DOCSLIB.ORG

Terror, Vengeance and Martyrdom in the French Revolution: the Case of the Shades

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Terror, Vengeance and Martyrdom in the French Revolution: the Case of the Shades W&M ScholarWorks Arts & Sciences Book Chapters Arts and Sciences 6-2-2014 Terror, Vengeance and Martyrdom in the French Revolution: The Case of the Shades Ronald Schechter College of William and Mary, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/asbookchapters Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Schechter, R. (2014). Terror, Vengeance and Martyrdom in the French Revolution: The Case of the Shades. Dominic Janes and Alex Houen (Ed.), Martyrdom and Terrorism: Pre-Modern to Contemporary Perspectives (pp. 152-178). Oxford University Press. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/asbookchapters/68 This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the Arts and Sciences at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Arts & Sciences Book Chapters by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PRE-MODERN TO CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES EDITED BY DOMINIC JANES AND ALEX HOUEN - ~:•- - . -- -. 6 ·; ,- . ' ~ .. - ... ' - . ~•.,{ ~ - --.,.,- ' ;· i !. :;I ,, MARTYRDOM AND TERRORISM Pre-Modern to Contemporary Perspectives -(((J)l-------- Edited by DOMINIC JANES ALEX HOUEN OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxfordis a registered trademark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 © Oxford University Press 2014 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. CIP data is on file at the Library of Congress 13579 8642 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Contents List of Illustrations Vll Acknowledgments IX Contributors Xl Introduction-DOMINIC JANES AND ALEX HOUEN 1 PART ONE: Pre- and Early Modem Violence and Martyrdom 1. Martyrdom, Memory, and the "Media Event": Visionary Writing and Christian Apology in Second-Century Christianity-KATE cooPER 2. Martyrdom in Islamic Thought and Praxis: A Historical Survey-ASMA AFSARUDDIN 3. Rendering unto Caesar: The Rhetorics of Divided Loyalties in Tudor England-susANNAH BRIETZ MONTA 59 4. Kristeva's "New Knowledge": Terrorism, Martyrdom, and Psychoanalytic Humanism: Insights from Two Early Modern Instances-GARY WALLER PART TWO: TheFrench Revolution and the Invention of Terrorism 5. Martyrdom, Terrorism, and the Rhetoric of Sacrifice: The Cases of Marat, Robespierre, and Loiserolles-JULIA v. DOUTHWAITE 109 VI Contents 6. The Sentimental Construction of Martyrdom as Motivation in the Thought of Maximilien Robespierre, 1789-1792-DAVID ANDRESS 131 7. Terror, Vengeance, and Martyrdom in the French Revolution: The Case of the Shades-RONALD scHECHTER 152 8. John Foxe and British Attitudes to Martyrdom afterthe French Revolution-DOMINIC JANES 179 PART THREE: Martyrdom, Terrorism, and the Modern West 9. Fenianism and the Martyrdom-Terrorism Nexus in Ireland before Independence-GUY BEINE R 199 10. Spurning "This Worldly Life": Terrorism and Martyrdom in Contemporary Britain-A KIL N. AWAN 221 11. Martyrdom and Hostage Executions in the Iraq War: The Cases of Kenneth Bigley and Margaret Hassan-ALEX HOUEN 252 12. Filming the Ends of Martyrdom-JOLYON MITCHELL 271 Select Bibliography 291 Index 297 7 Terror, Vengeance, and Martyrdom in the French Revolution THE CASE OF THE SHADES Ronald Schechter HISTORIANS SPEND THEIR days reading, writing, and talkingabout the dead, but what typically interests historians about their human subjects is their lives. Historians tend to lose interest in the people they study after those people are dead. The eminent historian William Doyle writes that "when impatient crowds forced an entry to the inner courtyard [ of the Bastille on July 14, 1789] the garrison panicked and opened fire, killing almost a hun­ dred. "1 He never mentions these victims again. However, to the French revolutionaries those roughly one hundred martyrs who died in the as­ sault on the Bastille went on to a new existence.They became "shades." What were shades? They were ghosts, but ghosts of a particular kind. They were typically portrayed as corporeal, often "still bleeding." They therefore inhabited a liminal world between the dead and the living. As taboo and therefore dangerous beings, they represented a threat to the living.2 They haunted theliving but wanted to rest, so they resembled "un­ dead" beings such as vampires. Also like vampires, they showed a re8i­ lection for blood. Yet unlike such monstrous revenants, they were sacred 1. William Doyle, The Oxford History of the French Revolution, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. no. 2. Mary Douglas, Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo (London: Routledgeand Kegan Paul, 1966). Terror, Vengeance, and Martyrdom 153 :ind enjoyed moral authority. Victimsof some counterrevolutj.onaryforce, theyhad sacrificedtheir lives for the Revolution, and theycould theref ore iemand sacrificesfrom the living. Their principal demand was for venge- ince. If they were not "satisfied," they threatened to tum their desire for 1engeance upon the revolutionaries themselves. In what follows I would like to take a closer look at the shades. I would ike to argue that the shades enable us to see the French Revolution in a 1ew light. They help us understand the motivation for revolutionary ac­ ion, the willingness of politicalactors to kill and to risk their own lives for 1ew and otherwise abstract causes: liberty, the fatherland, the Republic. ikewise, the shades help us understand the elusive Reign of Terror (or simply the Terror, as the French call it) and the role of martyrs and mar­ iyrdom in producing it. Finally, the shades reveal a profound spirituality n the revolutionaries,a religiosity that is usually discounted or dismissed n the historical scholarship. The French had two words for shades: ombres and manes. The revolu­ ionaries much pref erred the latter, especially when they were referring ::> shades of martyrs. The word ombre also had the ordinary meaning of shadow," whereas the term manes was unmistakable. It derived fromthe .atin manes, which literallymeant "the good ones" but which the Romans .sed to refer specificallyto departed souls.3 As an appellation it had the pa­ na of antiquity,and the revolutionarieswere famously fond of Republican .ome and its tyrannicides. Strictlyspeaking, not all shades were martyrs, ut all martyrs were shades. It is the shades of martyrs that I would like I> focus on here, not merely because this volume is concernedwith mar­ irrdom,but because the shades of martyrs played such an important role 1 the French Revolution. Although it was possible to speak of "the shades f Rousseau" when paying homage to him, it was the shades of martyrs tat really motivated the revolutionaries. Motivated them to do what? To 111. To r·sk their lives. To do things that do not come naturally and some­ mes require supernatural intervention. According to Jean Nicot's 1606 dictionary, the Thresor de la langue .francoyse, the word in­ :ated "the departed souls of human bodies" and derived from the Latin manes. According the Dictionaryof the Academie Fran�aise (of 1694), manes (without the circumflexaccent) ts the "[n]ame that the ancients gave to the shade (a l'ombre)." The editors noted that "one II makes use of it sometimes in Poetry, and in the sublime style." They gave an example ,m classical literature: "Polixena was sacrificedto the shades of Achilles." A similar defini­ n appeared in the 1762 edition of the Academy dictionary; see "Dictionnaires d'autrefois" ARTFL, http://artflx.uchicago.edu/ cgi-bin/ di cos /pubdicotlook.pl ?strippedhw=manes. 154 THE INVENTION OF TERRORISM In order to track the usage of manes during the Revolution, I have con­ sulted digitized volumes of the Archives parlementaires, the massive record of legislative debates, reports, and correspondence. 4 Comprising 101 vol­ umes, roughly 60,000 folio pages and 70 million words, this corpus pro­ vides a unique lens onto revolutionary speech. A search of manes in the Archives parlementaires yields 433 hits for the period beginning in June 1789 and ending in July 1794. The term was particularly popular during the more radical phase of the Revolution: during the period of the Constitutional Monarchy (mid-June 1789 through early August 1792), when violence was relatively sparse and emergency measures relatively limited, it only appears 42 times. By contrast, during the period beginning with the violent over­ throw of the monarchy (August 10, 1792) and ending with the execution of the revolutionary leader Robespierre (July 28, 1794) the word appears 391 times. Allowing for the difference in duration of these two periods (the first lasting 37 months, the second lasting 23), and assuming that the volu­ minous Archives parlementaires are representative of the kind of language revolutionaries used, we can say that manes appeared in revolutionary speech roughly fifteentimes as frequentlyafter the fall of the monarchy as before. This discrepancy is easily explained. Shades in revolutionary dis­ course were almost always martyred shades who had died violently in acts of sacrifice for their country.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Paris Academy of Moral and Political Sciences-Its
    ORGANON 20/21 : 1984/1985 AUTEURS ET PROBLÈMES Waldemar Rolbiecki (Poland) THE PARIS ACADEMY OF MORAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES- ITS PUBLIC CAMPAIGN IN 1848 1. Speaking in the Council of The Five Hundred on the 19th Pluviose of the Year IV of the Republic (8 February 1796), on the subject of the National Institute (now the Institute of France),1 which was to take the place of Royal Academies abolished on August 8th, 1793 (the Academies of Science, Literature, Painting, Sculpture and others),2 Joseph Lakanal declared: “The National Institute constitutes an assembly of persons established under the control of the government for the purpose of conducting such scientific work as the government may entrust them with.”3 The above explanation of the existence of this body, or assembly of scholars and scientists, was a novel idea; at any rate the explanation of its purpose in such wonderfully simple unceremonious manner was a great novelty. It could only have come from a representative of very young state authority, as yet unfamiliar with the specific complexes and susceptibi­ lities particular to men of science, which is precisely what the Rev. Father Lakanal was— a Jacobin, deputy to the revolutionary Council of The Five Hundred and member of its Committee for National Education. In the actual fact, practice which corresponded with the formulation used by Lakanal may have been observed earlier. Other academies and assemblies of men of science— not those privately run, such as the Accademia 1 Almanach National de France, l’an quatrième de la République Française, une et indivisible, Paris 1796, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Inviolability Controversy in the Trial of Louis XVI Ronald L
    Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science Volume 20 Article 19 1966 Inviolability Controversy in the Trial of Louis XVI Ronald L. Hayworth University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Hayworth, Ronald L. (1966) "Inviolability Controversy in the Trial of Louis XVI," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 20 , Article 19. Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol20/iss1/19 This article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able to read, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 20 [1966], Art. 19 111 Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol. 20, 1966 THE INVIOLABILITYCONTROVERSY IN THE TRIAL OF LOUIS XVI Ronald L. Hay worth Arkansas College The attempt at constitutional monarchy during the French Revolu- tion ended abruptly on August 10, 1792, with the dethronement of Louis XVI in what has been termed the Second French Revolution. 1 One major problem that the new National Convention faced when it convened in mid-September was the determination of the fate of the ci-devant roi.
    [Show full text]
  • FEBRUARY 2014 Volume 45, Number One I N T H I S I S S U E
    Vol. 45 No. 1 FEBRUARY 2014 Volume 45, Number One I N T H I S I S S U E Message from the 3 Sovereign Grand Commander The magazine for Scottish Rite Masons of AmericaSM Notes from the 18 Scottish Rite Journal COVER STORY Brothers on the Net Finding Good 19 Leigh E. Morris, 33° Materials for 10 20 Development/Planned Giving the Temple Stamp Act 21 Robert A. Domingue Book Nook 22 Thomas W. Jackson, 33° Worthy & 24 HealthWise Well QualifiedBy Aaron J. Wilcox, 32° 25 Children’s Dyslexia Centers ARTICLES 26 Views from the Past 27 Quotables World War I 28 Today’s Family 4 By Aimee E. Newell, PhD 29 More Than Just Books Readers Respond 30 Masonic Moments Wear Your Apron to Work? 31 Et cetera, et cetera, etc. 9 By Alan E. Foulds, 32° D I R E C T O R Y EDITOR Alan E. Foulds, 32° RITE-sizing Headquarters GRAPHIC DESIGNER Beth E. McSweeney 14 By Gardner C. “Cy” Sconyers Jr., 33° MEDIA ADVISORY COMMITTEE Richard V. Travis, 33°, chairman Eric Ginette, 33° Donald M. Moran, 33° CONTRIBUTORS Donald G. Duquette, 33° Alan R. Heath, 33° Douglas N. Kaylor, 33° SUPREME COUNCIL, 33° Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite, Northern Masonic Jurisdiction, U.S.A. SOVEREIGN GRAND COMMANDER John Wm. McNaughton, 33° THE NORTHERN LIGHT (ISSN 1088-4416) is published quarterly in February, May, August, and November by the Supreme Council, 33°, Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite, Northern Masonic Jurisdiction, U.S.A., as the official publication. Printed in U.S.A. Periodicals postage paid at Boston, MA, and at additional mailing offices.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 21-#81 December 1999 BELGIAN LACES ISSN 1046-0462
    Belgian Laces PHILIPPE AND MATHILDE: BELGIANS CELEBRATE THE ENGAGEMENT November 13th, 1999 Prince Philippe and Mademoiselle Mathilde d'Udekem d'Acoz. Occasion for which, besides Belgians from all ten provinces, the Royal Palace and the King Baudouin Foundation had taken the time to invite and include "ordinary" citizen from the Belgian communities abroad with the help of "Union francophone des Belges à l'étranger" (UFBE) and "Vlamingen in de Wereld" (VIW). For more on the subject check the internet site: http://www.mathilde-philippe.net Volume 21-#81 December 1999 BELGIAN LACES ISSN 1046-0462 Official Quarterly Bulletin of THE BELGIAN RESEARCHERS Belgian American Heritage Association Founded in 1976 Our principal objective is: Keep the Belgian Heritage alive in our hearts and in the hearts of our posterity President/Newsletter editor Régine Brindle Vice-President Gail Lindsey Treasurer/Secretary Melanie Brindle Past Presidents Micheline Gaudette, founder Pierre Inghels Deadline for submission of Articles to Belgian Laces: January 31 - April 30 - July 31 - October 31 Send payments and articles to this office: THE BELGIAN RESEARCHERS Régine Brindle 495 East 5th Street Peru IN 46970 Tel:765-473-5667 e-mail [email protected] *All subscriptions are for the calendar year* *New subscribers receive the four issues of the current year, regardless when paid* TABLE OF CONTENTS Letter from the Editor - Membership p73 Instructions from the Ohio Valley to French Emigrants, from Indiana Magazine of History p74 Belgian Families on the 1850 Perry Co., IN US Census, by Don GOFFINET p78 Declarations of Intention - Brown Co. WI, by Mary Ann DEFNET p79 How Hobby and Heritage Cross paths, by Linda SCONZERT-NORTON p80 Nethen Marriage Index 1800-1870, by Régine BRINDLE p82 Belgian Reunion, 1930, by Donna MARTINEZ p83 1900 Bates Co.
    [Show full text]
  • Fair Shares for All
    FAIR SHARES FOR ALL JACOBIN EGALITARIANISM IN PRACT ICE JEAN-PIERRE GROSS This study explores the egalitarian policies pursued in the provinces during the radical phase of the French Revolution, but moves away from the habit of looking at such issues in terms of the Terror alone. It challenges revisionist readings of Jacobinism that dwell on its totalitarian potential or portray it as dangerously Utopian. The mainstream Jacobin agenda held out the promise of 'fair shares' and equal opportunities for all in a private-ownership market economy. It sought to achieve social justice without jeopardising human rights and tended thus to complement, rather than undermine, the liberal, individualist programme of the Revolution. The book stresses the relevance of the 'Enlightenment legacy', the close affinities between Girondins and Montagnards, the key role played by many lesser-known figures and the moral ascendancy of Robespierre. It reassesses the basic social and economic issues at stake in the Revolution, which cannot be adequately understood solely in terms of political discourse. Past and Present Publications Fair shares for all Past and Present Publications General Editor: JOANNA INNES, Somerville College, Oxford Past and Present Publications comprise books similar in character to the articles in the journal Past and Present. Whether the volumes in the series are collections of essays - some previously published, others new studies - or mono- graphs, they encompass a wide variety of scholarly and original works primarily concerned with social, economic and cultural changes, and their causes and consequences. They will appeal to both specialists and non-specialists and will endeavour to communicate the results of historical and allied research in readable and lively form.
    [Show full text]
  • The Vine and Olive Colony: a Cutting of Napoleon’S Empire Grafted Onto American Stock
    The Vine and Olive Colony: A Cutting Of Napoleon's Empire Grafted Onto American Stock General Count Charles Lefebvre-Desnouettes, leader of the Napoleonic exiles at ªEaglevilleº in the ªstate of Marengoº, Alabama, USA an oldfashionedhistoryTM by Bill Kitchens First edition appeared in the June 1999 issue of Early American Life. Copyright 2017, William E. Kitchens The French might well be forgiven letting their fancies escape the grinding reality of Napoleon©s defeat and the restoration of the widely (though not universally) hated Bourbon Monarchy. Paris periodicals and artists© imaginations fed the escapist hunger with fantastic scenes of a far away wilderness paradise where exiled heroes of the Grand Armee labored alongside poets and scholars building a new world on the ideals of Rosseau and the French Revolution; while fair ladies, who would grace an emperor©s court, ministered tenderly to their needs. Cynics no doubt scoffed at the very idea, but such a place did exist ± well, sort of. Perhaps the papers hadn©t gotten all the details quite right, that happens now and then. It wasn©t the "state of Marengo", it was the state of Alabama. But there were scores of soldiers and renowned officers, and poets and scholars, among others of all ranks and occupations. There was an aura, at least, of liberty, equality, and fraternity. And, God knows, there was wilderness, and there was labor. There were even fair ladies, who had once graced the Emperor Napoleon©s court, now going about in their silk ball gowns and satin slippers tending to their menfolk and their children, and their chickens, cattle, and hogs.
    [Show full text]
  • The French Revolution Student Text
    The French Revolution PREVIEWDistribution Student Text for Not Copyright and Permissions This document is licensed for single-teacher use. The purchase of this curriculum unit includes permission to make copies of the Student Text and appropriate student handouts from the Teacher Resource Book for use in your own classroom. Duplication of this document for the purpose of resale or other distribution is prohibited. Permission is not granted to post this document for use online. Our Digital Editions are designed for this purpose. See www.choices.edu/digital for information and pricing. The Choices Program curriculum units are protected by copyright. If you would like to use material from a Choices unit in your own work, please contact us for permission. PREVIEWDistribution for Not Acknowledgments The French Revolution was developed by the Choices Program with the assistance of scholars at Brown University and other experts in the field. We wish to thank the following researchers for their invaluable input to this and previous editions: Jonathan Beecher Professor of History, Emeritus University of California at Santa Cruz Abbott Gleason Professor of History, Emeritus Deparment of History, Brown University Sharon Larson Associate Professor of French, Christopher Newport University PREVIEWDistribution All maps by Alexander Sayer Gard-Murray. Cover graphic includes the following artwork: “Storming of the Bastille,” unidentified painter, Public Domain, https://commons. wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6882732; “Contemporary Illustration of the
    [Show full text]
  • Twentieth-Century French Philosophy Twentieth-Century French Philosophy
    Twentieth-Century French Philosophy Twentieth-Century French Philosophy Key Themes and Thinkers Alan D. Schrift ß 2006 by Alan D. Schrift blackwell publishing 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia The right of Alan D. Schrift to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 2006 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd 1 2006 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Schrift, Alan D., 1955– Twentieth-Century French philosophy: key themes and thinkers / Alan D. Schrift. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-3217-6 (hardcover: alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-4051-3217-5 (hardcover: alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-3218-3 (pbk.: alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-4051-3218-3 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. Philosophy, French–20th century. I. Title. B2421.S365 2005 194–dc22 2005004141 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. Set in 11/13pt Ehrhardt by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed and bound in India by Gopsons Papers Ltd The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp processed using acid-free and elementary chlorine-free practices.
    [Show full text]
  • Marie Antoinette
    EXECUTION of LOUIS XVI 0. EXECUTION of LOUIS XVI - Story Preface 1. A ROYAL CHILDHOOD 2. THE YOUNG ANTOINETTE 3. WEDDING at the PALACE of VERSAILLES 4. DEATH of LOUIS XV 5. A GROWING RESENTMENT 6. CHILDREN of MARIE ANTOINETTE 7. THE DIAMOND NECKLACE AFFAIR 8. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 9. EXECUTION of LOUIS XVI 10. THE GUILLOTINE 11. TRIAL of MARIE ANTOINETTE 12. MARIE ANTOINETTE and the GUILLOTINE 13. Louis XVII - CHILD PRISONER 14. DNA EVIDENCE and LOUIS XVII During the night of 20–21 June, in 1791, the immediate royal family tried to escape Paris. They didn’t get far. Having been recognized during a stop in Sainte-Menehould, they were apprehended and arrested at Varennes. They had traveled, by carriage, around 250 km (155 miles). The King’s effort to escape would be a significant factor held against him during his trial. A century later, The Illustrated London News (on January 18, 1896) published an illustration called “The Arrest of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette at Varennes.” It was based on a picture by M. Georges Roussin. Click on the image for a full-page view. After the revolution began, it seems the king never doubted he would be killed. The question was: How would it happen? Hearing rumors that an assassin would end his life when France celebrated the third anniversary of the Bastille’s fall, Louis told Madame Campan: ...they will not assassinate me; their scheme is changed; they will put me to death another way. Of one thing the king was sure. He did not want to repeat the mistakes of Charles I, the British monarch who lost his head to an axe during the English Civil War.
    [Show full text]
  • Revolutionary Education at the Height of Sans-Culottes Power" (2007)
    UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations 1-1-2007 Gabriel Bouquier: Revolutionary education at the height of sans- culottes power Jonathan Douglas Deverse University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/rtds Repository Citation Deverse, Jonathan Douglas, "Gabriel Bouquier: Revolutionary education at the height of sans-culottes power" (2007). UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations. 2286. http://dx.doi.org/10.25669/a7at-svnd This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GABRIEL BOUQUIER: REVOLUTIONARY EDUCATION AT THE HEIGHT OF SANS-CULOTTES POWER by Jonathan Douglas Deverse Bachelor of Arts University of California, Santa Cruz 2002 A thesis submitted in partial fiilfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts Degree in History Department of History College of Liberal Arts Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas May 2008 UMI Number: 1456335 Copyright 2008 by Deverse, Jonathan Douglas All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted.
    [Show full text]
  • The Invention of Modern State Terrorism During the French Revolution
    The Invention of Modern State Terrorism during the French Revolution Guillaume Ansart Synopsis This essay discusses three aspects of the Terror (September 1793–July 1794): (1) The Institutions of the Terror: The Committee of General Security, the Committee of Public Safety, and the Revolutionary Tribunal; (2) the Theory of Terror: The unity and indivisibility of the people, the category of enemy of the people, and the concept of Revolution as a state of war against aristocratic/foreign conspiracies; (3) the Language of Terror: The Terror is also a performative language, a language which embodies terror by aiming to silence all debate. In this sense, the language of Terror is Terror itself. Biography Guillaume Ansart is Associate Professor of French at Indiana University, Bloomington. His recent research has focused on the political culture of late eighteenth-century France, especially Raynal and Diderot’s Histoire des deux Indes and Condorcet, whose writings on the United States he has edited for Classiques Garnier and translated for Penn State UP (both forthcoming in 2012). Essay Originality of the Terror Terror, of course, has been used throughout history by despots and tyrants of every kind. Even under what Montesquieu, in The Spirit of the Laws (1748), called “moderate” governments (e.g. ancient republics or modern monarchies), the notion that times of crisis and exceptional circumstances, when the very survival of the body politic is at stake, may sometimes require the suspension of normal legal guarantees, was commonly accepted. Ancient Rome could and did rely many times on the institution of the dictatorship; French absolutism used the concept of raison d’État.
    [Show full text]
  • Crisis: French Revolution Background Guide Tritonmun Xxii (Virtual) – May 1St, 2021
    TH UPDATED: March 5 , 2021 CRISIS: FRENCH REVOLUTION BACKGROUND GUIDE TRITONMUN XXII (VIRTUAL) – MAY 1ST, 2021 MODEL UNITED NATIONS AT UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO 1 BACKGROUND GUIDE TABLE OF CONTENTS Head Chair Letter…………………………………………………………………………… 2 Position Paper Guidelines…………………………………………………………………... 4 Topic: The Terror – French Revolution …………………………………………………… 5 Key Terms..……………………………………………………………………………… 5 Background..…………………………………………………………………………….. 6 Questions to Consider…………………………………………………………………… 12 Suggested Sites………………………………………………………………………….. 12 2 HEAD CHAIR LETTER Revolutionaries! Welcome to our French Revolution: Committee of Public Safety 1793 crisis committee! My name is Samantha Ivezich and I am currently a second year studying Human Biology and Philosophy here at UCSD. I’ve been involved with Model United Nations since high school, continuing my interest in the organization now in college. This year, I am serving as the Vice President External for Model UN @ UCSD. Aside from chairing, I also travel and compete with our team. Outside of MUN, I am involved with our collegiate esports organization, Triton Gaming, and work in a pathology and histology lab. If you have any interests or questions about any of these “fields,” feel free to ask! Our committee begins at the Reign of Terror, a period in the French Revolution marked by violence, political turmoil, and an almost complete departure from the justice system. As you’ll read, the Committee of Public Safety (an interesting naming choice) rises to almost totalitarian power under Maximilien Robespierre, making wartime decisions for the “good” of France and the new republic. With almost unlimited power, there are many different directions this committee can take. The first piece of advice I would give is to do your research, but not completely ground yourself in how things actually happened.
    [Show full text]