January-March 2017 Volume 26: Number 1 Zoned Out in the City: ’s Tale of Race and Displacement Tom Angotti

The arrival of vast amounts of efits of high density—including energy before and in some ways intensify as speculative capital in big cities around efficiency, mass transit and walk- the high-density core becomes whiter the nation and world during this cen- ability, all counterweights to wasteful and wealthier. Unfortunately, policy- tury has fed a tremendous urban build- suburban sprawl. And inclusion. The makers in the city tout the inevitabil- ing boom. Although many promised city appears to be a model of ity of these market trends even as they this would help solve the shortage of inclusionary land use policies in con- provide substantial public subsidies to affordable housing and bring new op- trast to the well-known exclusionary support them. portunities for the millions of people zoning in the suburbs. Zoned Out! reflects and is a prod- burdened by high rents and who are Behind this mirage, however, low- uct of the many struggles by residents living in overcrowded and inadequate income people and minorities are be- and small businesses, principally in conditions, it has instead resulted in ing forced out of the city—already communities of color, that have been their displacement to new urban pe- highly segregated—by the new upscale fighting against those who claim that ripheries. The new housing is almost development and moving to the development and displacement are in- entirely built for the luxury market, sprawled, resegregated suburbs. Eco- evitable, that they have nothing to do and has had the secondary effect of nomic and racial inequalities persist as (Please turn to page 12) raising rents and land values in the existing housing stock, further displac- ing many long-time residents. Vacancy rates in the new housing are high, sig- CONTENTS: naling a surplus of housing units in this sector of the market and calling into Argument: Zoned Out in the City ...... 1 question traditional supply-side argu- Tom Angotti. Rezoning, displacement, and the need for ments. community planning in New York City. These trends are obvious in New Response: The Clear and Present Danger of Supply York City, which claims it is “the real Skepticism ...... 2 estate capital of the world.” The city’s Vicki Been. Rezoning in the service of a diverse boosters point to its iconic Manhattan and growing city. core as a model for the presumed ben- This Green and Pleasant Land ...... 3 Bryan Greene. A neighborhood-eye view of racial covenants and social networks in a history of Queens, Tom Angotti (tangotti@hunter. New York. cuny.edu), is Professor of Urban Policy Dirt and Deeds in Mississippi ...... 5 & Planning at , City William Minter and Michael Honey. Documentary film University of New York and editor with review: songs and stories of rural civil rights organizing. Sylvia Morse of Zoned Out! Race, Dis- Justice in Our Community ...... 7 placement and City Planning in New Jane Kelleher, Miriam Elisa Hasbún, and Randy Reyes. York City (UR Books, 2016). This Law students build a model for clinical service. article is based on Zoned Out! Direct Resources ...... 18 quotes are in italics.

Poverty & Race Research Action Council • 1200 18th Street NW • Suite 200 • Washington, DC 20036 202/906-8023 • FAX: 202/842-2885 • E-mail: [email protected] • www.prrac.org Recycled Paper The Clear and Present Danger of Supply Skepticism Vicki Been

There is no doubt that public century. Changing those regulations have wanted to move here, or grow policy needs to grapple with the chal- can therefore increase the value of a their families here, that the City stops lenges that our low-income households plot of land, but lower the cost per growing. So, at bottom, Professor face in gentrifying neighborhoods, and unit of the housing built on that land. Angotti is advocating a no-growth the ways in which racial discrimina- But the point of changing the regula- policy. tion and inequality affect the causes tions, at least in New York in recent That is in line with the mood of and consequences of those challenges. years, is not to increase the value of some parts of the country, but has Unfortunately, Angotti’s analysis of the land—it is to allow more housing never been consistent with New York the problems gets many facts wrong, to be built to meet the demands of a City’s values. We have always been a and his prescription for solving the population that is growing faster than gateway city, with bolder plans than problems is seriously misguided. I’ll it has in decades, and to assure that a our counterparts to provide quality focus specifically here on perhaps the significant portion of that new hous- housing and economic opportunity for most dangerous claims of his polemic, ing will be permanently affordable. If current residents and newcomers. In- the housing world’s equivalent of cli- the supply of housing is not increased deed, many of the programs to accom- mate change denial: the assertion that modate growth spurts in the past, such building more housing is not neces- Most New Yorkers as the Mitchell-Lama housing built to sary to ensure the affordability of provide middle-income housing to ac- housing. He argues that land develop- treasure, and champion, commodate a growing population af- ment is not subject to the standard laws the diversity that makes ter the war, are now both a cherished of supply and demand, and that zon- the City unique. part of the City’s low- and moderate- ing change to allow more housing in- income housing and a proud part of creases the value of land and “produces our history of openness. Most New gentrification and displacement.” to accommodate growth, rents will go Yorkers treasure, and champion, the Land use regulation likely limits up. There are no other plausible out- diversity that makes the City unique; property values below what an unregu- comes (at best, increased rent burden we believe that the essence of the City lated market would produce, espe- could be delayed somewhat, perhaps, is the magic that results from the fu- cially when—as is the case in some if families crowd together, don’t form sion of so many different races, parts of New York City—that zoning new households, or otherwise spread ethnicities, religions, cultures, genera- has gone largely unchanged for half a the cost over more people.) Unless we tions, backgrounds, and talents. So a build new housing, people who can no-growth “solution” to our afford- afford higher rents will outbid poorer ability crisis is startling, even in the Vicki Been ([email protected]) is current residents for existing housing. upside-down world the country is cur- the Boxer Family Professor of Law, Stopping that result would require ex- rently in. School of Law. plicit (and probably unconstitutional) But that’s what would follow from Professor Been served as Commis- growth controls, strict and strictly en- Professor Angotti’s logic. Even build- sioner of New York City’s Housing forced rent-regulation, and a bevy of ing only affordable housing wouldn’t Preservation and Development from other tactics to make the City so unat- solve the problem—unless we keep 2014 through January, 2017. tractive to those who might otherwise others out, building more affordable housing will not address the demand for housing by those who want to move to New York. And of course, there’s Poverty & Race (ISSN 1075-3591) is published four times a year by the Poverty and the matter of who will pay for that Race Research Action Council, 1200 18th Street NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20036, affordable housing (and the social ser- 202/906-8052, fax: 202/842-2885, E-mail: info@ prrac.org. Megan Haberle, editor; vices, good schools, open space and Tyler Barbarin, editorial assistant. Subscriptions are $25/year, $45/two years. Foreign postage extra. Articles, article suggestions, letters and general comments are welcome, public realm and infrastructure im- as are notices of publications, conferences, job openings, etc. for our Resources Section- provements required to support that —email to [email protected]. Articles generally may be reprinted, providing PRRAC housing). New York City has commit- gives advance permission. ted 10 percent of its entire ten-year © Copyright 2017 by the Poverty and Race Research Action Council. All rights capital budget for subsidized afford- reserved. (Please turn to page 15)

2 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 26, No. 1 • January-March 2017 This Green and Pleasant Land Bryan Greene

I was born in St Albans, Queens, It happened, in part, by chance; in The golf and country club helped es- in 1968, a few months after the pas- part, by will and activism; and, in tablish the exclusivity of Addisleigh sage of the federal Fair Housing Act. part, by dint of a close social network Park. Other developers, like the Rod- The Fair Housing Act would have among the Black elite, but especially man & English Company, built on opened up this neighborhood to my among celebrated jazz musicians who Brown’s plans and marketed the homes parents had they encountered resistance migrated there from Harlem. These in newspapers and brochures with re- when they moved there the year be- migrations, starting in the 1930s, strictions. A 1926 New York Times ar- fore. Indeed, when my parents had in- transformed the borough. ticle states, “Addisleigh, together with quired about houses for sale in other As you might expect, St. Albans the St. Albans Gold Club was laid out Queens neighborhoods, real estate was not founded as a Black commu- under the personal direction of Edwin agents asked, “Greene? Is that a nice nity. Named after the city in Hert- H. Brown, and the land carries a land Irish name?” But they purchased our fordshire, England, the neighborhood and house restriction of the highest house from a Black woman—Mae had fewer than 600 residents at the end type.” While this all appears to be code Barnes, a popular jazz singer and for racially-restrictive covenants, his- dancer, credited with introducing “The torians say it was not until the late Charleston” on Broadway in 1924. In 1942, white 1930s, that the community established Barnes matched the profile of many Addisleigh Park covenants that expressly prohibited the homeowners in St. Albans: middle- residents successfully sale or lease of property to Black class African Americans who had dis- sued a homeowner to people. tinguished themselves in politics, ac- enforce a racially-re- Jazz pianist may have tivism, music, sports, law, and letters. strictive covenant. been the first African American to buy The most famous of these lived in the a home in Addisleigh Park. Legend Addisleigh Park section of St. Albans, has it that a white policeman, working literally across the railroad tracks from of the 19th century. Development a Harlem beat, sold his home to Waller our modest house. A September 1952 took off after the opening of the St. in 1938 to get back at a neighbor with issue of Our World magazine ran a 12- Albans Long Island Railroad (LIRR) whom he was feuding. Over the next page spread on this enclave, calling it, station on July 1, 1898, the same year few years, a couple dozen Black fami- “Tiny Addisleigh, [the] swanky sub- the five boroughs consolidated to form lies bought homes in the area, among urb [that] is home of the nation’s richest New York City. Forty years later, St. them, jazz legends and and most gifted Negroes.” So, how Albans had a population of 30,000. . Many whites feared this did St. Albans become the address of The area saw its greatest growth in the influx. In 1946, the Long Island Star America’s Black elite (and many 1920s with mass transit linking the area Journal described Addisleigh Park as hardworking regular folk like my par- to the larger city, and the rising popu- “a mixed Negro and white neighbor- ents)? larity of the automobile. hood, where Negro homes have been First, New York is unique. In the The leafy Addisleigh Park enclave, pelted with rotten eggs and veg- 1940s and 1950s, it was indisputably planned and developed at the start of etables.” the home of the world’s cultural and the 20th century, was central to the In 1942, white Addisleigh Park resi- intellectual elite, of all backgrounds. development of St. Albans. Edwin H. dents successfully sued a homeowner Second, when it came to housing, af- Brown, a retired lawyer, laid out the to enforce a racially-restrictive cov- fluent Black New Yorkers, like well- original plans, modeling the commu- enant. Residents sued again in 1946 to-do Blacks elsewhere, had few nity on the English garden suburbs, when Mrs. Sophie Rubin tried to sell choices of neighborhood if they with wide streets, large landscaped her home to Samuel Richardson, a wanted a yard, and a place to park a lots, and English Tudor and Colonial “Manhattan Negro merchant,” in vio- big car. Still, what made St. Albans homes set back 20 to 30 feet. Brown lation of the 1939 agreement she signed that middle-class neighborhood where also built the LIRR station, and the prohibiting the sale, lease, and gift of an African American could lay his or St. Albans Golf and Country Club, property to “Negroes or persons of the her hat and call it home? which drew the rich and famous to the Negro race or blood or descent” until area. The New York Yankees slugger 1975. The case illustrates the national Babe Ruth golfed there and rented a civil rights battle now joined over re- Bryan Greene (greenebee@gmail. nearby house in the summer months. strictive convenants. The NAACP saw com) is a housing expert and civil The U.S. government later acquired Kemp v. Rubin as a case it might take rights practitioner in Washington, DC. the golf course for a naval hospital. (Please turn to page 4)

Poverty & Race • Vol. 26, No. 1 • January-March 2017 • 3 (PLEASANT: Continued. from page 3) be the prevailing law.” It also observed Milt Hinton, for Cab that Addisleigh Park, by 1947 had 48 Calloway and known as the Dean of to the U.S. Supreme Court to strike Black families out of a total of 325 the Bass, remained in St. Albans till down the practice nationwide. National households. his death in 2000. It’s said that Hinton civil-rights groups, religious organi- In 1948, the U.S. Supreme Court, has played on more recordings than any zations, and unions filed amicus cu- in Shelly v. Kraemer, invalidated ra- other musician in the world. In 1998, riae briefs challenging the covenants. cial covenants nationwide. The roll call when he was 88, he and his wife Mona Groups included the American Jewish of talented African Americans mov- sat for an interview with the New York Congress, the American Civil Liber- ing into Addisleigh Park and St. Albans Times, in their two-story Tudor home. ties Union, the National Lawyers over next decade is dizzying: Ella They bought the home in 1950 to raise Guild, the American Veterans Com- Fitzgerald, Jackie Robinson, Roy a family. “I was raised in Sandusky, mittee, and the Committee of Catho- Campanella, John Coltrane, Percy Ohio, a small town,” Mrs. Hinton lics for Human Rights. Sutton, Archie Spigner, Illinois said. “I just couldn’t imagine raising The American Jewish Congress was Jacquet, Earl Bostic, Mercer Ellington, a child in the city.” They socialized particularly active in opposing racial Milt Hinton, Lester Young, Billie with the Basies down the street. Count covenants. In 1946, its Commission Holliday. Basie, and his wife Catherine, were on Law and Social Action (CLSA) known for their garden parties. They reported in its newsletter, “In New So many jazz luminaries had a swimming pool and a yard that York, CLSA is preparing for a test lived in St. Albans, that filled an entire city block. Mrs. case in an effort to reverse the trend the Queens County gov- Hinton, recalling her friend Catherine, of lower court decisions upholding said, “She always gave parties for her such covenants...CLSA’s interest in ernment in the 1990s charities and social events. They had a suit to enforce a race restrictive cov- published a “Jazz Trail a fence up, and they had roses cover- enant in St. Albans, Queens, has at- Map.” ing the whole fence.” A January 1959 tracted wide attention in New York issue of the NAACP’s Crisis Maga- over recent weeks....” CLSA stated zine carries a photo from one such that if the judge granted a temporary So many jazz luminaries lived in “gala garden party given by Mrs. injunction against the sale, “CLSA will St. Albans that the Queens County gov- Catherine Basie,” for the benefit of seize the opportunity for retesting New ernment in the 1990s published a “Jazz the local NAACP. In addition to rais- York law and will seek to intervene Trail Map,” providing addresses for a ing $500, she signed up 250 new mem- and file a brief similar to that submit- couple dozen of the celebrity houses. bers to the organization. One can find ted in Chicago.” CLSA’s brief in the Around that time, I offered an Aus- online a small trove of pictures of the Chicago restrictive-covenant case laid tralian friend, a novelist and jazz afi- Basies relaxing at home in St. Albans. bare the perversity of racial covenants cionado, a tour of these homes, which They lived in their home from 1940 in communities like St. Albans, where meant more to him than any tour of till 1982. even the best and brightest African movie-star homes in Beverly Hills. It wasn’t just jazz musicians in Americans were barred: Little did I know at that time that some Addisleigh. No assemblage of the of these jazz legends were still living gifted Black elite would be complete “A bare recital of the immedi- in the area. One was , without the purveyor of the phrase, ate effects of the covenant in this tenor saxophonist in ’s “The Talented Tenth,” to describe this case is shocking in its brutality and and Count Basie’s bands (and who, like set. W.E.B. DuBois lived briefly in falsity; any white person, whether his neighbors Fats Waller and Lena St. Albans. In 1951, at 83, he mar- he is a criminal, sadist, wife- Horne, appeared in the 1943 ensemble beater, or moral degenerate, can ried author and playwright Shirley buy this property and occupy it if film, “Stormy Weather”). He lived in Graham at her Addisleigh Park home. he so desires; no Negro, whether Addisleigh Park from 1949 until his They lived there until 1952, when they he is a philanthropist, scientist, or death in 2004. In a 1999 Associated moved to Brooklyn. philosopher may do likewise.” Press interview, he recalled the hey- We also should not conclude that day of Addisleigh Park: “Count Basie the invalidation of racial covenants in But the New York Supreme Court was living out here before me. He told 1948 meant that African Americans sided with Mrs. Rubin’s neighbors in me it was a nice neighborhood and I lived happily ever after in St. Albans. 1947, plaintively concluding that, better get in while I can...I was de- During this time, several activists “Distinctions based on color and an- lighted when Ella moved here. I could (Charles Collier, executive secretary cestry are utterly inconsistent with our go up to her bar at the house and drink of the City-Wide Citizens Comittee on traditions and ideals, at the same time, up all of her whiskey, and then go Harlem; John Singleton, a member of however this court is constrained to through somebody’s yard and go the NAACP Board of Directors; and follow precedent and govern itself in home. That’s what it was like back dentist William H. Pleasant) received accordance with what it considers to then.” (Please turn to page 10)

4 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 26, No. 1 • January-March 2017 Dirt and Deeds in Mississippi: Film Highlights Long Threads in Civil Rights History

William Minter & Michael Honey

Like the episode on Mississippi of $41,000 a year, itself the lowest of all sippi Delta just under 80 miles north the classic film series Eyes on the Prize, 50 states). Holmes County, like most of the state capital Jackson. And it the Television Academy-Award-win- of the Delta region, voted overwhelm- gives priority to local activists who ning Dirt and Deeds in Mississippi ingly against Donald Trump in the seldom feature in the national nar- skillfully weaves together interviews 2016 election. But Mississippi remains rative. with civil rights activists, archival film a reliably Red state, where Republi- • In particular, it highlights the criti- footage, and original historical re- cans dominate the state government and cal roles of Black landowners, in search to portray the key period of hold both U.S. Senate seats and three Holmes County as around Missis- civil rights history leading up to the sippi, as the indispensable support Voting Rights Act of 1965. This his- The STFU powerfully base for the movement through pro- tory is worth recalling in the wake of viding housing for activists on their the presidential election of 2016, in affected a generation farms and armed defense for the or- large part the result of decades of voter of organizers in the ganizers of non-violent demonstra- suppression which threatens to usher Mississippi Delta of the tions and voter registration drives. in a new period of Jim Crow. 1930s. Unlike Blacks living on plantations Even in the wake of the civil rights or otherwise dependent on whites victories of the 1960s, including rep- for paychecks, landowners had resentation of Blacks in county and of four of the state’s seats in the U.S. achieved some level of indepen- state-level politics, the film’s setting House of Representatives. dence and were willing and able to of Holmes County remains one of the The themes raised in Dirt and Deeds step up as leaders. poorest counties in the United States, in Mississippi, in our view, have rel- • It also reveals links to earlier his- with more than half of households hav- evance both for interpretation of the tory, including a little-known ini- ing incomes under $21,000 a year (ap- centuries-long history of racial injus- tiative of the New Deal, which es- proximately half the state median of tice and the resistance against it in the tablished the Mileston farmers on United States and for our country in good Delta land from a white plan- the critical next years of the 21st cen- tation foreclosed at the height of the William Minter (wminter@gmail. tury. In particular, we are convinced Great Depression. On the hill coun- com) is the publisher and editor of that both past and future need to be try on the eastern side of Holmes AfricaFocus Bulletin and an indepen- analyzed paying attention not only to County, other farmers traced their dent scholar whose writing has focused the successes or failures of specific land ownership back over a century. on Africa, global issues, and U.S. for- organizations and institutions, but also One of these was Robert Clark, eign policy. His latest book, co-edited to personal and family networks that whose great-grandfather purchased with Gail Hovey and Charles Cobb, cross generational, geographic, racial, the land from his former master. Jr., is No Easy Victories: American cultural, and other social boundaries. In 1967, Clark became the first Activists and African Liberation over This film, narrated by Danny Black elected to the Mississippi leg- a Half Century, 1950-2000. Glover, is also distinctive in several islature since Reconstruction, and Michael Honey ([email protected]) ways that make it a particularly valu- served 36 years, retiring a Speaker is professor of Labor and Ethnic Stud- able resource for researchers, students, of the Mississippi House. ies and American History and Haley and social justice activists alike: Professor of Humanities at the Univer- • While touching on the historic The authors of this review share a sity of Washington, Tacoma. Honey events which received national at- common interest in these connecting has published five books of labor and tention (Freedom Summer, the threads, through different personal civil rights history; including murders of civil rights activists connections to the role of the interra- Sharecropper’s Troubadour: John L. Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner; cial Southern Tenant Farmers Union Handcox, the Southern Tenant Farm- the 1964 Democratic Convention, (STFU) in the region in the decades ers’ Union, and the African American and President Lyndon Johnson’s leg- preceding the 1960s civil rights move- Song Tradition. Honey’s most recent islative initiatives on civil rights), ment. Honey’s latest book, Share- work is a film, “Love and Solidarity: its focus is the small rural commu- cropper’s Troubadour, recounts the James Lawson and Nonviolence in the nity of Mileston, in Holmes life and legacy of John L. Hancock, Search for Workers’ Rights.” County, on the edge of the Missis- (Please turn to page 6)

Poverty & Race • Vol. 26, No. 1 • January-March 2017 • 5 (MISSISSIPPI: Cont. from page 5) now readily available to today’s lis- led to the establishment of the teners through Smithsonian Folkways Mileston community or similar the STFU, and the African-American and Honey’s oral history, Sharecrop- projects elsewhere in the South? Did song tradition. Minter’s parents met pers’ Troubadour. Although planter other such projects have specific in- at the Delta Cooperative Farm in violence suppressed the STFU struggle fluence on the civil rights move- Bolivar County, Mississippi, which for justice and dignity for rural work- ment in the 1960s in their local grew out of the Southern Tenant Farm- ers, its songs and legacy of interracial communities and states? ers’ Union in the 1930s (see Share- working-class organizing against im- More generally, were Black cropper’s Troubadour, pages 90-91), possible odds live on even today. landowners as central to the local and Minter himself spent part of his At the local level in Arkansas, civil rights movement in other childhood in Holmes County, living where the STFU was strongest, activ- Southern states and communities as on the successor Providence Coopera- ists like Carrie Dilworth spanned the they were in Holmes County? tive Farm just at the edge of the hill generations, carrying her activism into • Did the history of the 1960s South- country. work with the NAACP in the 1950s ern civil rights movement differ in The STFU powerfully affected a and with SNCC in the 1960s. It is areas where the STFU worked, in generation of organizers in the Missis- likely that similar stories could be told comparison with other areas in sippi Delta of the 1930s. Ed King of about the civil rights movement in other states? the Student Nonviolent Coordinating many more rural counties in the South. • What was the international influ- Committee recalled that civil rights or- ence on interracial cooperative ganizers of the 1960s drew inspiration projects in the U.S. South, such as from the STFU’s ability to pull together What factors have con- Providence Farm and parallels such former KKK members and African tributed to the enduring as Koinonia Farm in Georgia, Americans in both Mississippi and Ar- political backlash to which not only survived but gave kansas who were among the poorest civil rights victories in birth to the prominent Habitat for people in America at the time. Mississippi over the Humanity project? John Handcox, born in 1904 near • What factors have contributed to Brinkley, Arkansas, provides a vivid past five decades? the enduring political backlash to illustration of the themes raised in the civil rights victories in Mississippi film. He not only organized the STFU, Among the questions we offer for over the past five decades, as well but wrote some of its most memorable readers, researchers, and activists are as to continued impoverishment of songs, including “Roll the Union On,” the following, each of which would the state of Mississippi, despite the and helped to popularize “We Shall Not take far more than a short film review presence of African Americans in Be Moved” as a song that became an to explore: county and city governments? Why anthem in the civil rights movement can’t we crack the white barriers to and the Memphis sanitation strike of About the history bi-racial voting and progressive 1968. The politics? through the work of Charles Seeger • Did either the STFU or the Delta and others recorded Handcox’s songs Cooperative Farm have any influ- About 2017 and beyond in 1937. His songs and his story are ence on the New Deal policies that • What inspiration and/or positive or negative lessons can today’s social and racial justice activists take from New on PRRAC’s Website earlier periods of Black liberation “Protecting our gains and building a base of practice: PRRAC’s housing history and labor struggles? research and advocacy goals in 2017-18” (January 2017) • What are the 21st-century counter- parts to the assets of land that Black Fair housing comments on Treasury Department Notice 2016-77, regarding landowners in Mississippi drew on the Low Income Housing Tax Credit “Concerted Community Revitaliza- to be able to advance the 1960s civil tion Plan” requirement (February 2017) rights movement? Suggested changes to the draft Low Income Housing Tax Credit reform bill • What is the relevance of history in (letter to the United States Senate Committee on Finance) (February 2017) analyzing today’s “whitelash” and strategies to ensure that the next few “How Attacks on the Administrative State Can Be Attacks on the Most years build the foundation for a Vulnerable” by Megan Haberle (March 2017) “Third Reconstruction” as proposed “Preserving the Civil Rights Data Collection program” (March 2017) by Rev. Barber of North Carolina’s “Moral Mondays,” rather than con- (Please turn to page 17)

6 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 26, No. 1 • January-March 2017 Justice in Our Community: Helping People Access Legal Infomation and Services Jane Kelleher, Miriam Elisa Hasbún, and Yandy Reyes

How can law students, legal aid, people in Hartford’s North End with they would send an email to GHLS and willing donors best serve impov- easy access to legal information and staff and get an almost-immediate re- erished communities? UConn Law and assistance. GHLA had an idea that sponse. The key was that the Fellows Connecticut’s Greater Hartford Legal could further this goal: with the do- were never left on their own: they were Aid (GHLA) have been working to- nors’ contribution, GHLA would pro- serving as the face of GHLA in the gether to answer that question. vide stipends for three law-student fel- community, and they had GHLA’s The result of their efforts? The new lows to run a legal information and entire staff behind them. “Justice in Our Community” Fellow- outreach table on the organization’s At first, “outreach” was ambigu- ship program. Law student fellows— behalf. GHLA would place the Fel- ous: having a regular arm in the com- with external support from legal aid lows at Community Health Services munity was new to everyone involved, lawyers—worked on-site in the heavily (CHS), a federally-qualified health and it was hard to know if the goals trafficked waiting room of a health center located in the heart of the com- would match the reality at CHS. Over center located in a high-poverty area. munity the donors wanted to reach. time, however, “outreach” developed The results were fantastic: Fellows For a client community with limited into a well-established system for engaged with clients who otherwise access to reliable transportation, this reaching potential clients and commu- would not have had access to lawyers, location was key. nity members. Equipped with a GHLA triaged intervention as needed, and poster and legal-information pam- provided direct assistance to people phlets, the Fellows worked in pairs at who were struggling to communicate A joint effort to assist a table in the highly-trafficked CHS through language and other bureau- and empower people lobby every Monday, Wednesday, cratic barriers. The program provided living in Connecticut’s and Friday afternoon. A GHLA attor- donors with a direct way to invest in ney supervised and assisted once a future legal aid attorneys and to assist lowest-income neighbor- week. The consistency of this approach an ailing community. Most impor- hood, Hartford’s North proved to be extremely valuable in tantly, the program conveyed to that End. forming relationships with members of community a presence that both hon- the community. ored them and afforded them the dig- nity of communication in a setting of Structure their choosing. Interaction with Client In the hope that others will repli- UConn Law helped develop the Community cate the program, this article describes project, and students, especially those the Justice in Our Community Fellow- interested in public interest work, Profile of Client Community and ship—a joint effort to assist and em- jumped at the chance to apply for paid Scope of Services power people living in Connecticut’s legal experience. lowest-income neighborhood, Hart- Each Fellow would spend six hours Clients ranged in age from early ford’s North End. per week conducting outreach at CHS, twenties to late sixties. The majority and six hours per week at the GHLA of the community members were Vision office, helping with research projects Latino or African-American, and most and following up with people they met interactions were in English or a com- In early 2015, the Auerbach Schiro in the community. The students were bination of Spanish and English. Fel- Foundation approached UConn Law first trained in substantive law, legal lows spoke to more female identified with a goal in mind: they wanted to ethics, confidentiality, and identifying community members than male iden- provide economically disadvantaged issues the Fellows might encounter. As tified members. Many members of the the year progressed, Fellows received community received government as- Jane Kelleher, Miriam Elisa additional substantive trainings in le- sistance such as Supplemental Nutri- Hasbún ([email protected]), gal issues that commonly were men- tion Assistance Program (SNAP), So- and Yandy Reyes were law students at tioned at CHS. Their knowledge grew cial Security Disability (SSD), Supple- the University of Connecticut School as the term progressed, but they also mental Security Income (SSI), Cash of Law during the fellowship’s inau- worked in connection with a reliable Assistance for Families, and HUSKY gural year. support network: when they needed to, (Please turn to page 8)

Poverty & Race • Vol. 26, No. 1 • January-March 2017 • 7 (JUSTICE: Continued. from page 7) Health Connecticut (AHCT) was over- Typical Day whelming for them—especially after Healthcare. A majority of the Fellows’ an AHCT representative made a com- On a “typical” day at CHS, the fel- interactions were with people who ment about their accents. The fellows lows would interact with five to fif- needed help with housing, applying for spoke with AHCT on the family’s be- teen people. It was never easy to pre- benefits, navigating a domestic abuse half, relaying the representative’s ques- dict whether a given day would be situation or divorce, or obtaining a tions and the family’s answers. It was busy: the number of visitors varied pardon. a long process, but it was worth it: the based on the weather, other events be- Pardons, for example, were an im- daughters were insured, and the fam- ing held at CHS, the day of the week, portant area because community mem- ily was appreciative, kind, and gra- the table’s location, and the signs bers mentioned difficulties stemming cious. Another day, a woman asked posted by fellows. The length of in- from their criminal records more than for help changing information on her teractions ranged from a few minutes any other legal issue. Minor offenses marriage license. After some quick to an hour. Some people stopped by often prevented them from obtaining research online, the Fellows found out the table just to say hello, and some work or housing. Some had lost their what she needed to do and wrote out stopped to take legal information pam- jobs after their employer found out that instructions. She had spent years at- phlets. Sometimes, people picked up the worker did not disclose their record tempting to change the license but was pamphlets and returned later to report on their job application. The Fellows’ unable to navigate the process on her that they had read through the infor- “Is Your Criminal Record Keeping own, so she was very appreciative mation and wanted to discuss a legal You From Finding Work?” pamphlet when the Fellows gave her a step-by- issue. Others sat down immediately, probably drew more people to the out- step guide. sharing stories about current legal reach table than any other sign, poster, troubles or about legal needs that had or pamphlet. It was easy to see how Community members gone unmet in the past—usually be- difficulty finding work or a home could mentioned difficulties cause they lacked access to an attor- lead to recidivism in people who genu- stemming from their ney. inely wanted to make a positive Longer conversations often turned change. Once referred by the fellows, criminal records more into an intake or a Community In- GHLA was able to help several people than any other legal quiry. Intakes, which are brief screen- navigate the rigorous pardons process issue. ing interviews, were conducted when and to set applicants’ expectations as an individual seemed to qualify for full to whether they were likely to receive representation by a GHLA attorney. a pardon. Fellows developed lasting relation- Community Inquiries, by contrast, Fellows often alerted community ships with community members, as were structured conversations in which members to rights or legal issues that well. One man was applying to have Fellows asked a set of open-ended they were not aware they had. For his SSI reinstated after a recent pe- questions, such as “Tell me about example, when a woman told the Fel- riod of incarceration. He stopped by something good going on in your life lows that a neighbor’s fire had ren- every few weeks to update the fellows right now?” The Community Inquiry dered her apartment uninhabitable, the on his application and to ask quick was intended to help GHLA get a feel fellows told her about relocation as- questions when he had trouble reach- for what was happening in the com- sistance and connected her with the ing GHLA. He faced several chal- munity, and to find out whether there agency that could help. When a home- lenges—he struggled to find housing were common problems that GHLA less man pulled a pile of papers out of because of his record, and he couldn’t wasn’t yet addressing. Fellows ob- his backpack and laid them on the out- work because of his disability—but he tained participants’ informed consent reach table, the fellows identified a always had a huge smile on his face. and emphasized that responses were SNAP cut-off notice and helped him He repeatedly expressed appreciation confidential. Fellows also communi- re-apply. When a regular visitor men- for GHLA being out in the commu- cated to participants that their responses tioned that he needed help obtaining a nity, and on the fellows’ last day, he were in no way connected to the assis- divorce, the fellows connected him expressed sincere regret that their term tance they would receive from GHLA. with a divorce clinic and helped him was coming to an end. He told the Conversations would last anywhere fill out the necessary paperwork. fellows that there were days where he from five minutes to an hour, and Fel- Some of the fellows’ outreach work felt like giving up, but when he vis- lows tried to record responses exactly was not necessarily “legal,” but gave ited GHLA’s outreach table it gave how they were spoken. After an in- the fellows an opportunity to help him the will to keep trying. take or inquiry, the potential client people navigate difficult systems. For would leave with a GHLA business example, a Bengali family asked the card, the fellows’ contact information, Fellows for help getting Medicaid for and a thank you card if they had com- their young daughters. Calling Access pleted the community inquiry.

8 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 26, No. 1 • January-March 2017 Interacting with the had filled out an intake form. they were unable to reach an indi- Client Community: Eventually it included community vidual. Ground-rules stories, patterns, and updates on clients. Program Benefits Ground-rules were established as • Be honest. If Fellows were unable the year progressed and changed to fit to resolve the issue at the table or To be sure, everyone involved the Fellows’ and GHLA’s needs. They the issue fell outside of GHLA’s hoped that the fellowship program are as follows: scope, they told the client. This would benefit the North End commu- frustrated some people, but most nity. By the end of the year, it seemed • Give legal information, not legal were grateful that the Fellows had that goal had been accomplished. Cli- advice. Law student Fellows were tried to help in the first place. Usu- ents knew they could come to the out- not attorneys and therefore were ally, when the individual did ap- reach table if they couldn’t make it to prohibited from advising clients. proach the table, Fellows were able GHLA’s office, or if they were hav- to find an outlet or resource that ing a hard time reaching the office by • Listen. The client community has could help. phone. For many clients, face-to-face a history of being ignored or dis- interaction was significantly less over- missed by those in positions of whelming than other forms of com- power. For many this was an op- The organization’s repu- munication—some clients told the fel- portunity to have someone take tation, already well lows that they relied on the outreach them seriously and listen to their established and positive, table as their primary method of com- whole story. Fellows provided help was arguably improved. munication with GHLA. Many people when they could and an outlet for commented that it was great to see when they could not. . . . Many community members saw GHLA as GHLA out in the community. Others • Identify the legal issues. Figure out more approachable, told the fellows that they had been how GHLA or other resources meaning to call GHLA about a legal because they had a way issue for months, and seeing the could best serve each person. To to interact with the be both mindful of client’s time GHLA table at CHS made it easier for and the Fellows’ own limited avail- organization on their them to get help. Many people told ability, Fellows learned how to re- own terms. the fellows that, regardless of whether spectfully direct the conversation GHLA was able to help them with their and focus on how to help the client legal problem, just having been lis- if a legal remedy was available. If • Follow-up. The Fellows tried their tened to made them feel better. Fellows could not refer back to best to follow up with clients, ei- GHLA benefited from the program, GHLA, they would refer to other ther by asking them to return on an- as well. Because of the donors’ gen- community resources. other day or by contacting them di- erosity, GHLA was able to hire these rectly by phone. Many clients did three Fellows who could afford to de- • Respect. Fellows were always not have emails or access to a com- vote substantial time to the commu- mindful to represent themselves, puter, so follow-up occurred mainly nity and start this program without tak- GHLA, and the Law School in a by phone. This also posed a prob- ing time away from an already-busy professional manner while at CHS. lem because many clients had phone staff attorney. GHLA learned more They were building an image not plans with limited minutes making about the community it serves, which only for GHLA but also for attor- it hard to get ahold of a client whose helped it identify issues and trends that neys. They were approachable, minutes had expired. When tele- were not always making it through the available, and excited to learn from phone calls failed Fellows turned to front door. The organization’s repu- community members. If someone sending letters in the mail. This also tation, already well-established and mentioned a problem, Fellows could be a challenge because some positive, was arguably improved— placed importance on his or her clients were in between homes and many people stated that it was nice to concern no matter what it was. did not have permanent addresses. see the organization reaching out to the community. Many community mem- • Take notes and track. Because it • Tracking. Fellows maintained a bers saw GHLA as more approachable, was a pilot year, Fellows made comprehensive list of potential cli- because they had a way to interact with things up as they went. They cre- ents so they could keep track of the organization on their own terms. ated an excel sheet that continued when a secretary had made contact Community Health Services, the to grow as the year progressed. with an individual, or that an attor- Fellows’ gracious and accommodating Originally, it included only infor- ney had communicated the advice host, benefited from the program as mation from those individuals who sought. Fellows also noted when (Please turn to page 10)

Poverty & Race • Vol. 26, No. 1 • January-March 2017 • 9 (PLEASANT: Continued from page 4) fortable, and had a family room and a and Italian kids from Cambria Heights. bar in a finished basement. Pop was The white students were friendly dur- notices from the “Klu Klux Klan, Dis- now a property holder, eager to mow ing the school day, but it was in riding trict of St. Albans” [sic] stating, his postage-stamp lawn and prune his the bus home with the other Black stu- “Warning to Negroes entering St. fruit trees. My father had joined the dents that I felt most welcome. We Albans. Beware...” Jet magazine on gentry.” rode the bus together to an increasingly October 3, 1952 reported a cross-burn- Lani Guinier, Harvard Law Profes- segregated St. Albans neighborhood. ing near Jackie Robinson’s home, “an sor and briefly President Clinton’s pick And it was in St. Albans that I felt area of expensive homes owned mostly to head up the Justice Department’s fully accepted.” by Negroes...The cross—six feet high Civil Rights Division, said in a 2011 Writer, musician, and 2013 Na- with three foot cross arms—was lighted New York Times op-ed that when her tional Book Award-winner James on a vacant lot near the home of one family moved to St. Albans in 1956, McBride provides a similar account, of the few remaining white residents “[T]he neighborhood changed with as a biracial child growing up in St. who recently had offered his $40,000 our arrival. When we first moved in, Albans. McBride, in his best-selling house for sale. Said Mrs. Robinson: Italians, Jews, Albanians, Armenians memoir, The Color of Water, describes “there are five Negro and five white his family’s move from Red Hook, families on our block and we get along St. Albans was becom- Brooklyn to “the relative bliss of St. very well. As far as I know none of Albans” in the early sixties. It’s dur- the white families on the street plans ing a Black neighbor- ing this period, as he is starting school, to move away.” hood, as whites fled to that he realizes his mother is white. Mrs. Robinson’s sanguine predic- Long Island, and other The only other white faces he saw in tion notwithstanding, St. Albans was Queens enclaves. his community were the teachers at becoming a Black neighborhood, as nearby PS 118 (which I also attended whites fled to Long Island, and other for a few years a decade later). Queens enclaves. and Portuguese lived in small, tidy, McBride paints a vivid picture of Retired General Colin Powell, in two-family attached houses on both the Black militancy that took hold in his autobiography, describes a chang- sides of the street. By 1964 there were St. Albans as the sixties came into full ing area when his family won the lot- almost no whites still living on our flower. He said, “In 1966, when I was tery and purchased a home at the edge block except my mother.” nine, Black power had permeated ev- of St. Albans in 1959: “The house was Guinier also shared her experience ery element of my neighborhood in St. a three-bedroom bungalow in a neigh- as a biracial student attending a largely Albans, Queens. Malcolm X had been borhood in transition, the whites were white school. Prior to junior high killed the year before... Afros were moving out and the blacks moving in. school, she described herself as “in- in style. The Black Panthers were a My folks bought from a Jewish fam- terracial.” “In junior high school, I force...” In another passage, he de- ily named Weiner, one of the few became Black. I attended Junior High scribes how the alteration of a famil- white families left...Our new home School 59, a magnet school that at- iar landmark in St. Albans, which re- was ivy-covered, well kept and com- tracted Jewish students from Laurelton mains to this day, came to be. “A few blocks from our house was an eight- foot-high stone with a plaque on it that (JUSTICE: Continued. from page 9) velop interview skills. They learned commemorated some civil historic how to budget their time and attention event, and one morning on the way to well. CHS treats patients holistically; in a setting that was often fast-paced the store, Mommy noticed the rock had they primarily offer medical services, and high-stress. Fellows had the chance been painted the black-liberation col- but also offer psychiatric help, pro- to discuss legal issues with attorneys ors, red, black, and green. ‘I wonder vide clothing, and give out food on a at the office, and to learn about core who did that,’ she remarked. I knew weekly basis. CHS is also a warm place legal issues such as housing, benefits, but I couldn’t say.” McBride reveals to spend the day for those with no- and family law. The Fellows also had to the reader that his brother was the where else to go. CHS staff members a chance to practice—or learn—Span- culprit. commented that they were happy to ish. Most importantly, the Fellows had It was during this period that the have somewhere to send patients who the chance to meet and learn from Godfather of Soul, James Brown, mentioned legal issues over the course people facing tremendous legal barri- moved into tony Addisleigh Park. By of their appointments. ers, and to help people while they the 1960s, this Gold Coast neighbor- Finally, the students received im- themselves grew as students. The ex- hood, like the rest of St. Albans, was measurable benefits from serving as perience will surely serve them well largely Black. In a 2016 NPR inter- Fellows. They participated in direct cli- as they move forward with their legal view, McBride, who wrote a book on ent interaction with a very diverse careers. ❏ Brown said, “His house was across the population, which helped them de- tracks, on the good side of St. Albans.

10 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 26, No. 1 • January-March 2017 I used to sneak over, across the Long Island Railroad tracks, and me and my friend Billy Smith, we would stand PRRAC Update outside. A bunch of us! Because the rumor was that he would come out of • We are pleased to welcome our • Three new Board members joined the house, and if you’d promise you’d new Communications and Part- us at our December Board meeting stay in school, he’d give you money.” nerships Manager, Kimberly in Chapel Hill: Kristen Clarke, I, too, grew up hearing stories Hall. Kim comes to us with a strong Executive Director of the Lawyers about James Brown’s time in St. background in campaign communi- Committee for Civil Rights Under Albans. Brown was still a popular fig- cations, and will be helping us do a Law, Justin Steil, an assistant pro- ure in the 1970s and his music more better job in getting our voice heard fessor in the MIT Department of accessible to me than jazz. He lived in in traditional media, developing a Urban Studies and Planning, and St. Albans from 1962 through the early stronger strategic narrative, and rais- Anurima Bhargava, formerly 1970s, during his peak as a recording ing up stories from our work in lo- Chief of the Educational Opportu- artist. The records he produced dur- cal communities. nities Section in the DOJ Civil Rights ing this period were in heavy rotation Division, and currently a fellow at in my house: “Papa’s Got a Brand the Open Society Foundations and New Bag,” “I Got You (I Feel Good),” the Harvard Institute of Politics. “It’s a Man’s Man’s Man’s World,” and “Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine.” While living in St. Albans, Brown also recorded what would be marched on, economic disinvestment, She also remembered “being spat the unofficial anthem of the Black official neglect, and the social ills dis- at, cursed and pummeled in the daily Power movement, “Say it Loud - I’m proportionately borne by Black com- trek to and from school,” while her Black and I’m Proud.” What James munities, exacerbated the educational father took the legal battle to the U.S. Brown was saying and doing at this disparities. On a demographic dot-den- Supreme Court, where he won a Pyr- time was in sync with what was hap- sity map, all of Southeastern Queens rhic victory in Hansberry v. Lee. In pening in the community around him. appears dramatically as 90+% Black, that 1940 case, which helped establish He enjoyed a reputation as a man of with the borough becoming progres- an important precedent for civil pro- the people. While he lived in a house sively whiter as you travel north to the cedure, the Court held that previous that looked like a castle, Brown, my Throgs Neck Bridge. School profi- challenges to a Chicago covenant did parents and others said, used to open ciency inversely tracks Black popula- not bar Hansberry, who was not part up his pool to area children. So, the tion density. of that litigation, from contesting it. rumor McBride heard that he’d give Some years ago, New York City Today, that Chicago neighborhood, kids money is plausible. renamed my childhood elementary like St. Albans, is overwhelmingly On NPR, McBride continued, school the Lorraine Hansberry School Black and segregated. “That was the rumor. It never hap- for Literary Excellence. Hansberry, St. Albans and other areas of South- pened. [Laughs.] And so kids would the first Black woman to write a play east Queens were among the hardest stand outside his house all the time, performed on Broadway, is a fitting hit by the subprime foreclosure crisis and then one day, my sister Dottie did role model. But Hansberry’s magnum a decade ago. Many affected were something that no kid I ever thought opus was “A Raisin in the Sun,” which longtime homeowners who had built had the guts do do: She just went up was based on Hansberry’s family’s up decades of wealth in their homes. to the front door of this beautiful own experience fighting racial cov- In fact, it’s precisely St. Albans’ his- house, and just knocked. And she met enants in Chicago. In her book, To tory of stable Black homeownership him! And so she came running home Be Young, Gifted, and Black, that made it a target. and said, “I met James Brown.” And Hansberry describes the litigation: Milt Hinton in his 1998 interview we asked, “What did he say?” “He “Twenty-five years ago, [my fa- with The New York Times summed up said, ‘Stay in school, Dottie.’” And ther] spent a small personal fortune, what Blacks were seeking when they that became the clarion call of my sis- his considerable talents, and many began moving to neighborhoods like ter for a long time.” years of life fighting, in associa- St. Albans in the 1940s: “Colored I recall a St. Albans, in the 1970s, tion with NAACP attorneys, people like us were just looking for a where the schools were still good, but Chicago’s ‘restrictive covenants’ decent place to live, a quiet place to increasingly under-resourced, com- in one of this nation’s ugliest ghet- raise children.” tos. The fight also required our pared to schools in Queens’ white com- family to occupy disputed property It begs the question Langston munities. My parents bused their three in a hellishly hostile ‘white neigh- Hughes asked in the 1951 poem that children to schools in white areas af- borhood’ in which literally howl- inspired Hansberry: “What happens to ter we reached the third grade. As time ing mobs surrounded our house.” a dream deferred?” ❏

Poverty & Race • Vol. 26, No. 1 • January-March 2017 • 11 (NEW YORK: Continued from page 1) then migrated to segregated areas of hoods. Redlining, blockbusting and Brooklyn, Queens and . Now racial steering were commonplace. with race (and may even promote ra- many are being pushed out of Harlem And in the wave of massive housing cial integration), and that the solution as wealthy white neighborhoods—the abandonment affecting communities of is to build more “affordable housing.” Upper East Side and Upper West Side color in the 1970s, the city was Government-backed “affordable hous- —stretch their boundaries further north complicit with banks, landlords and ing” is unaffordable to people living into Harlem. insurance companies when it withdrew in affected central city neighborhoods, When zoning was instituted in services from these neighborhoods, a and most of the new development is 1916, wealthy property owners in practice that one city official dubbed private, market-rate and luxury hous- Manhattan insured protection of their “planned shrinkage.” ing. own properties from industries and the working class immigrant populations living near them. This focus on pro- Zoning Can’t Solve the Race Matters moting and regulating the densest ar- Housing Problem eas corresponded with a laissez-faire The city’s aggressive rezoning poli- approach to peripheral areas—until Last year, New York City adopted cies over the last 15 years have helped recent decades when those areas be- a new inclusionary housing law—Man- to drive this massive development and come targets for big real estate and datory Inclusionary Housing (MIH)— displacement. In Zoned Out! we chal- upzoning. Since zoning is the main that would tie all new rezonings pro- lenge the narrative that the city’s zon- tool for land use policy in New York moting development to requirements ing is “color blind.” We show how City, aggressive rezonings to both that at least 20% of new housing must areas targeted for new development are be affordable, following HUD’s area- disproportionately low-income com- New York is a latecomer wide definition of affordability. New munities of color, while areas protected to inclusionary zoning. York is a latecomer to inclusionary by zoning are disproportionately white zoning. Its Planning Commission, his- Its Planning Commis- torically beholden to the powerful real and middle- and upper-income. In sion . . . has long op- sum, exclusionary zoning is not lim- estate industry, had long opposed calls ited to white suburbs but works in the posed calls for for inclusionary zoning, claiming that central city as well. inclusionary zoning. it would thwart new development. Fi- nally, the city sweetened the pot with The bulk of new housing built af- tax subsidies and negotiated overall ter upzonings is for the luxury stimulate new growth and protect terms with the powerful Real Estate market, is off-limits to most people wealthier enclaves are now common. Board of New York, and the measure living in the neighborhood, and During the 12-year rule of Mayor passed in 2016. In a bizarre political drives up rents and housing costs Michael Bloomberg (2002-2013), al- endgame, de Blasio faced significant instead of lowering them. And the most 40% of the city’s land was re- opposition from the majority of the few “affordable” housing units zoned following this broad strategy. city’s 59 community boards, both made available are not affordable Current Mayor picked those that saw MIH as a Trojan Horse to most existing residents. up where Bloomberg left off and pro- for gentrification and displacement and posed to rezone what was left in se- the NIMBYite boards opposed to new When we look beyond the surface lected neighborhoods. De Blasio pro- development and affordable housing. phenomena—the rich array of cultures posed upzoning to promote new de- After MIH passed, the city pressed and colors on display in the streets and velopment in 15 communities, mostly harder to move its rezoning agenda subways—New York City is in fact low-income communities of color sub- forward in the 15 mostly minority one of the most segregated and unequal ject to gentrification pressures, but he communities, arguing that MIH was cities in the world. And it is becom- has faced a broad wave of opposition necessary to guarantee new affordable ing more segregated and unequal. This from residents who consider the city’s housing development. This reasoning is consistent with the city’s history promises of affordable housing to be was greeted with renewed skepticism, from the time it was founded. Slaves too little and too late. part of the reason that only one of the were bought and sold in Manhattan and The city’s housing policies have 15 rezonings has actually passed in the proceeds from the Southern plantation often reinforced its biased land use three years of this mayor’s adminis- economy went to Wall Street banks. policies. New York City used the fed- tration. These are the limitations of After slavery, Blacks lived in segre- eral urban renewal program to gut MIH often cited in communities of gated areas and as new development black and Latino neighborhoods. New color: moved uptown from lower Manhat- public housing, particularly at the tan Blacks were displaced in stages until edges of the city, segregated many who • At least 80% of new housing de- they landed in Harlem a century ago, were pushed out of their neighbor- veloped under MIH is bound to be

12 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 26, No. 1 • January-March 2017 market-rate, built for higher in- Wrong. Real estate investors make that would produce high-rise luxury come groups. This new develop- money by investing in land, watching housing on the waterfront and open up ment further drives up rents and it gain in value and then selling it to industrial areas to new residential de- land values in the rest of the com- make a profit or using it to leverage velopment. munity. new wealth. In hot urban markets like The new zoning, supported by pow- New York City, land is treasured be- erful real estate interests, was a slap in • Since the area-wide AMI is used cause of its potential future value. the face for advocates of the commu- to determine eligibility instead of Zoning is the principal instrument of nity plan. It was approved by the City the neighborhood median, most of public policy that regulates land val- Planning Commission in 2005. Within the new “affordable” units are not ues, and zoning changes can create a mere decade, Williamsburg became affordable to most existing resi- enormous overnight windfalls. This a haven for new wealth, a large por- dents. produces gentrification and displace- tion of the Latino population was dis- ment. While it often happens without placed, industry declined precipi- • Years before the rezoning, specu- any zoning change, when landowners tously, and the limited amount of “af- lators and equity funds move into deem that a zoning change is needed fordable” housing built remains the neighborhoods, buy up land and to realize the potential value of their unaffordable to most of Williams- buildings and use a variety of meth- land, they turn to the city planners to burg’s remaining working class resi- ods, legal and illegal, to move ex- do the right thing. dents. isting tenants out. Thus, residents already see the negative effects of The white population in the re- this kind of development and ex- Displacement in Three zoning area increased by 44 per- cent, compared to a 2 percent de- pect that the proposed rezoning will Neighborhoods only make it worse. cline citywide. The Hispanic/ Latino population declined by 27 • The city’s planners try to sell the The stories of zoning and displace- percent, compared to a 10 percent rezonings by inferring that gentri- ment in New York City neighborhoods increase citywide. fication and displacement are inevi- reveal how this close relationship be- table and MIH is the best way to Another case is the rezoning of get at least some affordable hous- The city advanced this Frederick Douglass Boulevard in Cen- ing. However, it is clear from the as an opportunity to tral Harlem. city housing agency’s own public The city advanced this as an oppor- improve Harlem by at- tunity to improve Harlem by attract- statements that the vast majority of tracting new housing “affordable” units in the mayor’s ing new housing and retail. Some even 20-year affordable housing plan and retail. suggested that if it attracted whites will come from renovation of ex- then it would serve to integrate Black isting units and not new construc- Harlem and, in the end, reduce segre- tion, and only a small fraction of tween zoning and the land market gation. In fact, located at the southern the new units will result from the works. Three recent stories are par- edge of Central Harlem near the white application of MIH. This further ticularly revealing: Williamsburg Upper West Side, the rezoning of discredits the argument for using (Brooklyn), Harlem and Chinatown. Frederick Douglass Boulevard served zoning as a means for both the pres- The most dramatic of these is to expand the segregated Upper West ervation and creation of affordable Williamsburg, Brooklyn, once a lively Side and displace Black Harlem resi- housing. working class neighborhood mixing dents who would then move into newly industry and housing. Williamsburg is resegregated areas of the city or to seg- on the East River facing Manhattan regated portions of the inner suburbs. It’s The Land Market! and when port facilities moved to New The Upper West Side once had a large Jersey in the 1970s parts of its indus- Latino population, but much of it was At the heart of this obscurantism is trial waterfront were abandoned. Resi- forced out by the urban renewal pro- the real estate industry’s laissez-faire dents and businesses came together in gram and gentrification. Manhattan ideology which dominates all discus- the 1990s to prepare a community plan (Kings County) still has the greatest sion of the housing question. The prob- that would preserve the mixed use char- income inequality of all counties in the lem, they say, is that demand is much acter of the neighborhood while pre- nation. greater than the supply. The solution? venting high rise luxury development Increase the supply. Housing is no dif- on the waterfront. The plan was ap- From 2000 to 2013, in the Frederick Douglass Boulevard re- ferent than potatoes: the more there proved by the City Planning Commis- zoning area, the total population are the lower the price. Right? sion in 2002. Two years later the city increased by 18 percent; the white came forward with a rezoning proposal (Please turn to page 14)

Poverty & Race • Vol. 26, No. 1 • January-March 2017 • 13 (NEW YORK: Continued from page 13) census block is just $20,450. This related to notions of long-term segregated development will ex- sustainability of the city’s hundreds of population increased 455 percent clude people of color and low-in- diverse communities. It does not while the black population de- come families currently living in openly consider questions of gentri- clined by 5 percent, and the Latino the area, while also creating sec- fication, displacement and race. population declined by 13 percent. ondary displacement pressures by New York City is the only major fueling rising rents and land city in the United States that has never prices. The third case is Manhattan’s had a comprehensive plan. Chinatown. In 2008, the city approved a rezoning of the East Village that The problem is that the There must be a fundamental shift mostly protected that area, much of Department of City in the culture and practice of the which had gentrified and become Department of City Planning, from whiter. The rezoning included, how- Planning doesn’t do top to bottom, towards real plan- ever, the upzoning of several blocks planning, either at the ning at multiple scales—from the in Chinatown to promote new high- city-wide level or the block up to the neighborhood, city rise development. Chinese and Latino neighborhood level. and regional levels—and away groups fought the rezoning and de- from the exclusive use of zoning manded that their blocks, and the sub- in land use policy. stantial public housing blocks in the In part, the gap in planning has been area, be protected by zoning. When Alternatives the city refused to protect these areas, filled by grassroots community-based plans—over a hundred of them in the residents opposed, unsuccessfully, pas- While the power of big real estate sage of the city’s proposal. last half-century. Even after a (weak) and weakness of public alternatives reform of the City Charter in 1989, The city then promised that they often leave people resigned to the sta- would support a community planning only 17 community plans have been tus quo, the long history of the ten- approved by the City Planning Com- process leading to a subsequent rezon- ant, civil rights and community move- ing. The Asian and Latino communi- mission. A major problem is that the ments in New York City suggests that city’s 59 community boards, them- ties spent seven years working with a when people organize they can force broad community coalition, the local selves a product of community activ- change. These movements triggered ism and the civil rights movement, community boards and elected offi- rent regulations and public investments cials, and developed a rezoning plan. have practically no funding, voluntary in housing to benefit below-market rate and appointed members, and no for- However, the community proposal tenants. They have stopped disinvest- was flatly rejected because it did not mal power in land use decisionmaking ment in many public services and de- beyond “advisory” votes. include enough opportunities for new feated proposed mega-projects like the market-rate development. What the In the absence of real community- Lower Manhattan Expressway and based planning, the city’s planners city did not acknowledge is that the Westway (a huge highway project). market-driven development they pro- have unleashed a huge display of hasty Let me focus on two main alterna- community consultations as a prelude moted would end up displacing more tives supported by many neighbor- people of color and reduce the historic to rezoning proposals. However, these hoods: community-based planning and lead to endless wish lists of projects Chinatown to nothing more than a chic housing in the public domain. tourist destination. that have no official standing and may A new luxury tower in Chinatown be quickly forgotten after a rezoning. features: They fail to provide tools to address Community-based gentrification and displacement in com- …such absurdist amenities as a Planning munities of color. golf simulator room, a dog spa, This situation cries out for another and a cigar room, and is designed The city’s summary dismissal of structural change in the way the city as a virtual gated community. The Williamsburg’s and Chinatown’s develops land use policy. developer, however, is financing thoughtful community plans is a symp- their project with public money…. tom of the larger problem plaguing all It is time for another major revi- and is building a separate, zoning and housing issues in the city. sion to the New York City Charter smaller, lower quality building The problem is that the Department that empowers community boards and, most importantly, holds them with below-market rents…for fami- of City Planning doesn’t do planning, lies making up to 60 percent of accountable to principles of social either at the city-wide level or the justice—the same principles to New York’s Area Median Income. neighborhood level. Its zoning re- A qualifying family of four could which the higher levels of govern- sponds to the immediate, short-term earn up to $51,540 while the me- ment must be held accountable. dian income for that particular interests of property owners and is not

14 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 26, No. 1 • January-March 2017 Housing in the Public Domain Selected References

Since ’s withdrawal Angotti, Tom. New York For Sale: Community Planning Confronts Global Real Estate. MIT from funding for low-income housing, Press, 2008. there has been a bipartisan consensus Next Generation NYCHA, 2015. Greenpoint-Williamsburg Inclusionary Housing Program. that government should invest in pub- City of New York, Department of City Planning, 2005. lic-private partnerships and move away State of the City’s Housing and Neighborhoods, 2015. Furman Center for Real Estate and from public housing. “Affordable Urban Policy. housing” has become the acceptable alternative which, in practice, is usu- How Have the City’s Recent Rezonings Affected the City’s Ability to Grow? Policy Paper, ally middle-income housing. Even as 2010. Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy the number of homeless people grows, Goldberg, Leo. Game of Zones: Neighborhood Rezonings and Uneven Urban Growth in there is increasing support for expen- Bloomberg’s New York City. MIT, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Master’s sive solutions that enrich investors and Thesis, 2015. developers but leave those who need Mollenkopf, John and Manuel Castells, eds. Dual City: Restructuring New York. NY: Russell housing the most out in the cold. Sage Foundation, 1992. New York City still has the largest Roberts, Sam.“Manhattan’s Income Gap is Widest in US, Census Finds, The New York Times, housing authority in the nation but its September 8, 2014. Next Generation NYCHA plan foresees a transformation of the authority’s Rosenberg, Eli.“How NYC’s Decade of Rezoning Changed the City of Industry,” Curbed, housing stock to public-private part- January 16, 2014. nerships serving a more mixed-income Smith, Greg B. “EXCLUSIVE: NYCHA Quietly Selling Off Parking Lots, Green Space, population. As the communities of Playgrounds to Help East Budget Woes,” New York Daily News. June 11, 2013. color around NYCHA’s projects be- Smith, Neil and Peter Williams. Gentrification of the City. Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1986. come gentrified and whiter, the dis- Tucker, Maria Luisa.“Lower East Side Rezoning Sparks Border War in Chinatown,” Village mantling of the projects will simply Voice, May 20, 2008. reinforce this process. Far from inte- grating segregated projects and neigh- borhoods, this will further stimulate (SKEPTICISM: Cont. from page 2) who qualify as extremely-low, very- the displacement of communities of low and low-income. Which of those color. able housing, and that doesn’t include families is he saying shouldn’t be the the schools, parks, and infrastructure beneficiary of the City’s affordable If the city, state and federal gov- improvements necessary to support housing programs? ernments were to commit capital that housing. In the absence of a mecha- Angotti seems to suggest that we funds to both save public housing nism (like the mandatory inclusionary hold off on development until the City and create new housing for low- income people in neighborhoods zoning Angotti decries) to have mar- goes through the kind of community- facing gentrification and displace- ket rate housing help to create afford- based planning process that he has ad- ment they could save tax dollars able housing, how will the City sup- vocated for many years, along with and neighborhoods, and move one port the ”right” to “housing in the structural change to the City’s land use step closer to a more equitable and public domain” he demands— by rais- process to give the 59 community racially integrated city. ing taxes on current residents? Then boards more power. At the outset, he there’s the question of how the City is just wrong in his description of the With Trump Towers scattered could allow only affordable housing City’s planning process, as shown by around Manhattan to remind us of while still achieving the mixed-income the community-based planning mea- what a Trump administration in Wash- neighborhoods that research consis- sures underway in neighborhoods ington is likely to produce, it is par- tently shows help to deconcentrate across the City.Worse yet, his vision ticularly important that we boost our poverty, reduce segregation, and pro- of the perfect process would take many, efforts to organize for the right to vide better opportunities, especially many years or decades—the Chinatown housing and the right to the city for all for children. That problem is especially community planning process took ❏ —housing in the public domain. acute given that Angotti describes the seven years by his account. Even if the City’s affordable housing as “usually City could reach agreement on what middle-income housing,” even though Angotti would consider a comprehen- almost 80% of the subsidized housing sive plan, and on a new land use sys- the City has financed over the past tem, implementing those “reforms” three years is targeted to households (Please turn to page 16)

Poverty & Race • Vol. 26, No. 1 • January-March 2017 • 15 (SKEPTICISM: Cont. from page 15) Resources would take many more years, and only then would actual building begin. But NYC Department of City Planning population projections, available at: https:// as so much research shows, every year www1.nyc.gov/site/planning/data-maps/nyc-population/current-future- a child lives in unstable housing, or in populations.page. neighborhoods that don’t offer good NYC Department of City Planning neighborhood studies, available at: http:// environments for education, employ- www1.nyc.gov/site/planning/plans/proposals-studies.page. ment, health or safety, is a year in NYC Department of City Planning information on New York’s Mandatory which we’ve lost a significant oppor- Inclusionary Zoning amendment, available at: http://www1.nyc.gov/site/planning/ tunity to improve the rest of that child’s plans/mih/mandatory-inclusionary-housing.page life. So, imperfect as it is, rezoning now to build more market rate hous- ing, with the requirement that it in- clude between 20 to 30 percent of the housing, is preferable to losing another city policies that follow from supply apartments as permanently affordable generation to the no-growth, wall-the- skepticism. ❏

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16 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 26, No. 1 • January-March 2017 (MISSISSIPPI: Cont. from page 6) Resources tinue the march backward analyzed by Philip Klinkner in his 1999 book Web Links on the Rise and Decline of Racial Inequality? Paragraph on authors

Recovering the songs and stories of AfricaFocus Bulletin: http://www.africafocus.org rural civil rights history may help us understand why we are moving for- No Easy Victories: http://www.noeasyvictories.org ward or backward politically and cul- turally in the United States today. Michael Honey: http://faculty.washington.edu/mhoney/ Black land ownership remains a cru- Sharecropper’s Troubadour: http://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9780230111271 cial question going back to the seizure of plantation lands by former slaves Love and Solidarity: http://www.bullfrogfilms.com/catalog/love.html during the Civil War, as do struggles ever since to maintain a rural economic First paragraph in text base through cooperatives and small farms. Other films have chronicled the Eyes on the Prize episode on Mississippi: https://www.youtube.com/ Black freedom movement in more watch?v=aP2A6_2b6g8 well-known struggles from Montgom- ery to Memphis. Dirt and Deeds pro- Dirt and Deeds in Mississippi: http://newsreel.org/video/DIRT-AND-DEEDS vides a distinctive and crucial window Voter suppression: http://www.noeasyvictories.org/usa/voter- into a neglected theme of rural orga- suppression.php nizing, through documentation and interviews with movement veterans in Second paragraph in text Mississippi’s Deep South. Does this history have lessons for a Holmes County: http://www.noeasyvictories.org/usa/holmes-county.php predominantly urban United States in and the age of Trump, when the arrow of https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/nov/15/poorest-town-in-poorest- history seems to be pointing back to state-segregation-is-gone-but-so-are-the-jobs “Jim Crow” acted out on a national stage? Mississippi activist Kali Fourth paragraph in text Akuno’s thoughts on the road ahead Robert Clark: https://www.loc.gov/item/afc2010039_crhp0075/ are worth pondering: Seventh paragraph in text I do think in a moment like this, living in Mississippi is an advan- Sharecropper’s Troubadour tage. Mississippi has been domi- http://www.folkways.si.edu/magazine-summer-fall-2014-sharecroppers- nated by the Tea Party, even be- troubadour-songs-of-solidarity-in-hard-times/article/smithsonian fore the party had its name. Our governor, Phil Bryant, is a Tea Eighth paragraph in text Party member. We have a Repub- lican supermajority and it has been Carrie Dilworth: https://snccdigital.org/people/carrie-dilworth/ that way for most of the last six years and they can pass almost any- About 2017 and beyond thing they want. ... Third Reconstruction: http://amzn.to/2gfr2Eq We were like, “Welcome to Mis- sissippi!” to the rest of the United Rise and Decline of Racial Inequality: http://amzn.to/2i5qS01 States. We don’t wish this on our worst enemies, but this is where we Kali Akuno: http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/39061-insights-from- find ourselves. Crying about it or mississippi-on-organizing-in-a-right-wing-context-a-conversation-with-kali- wishing it was different is not go- akuno ing to change the situation. We are going to have to get down, get dirty and struggle and work our way out of this.” ❏

Poverty & Race • Vol. 26, No. 1 • January-March 2017 • 17 • Jones, Janelle, and David Cooper. “State Minimum Resources Wage Increases Helped 4.3 Million Workers, but Federal Inaction Has Left Many More Behind.” Economic Policy Institute. January 9, 2017. http://www.epi.org/. Race/Racism

• Daymont, Thomas N. “Racial Equity or Racial Equality.” Demography 17, no. 4 (1980): 379. Education doi:10.2307/2061152. • “The Agonizing Choice of Public Schools In Segre- • Towards Racial Equity through Policy & Assessment: gated Cities.” The Kathleen Dunn Show. February 28, Healing Possible Quorum 100: Recommendations. Center 2017. http://www.wpr.org/listen/1067991. for Health Equity. January 2015. https://louisvilleky.gov/. • Cabrera, N. L., J. F. Milem, O. Jaquette, and R. W. • Traub, Amy, Laura Sullivan, Tatjana Meschede, and Marx. “Missing the (Student Achievement) Forest for All Tom Shapiro. The Asset Value of Whiteness: Understand- the (Political) Trees: Empiricism and the Mexican Ameri- ing the Racial Wealth Gap. Publication. 2017. http:// can Studies Controversy in Tucson.” American Educa- iasp.brandeis.edu/pdfs/2017/AssetValue.pdf. tional Research Journal 51, no. 6 (2014): 1084-118. doi:10.3102/0002831214553705. • “Voicing Race: Storytelling in Traditional Media.” Living Cities. January 04, 2017. https:// • Carnoy, Martin, and Emma García. “Five Key Trends www.livingcities.org/resources/327-voicing-race- in U.S. Student Performance: Progress by Blacks and storytelling-in-traditional-media. Hispanics, the Takeoff of Asians, the Stall of Non-English Speakers, the Persistence of Socioeconomic Gaps, and the • “Webinar: Racial Equity and Community Engagement Damaging Effect of Highly Segregated Schools.” Eco- in Collective Impact.” Living Cities. May 1, 2015. https:// nomic Policy Institute. January 12, 2017. http://epi.org/ www.livingcities.org/resources/294-webinar-racial-equity- 113217. and-community-engagement-in-collective-impact. • Charter Schools, Civil Rights, and School Discipline: A Comprehensive Review. Publication. March 2016. Civil Rights History https://www.civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/.

• Massey, Douglas S., and Nancy A. Denton. American • “Closing the Gaps: Full Compendium of Essays.” Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Living Cities. September 26, 2016. https:// Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003. www.livingcities.org/resources/322-closing-the-gaps-full- compendium-of-essays. Economic/Community • Dee, Thomas, and Emily Penner. NBER Working Paper Series. The National Bureau of Economic Research. Development January 2016. http://www.nber.org/papers/w21865.pdf.

• “2013 Report Card for America’s Infrastructure.” • “How Diversity Empowers Science and Innovation.” American Society of Civil Engineers. 2013. http:// Scientific American. September 15, 2014. https:// www.infrastructurereportcard.org/a/#p/home. www.scientificamerican.com/report/how-diversity- empowers-science-and-innovation/. • “The Equality of Opportunity Project.” The Equality of Opportunity Project. http://www.equality-of- • Hoxby, Caroline, and Christopher Avery. The Missing opportunity.org/. “One-Offs”: The Hidden Supply of High-Achieving, Low Income Students. Working paper no. 18586. December • “Illinois General Assembly - Bill Status for HB2808.” 2012. http://www.nber.org/digest/may13/w18586.html. Illinois General Assembly. 2017. http://www.ilga.gov/ legislation/BillStatus.asp?DocTypeID=HB&DocNum= • Johnson, C. Kirabo, Rucker C. Johnson, and Claudia 2808&GAID=14&SessionID= 91&LegID=104197. Perisco. The National Bureau of Economic Research. Working paper no. 20847. January 2015. http:// www.nber.org/papers/w20847. To subscribe to • K-12 Education: Better Use of Information Could Help Poverty & Race, go to Agencies Identify Disparities and Address Racial Discrimi- nation. Report. Washington, DC: United States Govern- www.prrac.org/order.php ment Accountability Office, 2016.

18 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 26, No. 1 • January-March 2017 • Long-Run Impacts of School Desegregation & School Families/Children Quality on Adult Attainments. Working paper no. 16664. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, • Blueprint for Children: How the Next President Can 2015. Build a Foundation for a Healthy Future. American Academy of Pediatrics. September 2016. https:// • Martin, Daisy, Saúl I. Maldonado, Jack Schneider, www.aap.org/en-us/documents/blueprintforchildren.pdf. and Mark Smith. “A Report on the State of History Education State Policies and National Programs.” • Gender Equity Through Human Rights: Local Efforts to • TeachingHistory.org. Fall 2011. http:// Advance the Status of Women and Girls in the United teachinghistory. org/system/files/ States. Report. January 2017. http:// teachinghistory_special_report_2011.pdf. www.law.columbia.edu.

• Orfield, Gary, and Jongyeon Ee. Our Segregated • Hermansen, Are Skeie. “Age at Arrival and Life Capital: An Increasingly Diverse City with Racially Chances Among Childhood Immigrants.” Demography 54, Polarized Schools. Report. February 2017. https:// no. 1 (2017): 201-29. doi:10.1007/s13524-016-0535-1. www.civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/. • “Immigrant Children: How Age of Arrival Impacts • “Qualifications of Humanities Teachers in U.S. Public Academic, Job Success.” Journalist’s Resource. February High Schools.” Humanities Indicators. September 2015. 02, 2017. https://journalistsresource.org/studies/govern- http://www.humanitiesindicators.org/content/ ment/immigration/immigrant-children-esl-age-impact- indicatordoc.aspx?i=29. success.

• Schmitz Bechteler, Stephanie, and Kathleen Kane- Willis, comps. 100 Years and Counting: The Enduring Housing Legacy of Racial Residential Segregation in Chicago in the Post-Civil Rights Era, Part Two: The Impact of • Assembly Member. Miguel Santiago. Segregation on Education in a “No Excuses” Environ- “Assemblymember Miguel Santiago Introduces Legislation ment. The Chicago Urban Leauge. Cultivate. February to Buck Trump Administration on Fair Housing.” News 2017. http://www.thechicagourbanleague.org/cms/lib07/ release, February 15, 2017. http:// IL07000264/Centricity/Domain/1/ www.publicadvocates.org/wp-content/uploads/Press- CULtivate%20Part%202_Education_FINAL.pdf. Release_AB-686_Santiago-021517_Final.pdf.

• “School Climate Resources.” Teaching Tolerance. • Brophy, Paul C., ed. On the Edge. New York: Ameri- 2017. http://www.tolerance.org/school_climate_resources. can Assembly, 2016.

• Campen, Jim. “Changing Patterns III: Mortgage Environment Lending to Traditionally Underserved Borrowers & Neighborhoods in Boston, Greater Boston and Massachu- • Environmental Justice: Examining the Environmental setts, 2015.” Massachusetts Community & Banking Protection Agency’s Compliance and Enforcement of Title Council. December 2016. http://mcbc.info. VI and Executive Order 12,898. Report. September 2017. http://www.usccr.gov/pubs/ • Cheryl Young. “There Doesn’t Go the Neighborhood: Statutory_Enforcement_Report2016.pdf. Low-Income Housing Has No Impact on Nearby Home Values.” Trulia’s Blog. November 16, 2016. https:// • The Flint Water Crisis: Systemic Racism Through the www.trulia.com/blog/trends/low-income-housing/. Lens of Flint. Report. February 17, 2017. http:// www.michigan.gov/documents/mdcr/ • Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and MDCR_Flint_Water_Crisis_Report_552190_7.pdf. Research 18, no. 3 (2016). https://www.huduser.gov/ portal/periodicals/cityscpe/vol18num3/index.html. • Matthew, Dayna Bowen, Richard V. Reeves, and Edward Rodrigue. Economic Studies at Brookings. • The Community Reinvestment Act: How CRA Can Publication. January 2017. https://www.brookings.edu/ Promote Integration and Prevent Displacement in wp-content/uploads/2017/01/ Gentrifying Neighborhoods. Publication. December 2016. ccf_20170116_racial_segregation_and_health_matthew www.ncrc.org. _reeves2.pdf. • Dillman, Keri-Nicole, Keren Mertens Horn, and Ann • US EPA, Office Of Environmental Justice. EJ 2020 Verrilli. “The What, Where, and When of Place-Based Action Agenda: The U.S. EPA’s Environmental Justice Housing Policy’s Neighborhood Effects.” Housing Policy Strategic Plan for 2016-2020. Publication. 2016. https:// Debate 27, no. 2 (2017): 282-305. http://tandfonline.com/. www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-05/documents/ 052216_ej_2020_strategic_plan_final_0.pdf.

Poverty & Race • Vol. 26, No. 1 • January-March 2017 • 19 • Elliott, Rebecca. “State Sued over Housing Discrimi- • “The Local Economic Impact of Home Building.” nation Law.” Houston Chronicle. February 17, 2017. National Association of Home Buyers. April 2015. http:// http://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/politics/houston/ www.nahb.org/en/research/housing-economics/housings- article/State-sued-over-housing-discrimination-law- economic-impact/the-local-economic-impact-of-home- 10941911.php?t=9751ea8dab438d9cbb&cmpid=twitter- building.aspx. premium. • Miles, D.R. Bailey, Barbara Samuels, and Craig E. • Finding Consensus: A Balanced Approach to Afford- Pollack. “Leveraging Housing Vouchers to Address able Housing and Fair Housing in the Chicago Metropoli- Health Disparities.” American Journal of Public Health tan Region. Report. 2017. http://www.oprhc.org/wp- 107, no. 2 (2017): 238-40. doi:10.2105/ content/uploads/2017/01/Opportunity-Based-Housing- ajph.2016.303565. Survey-Report.pdf. • “Segregation and Neighborhood Growth.” Institute on • Gentrification Response: A Survey of Strategies to Metropolitan Opportunity. December 19, 2016. http:// Maintain Neighborhood Economic Diversity. Report. blog.opportunity.mn/2016/12/segregation-and-neighbor- October 2016. furmancenter.org. hood-growth.html?m=1.

• Henneberger, John. “Lincoln Property Company, • Veale, Liza. “Housing Vouchers Fail the Bay Area.” Country’s Second Largest Apartment Manager, Hit with KALW. February 28, 2017. http://kalw.org/post/housing- Racial Discrimination Lawsuit.” Texas Housers. January vouchers-fail-bay-area#stream/0. 24, 2017. https://texashousers.net/2017/01/24/lincoln- properties-us-2nd-largest-apartment-manager-hit-with- • Zuk, Miriam, Ariel H. Bierbaum, Karen Chapple, racial-discrimination-lawsuit/. Karolina Gorska, Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris, Paul Ong, and Trevor Thomas. “Gentrification, Displacement and • Hsieh, Chang-Tai, and Enrico Moretti. “Why Do the Role of Public Investment: A Literature Review.” Cities Matter? Local Growth and Aggregate Growth.” Gentrification, Displacement and the Role of Public Chicago Booth Magazine, April 2015. doi:10.3386/ Investment: A Literature Review. http://iurd.berkeley.edu/ w21154. uploads/Displacement_Lit_Review_Final.pdf.

20 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 26, No. 1 • January-March 2017 Putting the Movement Back into Civil Rights Teaching A new edition for a new movement

The enormously popular civil rights teaching resource and guide, published by Teaching for Change and PRRAC in 2004 is still used by teachers all over the country to help students see themselves in the civil rights move- ment, and deepen students’ understanding of the CRM as a grassroots, multi-issue movement that continues today. Copies are even prominently displayed at the new Na- tional Museum of African American History and Culture (NMAAHC)

Responding to continuing demand for lesson plans and new content, Teaching for Change has embarked on the first major revision of the book since 2004, updating the content to include new stories linking the current move- ment to the historical movement, adding a companion website with additional lesson plans, background read- ings, handouts and video testimonies by teachers about their experiences teaching about racism and resistance. Like the first edition, the new edition will cover the civil rights movement inclusively, linking traditional struggles over racial discrimination with movements for gender equality, LGBTQ rights, immigrant rights, and labor his- tory.

PRRAC is joining Teaching for Change in supporting this updated second edition. If you have devel- oped your own civil rights teaching materials we’d be very interested in seeing them, and possibly sharing them (feel free to contact Deborah Menkart at [email protected]). If you are interested in supporting this effort financially, please contact Deborah directly or send PRRAC your tax deductible donation with a note to direct funds to the new edition.

Poverty & Race • Vol. 26, No. 1 • January-March 2017 • 21 PRRAC'S SOCIAL SCIENCE ADVISORY BOARD

Dolores Acevedo-Garcia Maria Krysan Brandeis Univ. Univ. of Illinois, Chicago

Raphael Bostic Fernando Mendoza Univ. of Southern California Dept. of Pediatrics, Stanford Univ. Sol Price School of Public Policy Roslyn Arlin Mickelson Camille Zubrinsky Charles Univ. of No. Carolina-Charlotte Dept. of Sociology, Univ. of Pennsylvania Pedro Noguera Regina Deil-Amen New York Univ. School of Education Univ. of Arizona College of Education Paul Ong Stefanie DeLuca UCLA School of Public Policy Johns Hopkins Univ. & Social Research

Ingrid Gould Ellen Gary Orfield New York Univ. UCLA Civil Rights Project Wagner School of Public Service Ann Owens Lance Freeman University of Southern California Columbia Univ. School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation Patrick Sharkey New York Univ. Dept. of Sociology John Goering Baruch College, City Univ. of New York Gregory D. Squires Dept. of Sociology, George Washington Univ. Heidi Hartmann Inst. for Women’s Policy Research (Wash., DC) William Trent Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Rucker C. Johnson Univ. of California-Berkeley Margery Austin Turner Goldman School of Public Policy The Urban Institute

Jerry Kang Margaret Weir UCLA School of Law Dept. of Political Science Univ. of California, Berkeley William Kornblum CUNY Center for Social Research David Williams Harvard School of Public Health

22 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 26, No. 1 • January-March 2017 If You Are Not Already a P&R Subscriber, Please Use the Coupon Below. ❏ Sign Me Up! ❏ 1 year ($25) or ❏ 2 years ($45) Please enclose check made out to PRRAC or a purchase order from your institution.

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Poverty & Race • Vol. 26, No. 1 • January-March 2017 • 23 Poverty and Race Research Action Council Nonprofit U.S. Postage 1200 18th Street NW • Suite 200 PAID Washington, DC 20036 Jefferson City, MO 202/906-8023 FAX: 202/842-2885 Permit No. 210 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.prrac.org

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POVERTY and RACE RESEARCH ACTION COUNCIL Board of Directors/Staff

CHAIR John Brittain Demetria McCain Philip Tegeler Olatunde C.A. Johnson University of the District of Inclusive Communities President/Executive Director Columbia Law School Columbia School of Law Project New York, NY Washington, DC Dallas, TX Megan Haberle Sheryll Cashin S.M. Miller Director of Housing Policy VICE-CHAIR Georgetown University The Commonwealth Institute Editor, Poverty & Race José Padilla Law Center Cambridge, MA California Rural Legal Washington, DC Dennis Parker Gina Chirichigno Assistance Kristen Clarke American Civil Liberties Director, Education Policy San Francisco, CA Lawyers’ Committee for Union Civil Rights Under Law New York, NY LaKeeshia Fox SECRETARY Washington, DC Gabriela Sandoval Policy Counsel, Housing john a. powell Craig Flournoy The Utility Reform Network Haas Institute for a University of Cincinnati San Francisco, CA Michael Hilton Fair and Inclusive Society Cincinnati, OH Anthony Sarmiento Policy Counsel, Education University of California- Rachel Godsil Senior Service America Berkeley Seton Hall Law School Silver Spring, MD Kimberly Hall Berkeley, CA Newark, NJ Theodore M. Shaw Communications & Damon Hewitt University of North Carolina Partnerships Manager TREASURER Open Society School of Law Spence Limbocker Foundations Chapel Hill, NC Brian Knudsen Neighborhood Funders New York, NY Brian Smedley Research Associate Group David Hinojosa National Collaborative Annandale, VA Intercultural Development for Health Equity Tyler Barbarin Research Association Washington, DC Administrative & Research Anurima Bhargava San Antonio, TX Justin Steil Assistant Open Society Foundations Camille Holmes Massachusetts Institute of Washington, DC National Legal Aid & Technology, Dept. of City Taahira Thompson John Charles Boger Defender Assn. and Regional Planning Communications Intern University of North Carolina Washington, DC Cambridge, MA School of Law Elizabeth Julian Chapel Hill, NC Inclusive Communities Project [Organizations listed for Dallas, TX identification purposes only]