post, to bol­ 777 United Nations Plaza, New York, the interests of the Hanoi government. ster the spirits of a Congressman re­ N.Y. 10017 (212/490-3910), is affiliated Friendshipment is the continuation of moved from the House Select Commit­ as a project of the Bach Mai Emergency a series of projects to benefit the Viet­ tee on Intelligence for leaking classified Relief Fund, Inc., P.O. Box 582, Cam­ namese Communists organized over the information about CIA operations in bridge, Mass. 02139. Bach Mai and pa.st decade by Cora Rubin Weiss, who Chile. My colleagues who are interested Friendshipment are the successors in has played a "tooth fairy" role as an ap­ in ethical considerations may wish at turn to Medical Aid for Indochina-­ parently inexhaustable source of emer­ this point to refer to the text of the Lete­ MAI, incorporated in 1971 in Massachu­ gency funding for pro-Hanoi projects. lier documents which appeared in the setts as a nonprofit organization whose Mrs. Weiss is a leader of Women Strike CONGRESSIONAL RECORD on June 23, 1977' main purpose was to provide medical aid for Peace--WSP-which is an affiliate of page 20618. to "the hundreds of thousands of civilian the Soviet-controlled Women's Interna­ The extent and range of Mrs. Weiss' war casualties in South and North Viet­ tional Democratic Federation-WIDF­ activities may be indicated by an outline nam, Cambodia and Laos." MAI made and works closely with the World Peace of her 1976 activities which included aid­ clear that the principal area of concern Council, the USSR's main international ing in the organizing of the Hard Times about lack of medical supplies were those front advocating Western disarmament Conference held in Chicago in January areas under control of the Vietcong, while providing logistical support to So­ 1976. The Hard Times Conference was Pathet Lao, and Khmer Rouge. viet-sponsored terrorist movements. the brainchild of the Weather Un­ MAI stated in 1971 that it was founded WSP's affiliation with the East Berlin derground Organization's overt support to "coordinate efforts to help people in based WIDF was arranged by one of its apparatus, the Prairie Fire Organiz­ the Democratic Republic of Vietnam­ founding members, Selma Rein, identi­ ing Committee--PFOC-and the Castro­ North Vietnam-and the liberated zones fied as a member of the Communist ite Communist Puerto Rico Socialist of South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia." Party, U.S.A. active in penetration of the Party-PSP-the parent group for the In August 1972, MAI reported: Washington Teachers Union 30 years FALN terrorists. We communicate regularly with represent­ ago. Cord. Weiss was also an initiating en­ atives of the health ser-V'ices of these areas Mrs. Weiss took a leadership role in dorser, sponsor, and member of the exec­ who in.form us continually of their current the various Communist-dominated pro­ utive board of the July 4 coalition which needs and provide us with appropriate chan­ Hanoi coalitions which used such names organized "counter-Bicentennial" dem­ nels for shipment, even in the present diffi­ as the November 8, 1967, Mobilization onstrations in Philadelphia and other cult conditions. Committee to End the War in Vietnam, cities on this country's !::OOth anniversary. Medical Aid for Indochina said then National Mobilization Committee, New Mrs. Weiss is the wife of Vienna-born at­ it had already forwarded "over $35,000 Mobilization Committee, National Coali­ torney Peter Weiss, a member of the worth of medical materials, including tion Against War, Racism and Repres­ National LawYers Guild, a terrorism­ tetracycline and penicillin, antibiotics, sion-1970-and People's Coalition for supporting CPUSA-dominated lawyers various forms of quinine for malaria Peace and Justice-PCPJ-1971-1973. front. Peter Weiss does not concentrate treatment and highly portable life-sup­ The formation of Friendshipment on Southeast Asian affairs, but serves as port equipment," exactly the type of commenced following Mrs. Weiss' April a longtime leader of the American Com­ equipment the Vietcong and North Viet­ 1975 visit to Paris to meet with the Com­ mittee on Africa--ACOA-a support namese Army medics would have found munist Vietnamese and "get a detailed group for Soviet-backed terrorists in most useful. and current understanding of what it . southern Africa. In 1975 he sought to join In January 1973, MAI used the Decem­ will take to end the war in Vietnam as the defense team of the Baader-Meinhof ber 1972 bombing of Bach Mai Hospital quickly as possible and reduce the gang in West Germany. He is one of the in Hanoi as an excuse to launch yet an­ amount of human sutJering" as the most influential members of the IPS other fundraising project, the Bach Mai CPUSA press put it. Mrs. Weiss was board of trustees. £Emergency] Relief Fund. In March meeting with the Vietnamese Commu­ Mrs. Weiss father. retired Faberge 1973, a MAI delegation consisting of Dr. nists as both a national board member of magnate Samuel Rubin, in the 1940's Peter Wolff, a professor of psychiatry at July 25, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24833 Harvard; Terry Provance, now a leader the extent that it must be compatible with Excess of Expenses over above sup­ of the anti-B-1 bomber project; Lillian the constitution and by-laws of the Bach port/Revenue ------256, 186 Shirley; Alex Knopp; and MAI treasurer Mai Hospital Fund which ls ultimately legally responsible. Bach Mai/Friendshipment reported Dr. John Pratt of the University of Penn­ that $200,000 had been earmarked for the sylvania School of Medicine went to Bach Mai officers and board members purchase of steel tubing for Vietnam,-and Hanoi. The MAI delegation met with top include: that an additional $50,000 had been North Vietnamese officials, and with rep­ Morris Simon, M.D., president--Director of designated as the beginning sum for the resentatives of the PRO/Vietcong and Clinical Radiology and Radiologic Education, purchase of rice and passenger trains to the Pathet Lao. Harvard Medical School. be sent to Hanoi. According to a June Douglas "Doug" Hostetter, treasurer---cur­ At that time it was reported that $700,- rently working for the United Methodist Of­ 1976 statement, Friendshipment had sent 000 had been raised allegedly for rebuild­ fice for the United Nations as a "resource six shipments with a value of just under ing the hospital, and that the discussions specialist" on Asia, and active in pro-Hanoi $500,000 to Hanoi. with the Communist officials included de­ causes for a decade. Perhaps this tax-exempt, and thus tax­ veloping plans for shipment of materials Peter Wolff, M.D.-Professor of Psychiatry, payer subsidized organization would like and a propaganda campaign in support Harvard Medical School. to explain how the provision of steel tub­ of the United States paying reparations Rev. Michael Allen. ing and railroad equipment to the Hanoi to North Vietnam. Ken Coplon, Wllliamsburg, Md. _ government falls under the heading In a full-page New York Times adver­ Victor Sidel, New York, N.Y. Benjamin Spock, M.D., New York, N.Y. "people to people aid" or hospital equip­ tisement on April 20, 1975, the Bach Mai Cora Weiss, Bronx, N.Y. ment categories, unless, perhaps, the Fund stated that the "Red Cross Society Executive Secretary and "unpaid staff Friendshipment/Bach Mai cadre con­ of the Provisional Revolutionary Govern-_ head" is Tom Davidson, not an executive sider that the Vietnamese state railroads ment"-the Vietcong political front board member. need a transfusion of equipment. merged shortly afterward into the North That Friendshipment, like Bach Mai Vietnamese Communist government According to a report on the Bach Mai Hospital Relief Fund/Friendshipment and MAI before, operates its material aid structure-had directly "appealed to us" and public relations campaigns at the di­ for emergency medical supplies as the operation dated March 10, 1977, and produced by the National Information rection of the Hanoi government was final military drive against South Viet­ shown again this past spring. Friendship­ nam reached its maximum intensity. Bureau, a New York based service for philanthropists which was founded in ment circulated a letter dated May 13, The ad was placed by Medical Aid for 1918, the Bach Mai Hospital Relief Fund 1977, to leaders of its member groups. In Vietnam; A Project of the Bach Mai for calendar year 1975 had $254,314 total part it stated: . Hospital Emergency Relief Fund, Inc. income. Expenses totaling $362,519 were Friendshipment will remain as an active Its small list of sponsors included such broken down as follows: coalition through 1977. The decision, reached veteran Vietcong supporters as Richard at our last Board meeting, May 9, was based Expenses: on the stark reality of the state of affairs of Falk; Cora Weiss; Richard Barnet, co­ Program Equipment ______director of IPS; Rev. Michael J. Allen; $282,035 the moment; whlle the US has agreed to drop Malllngs and Lists ______40,472 Daniel Ellsberg; I. F. Stone; Dr. Peter Travel Expense ______its veto of Vietnam at the United Nations, it Wolff; Howard Zinn; Dr. Victor Side!; 1,313 has not agreed to heal the wounds of war in Salaries ------6,240 Vietnam. • • • and identified Communist Party, U.S.A., Printing and Duplicating ______6,822 Thus the unfinished business of the war member Corliss Lamont. Postage ------­ 3,734 remains quite unfinished. Friendshlpment, Medical Aid for Indochina was de­ Telephone ------6,296 therefore has a continuing task in the inter­ Public Relations ______2,544 clared legally dissolved on December 9, Professional Fees ______est of both the American and Vietnamese 9,613 people. 1975; but the Bach Mai Relief Fund Health Insurance ______- ______1,018 which began to administer the Friend­ Office Supplies ______925 The Friendshipment May 9 "Board shipment project in October 1975 con­ Rent ------­ 948 meeting" coincided with a New York City tinues. It is noted that the Bach Mai Other ------559 press conference held by a Frien~hip Relief Fund did not amend its state­ Total Expenses______362, 519 delegation just returned from Han01. The ment of registration to permit it to "also Vietnamese official radio had announced solicit under the name Friendshipment It is interesting that the "printing and while the group was still in Vietnam th~t or Friendshipment/Bach Mai Fund" duplicating" cost of $6,822 is so high they had vowed to fight for U.~. ec;on<;>nnc until June 1976. since Bach Mai and Friendshipment use assistance which was the regime s right. Friendshipment states its goal is to: New Union Press-Bug 412, a branch of The Friendshipment delegation mem­ Provide people to people aid to Vietnam the Communist Party, U.S.A.'s in-house bers were Pat Patterson; Ron Ridenhour, while stimulating U.S. Government par­ ticipation in the reconstruction of Vietnam printers, Prompt Press. a New Left journalist; and Don Luce, and urging normalization of relations. Unaudited figures for Friendshipment former codirector of the Indochina Re­ for the year ended August 31, 1976, were source Center and Indochina Mobiliza­ In other words, Friendshipment's as follows: tion Project and veteran pusher of pro­ work is as much organizing pressure Hanoi propaganda who is now codirector campaigns for Washington/Hanoi dip­ [Nine months ended May 31, 1976) Support/Revenue: (not yet of Clergy and Laity Concerned. lomatic and trade relations and for our Speaking for the group, Luce stated, country to subsidize the Hanoi regime. auidited) General Contributions ______$62, 524 "We returned with one clear message: Friendshipment is run by its "chief Mass man solicitation______87, 395 staff person-unpaid" Cora Weiss who is Vietnam would like to receive recon­ also a member of the Bach Mai board of 149,919 struction aid from the United States:" directors. Friendshipment has an ad­ Foundation support______45, 000 Asserting that "America has a responsi­ ministrative committee of some sixteen From Amliated Organwations as bility to rebuild" Vietnam for the Com­ Sponsors of Frlendshipment ______220, 000 munists, Luce noted that: persons from the forty groups who Literature Sale Income______5, 606 f.onn the Friendshipment coalition. The Both officials and farmers talked about it. Miscellaneous ------671 The U.S. is responsible for the bombing administrative committee is supposed to of our villages. It is responsible for rebuild­ be composed of one representative from Total Support/Revenue ______421, 196 ing them. That refrain was heard over and each member organization. Expenses: (not yet audited) over. Bach Mai has stated: Purchasing------89,071 Ms. Patterson, executive director f.or Financially the Bach Mal Board of Di­ Shipping Expenses______17, 224 Indochina of the United Methodist rectors ls totally responsible for Frlendship­ Church Board of Global Ministries, ap­ ment with their books being audited under 106,295 pears to have swallowed Hanoi's vers~oi:i our audit. Progra.matlcally, Friendshlpment Operational (includes $15,957 of events hook, line, and sinker. She said. ls controlled by an administrative commit­ Salaries) ------37, 832 tee composed of representatives of each of Mass Mail solicitation______20, 883 1 was overwhelmed by the attempt the the member organizations of Friendship­ Vietnamese were making to be reconclllaiiory ment. The program 18 however restricted to Total .Expenses ______165,010 with their former enemy. [In other words, 24834 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 25, 1977 the Vietnamese Communists wlll only de­ our own land and to secure the withdrawal be allowed back into Vietnam in the future nounce us a little if we wlll agree to under­ of American economic investment in oppres­ to proselytize. · write their regime). sive regimes in other parts of the world. Thomas Merton Center. Another Mother· for Peace (AMP)-the Los National Council of Churches, Division of Patterson continued gushing: Angeles-based local affiliate of Women Strike Church and Society-the NCC, a bureaucracy The Vietnamese explained their re-educa­ for Peace (WSP), a member of the Soviet­ financed by contributions from several Prot­ tion process as a way to make people ready controlled Women's International Demo­ estant tlenomlnations which has supported for a new society. As a Christian I was partic­ cratic Federation (WIDF). several Soviet-backed African Marxist terror­ - ularly moved by this. I have never seen nor Association of Vietnamese Patriots in the ist movements and recently raised funds for heard of people taking reconciliation so U.S.-an organization of pro-Hanoi Viet­ members of the American Indian Movement seriously. namese nationals residing in the United charged with heinous crimes States and Canada. National Council for Universal and Un­ Presumably Pat Patterson is well Bach Mai Hospital Relief Fund, Inc.­ conditional Amnesty (NCUUA)-another co­ a.ware of the turmoil last winter and Friendshipment's parent organization. alition formed by a number o! groups active this spring over the publication of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), also in Friendshipment and the CNFMP fact of severe repression by the Com­ People to People Program. seeking to persuade the American people munists of the so-called third force Church World Service (Fund for Recon­ that they must never again aid an allied struction and Reconciliation in Indochina). country resist Communist terrorism and sub­ grouping which had supported the Viet­ version. cong. An estimated 200,000 to 300,000 Clergy and Laity Concerned-formed in 1965 by the National Council of Churches, but National Interim Committee for a Mass people had been sent to forced labor first became widely known for its 1967 White Party of the People, now named the Mass camps in the new economic areas. The House Demonstration in conjunction with Party Organizing Committee (MPOC)-a Friendshipment organization took an the Communist-influenced Mobilization Marxist New Left "pre-party" organization advertisement, coordinated by Corliss Committee to End the War in Vietnam. headed by Arthur Kinoy which supports the Lamont, in the New York Times on Sun­ CALC continued to play an important role use of revolutionary armed struggle (terror­ day, January 30, 1977, in which it justi­ in New Mabe and its successors, meeting with ism) to attain a revolution and which works fied the detention in the reeducation the Vietnamese Communists repeatedly in with pro-Hanoi and Castroite groups. Paris and Hanoi. In January 1970, CALC de­ National Lawyers Guild (NLG)--ctted as centers of 40,000 Saigon collaboration­ the "foremost legal bulwark of the Commu­ i&ts. Friendshipment also asserted that scribed its goals: "• • • what we're about today is not simply an end to the war ln nist Party, its fronts and controlled unions," the present suffering of the Vietnamese Vietnam, but a stru@6le against American the NLG has today a large Castroite, New people has been earned by their resist­ imperialism and economic exploitation ln Left and Maoist contingent who continue to ance to the Soviet-backed and equipped just about every corner of the world. • • • make that "legal" group the main legal de­ North Vietnamese Communists. fense network for terrorists and radicals ac­ Our task ls to join those who a.re angry and cused of serious crimes. The NLG is an affil­ For discussion of the repression of who hate the corporate power which the iate of the Soviet-controlled International human rights in Vietnam, I refer my United States presently represents, and to Association of Democratic Lawyers (IADL). colleagues to my reports of March 22, attempt, ln our struggle, to liberate not only New York Women's Union-a radical wom­ 1977, page 8644; and March 3, 1977, page black, brown and yellow men in every corner en's liberation organization. 6256 and page 6263. of the world, but more importantly, to help OXFAM-America. liberate our own nation from its reactionary Puerto Rican Socialist Party (PSP)-a I am always distressed when I see and exploitative poU,cies." Marxist-Leninist "revolutionary vanguard" religious groups led by apparently well­ Coalition for a New Foreign and Military party of the Castroite persuasion and work­ meaning people of conscience but not Policy (CNFMP)-a parallel organization to ing in close coordination with Havana. The perception manipulated by those hostile Frlendshlpment but concentrating on lob­ PSP 1s the parent organization for the FALN to all freedoms. And when I see these bying for U.S. disarmament, U.S. abandon­ terrorists who have set off bombs in New ment of NATO and overseas bases, and a for­ York, Washington, and Chicago. PSP cadre people brought into pro-Communist eign policy of non-intervention against peace organizations I am reminded of are currently undergoing training with the Communist aggression. Cuban troops in Angola and in the Arab the comments of James Cannon, the Committee of Responsibility. terrorist camps in the People's Democratic American Trotskyist leader who called Emma Lazarus Clubs (Emma Lazarus Fed­ Republic of Yemen. the peace movement a coalition of pro­ eration of Jewish Women's Clubs)-continu­ SANE--a disarmament group which has fessional fellow travelers, congenital atlon of the Jewish section of the Communist worked in harmony with the Soviet's World stooges and moon-struck clergymen International Workers Order (IWO). Peace Council and the Communist Party, Episcopal Peace Fellowship. U.S.A. steered • • •by hard-faced jockeys from Fellowship of Reconciliation. SOS Vietnam, International Committee. the Stalinist riding stables. Friends of Indochina Organizing Commit­ Union of Vietnamese in the U.S.-see That continues to be probably the most tee (FIOC)-a "people's friendship" group above Association of Vietnamese Patriots in accurate description of the peace move­ for the Communist regimes in Vietnam, the U.S. ment ever written. Cambodia and Laos which operates in close Vietnamese-American Reconciliation Cen­ cooperation with the staff of the CNFMP and ter. Since Friendshipment has stated that Frlendshlpment in coordinating "solidarity United Methodist Church-the entire de­ its program includes work for universal, work" in the U.S. ln accordance with the nomination is claimed as a sponsor on a unconditional amnesty for deserters wishes of Indochinese Communist officials. Friendshipment brochure. and draft dodgers--the closely related Health-PAC-A New York City health plan United Methodist Board of Global Minis- developed by the CPUSA-founded Medical tries, Women's Division and World Division. NCUAA program-and nationwide cam­ Committee for Human Rights (MCHR). UMCOR (FRRI). paigns for U.S. economic aid to Hanoi as Indochina Mobile Education Project Vietnam Resource Center. well as for establishment of diplomatic (IMEP)-a project of the Indochina Re­ W-ar Resisters League--a socialist-pacificist and economic relations, I would like to source Center formerly headed by Don Luce. organization which is the parent organiza­ know why this organization is not regis­ tion !or the magazine, WIN. While finding Indochina Resource Center (IRC)-a continuous fault with the free enterprise cap­ tered under the foreign agent provisions propaganda mlll for the Indochinese Com­ italist system and our constitutional re­ of the United States Code. munists based ln Washington, D .C., which public, WRL and WIN have repeatedly justi­ [Organizations listed as members of Friend­ disbanded last year. The IRC was headed by Fred Branfman and Don Luce. fied terrorism and violence when done to shipment during 1975, 1976 and 1977) promote a Marxist cause on the grounds that American Friends Service Cammittee International Chlldren's Fund. the "crimes of capitalism" are greater than (AFSC)-a socialist/pacifist organization not Inter-Religious Foundation for Commu­ terrorism. aftlliated with the Religious Society of nity Organization (IFCO)-a tax-exempt WIN magazine has defended such actions Friends which supports the terrorism of the entity founded with the assistance of the a.s the 1970 bombing of the Army Mathema­ Vietnamese Communists on the grounds that Ford Foundation and the National Council tics Research Center at the University o! economic disparity under capitalism is a of Churches which has provided money to a Wisconsin by Karl Armstrong and others ln greater crime. AFSC has from its inception number of radical groups. which a graduate student was kllled; de­ worked closely with the Soviet Union and the Medical Aid for Indochina (MAI)-the dis­ fended Patricia Swinton who spent several CPUSA. It planned and developed the Stop solved parent group of Bach Mal and Friend­ years "underground" as a fugitive after be­ the B-1 Bomber Campaign. It says, "Instead shipment. ing a member of Sam Melville's weather­ of trying to devise nonviolent strategy and Mennonite Central Committee-a religious man-associated bombing cadre in New York tactics for revolutionaries ln other lands, we denomination which apparently believes that City; and defended, rather eulogized the ter­ wlll bend every effort to defuse milita.rism tn if it is kind to the Communists now, it may rorist Susan Saxe, who finally pied guilty to July .~5, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24835 charges stemming from a bank robbery and tors were arrested and newspapers were children of our people under the provisions murder of a police officer in Boston to finance closed down or forced to appear with blank of this Constitution, which we proclaimed 25 her gang of revolutionists. spaces where the censors had decided a story years ago. In this context it is has been reported to must be suppressed. Under the Communists Because of this, I have no reservation in me that a long-time writer for WIN has there will be no further need for censorship, recognizing the great values of Puerto Rico's been a member of the White House staff as because the press will merely be a part of constitution, and the patriotic sense of a speechwriter for the President since Feb­ the state and party apparatus. those who, under the leadership of a great ruary this year. "Vietnam's revolution was by no means a Puerto Rican, don Luis Munoz-Marin, Hendrick Hertzberg according to my rec­ nonviolent one. But as a pacifist I take some labored during the Constitutional Conven­ ords first appeared on the WIN masthead comfort in the fact that the Communist tion to give our people a fundamental law with the November 15, 1970, issue. The maga­ victory was not a military but a moral victory. based on those democratic and libertarian zine afterwards frequently listed him among We had the money and the machines and the values which are deeply etched in the soul its "fellow travelers" and more recently its ruthlessness, but they won. We thought we of the inmense majority of our people. "unindicted co-conspirators" where he re­ could bomb them into surrender, but the Another great Puerto Rican, and former mains even on the most recently July 26, idea of surrender never entered their minds. Governor, don Luis A. Ferre, was one of 1977 issue. The w11lingness of .the Vietnamese to endure those who participated in the drafting and In an article that appeared in the August suffering was in the end greater than our approval of the Puerto Rican Constitution. 1, 1974, issue of WIN, Hertzberg was described willingness to inflict it. They died and died In explaining the reasons why he voted in as "on the staff of The New Yorker and a and died, and at length of our own meaning­ favor of our Constitution in 1952, don LUis frequent contributor to various publications less savagery sickened and shamed us. A. Ferre stated: including WIN." In his article, "It's Time " The society the Communists will con­ "Jurisdically and constitutionally, we shall to Start Worrying About the Bomb Again," struct in Vietnam will not be a free society, not lose anything. With respect to control Hertzberg argued in support of U.S. unila­ as I understand the term. But the outcome over our national affairs, we shall attain a teral disarmament: of the struggle, both there and here in the greater degree of self-government, some­ "The initial reaction everywhere would be United States, was a victory for something thing which I have always advocated as be­ stupefaction, giving way, I imagine, to a dra­ honorable in the human spirit." ing our right as American citizens. Morally, matic improvement in the world's moral and Women Strike for Peace (WCP)-an affil­ in consigning through an amendment to the political climate. Leaving intangibles aside, iate of the Soviet Women's International preamble our aspiration for the collective however, there are three ways in which the Democratic Federation (WIDF) which has enjoyment of the prerogatives of our other nuclear powers might react to our ac­ been thoroughly penetrated and approved citizenship, we shall have maintained our tion: of by the CPUSA since its formation. right to the full federal sovereignty. Psy­ "The most horrible possib111ty would be an Women's International League for Peace chologically, in securing the amendment attack on the United States, now that such and Freedom ( WILPF) -a socialist/ pacifist providing for the organization of this gov­ an attack could be launched without fear of group dating back to the First World War ernment within our Union with the United physical retaliation. I think this would be now penetrated by the CPUSA and working States, we have established conditions which very unlike. • • • I do not think that either with the Soviet World Peace Council. will propitiate an increased closeness to and the Russians or the Chinese are prepared to identity of purpose with the Nation which commit a crime of such enormity. A world shall exercise a powerful influence over our conquered in that fashion would be ungov­ people as they decide on their final political ernable, and a government perpetrating such PUERTO RICANS CELEBRATE ADOP­ status." a horror would, I think, quickly be over­ TION OF CONSTITUTION Truly prophetic words by don Luis A. thrown by its own people. Nevertheless, it Ferre, which gain greater relevance today in could happen, remote as the chances are; a political panorama where the possibility and it would be undeniably 'better' for the of increased closeness and unity of purpose HON. BALTASAR CORRADA as the basis for orienting our people in choos­ United States alone to be destroyed than for OF PUERTO RICO the Soviet Union, Europe and much of the ing its ultimate political destiny, is made IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES more favorable. rest of the world to be destroyed as well." We look with satisfaction at the process of Hertzberg continued noting that even if Monday, July 25, 1977 no other country followed the Unilateral U.S. political and constitutional evolution and disarmament example ("the likliest develop­ Mr. CORRADA. Mr. Speaker, today, development undertaken between 1950 and ment"), "it would still represent an improve­ the Puerto Rican Constitution is 25 years 1952. Nevertheless, we must proclaim with ment over the present situation. There would old. all the strength in our spirit that people be one less nuclear power, and more than cannot wed themselves to their past, that I am introducing the text of the speech time and circumstances change, that the half the world's arsenal of hydrogen bombs that I delivered in San Juan, P.R., today, would have ceased to exist, • • •. great men and great ideas of yesteryear have Hertzberg also asserted "The strategy of commemorating this festive occasion: their moment, then serve as the founda­ deterrence is immoral." CELEBRATION OF THE 25 YEARS OF THE ADOPTION tion over which new men build the future. In a short essay which was published in OF TH'E CONSTITUTION OF PuERTO RICO, We have to face the difficult choice be­ WIN's May 1, 1976, edition, Hendrick Hertz­ JULY 25, 1977 tween yesterday and tomorrow. This choice berg, still "a writer for The New Yorker," Twenty five years ago, on a day like today, is always decided in favor of change as part made the following comments: the then Governor of Puerto Rico, don Luis of the dynamics of the modern world. "The only way our thirty years' war in In­ Munoz-Marin, raised for the first time offi­ Puerto Rico cannot be satisfied with look­ dochina could end was with a Communist cially the single-star-on-a-field-of-blue fiag ing complacently to the past. He who only victory. Thanks to American policy, that of Puerto Rico, side by side with the stars looks to the past risks a slowing of its pace, result was inevitable, and for well over a and stripes fiag of the United States, marking only to fall behind and later be immobilized decade the only question has been how much with that symbolic gesture the initiation of by forces which impede his progress. agony we could force upon the Vietnamese our local government pursuant to the pro­ Puerto Ricans cannot become a drifting (and ourselves) before it came to pass. visions of a new constitution, the Constitu­ people, without a clear destination, without "The Communists will at least fulfill the tion of Puerto Rico. direction, without definition. We cannot re­ sine qua non of the social contract-the pro­ Today, all of us Puerto Ricans, who profess main as wanderers in the desert adoring a tection of the people from random death by loyalty to the worthy values of democracy, golden calf. We have to face up to our own violence. I welcome their victory because it justice and liberty, respectfully celebrate the destiny and prepare ourselves to answer that was the only way to end the war's suffering, twenty five years of our Constitution. A great question: Where are we headed? but as a democrat I take no joy in it. I can't Constitution that belongs to and protects It is proper, that before anything else, bring myself to call the North Vietnamese all Puerto Ricans and of which we should we put our house in order. That is why we and PRG armies 'liberation forces' • • •. all feel proud, because it guarantees to our must recognize today the commitment made "The Communists were the good guys in people the freedoms of democracy and the by Governor Carlos Romero-Barcel6 to at­ the Vietnamese war, but nothing can be protection of human rights, which in its bill tack with the greatest diligence the most gained by deluding ourselves about the nat­ of rights-magnanimous and liberal-are immediate econ.omlc and social problems ure of the regime they will establish. Viet­ recognized and elevated to a constitutional which affect our community. nam will be free of foreign interference and right. Although Puerto Rico will someday The agenda of this government, under domestic gangsterism-most people will be amend its present relation to the United the leadership of our Governor, gives the far better off than they were under Saigon States, either to strengthen and make closer highest priority to those programs and ef­ and infinitely better off than they were un­ our relation by means of Statehood, or to go forts geared to the development and der the combination of Saigon and war-but our separate ways, if that were to be the will strengthening of our economy, such as the it will be a liberation without liberty. Intel­ of the majority of our people, we should al­ increase of the production of goods and lectual and political life will be controlled ways aspire to maintain the organization of services, import substitution, particularly, with an efficiency that Thieu and his crowd our internal government and the protection of consumer goods in those cases in which could never muster. • • • Under Thieu, edi- development of the liberties and rights of the we can produce them locally, the reinvigora- 24836 EXTENSIONS O;F REMARKS July 25, 1977 tion o! our agriculture, the promotion of people of Puerto Rico ultimately selects must tion that wlll double within the next 50 tourism, manufacturing and service indus­ assure our people security and liberty. years. How are we to provide our children tries, intensifying our commercial activity, The U!e of a human being, from cradle tt> with an adequate quality of life if we have including stimulation o! small businesses, grave is a continuing struggle to attain these no free access to the United States, to its the restoration o! the construction industry two aspirations: security and liberty. The market, to its currency? to a position of health, seeking new internal first basic need of a human being is security. Statehood on the other hand means politt'­ and external markets, creation and develop­ On being born, it needs to receive a minimum cal integration, but not cultural assimilation, ment of infrastructure such as transporta­ degree of physical and e~otional security. to the world's most developed nation and to tion and communication links and the con­ The need !or food, clothing, employment, a people of profound democratic ideals. The struction and development of present and shelter, health, friendship, love and respect U.S. has defects just as every other country. future sources o! energy. in our lives are examples of the continuing However, the United States is the freest Finding the way toward the improvement wandering of man in search of security. and most open society in the contemporary o! our economy and toward collective prog­ Another basic need of a human being is world. This means that Puerto Rico can ress, is something we can achieve only if liberty. We certainly seek the security of a look upon with dignity, to the federation we work united, all together, keeping in job, but not as slaves; we seek food, clothing, with the American constitutional system. mind that phrase by don Antonio R. Barcel6: shelter, but not as prisoners in a jail. We Although under Commonwealth we have "Puerto Rico above all else". To place Puerto want a society of law and order, but not a developed self-government at the local level, Rico above all else, wishing is not suftlcient, repressive police state. we do not have self-government at the federal we must take action. And to do it, as Gov­ In liberty, we can find the maximum ful­ level. We do not participate in the process ernor Carlos Romero-Barcel6 said, "We must fillment of our potential as a human being. to elect those that govern us from Wash­ sweat !or our fatherland". Liberty is truly found in education and ington. We do not vote for the President or There are other great priorities in the the development of knowledge; knowledge of the Vice President nor do we have rep­ agenda o! this government: education, human nature, of ourselves, of the funda­ resentation with voice and vote in Congress. health, public safety, housing, environmental mental values in li!e; knowledge of the ex­ protection, sports and recreation, the rights We must, by the way, congratulate Gov­ ternal world which surround us and of the ernor Romero-Barcel6 and our Legislature o! women, the care !or the elderly, the natural laws of the universe. handicapped, children and the unemployed. '!or approving the Presidential primary blll, Liberty is also freedom of thought a.nd of which will permit widespread participation We must also look inward to our own word; freedom of the press, the right to pri­ selves to assure that concurrent with our ma­ by the people in the process of selecting the vacy, the end to discrimination by reason delegates to the Democratic and Republican terial progress, we achieve moral and spirit­ of race, sex, religion, social status, political ual progress. We must have more to be more, Conventions, this is a step forward in our ideals, national origin and others. effort to obtain the right of the Puerto and not have more to be less. We must seek Liberty is the protection of life and prop­ a strengthening of the family and the fur­ Ricans to vote for the President and the Vice erty and the right not to be deprived of either President o'! the United States. therance o! human, estethic, ethic and moral without due process of law. values. Liberty is the search for happiness through Statehood would confer upon us self-gov­ All o! these !orm a fundamental part o! those pathways indicated by our conscience ernment at the local and federal levels. Under the agenda o! this government. But let us statehood we would continue to elect our and by life itself. not be deceived into believing that the mat­ Is there any political status which can own Governor, local legislature, mayors and ter o! our ultimate political destiny can be guarantee individual security and liberty to assemblymen. But in addition to these rights forever postponed. I am convinced that the ea.ch and all Puerto Ricans? The answer is that we now enjoy we would be able to vote lack of political definition by our people re­ negative. There is no such a political status for the President and the Vice President garding its ultimate political status is the be and those who pretend to persuade others and we would also electing two Senators principal cause !or our lack o! unity as a that independence, commonwealth or state­ and seven Representatives to Congress with people and a cause o! divisiveness among our hood is such a status deceive themselves and full voice and voting rights. Puerto Rico best leaders, who find themselves dispersed would have as many Senators as New York, the people. within separate idealogical camps supporting We human beings have not been able nor California or Texas. In the House of Rep­ one or another status formula. will we able to attain a political economic resentatives we would have more Congress­ Let us not complain about our divisiveness and socially balanced world which would al­ men than 26 other states. We would have and o! the extreme politiZation o! our life low us to guarantee that all risks against our P.normous political power in Washington until such time as we are ready to eliminate through nine Puerto Ricans that would the principal cause of our discord-the !act security and liberty have been eliminated. represent us and bring justice to the people that we have not settled permanently and We can only lessen the risks against our through federal legislation geared towards definitively, the long, painful, and consum­ security and liberty. I hold that statehood, problems such as unemployment, health, ing debate regarding our political status. more than any of the other alternatives, fills housing, nutrition, education, transportation Twenty five years under Commonwealth the need for security and liberty of our and communications. Legislation not to in­ status convince us that now more than ever, people. crease dependency but to ensure economic the Puerto Rican people feel the need to find I believe that Commonwealth status had and individual development. something better and with more dignity for its time in history and that it fulfilled its Under statehood Puerto Rico would have our people. purpose during the fifties and sixties. Com­ two flags, two anthems, and two constitu­ It is imperative that we propose to all of monwealth is, however, by its own nature a tions. The internal organization of the gov­ our Puerto Rican brothers a viable, honor­ transition status. The political, social, and ernment of the State of Puerto Rico will be able and patriotic alternative as the solu­ economic developmen~ of the people of guided by the island's constitution, which tion to the matter of our political status. We Puerto Rico cannot be frustrated or left half would be basically the one we have now ex­ propose in good faith to all of our people, in­ way. Puerto Rico does not and cannot feel cept for changing the references from Com­ cluding statehooders, commonwealthers or satisfied with its present political status. We monwealth to State. In the same way we separatists, an alternative whose principal are still a people wandering in search of would retain our bill of rights. The Consti­ commitment is the welfare, the progress and freedom. I believe that in statehood we will tution of the United States would also be the tranquility of the Puerto Rican people. find security and liberty with dignity. I applicable, with all the rights conferred by Our desire is to attain the solidarity and the want to leave no doubts, however, that I am the U.S. citizenship, and with the same dis­ union o! the great Puerto Rican family by tnconditionally Puerto Rican and a condi­ tribution of powers between the Federal and means of a formula which allows our people tional statehooder. I have accepted statehood State governments that exists in the fifty the full exercise of their political rights, the only after becoming convinced that we can states. maximum economic and social development, request it the day that the majority of the the preservation and enrichment of our cul­ people favor it in a referendum under con­ The flag of the State of Puerto Rico would ture, our language and our identity as a ditions that guarantee the essence of our be the lone star flag and the national flag people. "Puerto Rican being" or identity. would be the star and stripes, with one ad­ The principal diftlculty we Puerto Ricans Statehood is politically speaking the same ditional star for Puerto Rico. Our State an­ !ace in discussing the status issue is that we as independence, except that instead of th~m would be "La Borinquefi.a" and our na­ tional anthem the "Star Spangled Banner". tend to be fanatics. In the political arena we separating, we a.re joining politically with the must not become bound to inflexible posi­ United States, which is a free and sovereign It would be important that we pay the same tions; nor to !all prey to the grave danger to nation. honor to both anthems and flags. intellectual development which results from In political and realistic terms independ­ To be a statehooder one must not be a having narrow minds. Some supporters of ence will not help us to solve our problem good American and a. bad Puerto Rican. independence, commonwealth and statehood of security and liberty. To become separated Being a statehooder is being both a good have confused many Puerto Ricans by being from the United States would mean that we Puerto Rican and a good American. Both are emotional, irrational and fanatical in the would have to provide, in an island one perfectly compatible. The federation does defense of their formulas. hundred miles long and thirty five miles not mean the political disappearance of the There is one basic premise on which we wide with a little bit over 3,500 square miles, state but the opposite, it means the political all can agree; any political status which the for over three million inhabitants, a popula- affirmation of the state as a political body July 25, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24837 with a determined degree of autonomy vis-a.­ our times, the statehooder, is a person sure "National Policy and the Cities." In ad­ vis the Federal Government. of his identity and proud of his culture who dition to presenting the text of Vernon's We want the autonomy that statehood is not afraid of Americans and who does not would bring us. We reject as a permanent renounce his idiosyncracies. speech in the RECORD, I intend to present solution autonomy with colonial vestiges. The Puerto Rican, as a U.S. citizen, would in tomorrow's RECORD a detailed reply to Dr. Jose Celso Barbosa, the lllustrious like to participate fully of all the rights th.at the President's policy statement: Puerto Rican whom we all remember a.s the are conferred by citizenship from voting for KEYNOTE ADDRESS BY VERNON E. JORDAN, JR., apostle of statehood, was an autonomist un­ the President to petitioning the government ExEcuTIVE DmECTOR, NATIONAL URBAN der the Spanish regime and a statehooder for grievances. LEAGUE under the American government because I would like, at this time, to address some Once again we meet in our nation's capital. statehood confers, under the American con­ words to those that in good faith believe in Once again, the National Urban League stitutional system, the degree of autonomy independence. Statehood, as I see It, would Movement convenes to press the just de­ necessary to maintain the political identity not undermine our pride of being Puerto mands of black citizens upon a newly­ of the State and at the same time maintains Ricans, we share many of your patriotic con­ lnstalled national government. the union of all the members of the federa­ cerns. We wlll defend our patrimony. It is well to recall that our la.st Annual tion. To those who believe in Commonwealth I Conference In this City was held while guns Under statehood Puerto Rico would not say that statehood is the culmination of and bombs were bringing death and des"truc­ lose any of the important local powers that Commonwealth and without the uncertain­ tion in Vietnam, whlle high officials were we now enjoy, on the other hand, we would ties of that status. Statehood would be at the covering up the Watergate scandal, and obtain additional powers in the Federal gov­ service of Puerto Rico and not Puerto Rico whlle a hostlle Administration was trying to ernment. at the service of statehood. roll back the gains made by black citizens. I also visualize statehood for Puerto Rico As that great friend of Puerto Rico, Frank­ Today, the atmosphere is radically differ­ as a permanent status to be requested after lin D. Roosevelt said: "There is nothing to ent. The guns of war are silent. Corruption, a majority of our people so request it and fear but fear Itself". Puerto Rico needs men cover-up, and the abuse of power have gone approved by Congress through an enabling and women without fear that look at the out of style. And a new Administration is legislation which would include a series of future with confidence In our people and openly consulting citizens' groups in pollcy provisions guaranteeing the economic growth with the a,ssurance that a "permanent union" formulation, while giving new recognition to and stab111ty of the State of Puerto Rico. with the United States, is based not only on the sanctity of human rights. The following provisions should be included common citizenship, common currency, com­ In the White House, we have a President in the blll: mon defense and a common market, but in whose devotion to equal opportunity is un­ questioned. Long before he became our 1. Tax exempt industries should continue the common well being of Puerto Rico, each to enjoy their exemption until the term of one of the states, a.nd the Union. Pre.;ldent, Jimmy Carter was our friend. Long before he was even a candidate for the such exemption runs out. · Let us reflect today on the political future Presidency, Governor Jimmy Carter of Geor­ 2. The amount of Federal taxes levied on of our people. Let us start thinking that gia came to Urban League meetings proudly the industries which enjoy tax exemption after 1980 we should consider holding a new wearing our equallty pin in his lapel. And prior to Puerto Rico's becoming a State shall referendum to feel out the sentiment and now, as President of the United States, he be returned by the Treasury Department of wishes of our people. After all, In the refer­ will honor us by coming to speak at this the United States to the Government of endum of 1967, Commonwealth obtained National Urban League Annual Conference. Puerto Rico during the first 15 or 20 years of 425,000 and we have today 1,750,000 voters, of In the short time he has been President, statehood under a special Revenue sharing which over a million did not vote in 1967. ~Ir. Carter has impressed us with his personal program. The Government of Puerto Rico In the meantime, let us reaffirm that our style. He has helped heal the wounds of a could use these funds to develop an Incen­ commitment is to Puerto Rico, to our people, divided nation by deflating the "imperial tive and subsidy program for those Industries to all of you on whom we are calling to serve, Presidency," by reaching out to his fellow that had enjoyed tax exempt status and so that progress, Justice, and the right to the citizens, and by backing an amnesty program thereby protect the Jobs of those employed pursuit of happiness will become a reality for that seeks to put the horrors of Vietnam by these industries. three mill1on Puerto Ricans who, be they for behind us. 3. That the Federal Income taxes paid by independence, commonwealth or statehood, President Carter has touched us deeply by the residents of Puerto Rico during the first are truly our brothers. Together we shall stressing the importance of human rights year be fully returned to the Government share everything that our beloved island has In a world that commonly flaunts those pre­ of Puerto Rico during the first year and each to offer; together we wm enjoy that sea, that cious innate rights, and this is a cause that year thereafter, except that after the first land, and that sun. Together we will confront speaks to our hearts with a special slg­ year such amount should be reduced by 5 a common destiny as sons of this people who nlficance. percent. are wllllng to ask with justice what is due President Cart.er has won our admiration The purpose of the last dlsposltlon ls to them and to offer with dignity what we can. by pursuing an African pollcy that, for the enable the Government of Puerto Rico, in a Thank you. first time in our history, treats the aspira­ reasonable period of time, to gradually re­ tions of Black Africa with respect and form its tax system in harmony with Its encouragement. condition as a state. At the same time this These, and other accomplishments of the provision would enable the Government of VERNON JORDAN: CARTER MUST new Administration has won our support. Puerto Rico to make the necessary adjust­ DO MORE The style of openness and access to decision­ ments in its tax system so that no one would makers has breathed new life Into our form have to pay more taxes than the very high of government. The symbolic acts of the Ad­ taxes which we pay under Commonwealth. ministration have put us back in touch with Of the 610,000 fam1lies that we now have in HON. JOHN CONYERS, JR. our leaders. Puerto Rico around 450,000 or over 60 per­ OF MICHIGAN Why then, do we convene in Washington cent would not pay any Federal taxes under IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES with troubled minds a.nd heavy hearts? Why statehood and on the other hand would re­ then, are black people disenchanted with the ceive benefits tha.t we do not now receive in Monday, July 25, 1977 Administration they elected? And why do so Puerto Rico. Mr. CONYERS. Mr. Speaker, I con­ many black people feel that their hopes and Once the enabling legislation is approved their needs have been betrayed? by Congress and Puerto Rico becomes a State, gratulate Vernon Jordan for his timely The sad fact ls that the list of what the what would happen? Would we be assimi­ and outspoken criticism of the Carter Administration has not done far exceeds its lated? No we would not. We would continue administration's economic philosophy, list of accomplishments. The sad fact is that doing the same things we do now; thinking, priorities and policies. Vernon's keyncte the Administration ls not living up to the speaking, and praying in Spanish, without address at the 67th annual conference First Commandment of politics-to help underestimating the importance of being bi­ of the National Urban League unequiv­ those who helped you. lingual; enjoying the things that we like; ocably accuses the administration of The Administration has formulated a new celebrating Christmas in our typical way, failing to address the Nation's most foreign policy, a new defense policy and a patron days' festivities; honoring our mothers critical domestic problems: Massive new energy policy. But it has not adequately and retaining our famlly values. black unemployment, unabated deteri­ addressed Itself to a new domestic policy. We In other words, we would continue practic­ have no full employment pollcy. We have no ing and enriching our customs, our tradi­ oration of the cities, lack of national welfare reform policy. We have no national tions and our culture. health insurance, and a totally inade­ health oolicy. We have no urban revitaliza­ On this I must point out that those that quate income maintenance program. tion policy. We have no aggree:slve affi.rmatlve fear the loss of our culture and Identity are President Carter in effect will respond action policy. We have no national solutions those that in reality underestimate our to Vernon's criticisms when he addresses to the grinding problexns of poverty and dis­ character as a people. The Puerto Rican of the conference this morning on the topic crlmlnation. 24838 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 25, 19,77 To paraphrase Winston Churchill, "never crisis is really just a fiscal crisis, and that live in cities. Cities have to be saved, not for have so many expected so much and received shoveling federal dollars into city treasuries those who abandoned them and then changed so little." will solve it. But the problem goes far deeper, their minds, but for those who live in them A limited jobs program is not enough. An for the urban crisis has a human face to it. today. enlightened African policy is not enough. An It is a crisis of national morality and of our And a national urban policy cannot be expanded housing policy is not enough. A national willingness to tolerate poverty and restricted to bricks and mortar showpieces, or handful of top black appointments is not despair. And it is the direct result of over to further wasteful revenue sharing pro­ enough. An open style without substantive two decades of conscious public and private grams. It must have three major components: change is not enough. And it is not enough policies designed to de-populate cities and (1) Federally-supported and directed in­ to do better than Nixon or Ford. Black people strip them of their economic capabilities. creases in basic so::ial services-health, edu­ didn't vote for Nixon and didn't vote for Public and private policies moved popu­ cation, transportation, and youth programs. Ford. They voted for President Carter, and lation and job opportunities to the suburbs, (2) Massive creation of housing opportu­ it is not enough for President Carter to be and at the same time restocked the cities nities for low and moderate income families, just a little better than his predecessors. with poor people. Now there is general rec­ within a national housing policy that assures Black people, having tasted the sweetness ognition that the proce~s has gone too far. a decent, safe and sanitary home for every of victory in November, resent the sour taste An energy-dependent society is beginning family, and of disappointment in July. Black people and to realize that energy-efficient cities are nec­ (3) A federal urban economic development poor people resent the stress on balanced essary once more. The suburban dream has program that includes guaranteed jobs for budgets instead of balanced lives. We resent become tarnished and middle class people are all who can work and an income assistance unfulfilled promises of jobs, compromises to again looking to the cities, where abandoned system. win conservative support, and the continued housing and cheap land are economically Finally, the Administration should signal acceptance of high unemployment. tempting to developers. the nation's poor that their interests will be Our resentment is fueled by impatience. Race and economics once more interact met by meaningful reform of the welfare We, who have been patient for so long are to the detriment of the black poor. Black system that is supposed to provide assist­ finally running out of patience. The cries of slums have suddenly become targets for ance to those most in need, but does not. pain from impoverished rural areas and ur­ "rehabilitation." Speculators reap profits Candidate Carter called it a "disgrace," and ban slums ring out, and cannot be stilled by while black homeowners and renters are President Carter has ordered his Adminis­ minor measures. Our longing for true equal­ squeezed by the cycle of high demand, rising tration to come up with a reform proposal. ity w111 not cease, nor will it be diverted by land values, are higher property taxes. The basic outlines of the Administration's stylistic flourishes. If our cities are dying it is not through package have been made public, and they In some ways, ours has been a learning natural death or even self-inflicted suicide; indicate that a real change is not in sight. experience. Black people are learning the it is through local policies aimed at k111ing Although the reform was to result in a sys­ callousness of political reality. We are learn­ inner-city neighborhoods that they may be tem that would be equitable, simple to ad­ ing that electing a President is not enoPgh. reborn for the benefit of the well-off. HUD's minister, promote family stabi11ty, and help We a.re learning that the forces of entrenched tougher policy ensuring that block grants the poor, we are likely to have to fight a. power will not easily accommodate our de­ are used, as the law demands, for poor peo­ plan that is inequitable, an administrative mands for change. We are learning that we ple's housing is a commendable attempt to nightmare, promotes family instability and must raise our voices and must use our po­ counter this growing phenomenon. leaves many poor people worse off. litical power with the same determination This plan founders on major conceptual as do those who oppose us. We are learning The process of saving the cities must not flaws. Among them are the mandates to keep that even an Administration sympathetic to be a process of driving out the poor to house a ceiling on costs no greater than present our needs a.nd in harmony with our aspira­ the middle class, but a process of helping welfare-related programs, categorization of tions needs sustained pressure. the poor to become middle income. The ulti­ the poor, and a work requirement. Such We are here in Washington to apply some mate future of our cities and of our nation measures would continue to stigmatize poor of that pressure. We are here in Washington may depend upon the success of that effort. people while perpetu!l.ting negative myths to call on this Administration to fulfill its We stepped to the edge of the abyss the about the poor. And a bad plan may be made promises. We are here in Washington to re­ other day, when the plug was pulled on New even worse. There was one proposal to elimi­ call this Administration to what we feel is York's electricity. The looting that occurred nate the federal housing subsidy program in its true spirit, the s9irit of social reform and could have happened in any city in our coun­ order to transfer the money to the welfare racial equality. We are here in Washington try. All our cities contain large numbers of program, a step that makes no sense at all. to help it escape from the evils of premature people who have no stakes in this society, It would have destroyed already under­ polftioa.l compromise, narrow fiscal conserv­ who are without jobs or hope, whose despair funded federal housing programs while fur­ atism, and indefinite delays in implementing and anger simmers continually, until it boils ther distorting welfare reform and like other reforms. We are here to file our claim, to over, past the limits of accepted behavior. elements of the welfare reform plan, it would collect on the campaign promises made in They are the victims of a society that will­ take from some poor people to give to other black churches and black neighborhoods. fully destroys its own cities. The destruction poor people. We understand that the nature of the po­ they wrought was a more violent mirror The c.ore of the welfare reform proposal litical process is such that all of our needs image of the destruction of lives and neigh­ links work to welfare, and thus perpetuates cannot be met at once. But we call on the borhoods caused by impersonal forces in our the vicious myth that poor peoole don't want Administration to start sending signals that society-discrimination, unemployment, pov­ to work. The fact is that poor people do want indicate it understands our needs and will erty. Lawlessness cannot be condoned, but to work and do work. The fact is that poor make them its own. our society must draw the right conclusions people are as work-oriented as middle class One such signal should be the immediate from such terrible incidents--people have to people. withdrawal of the disastrous proposal to be assured of a stake in the society; they Our purpose tonight is not to further criti­ abolish the Electoral College in favor of di­ must have jobs and decent housing if we cize a bad plan but to o~er an alternative rect popular election of the President. This that would benefit poor people and the want them to act in conformity with society's nation. seemingly democratic change would have un­ rules. The reaources that will be spent to democratic results. It would weaken the po­ repair the damages could have been better The National Urban League is on record in litical power of the cities and the poor, and spent in preventive programs that might support of a long-range plan to use a re­ it would unbalance our political svstem. Do have avoided the disaster. fundable credit income tax as the means of assuring a minimum income level beneath a.way with the Electoral College, and in 1980 But the tragedy in New York offers the the black vote will not make the difference which no family could fall. We continue to President an opportunity to exercise bold support that plan, but recognizing that polit­ it did in 1976. leadership. We ask tonight that President It is unseemly for an Administration that ical reality now prevents its acceptance, we Carter signal to the nation his concern for call tonight for an interim plan that would owes its existence to solid black electoral the cities and for the poor who live in them support to propose a new system whose effect supplement the present welfare system and by going to New York; by speaking with the ease the plight of poor people while putting would be to sabotage that support by dilut­ looters and the looted in the South bronx, ing black voting power. And it is outrageous in olace structures for ultimate reform. Harlem and Bedford-Stuyvesant. A nation . Our interim plan includes four major that the Congress has forced the Adminis­ of cities is adrift in confusion and the Pres­ steps: tration to compromise its plan for a system ident of all the people has to show his con­ of universal Election Day registration. ( 1) A massive job-creation program. we cern. He has to show he understands the should have an expanded federal program of Another signal should be for the Adminis­ despair and the anger, the hopes and the public service jobs, and job-creation incen­ tration to come u9 with a serious program needs, of the urban poor. Yes, if the Presi­ tives to private industry, targeted to high un­ to save our nation's cities. The so-called ur­ dent can go to Clinton and to Yazoo City, employment areas. ban crisis has become almost a cliche he can go to New York. (2) Food Stamp expansion. The food stamp stripped of meaning by repetition and mis~ We call on the President and the Congress understanding. program has become a major source of in­ to formulate a national urban policy that come assistance. By eliminating the cash re­ There are those who believe the urban deals with the human problems of people who quirement, simplifying and broadening eligi- July 25, 1977· EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS bility, and launching an aggressive outreach opportunity. The national search for roots is So I call tonight on my colleagues to join program, food stamps can become the ve­ degenerating into mere nostalgia, instead of with me in a meeting next month to begin hicle for helping all of the poor and near­ drawing lessons from the hardships forced the process of coordination on behalf of all poor. upon our forebears and those of other ethnic of America's black and poor people. Our (3) Major improvements in social insur­ groups. meetings should be held in private. They ance programs including a national health And yet, because we hear the true call of should deal with issues and strategies. They insurance plan. Extending and improving our roots, because we draw inspiration from should be structured around the concerns programs that cushion the effects of unem­ those who came before us and on whose of our constituents. ployment and economic losses due to health accomplishments we build, we are unshak­ I am confident they will share my belief problems will reduce the numbers of people able in our determination to overcome. that it is imperative for black leadership to forced to resort to welfare assistance. While we continue to impress upon the Ad­ create a new structure that will enable us to (4) A refundable tax credit. Ultimately, we ministration, the Congress, and the public act in unison and to maximize our efforts on envisage this as a means to drastically shrink and private sectors, the justice of our cause, behalf of our constituents. For if we don't do the welfare rolls, but a start can be made we have another job to do. it, who will? We can call on the President to now by using the tax system to provide modi­ We must capitalize on the latent strengths push for social changes; we can call on the fied income assistance. of the black community. We must marshall Congress, we can call on the private sector, Thus by instituting a refundable tax credit our considerable economic and political but in the last analysis what must be done, and applying it to grants for low-income power to improve our communities. We must we must do ourselves. We need alliances and families, even a modest grant would remove bend every effort to instill in our young peo­ coalitions but the initiative and the urgency significant numbers of people from the wel­ ple a devotion to excellence and a determi­ must be ours. fare rolls while providing aid for those whose nation to succeed. We take our cue from Frederick Douglass, welfare benefits are inadequate and those Those of us in leadership positions have a who wisely counseled: "Who would be free, who are poor or near-poor and do not receive still larger responsibility. We cannot lessen themselves must strike the blow.... You welfare payments. This proposal would our pressures for constructive change. Wf know that liberty given is never so precious shrink the welfare rolls and would reduce cannot a!low our personal or political loyal­ as liberty sought for and fought for. The the dependence on the welfare system ties to deflect us from the task of fighting man outraged is the man to make the out­ through a more equitable tax system. for our rights. This applies as much to local cry. Depend on it, men will not care much This interim plan would be real reform. By leadership as it does to the national. leader­ for a people who do not care for themselves." instituting this plan, the Administration can ship of black institutions. I am confident that we can succeed, we refuse to become part of the institutional re­ It is in this context that we must urge shall overcome. The path, as always, will be treat from civil rights that is infecting the our black brothers and sisters in govern­ difficult, but it is· an American path, and naion. In almost all sectors of national life ment to recognize the important role they that is why I am confident. we see former friends relaxing into indiffer­ can play. We are proud of them. Every an­ Last year I was in South Africa and two ence, and former foes back on the attack. nouncement from the White House of the weeks ago I was in Russia Seeing oppressive National policies of neglect and recession appointment of a black person to a federal dictatorships of the right and the left con­ have combined to make many people in the position was met with pride. At long last vinces me that however far America may be private sector less concerned with fulfilling there are enough black people at the higher from attaining its national goals and ideals, their responsib111ties. echelons of government to form a critical America is fertile soil for human fulfillment. The Congress seems more anxious to ban mass capable of exerting a major influence The plane that brought me home from busing, to limit affirmative action programs on policy. Most of these black federal execu­ Russia landed in New York during the black­ tives come from backgrounds of militant ac­ out. The lights were out all over the city. and to bar Medicaid funds for abortions than But despite the inconvenience and the at­ it is to improve the schools, enforce civil tivism, and the fervor and passion they brought to the civil rights movement must tendant problems, I'd rather be here in the rights, or to enable meaningful life after continue to characterize their actions. United States with the lights out than be­ birth. But that same Congress was giving hind the Iron Curtain with the lights on. every indication of being willing to pour bil­ Just as they were on guard for civil rights 24 hours a day, so too must they continue we have many just criticisms to make of our lions of dollars down the drain on the B-1 nation, but this speech could not be given bomber before the President's bold and far­ that vigilance in their new jobs. Just as they once prodded the Executive Branch, the in Russia or South Africa, and we could not sighted decision not to go ahead with pro­ dissent from national policies or pressure na­ duction. Congress, and the courts with ceaseless de­ mands for change, so too must they continue tional leadership in Russia or South Africa. The symbol of institutional retreat is the to raise the kinds of issues we have raised Having visited such countries that are Supreme Court. Once the proud defender of tonight. built on vicious denial of human rights, I the rights of minorities and the disadvan­ take heart from our new national policy of taged, this Nixon-dominated Court has be­ Black federal executives are uniquely sit­ worldwide support for the sanctity of hu­ come a source of denial of equal opportuni­ uated to become catalysts of change. They man rights. When a Vorster kills young black ties. The protector of our rights has slowly can maximize their strengths by coming to­ people in Soweto, when a Brezhnev sends dis­ slid into the position of becoming the enemy gether in an informal network of conscious senters to prison ca.mpa. when an Amin sense­ of those rights. interdependence and shared resources. All of lessly slaughters his own people, all mankind The Court has retreated to the cramped our nation's institutions have run on the is diminished. All mankind bleeds on the narrow legalisms of supposed neutrality and wheels of a well-oiled "buddy system" of mu­ rack of the torturers, whoever they may be objectivity. It has formulated the legal doc­ tual protection and mutual aid that excluded and wherever they may commit their crimes. trine of "intent to discriminate" as a replace­ blacks and other minorities. So the inevit­ But this new American crusade for human ment for the more realistic legal require­ able lesson is that black and minority offi­ rights and decency in the world must not ment of proving discriminatory effects. In its cials should come together in a similar sys­ become prey to hypocrisy and to cynicism. last term, the Court upheld discriminatory tem of shared support that will increase the Our nation cannot call for respect for human zoning laws and discriminatory seniority influence of black executives and, more im­ rights while it lacks the moral courage to systems. It denied to poor women the oppor­ portantly, of the policies they are fighting save its own cities, its own poor, its own tunity for abortion available to more afllu­ for. minorities whose rights a.re trampled upon. ent women, and it is shocking for the Admin­ I cannot urge greater mutuality and coop­ The real moral equivalent of war in our istration and the Congrees to have supported eration among black federal executives with­ times is the moral challenge to construct a the Court in this callous act. out recognizing the need for closer coopera­ just and equal society. It is in this Court then, so vastly different tion among national black leadership. With So our concern with human rights in the from the Warren Court that protected and a national mood that ranges from indiffer­ world must be joined by similar concern for extended civil rights, that the Bakke case ence to hostility, with crucial national deci­ basic human rights here at home. As long as wm be decided. sions being made without due consideration our society denies equality of opportunity for We urge the Administration to recognize of their impact on black people, and with its minorities, jobs for all who can work and the importance of this case and the issues black institutional strength diluted because income security for all who need it, our involved by filing an amicus brief asking of lack of unified strategies, it is time for advocacy of human rights will be met by the Court to uphold the University's admis­ black leadership to come together once again. scorn throughout the world. We cannot sions program. On those occasions when we have coordi­ preach at others and sin ourselves. By the standards of legality, morality and nated strategies, such as last year's voter reg­ It is the mission of the Urban League plain common sense, affirmative action pro­ istration campaign, we have been succeesful. Movement to remind our nation of this, and grams are legitimate and necessary. And the It is time now to extend that success to other to toil on behalf of black people, of minori­ intensity of the opposition to affirmative ac­ areas and other issues. It is time now for ties, of all poor people. As we begin this tion is yet another example of the painful national black civil rights leadership to come Conference, let us be mindful of that mis­ fact that the national mood still resists ac­ together in a revived leadership grouu, in sion. Let us not forget who we a.re, from commodation to the just needs of black and structured, planned meetings of heads of na­ whence we came, and why we are here. minority people. It still resists making neces­ tional organizations to pool our strengths Most of us at this Conference are working; sary changes in our society to provide equal and strategies. our incomes place us in the middle class. We CXXIII--1564-Part 20 24840 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 25, 1977 are educated; we are among DuBois' sion are clarified. In particular, oil im­ Larger capital cost dlfferentia.L ___ _ -$1.8 talented tenth, and among us are found Higher uranium enrichment costs __ _ +9.9 ports are not significantly affected by the Increased uranium prices ______many of the black intelligensia. We are pro­ future of the breeder, halting construc­ +15.2 fesslonalro, semi-professional, blue and white collar workers; we represent business, labor, tion of the Clinch River breeder reactor Total Change in estilma.te of public and private sectors. is not an anti-nuclear-fission posture, gross benefits ______-19.4 OUr forebears were slaves. OUr parents other countries Plli'SUant of the breeder 1977 gross benefits estimate ______0 is struggled to put us where we are. We a.re more political than economic, an ex­ Note: Gross benefits exclude the costs of the first or second generation of our families port market for breeders is illusory, and research, development, and commercializa­ to earn degrees. We are just a step ahead that there are substantial gains to delay­ tion. of the fathers and mothers, brothers and ing the LMFBR program. sisters who helped us. We know our roots. The four reconsiderations above drive the we know the years of toll and sweat; we The letter follows: expected gross benefits of the LMFBR to ap­ know the ghettos from which we came, we COUNCIL OF EcONOMIC .ADVISERS, proximately zero. However, a few limitations remember the inferior segregated schools, the Washington, D.C., July 21, 1977. of the ERDA analysis should be brought to ine=1uitable welfare system, the walls of dis­ Hon. GEORGE E. BROWN. your attention. crimination in jobs and housing. Yes, we U.S. House of Representatives, 2342 Rayburn First, Umita.tions on HTGR (or other ad­ knl)W all of this first-hand and because we House Office Building, Washington, D.C. vanced converter) commercial availability knl)W what it means to be black and poor in DEAR CONGRESSMAN BROWN: You asked if may be overstated. This overstates the bene­ this society, we are painfully aware that our we could provide you information on recent fits of the LMFBR. petsonal gains are tenuous and insecure. We economic studies on the LMFBR program. Second, the ERDA studies disregard the kn•lW we cannot breathe easy while our The following information has been drawn sensitivity of energy demand to prices, i.e., brothers and sisters are still under the heel together. the price elasticity of demand ls assumed to of poverty and hardship and discrimination. A. 'UPDATED ERDA STUDY be zero. This probably overstates the bene­ we are here at this Conference then, not ERDA has recently revised its economic fits of the breeder. for ourselves, but for them. We are here on analysis in the June 1977 ERDA publication, Third, the ERDA studies did not expli~itly behalf of our brothers and sisters, some of "Updated C-B Analysis of the LMFBR." (See consider coal use. Environmental limitations whom don't know who we are or what we're enclosed Tab A). The CEA staff has reviewed on its use may raise breeder benefits. about, but they send us a message, an urgent this document, and concludes that it rep­ Fourth, uranium resource estimates used message, to lead, to produce, to make their resents a major change in the ERDA findings in the ERDA studies (3.7 mi111on tons) may futures brighter and more secure. They're from earlier studies. be understated. The higher estimates of the depending on us. Who wlll speak for them? The same model and analytical techniques FORD/MITRE study would make the breeder Who will fight for them? In a society that yielded substantial gross benefits to breeder an even less profitable investment. consigns black people to the bottom rung, development in a 1974 ERDA study, but Fifth, initial projections of costs a.re often it is the Urban League and other institu­ now project near zero gross benefits. All substantially underestimated. The higher tions in the black community that stand figures are discounted and a.re before ac­ "expected" R&D costs would reduce breeder by their goals, their interests, their needs. counting costs of research, development, and benefits. So we're here in Washington to work for commercialization. Finally, the near zero gross benefits calcu­ the brothers and the sisters. We're not here lation in the new ERDA study is not based to party or to play, but to plan and to pres­ The following changes in outlook a.re central to the revision: on a rerun of the 1974 model. Rather, it is a sure. We have to demonstrate that we have shortcut which uses linear interpolations of not forgotten our blackness, our roots, the 1. Uranium assumptions benefit sensitivities from the 1974 study. The poverty of our people. We are a movement The beneftt estlmate was raised by a re­ individual components were then summed with a mission, and as we begin this Confer­ considera.tion of uranium supply, raising to derive the change in total benefits. In fa.ct, ence let us recall James Welcfon Johnson's $15.2 LMFBR benefits by billion. In addi­ without the "arbitrary" $4 billion U30~ sup­ invocation of remembrance of homage to tion, use of higher cost estimates for uran­ ply adjustment, the simple summing up roots sunk deep and true: ium enrichment ($75 instead of $36 per sep­ technique would predict gross benefits of "God of our weary yea.rs, arative work unit). raised benefits by an -$4 blllion, which is a mathematical im­ God of our silent tea.rs, additional $9.9 bill1on. possibility. Thou who has brought us thus far on our It should be noted, however, that uranium Notwithstanding these shortcomings, this way, supply may have been understated by ERDA new piece of evidence is largely consistent Thou who has by Thy might even in this study. Specifically, the study with a growing body of evidence which sug­ Led us into the light, did not take account of higher cost ores, gests that the case for the LMFBR program Keep us forever in the pa.th, we pray; which, according to many analysts could add cannot be supported on economic grounds. substantially to the resources estimates. Lest our feet stray from the places, our God, B. COMMENTS ON RECENT ARGUMENTS FAVORING where we met Thee, 2. Energy demand THE BREEDER Lest our healths. drunk with the wine of the The expected long-run decline in GNP Some common misconceptions concerning world, we forget Thee; growth-due to slower publication and labor Shadowed beneath Thy hand, the economic aspects of the breeder decision force growth and technical progress--as well should be clarified. I refer particularly to the May we forever stand, as the conservation measures of the energy True to our God, True to our native land." dally Bugs Bunny "Breeder Briefs." plan will reduce demand growth below earlier First, oil imports a.re not significantly af­ estimates. Therefore, the projected demand fected by the future of the breeder. The al­ of 10.6 trlllion KWH for 2000 and 27.6 trlllion ternatives to the LMFBR progra.tns a.re cur­ KWH for 2020 used in the 1974 base case are rently other nuclear fission reactors or coal. THE COUNCIL OF ECONOMIC AD­ untenable. Updated estimates of 5 trill1on It ls highly unlikely, and under the NEP VISF.RS SPEAKS OUT ON THE KWH in 2000 a.re more reasonable. This would be prohibited, that base load elec­ BREEDER change is the major revision in the case for tricity will be generated from oil. the breeder, decreasing benefits in the new ERDA study by an estimated $30.7 bilUon. Second, halting construction on Clinch River is not an anti-nuclear fission posture. HON. GEORGE E. BROWN, JR. 3. Delays In fa.ct, the only base load alternative to the OF CALIFORNIA Further delays in the commercial a.va.ll­ LMFBR considered in the ERDA studies dis­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES a.blllty of the breeder a.re likely to be en­ cussed above was the light water nuclear countered. Introduction in 1995, rather than reactor. Monday, July 25, 1977 1987, lowers benefits by $12 billion. Third, regardless of what other nations Mr BROWN of California. Mr. Speak­ 4. Capital costs with entirely different natural T'esource bases er. I recently received a letter from Mr. Capital cost estimates for the breeder had a.re doing to provide energy. It is likely that William Nordhaus, a member of the been substantially revised. A very conserva­ such a pa.th is political rather than economic. tive reevaluation of the capital cost differen­ Fourth, the suggestions that the breeder Council of Economic Advisers, which an­ tial between the LMFBR and the L WR re­ will solve our balance of payments problems swers many questions concerning the duced benefits in the new ERDA study by $1.8 is not sound. First, breeders could not be costs and benefits of the liquid metal billion. expected to contribute to U.S. exports until fast breeder reaetor-LMFBR. Their The following table briefly summarizes the well into the 21st century. Market forces, major conclusion is that the gross bene­ effects of revisions ma.de in the 1977 study: particularly the flexible exchange rate sys­ fits of the LMFBR are now approxi­ Effect on LMFBR gross benefits tem, will correct any balance of payments mately zero-without even taking into [In b1111ons of dollars] disequUibrlum long before the breeder is account the R. & D. costs-and that the available. Second, even if it were economic, Assumption change: the posslbllitles for exporting our breeder LMFBR commercialization program can­ 1974 gross benefits estimate ______+$19. 4 technology can be overestimated. Most de­ not be supported on economic grounds. veloped countries a.re developing their own Also several misconceptions concerning Reduced electric energy demand ___ _ -30.7 LMFBR's, and would therefore be a "captive the economic aspects of the breeder deci- Delayed LMFBR introduction ______-12.0 market" to local suppliers. Since the LMFBR July 25, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24841 is so capital intensive, it seeins unlikely that way house in the rehab111tation of Gavernmental Affairs a developing country would wish to buy this alcoholics. Federal Spending Practices and Open Gov­ reactor for economic reasons. Until noon 1202 Dirksen Building ernment Subcommittee Finally, there are substantial "gains" to Judiciary To continue hearings on S. 1264,, Federal postponing the LMFBR program. Recent Criminal Laws and Procedures Subcom­ Acquisition Aot of 1977. analyses show that a delay of twenty years mittee 3302 Dirksen Building would result in a $3 billion to $12 billion To resume hearings to examine the ero­ Judiciary gain. sion of law enforcement intelligence Constitution Subcommittee I would be delighted to provide further gathering capabllities. To resume hearings on S.J. Res. l, 8, and information which might be useful to you. 2228 Dirksen Building Sincerely yours, 18, proposing an amendment to the 10:00 a.m. Constitution to provide for the direct Wn.LIAM D. NORDHAUS, Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Member. popular election of the President and To consider further the nomination of Vice President of the United States. Robert H. McKinney, of Indiana, to be 2228 Dirksen Building a member of the Federal Home Loan 9:30a.m. Bank Board. Environment and Public Works SENATE COMMITI'EE MEETINGS 5302 Dirksen Building Resource Protection Subcommittee Title IV of Senate Resolution 4, agreed Commerce, Science, and Transportation To resume oversight hearings on the En­ to by the Senate on February 4, 1977, Business meeting to consider pending dangered Species Act of 1973. calendar business. 4200 Dirksen Building calls for establishment of a system for a 235 Russell Building *Human Resources computerized schedule of all meetings Energy and Natural Resources Labor Subcommittee and hearings of Senate committees, sub­ To continue mark up of S. 1469, proposed To hold hearings on S. 1871, to increase committees, joint committees, and com­ National Energy Act. the Federal minimum wage. mittees of conference. This title requires 3110 Dirksen Building 4232 Dirksen Building all such committees to notify the Office Finance lO:OOa.m. of the Senate Daily Digest-designated To hold a business meeting. Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs by the Rules Committee-of the time, 2221 Dirksen Building To mark up s. 695, to impose on former place, and purpose of all meetings when Foreign Relations Federal procurement personnel an ex­ scheduled, and any cancellations or International Operations Subcommittee tended time period during which they To hold hearings to receive testimony on may not work for defense contractors. changes in meetings as they occur. public attitudes toward the United . As an interim procedure until the 5302 Dirksen Building Nations. Commerce, Science, and Transportation computerization of this information be­ 4221 Dirksen Building Business meeting to ~onslder pending comes operational, the Office of the Sen­ Foreign Relations calendar business. ate Daily Digest will prepare this infor­ Foreign Assistance Subcommittee 235 Russell Building mation for printing in the Extensions of To receive testimony on S. 1771, the Energy and Natural Resources Remarks section of the CONGRESSIONAL Overseas Private Investment Corpora­ To continue mark up of S. 1469, proposed RECORD on Monday and Wednesday of tion Amendments Act of 1977. National Energy Act. each week. 318 Russell Building 3110 Dirksen Building Any changes in committee scheduling HuIIl'an Resources Finance will be indicated by placement of an Education, Arts, and Humanities Subcom­ To hold a business meeting. mittee 2221 Dirksen Building asterik to the left of the name of the To hold hearings to examine the quality unit conducting such meetings. Foreign Relations of educational testing in elementary To hold hearings on proposed Thresh­ Meetings scheduled for Tuesday, July and secondary schools. old Test Ban and Peaceful Nuclear 26, 1977, may be found in the Daily H-328, Capitol Explosions Treaties with the U.S.S.R. Digest of today's RECORD. Judiciary (Exec. N., 94th Cong., 2d sess.). MEETINGS ScHEDULED To hold a business meeting. 4221 Dirksen Building 2300 Dirksen Building Select Indian Affairs JULY 27 8:00 a.m. Rules and Administration To hold hearings on S. 1215, to provide Energy and Natural Resources Business meeting to discuss GAO audit grants to Indian-controlled postsec­ Energy Conservation and Regulation Sub­ of various Senate omces; payments by ondary educational institutions, and committee Senators to the Recording Studio, and S. 468, to a.mend the Navajo Commu­ To hold hearings on part E (Electric other legislative and administrative nity College Act. Utility Rate Reform) of S. 1469, pro­ business. 318 Russell Building posed National Energy Act. 301 Russell Building Joint Economic Select on Intelligence 3110 Dirksen Building Economic Growth and Stabilization and Human Resources Intelligence and the Rights of Americans Subcommittee Fiscal and Intergovernmental Policy Health and Scientific Research Subcom­ Subcommittees mittee To hold closed hearings on a proposal to establish procedures for electronic To continue oversight hearings on the To hold joint hearings on the current surveillance in the area of foreign fl.seal condition of cities. cost of drugs. intelllgence (embodied in S. 1566). Until noon 1318 Dirksen Building 6202 Dirksen Building 9:00 a.m. H-405, Capitol Joint Economic Armed Services Conferees Energy Subcommittee Research and Development Subcommittee On H.R. 7933, making appropriations for To hold hearings on possible solar energy To receive testimony in closed session on the Department of Defense for fl.seal use by industry. S. 1863, DOD supplemental authoriza­ year 1978. H-140, Capitol S-126, Capitol tions for fl.seal year 1978. 10:30 a.m. 224 Russell Building JULY 28 Judiciary Governmental Affairs 8:00a.m. Federal Spending Practices and Open Gov­ Energy and Natural Resources Criminal Laws and Procedures Subcom­ ernment Subcommittee Energy Conservation and Regulation Sub­ mittee To resume hearings on s. 1264, Federal committee To continue hearings to examine the Acquisition Act of 1977. To continue hearings on part E (Elec­ erosion of law enforcement intelligence 3302 Dirksen Building tric Utlllty Rate Reform) of S. 1469, gathering capab111ties. Human Resources proposed National Energy Act. S-128, Capitol Labor Subcommittee 3110 Dirksen Building JULY 29 To continue hearings on bills to amend 8:30 a.m. Foreign Relations 8:00 a.m. the Age Discrimination in Employment Judiciary Act of 1967 to protect the employment Foreign Economic Polley Subcommittee rights of older workers (S. 481, 1583, Closed business meeting. Separation of Powers Subcommittee 1768, 1773, and 1784). S-138, Capitol To resume hearings on constitutional is­ 4232 Dirksen Building 9:00a.m. sues associated with negotiations for 9:30 a.m. Commerce, Science, and Transportation the disposition of the Panama Canal Human Resources To hold hearings on S. 61, proposed Zone and of U.S. tacllities located Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Subcommittee Energy Transportation Security Act. therein. To hold hearings on the role ot the halt- 457 Russell Building 2228 Dirksen Building 24842 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 25, 19.77

9:30 a .m. AUGUST 2 9:30 a..m. Commerce, Science, and Transportation 9:00 a.m. Judiciary Surface Transportation Subcommittee Human Resources Antitrust and Monopoly Subcommittee To resume oversight hearings on the Labor Subcommittee To continue oversight hearings on the Railroad Revitalization Act of 1976 To continue hearings on S. 1871, to in­ effectiveness of antitrust laws enforce­ (P.L. 94-210), and amendments pro­ crease the Federal minimum wage. ment. posed thereto. 4232 Dirksen Bullding 2226 Dirksen Building 5110 Dirksen Building 9:30 a.m. 10:00 a..m. Select Committee on Indian A1fa.1rs Judiciary Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Business meeting, to mark up S. 785, Antitrust and Monopoly Subcommittee To mark up S. 1542, to extend to Sep­ To resume oversight hearings on the tember 30, 1979, the Council on Wage Pa.lute and Shoshone Tribes land b111; effectiveness of antitrust laws enforce­ and Price Stability, and S. 1724, to S. 1560, the proposed Siletz Indian ment. establish a Neighborhood Reinvest­ Tribe Restoration Act, and S. 1582, Ak­ 2228 Dirksen Building ment Corporation. Chin Indian community water b111. 10:00 a.m. 5302 Dirksen Bullding 318 Russell Building Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs 10:00 a.m. AUGUST 5 To mark up S. 1664-1669, to amend in 9:00 a..m. Budget several regards the law as it pertains Human Resources To mark up second concurrent resolution to Federal regulations of financial in­ Labor Subcommittee on the Congressional Budget for fiscal stitutions. year 1978. 5302 Dirksen Bullding · To continue hearings on S. 1871, to in­ crease the Federal minimum wage. 235 Russell Building Budget 5232 Dirksen Building Energy and Natural Resources To continue m.arkup of second concur­ rent resolUJtion on the Congressional AUGUST 23 To continue mark up of S. 1469, proposed 10:00 a..m. National Energy Act. Budget for fiscal year 1978. 3110 Dirksen Bullding 357 Russell Bullding Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs . Finance Judiciary International Fina.nee Subcommittee To hold a business meeting. To hold hearings on the nomination of To hold hearings on the dimension of 2221 Dirksen Building John H. Shenefield, of Virginia, to be national debts and payments deficits, Foreign Relations an Assistant Attorney General. and the outlook for the future. 2228 Dirksen Building 5302 Dirksen Building Arms Control, Oceans and International Environment Subcommittee Judiciary AUGUST 24 Administrative Practice and Procedure 10:00 a..m. To receive testimony on the results of Subcommittee Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs the recent Law of the Sea Conference. To hold hearings on S. 1792, to amend 224 Russell Building International Fina.nee Subcommittee the Administrative Conference Act. To continue hearings on the dimension Foreign Relations 6202 Dirksen Building Foreign Assistance Subcommittee of national debts and payments def­ icits, and the outlook for the future. To receive testimony on S. 1771, the AUGUST 3 9:00 a.m. 5302 Dirksen Bullding overseas Private Investment Corpora­ Human Resources tion Amendments Act of 1977. SEPTEMBER 8 Health and Scientific Research Subcom­ 4221 Dirksen Bullding 9:00 a.m. Human Resources mittee Commerce, Science, and Transportation To hold joint hearings with the Select To mark up S. 1391, proposed Hospital Consumer Subcommittee Committee on Intelligence on drug To hold hearings on automatic auto Cost Containment Act. testing by the CIA. Until noon 4232 Dirksen Building crash protection devices. 1202 Dirksen Bullding Select Committee on Indian Affairs 5110 Dirksen Bullding Human Resources 10:00 a..m. To hold oversight hearings on the Bu­ Labor Subcommittee Select Committee on Indian Affairs reau Of Indian Affairs budget process. To continue hearings on S. 1871, to in­ 318 Russell Bullding crease the Federal minimum wage. To hold hearings on the concept of cre­ 11 a.m. 4232 Dirksen Bullding a. ting an independent Indian Agency. Select Committee on Indian Affairs 9:30 a.m. Room to be announced To resume oversight hearings on the Judiciary SEPTEMBER 9 present organization of the Bureau of Antitrust and Monopoly Subcommittee 9:00 a..m. Indian Affairs. To continue oversight hearings on the Commerce, Science, and Transportation 318 Russell Building effectiveness of antitrust laws enforce­ Consumer Subcommittee AUGUST 1 ment. To continue hearings on automatic auto 9:00 a.m. 2226 Dirksen Bullding era.sh protection devices. Human Resources Environment and Public Works 5110 Dirksen BuUding Labor Subcommittee Resource Protection Subcommittee SEPTEMBER 12 To resume hearings in S. 1871, to in­ To hold hearings on S. 1140, to encour­ 9:30 a .m. crease the Federal minimum wage. age and assist States to develop im­ Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs 4232 Dirksen Bullding proved programs for the conservation To hold hea.ring3 on S. 1710, proposed Judiciary of nonga.me species of native fish and Federal Insurance Act of 1977. Constitution Subcommittee wildlife. 5302 Dirksen Building 4200 Dirksen Building To resume hearings on S.J. Res. l, 8, 10:00 a..m. SEPTEMBER 13 and 18, proposing an amendment to 9:30 a..m. Banking, Housing, ~nd Urban Affairs the Constitution to provide for the di­ Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs To continue markup of S. 1664-1669, to rect popular election of the President To continue hearings on S. 1710, pro­ and Vice President of the United a.mend in several regards the law as States. it pertains to Federal regulation of posed Federal Insurance Act of 1977. financial institutions. 5302 Dirksen Bullding 2228 Dirksen Building 10 a.m. 10:00 a.m. 5302 Dirksen Building Commerce, Science, and Transportation Budget Select Committee on Indian Affairs To hold hearings on the nomination of To continue mark up of second concur­ To hold hearings on Federal Indian Domestic Assistance programs. Donald L. Tucker, of Florida, to be a rent resolution on the Congressional member of the Civll Aeronautics Budget for fiscal year 1978. Room to be announced Board. 357 Russell Bullding AUGUST 4 5110 Dirksen Building Select Intell1gence 9:00 a..m. SEPTEMBER 14 To resume hearings on a proposal to Human Resources 9:30 a.m. establish procedures for electronic sur­ Labor Subcommittee Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs veillance in the area of foreign intelli­ To continue hearings on S. 1871, to in­ gence (embOdied in 1566). To continue hearings on S. 1710, pro­ s. crease the Federal minimum wage. posed Federal Insurance Act of 1977. 1201 Dirksen Building 4232 Dirksen Building 6302 Dirksen Building July 26, 1977 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 24843 SEPTEMBER 15 SEPTEMBER 21 SEPTEMBER 28 10:00 a.m. 9:30 a.m. 10:00 a.m . Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Veterans' Affairs Veterans' Affairs To mark up S. 1594 and H.R. 5959, to To hold hearings on S. 364, Veterans' To receive legislative recommendations revise and extend the Renegotiation Administration Administrative Pro­ from representatives of the American Act. cedure and Judicial Review Act. Legion. 5302 Dirksen Building Until 1 p.m. Room to be announced 412 Russell Building

SENATE-Tuesday, July 26, 1977