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Assessing Wastewater and Sanitation Conditions and Management in the Ramotswa Transboundary Aquifer Area Between South Africa and Botswana Natacha Martin

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Assessing Wastewater and Sanitation Conditions and Management in the Ramotswa Transboundary Aquifer Area Between South Africa and Botswana Natacha Martin Assessing wastewater and sanitation conditions and management in the Ramotswa transboundary aquifer area between South Africa and Botswana Natacha Martin To cite this version: Natacha Martin. Assessing wastewater and sanitation conditions and management in the Ramotswa transboundary aquifer area between South Africa and Botswana. Engineering Sciences [physics]. 2017. dumas-01668380 HAL Id: dumas-01668380 https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-01668380 Submitted on 12 May 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. MEMOIRE DE FIN D’ETUDES Assessing wastewater and sanitation conditions and management in the Ramotswa Transboundary Aquifer Area between South Africa and Botswana MARTIN Natacha Promotion PARIS Partenaires: Mémoire présenté pour l’obtention du Diplôme d’Ingénieur de l’ENGEES Stage réalisé du 16 Janvier au 14 Juillet 2017 Natacha Martin – Mémoire de fin d’études Promotion Paris 2014-2017 2 Natacha Martin – Mémoire de fin d’études Promotion Paris 2014-2017 Acknowledgement This study would not have been possible without the financial support from the United States Agency for International Development. This study is conducted as part of CGIAR Research Program on Wa- ter, Land and Ecosystem and the International Water Management Institute in South Africa. My sincere gratitude goes to Karen Villholth, my supervisor, for allowing me to be part of the project Ramotswa at the International Water Management Institute, and in turn allowing me to be of service to the community and to learn about Southern Africa. I would also like to thank Yvan Altchenko, Bonnie McGill, Manuel Magombeyi, Jonathan Otene and Girma Ebrahim for providing resources to see this project through. This study would not be realized without the support of the Department of Water Af- fairs of Botswana and the Department of Water and Sanitation of South Africa for sharing information and allowing me to visit sanitation sites. My thanks also go to the ENGEES (Ecole Nationale du Génie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement de Strasbourg), its professors and participants, for their teaching quality. I thank particularly Sylvain Weill, my school supervisor during this internship, which gives a big attention on my work and which always took time to support me. My family has been truly supportive of me in my pursuit of my studies. I would like to thank my par- ents for the emotional support, guidance and words of encouragement along the way. 3 Natacha Martin – Mémoire de fin d’études Promotion Paris 2014-2017 Abstract Since the eighties, the sanitation system has developed a lot in the Ramotswa Transboundary Aquifer Area between South Africa and Botswana. It was essential to protect the groundwater from sanitation in a region of water scarcity. At first, pit latrines were promoted in rural and urban areas. The efficien- cy of pit latrines depends on the construction quality and the soil characteristics. In the RTBAA, pit latrines can be considered as a direct source of nitrate pollution in groundwater by wastewater infiltra- tion because of the fractured rock soil and the high groundwater table of the Ramotswa Aquifer [1][2]. Then, between 1985 and 2000, wastewater treatment plants were introduced in urban areas such as Gaborone, Lobatse, Ramostwa and Zeerust. But, with population increase and industrial development [3][4][5], wastewater treatment plants such as oxidation ponds are not efficient to treat wastewater. Discharge of wastewater treatment plant and losses from the sewerage network are indirectly affecting the groundwater quality. A vulnerability map of the aquifer to sanitation from the DRASTIC method delimits a priority area where sanitation facilities have to be improved. In fact, more than 50% of the Ramotswa aquifer is highly vulnerable to sanitation pollution during the wet season compare to 2.5% during the dry season. Climate conditions have an impact on sanitation pollution. Moreover, potential challenges of sanitation were assessed such as industrial wastewater pollutants, water balances and transboundary water pollution issues. To improve the current situation, some recommendations are given for on-site sanitation system, wastewater treatment plant management and the development of a sustainable sanitation system. Depuis les années 1980, le système d’assainissement s’est beaucoup développé dans la région de l’aquifère transfrontalier de Ramotswa, situé entre le Botswana et l’Afrique du Sud. Il était primordial de protéger les eaux souterraines des potentiels contaminants provenant de l’assainissement dans une région où l’eau est si rare. Tout d’abord, les latrines à fosses ont été implémentées dans les zones ru- rales et urbaines. Or, l’efficacité des latrines à fosses dépend essentiellement des caractéristiques du sol et de leur qualité de construction. Dans la zone d’étude, les latrines a fosses peuvent être considé- rées comme une source de pollution directe de l’aquifère par les nitrates. En effet, ces structures ne sont pas adaptées pour un sol rocheux fissuré et avec un niveau élevé des eaux souterraines [1][2]. Puis, entre 1985 et 2000, les stations d’épuration ont été introduites en zone urbaine, comme par exemple à Gaborone, Lobatse, Ramotswa et Zeerust. Cependant, en considérant l’augmentation de la population et le développement industriel de la région [3][4][5], les stations d’épuration telles que les bassins de lagunage ne sont pas efficaces en termes de traitement des eaux usées. Ainsi, les eaux usées traitées et rejetées en milieu naturel et les pertes sur le réseau d’assainissement sont impliquées indi- rectement dans la dégradation de la qualité des eaux souterraines. Une carte de vulnérabilité de l’aquifère par rapport à l’assainissement a été réalisée selon la méthode DRASTIC et permet de déli- miter une zone prioritaire en termes d’amélioration de l’assainissement. Selon cette étude, plus de 50% de l’aquifère Ramotswa est hautement vulnérable à la pollution issue des eaux usées pendant l’été, contrairement à 2.5% durant l’hiver. Les conditions climatiques ont donc également une influence sur cette pollution. De plus, d’autres potentiels enjeux en matière d’assainissement sont étudiés tels que la pollution des eaux usées industrielles, le bilan hydrique ou encore les enjeux de pollution d’eau trans- frontalière. Afin d’améliorer la situation actuelle, des suggestions en termes d’assainissement sont données, et tout particulièrement pour développer un système d’assainissement durable. 4 Natacha Martin – Mémoire de fin d’études Promotion Paris 2014-2017 Contents List of Figures ......................................................................................................................................... 7 List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................... 8 Acronyms ................................................................................................................................................ 9 I. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 10 1. Study area .................................................................................................................................. 10 2. IWMI and Ramotswa project .................................................................................................... 11 3. Methods ..................................................................................................................................... 12 II. Sanitation trends in the RTBAA.................................................................................................... 13 1. Sanitation development in Botswana side ................................................................................. 14 1.1. Gaborone sanitation facilities ............................................................................................ 16 1.2. Kanye sanitation facilities ................................................................................................. 18 1.3. Ramotswa sanitation facilities ........................................................................................... 20 1.4. Otse sanitation facilities .................................................................................................... 22 1.5. Lobatse sanitation facilities ............................................................................................... 23 2. Sanitation development in South African side .......................................................................... 26 2.1. Motswedi sanitation facilities ............................................................................................ 27 2.2. Lehurutshe sanitation facilities .......................................................................................... 28 2.3. Zeerust sanitation facilities ................................................................................................ 30 2.4. Wastewater
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