the Ricardian Bulletin The magazine of the Richard III Society

UPDATE ON THE KING'S REBURIAL RICHARD III AND SUDELEY CASTLE THE ORIGINS OF THE RICHARD III SOCIETY RICHARD III'S FIRST LEICESTER TOMB September 2014 Advertisement the Ricardian Bulletin The magazine of the Richard III Society September 2014 Richard III Society Founded 1924 Contents www.richardiii.net 2 From the Chairman In the belief that many features of the tradi- 3 Reinterment news tional accounts of the character and career of 9 Members’ letters Richard III are neither supported by sufficient evidence nor reasonably tenable, the Society 11 Society news and notices aims to promote in every possible way 14 AGM and Members’ Day Fact File research into the life and times of Richard III, 16 Future Society events and to secure a reassessment of the material relating to this period and of the role in 18 Society reviews English history of this monarch. 22 Other news, reviews and events Patron 25 Research news HRH The Duke of Gloucester KG, GCVO 28 Looking for Richard – the follow-up President 37 The Man Himself: King Richard’s tomb at Leicester Rhoda Edwards Peter Hammond FSA 38 A digital reconstruction of King Richard’s lost tomb Vice Presidents 40 Articles John Audsley, Kitty Bristow, Moira Habberjam, 40 Richard III’s legacy at Sudeley Castle and Gardens Nicky Weston Carolyn Hammond, Jonathan Hayes, 43 New evidence for ‘Edward VI’s’ reign in Ireland Randolph Jones Rob Smith. 45 A small beginning: the origins of the Richard III Society Executive Committee John Saunders Phil Stone (Chairman), Jacqui Emerson, Gretel Jones, Sarah Jury, Marian Mitchell, 48 The wonderful Caladrius bird Tig Lang Wendy Moorhen, Lynda Pidgeon, 49 Katherine Plantagenet, countess of Huntingdon Peter Hammond John Saunders, Anne Sutton, 50 A series of remarkable ladies: Dorothea of Brandenburg Richard Van Allen, David Wells, Susan Wells, Geoffrey Wheeler, Stephen York. Rita Diefenhardt-Schmitt 51 Books The Ricardian Bulletin is produced by the Bulletin Editorial Committee. 55 From the Barton Library ricardian[email protected] 56 Branch and group reports © Richard III Society 2014 60 From the Branches and Groups Liaison Officer ISSN 0308 4337 61 Branch and group contacts Individual contributions and illustrations © the contributors except where otherwise 63 Membership stated. Designed by Flagholme Publishing Services Other features Printed by XLPress Limited Distributed by E-Mediacy Limited 7 Late news Advertising contact: Howard Choppin, 27 Ricardian crossword 9 by Sanglier [email protected] 31 On the lighter side For details on submitting future contributions, please see p. 17. 63 Coming in December’s Bulletin 64 Obituaries Inside back cover: Society contacts, Subscriptions due : Subscriptions for the Subscription rates and Calendar forthcoming membership year fall due on 2 October 2014. Please see the renewal Cover photo: Sudeley Castle, the ruins of the banqueting hall with its form in the centrefold section and splendid oriel windows and adjoining state rooms, built during the ‘Membership matters’ on p. 12 for rates reign of Richard III. See p. 40. (Photo by John Saunders.) and methods of payment. Right: The Leicester statue of Richard III has been relocated – see pp 8 and 22.

1 From the CHAIRMAN

The Judicial Review judgement was handed down after City of Leicester was to be congratulated on its June’s Bulletin went to press. Although we provide a brief achievement. At last, there is a public representation of summary of it in this edition, many of you will already Richard III that doesn’t reflect that given in a certain be familiar with its contents. The statement we issued at play. the time reflects the reality of the situation and, I hope, This is another informative and enjoyable Bulletin, also reflects the feelings of most of our members. Now the use of full colour certainly helping to bring extra life the court has given its judgement, there seems little point to the magazine. The feature on Sudeley Castle and the in prolonging the debate, which can only detract from accompanying photos certainly prove this point, the dignity of King Richard III’s reburial. There is also a especially the front cover showing the ruined danger that Ricardians will be marginalised in the court banqueting hall with white roses in full bloom. We also of public opinion if we are at odds with organisations or have a fresh look at events in Ireland in 1487 and Tig individuals just because of an alternative view. It will not Lang tells us more about the fascinating Caladrius bird, help our task of securing a meaningful reassessment of which she introduced to us at April’s study weekend. (If the king’s life and reputation. As was pointed out at last only I could have had one in my days as a junior year’s AGM, we do not own Richard III, we are but one doctor!) In our 90th year, it’s good to be reminded about of many interested parties. To behave as though we were the origins of our Society and to reflect on all that we the only one would be both self‐indulgent and counter‐ have achieved since. productive. We are also republishing an article about Richard III’s The debate about the location of Richard III’s final first Leicester tomb, which seems very relevant at a time resting place has been an emotive one, testing and when his second tomb is being commissioned. It was straining relationships. However, it’s time to put these researched and written by Rhoda Edwards and first differences behind us and focus on the reburial, published in The Ricardian in 1975. Rhoda also produced avoiding further argument and dissent. In this issue, we The Itinerary of Richard III, an invaluable source provide members with details of the proposed tomb as document, and she wrote two of the best novels about well as a message from the Revd Peter Hobson, Richard III, Some Touch of Pity and Fortune’s Wheel. Sadly Leicester Cathedral’s Canon Missioner. Having a both are out of print, though they are available from our constructive dialogue with the cathedral means Fiction Library. listening to their views as much as presenting our own. We have another lively letters page and encouraging The cathedral’s design for King Richard’s tomb has not reports from our branches and groups, together with a met with universal approval, but in the course of report from Jacqui Emerson, their liaison officer. It’s a meetings with the cathedral and other stakeholders, we pleasure to see how our local presence in both this have argued for changes and some have been country and overseas has expanded in recent years. As I incorporated into the design. As I write, we still await have done for all who have begun new groups in the confirmation of the date and detail of the reburial last few years, I wish Susan Martin well in organising a ceremonies. On p. 7 I touch briefly on our own group for the Birmingham area (see p. 13). provisional plans. Before I bring this to a close, I must pay tribute to our The Richard III Visitor Centre in Leicester opened to retiring treasurer, Paul Foss, who has given us eight the public at the end of July and we will be reviewing it years of service in the post. We will miss his steady hand in December’s Bulletin. It is not without controversy, as on the financial tiller, his sound advice and occasional can be seen from Philippa Langley’s letter in this issue. moments of laconic humour. We wish him all the best Not wishing to sow dissent or be too controversial, I for the future. A new treasurer, Sarah Jury, has been must say that some of the behind‐the‐scenes events appointed and she will take up the role shortly. have been rather worrying, and some of the things we This year, our Members’ Day and AGM will take see and hear can be difficult, if not impossible, to place for the first time in the historic city of Norwich explain. However, let this not detract from the Visitor and I look forward to meeting you there for the last Centre itself. I was there all day on the Saturday when it major Society gathering before King Richard’s reburial opened – and will write an account of that for the next next spring. Hopefully, when we meet in October, we issue – and the general feeling of everyone to whom I will know more about Leicester Cathedral’s plans as spoke, whether members of the Society or the general well as our own. public, was that there was much to enjoy and that the

2 REINTERMENT news I am very pleased that there has been a clear‐cut decision. The result of the Judicial Review It means that we can now move forward and reinter King At 10 a.m. on 23 May in Court 3, Royal Courts of Justice, Richard with the dignity and sanctity that is due to an London, Lady Justice Hallett handed down the anointed king of England. Understandably, the judgement will be a disappointment to the Plantagenet Alliance and judgement of the Judicial Review held on 13 and 14 its supporters, and indeed to many of our own members, March this year before herself, Mr Justice Ouseley and but I hope that we can now all put the disagreements Mr Justice Haddon‐Cave. behind us and join together to honour King Richard when The application by the Plantagenet Alliance he is laid to rest in Leicester Cathedral. challenged: Wendy Moorhen 1. The Secretary of State for Justice that the exhumation licence granted on 3 September 2012 was issued ‘without consulting, or attaching requiring the A view from Leicester Cathedral licensee to consult, as to how [or where] the remains ‘They’ve found Richard’ said Viv Faull animatedly, as I of Richard III should be appropriately reinterred in hurried into her office in response to a phone call, early the event that they were found’. in September 2012. ‘Richard who?’ I nearly said – but 2. The decision of the Secretary of State for Justice on 4 then the look on her face, combined with the awareness February 2013 and subsequently ‘not to revisit the of all that archaeological activity just across the road, grant of the licence once it became clear the stopped me just in time. Of course – King Richard III. university would not carry out an appropriate And that was my introduction to a series of events which consultation’. has since then taken over my life, as it has many others 3. The decision of the University of Leicester on 4 before me. And so Viv (the soon‐to‐depart Dean of February 2013 ‘to begin making arrangements for the Leicester) explained to me (at that time in charge of St reinterment of the remains of Richard III at Leicester Martin’s House next to the cathedral) just what it was Cathedral’. about this particular skeleton that made the team so sure The judgement reads: ‘There are no public law grounds they had – against all the odds – happened upon the for the Court interfering with the decisions in question. mortal remains of this realm’s last Plantagenet king. In the result, therefore, the Claimant’s application for I’ve travelled quite a way in the two years since then, Judicial Review is dismissed.’ A postscript was added: as we all have, and I’m really grateful to the editor for inviting me to write something for you of that journey Since Richard III’s exhumation on 5 September 2012, passions have been roused and much ink has been spilt. as it’s been for me – and of what it looks like over the Issues relating to his life and death and place of coming six to eight months (though writing in July for reinterment have been exhaustively examined and publication in September is always a risky business!). debated. The Very Reverend David Monteith, the Dean of And one of the lessons I learned early on, and keep Leicester Cathedral, has explained the considerable efforts relearning, is that there’s this thing called ‘the Ricardian and expenditure invested by the Cathedral in order to community’ that is not in fact one thing at all, but a create a lasting burial place ‘as befits an anointed king’. multifarious and worldwide collection of individuals, We agree that it is time for Richard III to be given a with many and varied views, expressed in many and dignified reburial, and finally laid to rest. varied ways – but always with passion and conviction! This judgement upholding the original licence granted I’ve put a good many faces to names, corresponded by to the University of Leicester by the Ministry of Justice e‐mail with many more, and still have probably barely now means that it is in the hands of the university to scratched the surface. So thank you for letting me follow through the requirements of that licence and they scratch just a little more. confirm that the reburial of King Richard III will go Just to bring things up to speed from that first ahead as planned in Leicester Cathedral. The Society will moment of discovery: of course not so long after that work constructively with the cathedral to help bring this Viv Faull moved to be Dean of York Minster (irony of about. Consideration, however, should also now be ironies), and then in March 2013 it was announced that, given to the need for his remains to be removed to an after due and open process, the next Dean of Leicester appropriate place of sanctity before their reburial. would be David Monteith, at the time Canon Chancellor The full judgement is available online at: here. And very soon after that the Dean‐designate and http://www.judiciary.gov.uk/wp‐content/uploads/2014/ Bishop came knocking on my door to join the team pro 07/richard‐3rd‐judgment‐.pdf tem, as an acting Canon Missioner, with the more The Society’s Chairman, Phil Stone, commented: prosaic working job description of ‘Richard III

3 REINTERMENT news reinterment project leader’. Which, since May of last just across the road from our St Martin’s – which itself year, I have been busily doing, along with a small but predates Richard’s time by at least four centuries. It’s very focused team of support in the cathedral offices. true many may have been disposed to give credence to And to give just a final short biographical note, I hale the tale of his being dug up and thrown into the River from Macclesfield in Cheshire, was ordained pretty Soar – but even that was never more than hypothesis, young in 1977, and have served since then in inner‐ now utterly discredited. But for those of us living, urban parishes in Manchester, east London and then worshipping and serving in this modern‐day Leicester for over 30 years before taking on a series of community the task laid upon us by history, more project‐based work for the diocese. Which takes archaeology and the law of laying to rest a long‐dead me back to where I started. If you want to know more, monarch is both an immense privilege and a potential you could read my weekly blog on our website stumbling block. A privilege because we do it not for www.kingrichardinleicester.com. Leicester, and not for the Ricardians everywhere, but for I realise that so many aspects of this story have the nation, and indeed for the world. Once buried with evoked strong feelings and reactions from so many dignity and honour, we intend he remains in that place places. From the design of the tomb to the place of of rest for as long as our cathedral church stands – and reburial. From the laying out of the remains to the indeed longer. And we know that will mean many nature of the services to be used. And the relative merits people wishing to visit, to see, to pay respects, and to or otherwise of places and people associated with every wonder. That’s an opportunity – not to make money, as part of the story. Never let it be said that history is dull! some have unkindly suggested, because in fact this is But I don’t intend to use these few lines to rehearse or probably going to cost us considerably to do it right. defend the cathedral’s own position on these crucial and You can quite properly pay to go to the Visitor Centre highly charged issues. What I do want to do is pay over the road, but we don’t think it right to levy entry tribute to the many fascinating people I’ve met, from the charges to what is a living place of worship. It’s an irreplaceable Philippa Langley to the statesmanlike Phil opportunity to meet people, to reflect with them on this Stone, from the delightful local Leicester branch of incredible story, and, as already our prayer requests Ricardians who have played a key part in our working show, to help them bring to God with whatever degree groups, to the importunate people from further afield of faith they have, their needs, desires, pleadings and whose opinions have all been read and digested – even thanksgivings. when you fear that they haven’t! And to say how much So that’s the opportunity. But it also brings that risk of those of us charged with significant responsibilities in potential stumbling. Because we are very clear that our this matter really do register the depth of your concerns, cathedral should not be turned into ‘the place of and to offer some sort of assurance how much we Richard’s tomb where some people also like to pray’, appreciate the significance of what we’re about and but to remain the cathedral church of Leicester – where want to give of our best, and to be as inclusive as we can, King Richard is also now laid to his rest’. That’s a subtle in the doing of it. That does mean, of course, inclusive of but crucial distinction, and it lies behind the decisions people holding a wide range of views and opinions, we have been called to make so far, and will be making many of which are mutually incompatible. in the months to come. We want to welcome our visitors And now I want to take my courage in both hands – whether they feel they come as tourists or pilgrims – and say something which I fear might be into a place of Christian prayer, of hospitality, and of misunderstood – but I think it needs attempting hope. We’d be naïve not to reckon with the incredible anyway. For a Ricardian, I imagine the uncovering of diversity of motives with which people will come, but if King Richard’s remains in the dig must feel like a we succumb to the lowest common denominator and wondrous opportunity to repair something of the sell our soul to the tourism industry we will have failed. indignity meted out to him after his death five centuries These are the challenges that face all of our famous ago – five centuries which must seem like nothing to cathedrals. So, at the risk of doing what I said I’d not, those who have immersed themselves in his life and that’s a key element of our tomb design. His memorial times! And yet at the same time there could also be a offers homage to Richard the warrior king, and sense of poignant loss, verging on mourning, that a provokes sympathy with Richard the man, but the final story that was yours to cherish and honour is marched word is proclamation of the Christian hope that brusquely out onto a wider stage, with other players in inspired, in his age, Richard the child of God. And positions of decision‐making and power, who you may which still inspires us in ours. You may share that hope: feel are in no way fully comprehending of all that you you may not. But it’s how he deserves to be remembered sense is at stake! And we at the cathedral live in the – and it’s how we intend to honour him. epicentre of that tension. And I’m looking forward to meeting many of you, to But do you, I wonder, also stop to think how it feels continue the conversation . . . to us? We have long been proud of the fact that King Pete Hobson, Canon Missioner, Leicester Cathedral Richard was buried in our parish in the friars’ church, 4 REINTERMENT news

The stone is broadly the shape and size of a sarco phagus, The tomb of Richard III in Leicester so it takes up the volume of a human being. It is tilted Cathedral slightly, as if rising to meet the risen Jesus. For centuries Christians have been buried with their feet in the east and In June the Cathedral Fabrics Commission for England heads in the west, ready to stand and face Jesus when he gave their approval for Leicester Cathedral’s design for returns – usually assumed to rise again in the east just as the tomb of King Richard III. We are grateful to the the sun rises in the east each morning. cathedral for permission to quote the following from The cut is cross‐shaped, to show that this new life was their website: won through the death of Jesus, a Christian belief which The tomb has been designed by the architects van would have been fundamental to King Richard himself Heningen and Haward, who are the architects (John Ashdown‐Hill, in his book The Last Days of King commissioned for the reordering of the cathedral as a Richard III, describes the crucifix found on the field at more effective place of worship and mission. Bosworth and imagines Richard taking the sacrament of The tomb sits within an ambulatory (a walking space) the body and blood of Jesus before battle began.)1 between the newly created Chapel of Christ the King at Materials the east end of the cathedral and the sanctuary (the most The stone chosen is a Swaledale fossil stone, quarried in holy place, signified by the main altar) under the tower. North Yorkshire. It was chosen not only because it will This is a place of similar significance to the chancel where polish to a fine finish, but also because the fossils within the Grey Friars buried King Richard in their church. it are long dead creatures immortalised now in stone. The This will be a peaceful space for people to visit and reflect. darker Kilkenny marble plinth frames the tomb and The location is discreetly shielded from the main worship provides a beautiful surface for letter cutting – the cut area by the relocated Nicholson screen. The cathedral’s surfaces will appear white – which ensures that the details primary role as the seat of the Bishop and a centre of of Richard’s name, dates and motto can be clearly read. mission and worship will be enhanced by this change. King Richard’s importance and characteristics are recognised in the inlaid stone coat of arms which will be Design made in a variety of marble and semi‐precious stones The tomb is designed to help visitors reflect on key (pietra dura). Christian themes as well as the story of a particular English king. The starting point for the design of the tomb Burial was the light breaking through the entrance to the tomb In considering the method of reinterment, the cathedral of Jesus – an image of Easter morning and the took into account the views of the scientific community, resurrection. The deep cut in the stone will allow light to the heritage groups, the Richard III Society and the flood through it, symbolising that death is not the end, but Church of England. that we all receive new life in Christ. Richard’s remains will be laid in a lead ossuary which will

Below: Artist’s impression of the tomb of Richard III in Leicester Cathedral. © van Heyningen & Hayward architccts.

5 REINTERMENT news

itself be placed in a coffin made from English oak. The 1. John Ashdown‐Hill, The Last Days of Richard III, Stroud, coffin will then be placed in a brick‐lined vault below the Glos, The History Press, 2011, pp 77–9. floor of the cathedral, before the tombstone seals it closed.

Following the announcement of the approved design the Richard III’s funeral crown Society issued the following statement: The crown was designed and commissioned by Society member, historian and author Dr John Ashdown‐Hill, a We are pleased that plans for the honourable reburial of King Richard III in Leicester Cathedral next spring are founder member of the Looking for Richard project progressing. which undertook the successful search for the lost grave We also note the latest design for the planned tomb, of Richard III in Leicester. A funeral crown would have which shows the replacement of the large white rose motif been at the centre of the kind of royal funeral ceremonies inlay with a dark Kilkenny stone plinth. Some of our that Richard III was denied when he was killed in 1485 members will have reservations about the design, and at the battle of Bosworth. whilst we understand the rationale behind the tomb’s Next year, when King Richard III is reburied in design its starkness will not appeal to all. There is a Leicester Cathedral, it is intended that this funeral particular need for clearly identifiable white roses within crown will be placed on his coffin during the reburial its design. However we welcome the fact that King ceremony. The crown is gilt and embellished with Richard’s coffin will be made by Michael Ibsen, a direct jewels and enamelling, and has been made to fit the collateral descendent of the king. medieval king’s head measurements. Designed to We hope that some of the issues we have with the latest tomb design can be resolved amicably, and a meeting with emulate fifteenth‐century examples, it took 15 months the cathedral authorities to discuss these matters is to construct by medieval jewellery reproduction expert, scheduled. George Easton, who has produced pieces for film and It is inevitable that there will be conflicting views about television, including the Harry Potter films and The the design of the tomb, but it is important these do not Hobbit. detract from the solemnity and dignity of the reburial. To John Ashdown‐Hill commented: ‘George Easton has this end we will continue to work positively with Leicester made something really beautiful. I would like to think Cathedral. that Richard III would be very proud of his new crown.’ Following a subsequent meeting with the cathedral the The first public viewing of the crown took place at Society issued a further statement: Tewkesbury Abbey over the weekend of 3–4 May 2014, during commemorative events for the battle of Tewkes ‐ A meeting took place on Monday 23 June, at the request of the Richard III Society and the Looking for Richard bury (4 May 1471). Project, with members of the King Richard III Reinterment Further images of the crown can be found on George Project Team. The meeting was constructive and Easton’s website: www.danegeld.co.uk/page13.htm. conducted in a spirit of mutual goodwill, co‐operation and reconciliation. The Reinterment Project Team undertook to look in further detail at a number of the points raised and to respond back in due course. It can, however, be confirmed that the design of the Swaledale fossil stone tomb with the incised cross on will go ahead as stated by the Cathedral on 16 June and as approved by the Cathedral Fabrics Commission. Discussions about the design did reveal that the lettering around the plinth, King Richard’s name, dates, and motto Loyauté me Lie, together with four small boars, will be cut out of the Kilkenny marble stone and will appear white, not black as shown on the CGI image. Of course the incised cross will remain a disappointment to some but it was emphasised that the deep cut of the cross will allow light to flood through it, achieved through specially designed lighting in the newly created ambulatory. This is an interesting concept, which does require some imagination to visualise, but we are assured it will work.

The Society will continue to work closely and What’s in a word? constructively with the cathedral authorities as their plans progress and will report on the latest People seem to be having difficulty with the word developments In December’s Bulletin, and in the ‘ossuary’ being used in relation to the remains of Richard meantime will keep members informed via the website III and how they will be treated in future. Of course, the and RIII mailing. word just means ‘something for containing bones’. It can 6 REINTERMENT news be a box, it can be a room, it can be just about anything. If we change the term to ‘lead‐lined coffin’, it is still an Late news ossuary, but it might make more sense for the As we go to press Leicester Cathedral has announced reinterment of King Richard. that the events relating to the reburial of Richard III Bones in an ossuary can be laid out in an anatomical will take place from 22 to 28 March 2015; the Society fashion or they can be jumbled according to the size of will be contacting all members about these and our the container. Clearly, if they are placed in a coffin‐sized own plans as soon as details are confirmed. box, they are likely to be laid in near‐anatomical positions. Henry VI’s bones lie in a jumble in his If the finding of the remains of King Richard can be Windsor tomb. It is thought that his father’s bones are considered the greatest event in over 500 years of similarly disposed in Westminster Abbey. That Michael Ricardian history, then be assured that the Executive Ibsen, King Richard’s many times great‐nephew, has Committee and I will do everything in our power to agreed to make the king’s coffin is great news, and very ensure that the events and ceremonies around the fitting. That it be lead‐lined is also appropriate. reinterment of those remains will be equally important Medieval nobility were frequently laid to rest in lead‐ and we will look forward to seeing as many of you lined coffins and the same have been used in more during those events as possible. modern times – Sir Winston Churchill was interred in Once Leicester Cathedral’s plans are confirmed we such a coffin. (The lead box is sealed in an attempt to can begin to make our own arrangements as outlined prevent destruction of the content by bacteria, etc. In above. In the meantime we will keep members informed such, however, they are not always successful.) as our plans progress. I hope this helps to dispel some of the concerns Phil Stone people might have over the use of this particular term. Phil Stone A monument to King Richard? The reinterment of Richard III – The Executive Committee has begun enquiries into the possibility of commissioning a sculpture/monument of the Society’s provisional plans Richard III to be placed somewhere other than in By the time that you are reading this, we might know Leicester. when and how Leicester Cathedral plan to reinter King Now that the design of the tomb of King Richard has Richard’s earthly remains. However, with so much been settled in the eyes of the Cathedral Fabric rumour about, your guess still remains as good as mine. Commission for England, some members who have We can be very sure that the number of places in the given money towards its cost may be considering cathedral that the Society will be allocated will be far asking for a refund. If you have made a contribution to fewer than those required by the membership. the Society’s fund for the Leicester tomb, but dislike the Consequently, we have been putting together some design sufficiently to want your money diverted to this provisional plans, both for allocating them and for some new project, please let me know and the necessary alternative events. One of these, we hope, will be a transfer will be made. If you are happy to let your special service in the cathedral, just for members, while donation be given to Leicester, you need do nothing. the king lies in state. We hope we can have a special When we know more about the new project and what opening of the new Richard III Visitor Centre one it will be, there will be an official launch and, as ever, I evening, again just for members, possibly with a will be asking all members for money towards it! reception in Leicester’s Guildhall or the centre. However, unless it is towards the Leicester tomb, I ask Another proposal is for a special illustrated souvenir you not to send money now. booklet, akin to the Bulletin in format but possibly rather Should the new project not be feasible – no site thicker, covering aspects of the finding of King Richard’s available, prohibitive cost, etc. – a further announce ‐ remains and their reburial. The pictures will be drawn ment will be made and refunds, if wished, will be made. from many sources – the city council, the university, the Phil Stone, on behalf of the Executive Committee cathedral and, of course, individual members of the Society. This will be sent free to all members, while The Garden of Life – Leicester additional copies could be made available for sale. Our proposals for allocating places in the cathedral as Cathedral fairly as possible remain provisional, but please be As part of a long‐term plan, first begun long before many assured that we will do our utmost to squeeze in as would care to remember, the space outside Leicester many members as we can. Applications will be subject Cathedral has now been given a thorough ‘make‐over’ to a ballot, supervised by an independent scrutineer, the to incorporate a garden and two sculptures, one old and applications being divided into blocks according to the one very new. Unfortunately, it wasn’t quite finished at approximate date of joining the Society. the time of its opening on 5 July 2014, but amidst the 7 REINTERMENT news variety of events and celebrations, it was possible to see that it will be, as one of the speakers said, a very fine setting for the cathedral and, besides, no garden is ever ‘finished’. Proceedings began with short addresses from the Bishop of Leicester, Tim Stevens, the City Mayor, Sir Peter Soulsby, and Nicholas Rushton, head of the County Council. The Dean, David Monteith, then led a celebration of the ‘water of life’, during which the cathedral choir sang an anthem. Various notables of the city and county – mayors and mayoresses – led by Lady Gretton, the Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire, symbolically planted a variety of pots in one of the garden beds. Each was watered by the Dean, before he sprinkled us all with water from the new feature that emerges from the cathedral itself. Finally, to much ‘Towards Stillness’

applause, a plaque was unveiled by Bishop Tim and Sir Peter, who jointly declared the Gardens open. In the afternoon, there were various talks and presentations. One was by James Butler and Juliet Quintero. James made the Society’s statue of Richard III back in 1980 while Juliet was one of the designers of the new installation ‘Towards stillness’. Both now stand at opposite ends of the garden, with Richard having been cleaned and waxed and given a new sword. He stands across the road from the new Visitor Centre and, therefore, not far from where the king’s remains were found. ‘Towards stillness’ is a series of metal plates of differing heights and finishes, with silhouette cut‐outs, designed to show Richard III’s progress from his charge at Bosworth, to his being ‘forgotten’ and then recovered. It is very much a piece of conceptual art. The other talk which Beth and I heard was by the Dean on the relevance of Richard III today. During the talk, he gave a few facts about the four stages – Reinstatement, Repose, Reburial, Reveal – of next year’s reinterment. The first is the reception of the remains into the cathedral in the way that they should have been in Above: The Bishop of Leicester, Rt Revd Tim Stevens, and the City 1485, next is the lying in state. Reburial needs no Mayor of Leicester, Sir Peter Soulsby, at the unveiling of the explanation, of course, while the last stage will be the plaque (below). showing of the completed tomb to the world and a celebration of the life of King Richard III. Despite the forecast for rain in Leicester, it held off and everyone seemed to be having a good time. Just as we left, a group of young dancers were about to repeat their interpretation of the battle of Bosworth, the death of Richard III and his removal to the Grey Friars, which we had seen earlier. The day held something for everyone and the cathedral authorities and the city council are to be congratulated and thanked for an excellent project. When Richard III lies in his tomb in Leicester Cathedral, I think he will do so in a very pleasant setting – a Garden of Life. Phil Stone

8 Members’ LETTERS

Will contributors please note that letters may be shortened or edited to conform to the standards of theBulletin . The Bulletin is not responsible for the opinions expressed by contributors. A word about the Leicester Persons unknown had rewritten months doing what we can, and I can Visitor Centre Richard’s story, and Annette, Phil Stone, only apologise that our best endeavours Wendy Moorhen and I had done our have failed to correct the record now From: Philippa Langley best to secure a more accurate and displayed in the Visitor Centre. In July 2013 I was invited by the owners, balanced depiction. Now I had to deal Leicester City Council, to write the story with the rewriting of my own story, both of the Looking For Richard Project (LFR) Anglican or Catholic? here and elsewhere. for display within the new Richard III From: Richard Unwin We proposed the following com‐ Visitor Centre. This would include a In response to Leslie Croce – Ricardian promise: I tell Richard I want them to be personal diary of the dig itself, plus an Bulletin, Letters, June 2014 – I feel excavated nevertheless and I have the money important prior section under the LFR obliged to point out that King Richard to pay for it from the Ricardian International banner, located within the ‘pre‐dig’ did have a Catholic interment. His place Appeal. space, explaining exactly how the 2012 of burial in a highly prestigious location With the university’s management dig came about. All was approved and under the entrance to the choir of the represented among the Visitor Centre’s agreed with the council on 23 May 2014. Grey Friars would not have been trustees, I am told the likelihood of these It was with some dismay that I then allowed without the proper burial rites corrections being allowed is very slim, discovered my agreed text had been and forms being observed by the priests although the centre is open to comments rewritten, post‐deadline, without my there at the time. The thought that he by visitors. Their text now makes no knowledge or consent, by a member of had merely been dumped while the sense with the unfolding dig narrative, the management at the University of clergy walked disinterestedly away is suggesting that the king’s remains were Leicester, a person who had no direct absurd. Once the proper Catholic rites authorised for exhumation following part in the 2012 dig project. for the dead had been observed, the discovery of the choir. They were not. I feel I need to bring this to the king’s soul would be despatched to They were authorised before the location attention of all Ricardians, because those Purgatory and hence, after a certain of the choir was established. Why the of you who visit the centre will no longer time, transferred to heaven. So far as I university needs to suppress the role of be able to see my acknowledgement of know, there is no Catholic doctrine that Ricardians and their funding I have been your crucial role in making Richard’s claims a soul might be returned to unable to discover. No explanation has discovery possible. It was your funding purgatory should the mortal remains be been forthcoming. Perhaps we are an that allowed me to give instructions for reinterred at a future date by a inconvenient truth. the remains in Trench One, which Protestant Church. Thus, King Richard I must also report that the visual proved to be those of the king, to be reposes with his God beyond recall, display of John Ashdown‐Hill’s ground‐ exhumed, despite the scepticism of the according to the rites of his Church, as it breaking discovery in 2004 of the king’s archaeologists. was when he died. But Richard was the DNA has been removed from the ‘pre‐ My original text: I tell Richard [Buckley] anointed King of England and the dig’ section, where it was to have been I want them to be excavated nevertheless. present similarly anointed monarch visually represented under the banner of There is very little money in the budget, but heads the Church of England. It is the Looking For Richard project. Instead, I have £800 remaining from the Ricardian unreasonable to suggest reinterment by genealogical lines are now displayed as International Appeal which helped to fund her clergy today is in any way deficient. part of the university’s area. The original the dig. Richard says this will cover it.’ There is no logical bar to his mortal proposal had been to include John’s University replacement text which remains being moved a few yards and a discovery of the genealogical line to Joy you will now see: I tell Richard I want service of reinternment being said over Ibsen, together with a photograph of Joy them to be excavated nevertheless. Richard them. They cannot, nor are they and her original letter to John from 2004 says he isn’t digging up any burials until he intended to subvert the original rite, confirming her agreement for a DNA knows for certain about their ‘context’, that which was plainly Catholic. King test. The genealogical line John is how they relate to the layout of the church. Richard is unique in the fact that he will discovered is now within the uni‐ Representatives of the Richard III have had suitable words said over his versity’s section. As for the photo of Joy Society and the Looking For Richard mortal remains both by the Roman and her original letter, these have, at project (including Dr John Ashdown‐ Catholic Church and the Anglican present, been excluded. Hill) held a meeting with the council on Church. We might safely leave the The university’s changes are subtle 23 June 2014 as a last‐ditch attempt to decision to God as to which He prefers. and may not seem significant. However, reinstate my text. There had been a there will be many whose knowledge series of such meetings and discussions Thoughts on the verdict will leave them wondering at this subsequent to the abandonment of From: David and Wendy Johnson representation of the contributions made Annette Carson’s initial draft text for the We, along with many other Ricardians, by Ricardians. We have spent several Centre, commissioned last August. were deeply disappointed by the verdict

9 Members’ LETTERS of the Judicial Review. The law has Thanks to the team he was caught in the act. In the second spoken, but whether we have justice is From: Sally Empson, via e‐mail option, the threat of a York coronation would have provoked Richard’s strike another matter entirely. As the judges Further to the article promoting the new up the river to the abbey three days later themselves observed, ‘some sort of sales arrangement and thanking me for and the boy’s release from sanctuary. consultation, or further inquiries, might my past role as Sales Liaison, I must in This conjecture means that Richard’s have been possible or desirable’. turn pay tribute to the rest of the team. opponents failed. But they may have left Ultimately, however, they were forced to This stalwart band of volunteers gave up the government in a fix. To be crowned conclude that ‘there are no public law rooms in their homes to store stock, instead of his brother, York’s claim to the grounds for the Court interfering with packaged up orders, and trekked to the crown would need to question Edward the decision in question’. The great pity post office in sun, snow and rain. V’s legitimacy. So which of the boys was of all of this is that Richard will now be Although we never met as a team we king? Once canonists suggested possibly buried in a place he would never have came to know each other through shared neither, the way would be open to chosen for himself. Can we, as e‐mail stories of good times and bad. advance the claim of their uncle Richard. Ricardians, ever be satisfied with such Sincere thanks to Keith Horry, Anne What troubles me about this an iniquitous state of affairs? McMillan, Judith Ridley, Heather conjecture is that we have a consistent Falvey, Helen Ashburn, Anne Sutton, sequence of events. But then there is no In reply to Tig Lang and Susan and David Wells From: Pauline Harrison Pogmore usurpation and no ruthless Richard. So When I wrote the letter which appeared Richard’s ‘usurpation’ is this the conjecture to end all others, or merely one going very much too far? in the March 2014 Bulletin I had no From: Gordon Smith intention of ever visiting the subject of Lynda Pidgeon and Robert Ingle wrote the letter again. However, in response to two well‐argued articles in the last The Cat, the Rat . . . Tig Lang’s response I feel I must make a Bulletin involving Richard taking the From Malcolm Catesby reply. throne in June 1483. Unfortunately, as My name is Catesby, and this letter is to Ms Lang’s letter seems to imply that Professor Compton Reeves remarks in supply, I hope, an interesting note to the the content of my letter was about the last issue of The Ricardian (p. 96), ‘The article in the latest issue of The Ricardian ‘feelings’ and I was not basing my extraordinary and astonishing events of which accompanied the June Bulletin. opinions on fact. When I wrote the Who May and June 1483 are the subject of In The Ricardian, on p. 101, there was a Was Who in the Wars of the Roses it was continuing controversy that is not likely quote stating that: ‘The Cat, the Rat and based on ten years’ research. The follow‐ ever to be resolved.’ Lovell our Dog Rule all England under up, Richard III, the House of York and Their The reason for this irresolvability, I the Hog’, referring to William Catesby, Supporters, was based on a further five would suggest, is that the chronicles on Sir Richard Ratcliffe and Lord Lovell, years’ research. Since that time I have which we rely for these events are often under Richard III. Although we are now continued to both write and speak on scanty, confused and contradictory. This both in our 60s, an amazing coincidence the Richard III and the northern families means that any reconstruction for this happened when my brother Raymond who supported him. I would therefore period, including those of Lynda and was at the Liverpool Bluecoat School in respectfully point out I am not merely Robert, will be conjectural. In the case of the 1960s. In his history class the teacher relying on feelings in my opinions. Richard taking the throne, the chronicles was a Mr Ratcliffe and the pupils Richard III did indeed spend more than do not agree on the sequence of the main included Philip Lovell, himself as half his life in the north and that is a fact. events. Catesby and no less than Richard Tiffin, The chronicles are anti‐Richard and Richard Bates and Richard Taylor, thus Another reburial suggestion assume he usurped the throne, giving him Richard III. Apparently, From: Annette Parry, New Zealand. by e‐ outmanoeuvring all opposition. I can’t when he met Mr Ratcliffe in later years mail help conjecturing what would have he was informed that he had dined out In the June 2014 issue, page 15, an happened if Richard’s opponents had on that tale for many years. Australian Ricardian suggested that tried to get rid of him. The royal council As a parting shot, Raymond gives Richard should be buried in Australia. had agreed that Richard should continue talks on the Catesby genealogy, from the My 16‐year‐old son, who is becoming a as protector after the coronation of entry of Safrid Catesby in the Doomsday medieval re‐enactor, had a better Edward V. To stop this, Richard’s Book of 1086 to current times. Having suggestion. This child of the late opponents would have had two options: heard them, I can say that they are really twentieth century, realising that Richard to eliminate Richard; or, if this failed, to interesting and, I think, highly amusing, was the king of people whose crown the king’s brother Richard, duke with the continuous theme of how we descendants live all over the world, of York, instead. York was already in Catesbys usually managed to pick the suggested that after a small cremation, Westminster Abbey, in sanctuary with wrong side in just about everything. If his ashes could be flown in a satellite his mother, the queen Elizabeth not losing our heads, we managed to orbiting the earth for ever. We’d all have Woodville, who would become regent. lose land, status and inheritance. him and no one would! The first option would be fulfilled by All proceeds made by Ray are PS I’m happy with Leicester but Hastings’s attempted assassination of donated to the Macmillan Nurses. I do would have preferred Westminster Richard in the Tower of London on 13 highly recommend a listen and I hope Abbey, with his queen. June; this failed, and Hastings would this has been of a little interest. have been summarily executed because

10 Society NEWS AND NOTICES

Richard III Society Members’ Day If you intend to come to the event, please register and Annual General Meeting your place by e‐mail to the Secretaries at their e‐mail address, [email protected], or by completing Assembly House, Theatre Street, Norwich, and returning the booking form which was published in Norfolk NR2 1RQ. Saturday 4 October 2014 the June Bulletin. Although the deadline for registering As is the established practice, Saturday 4 October is both was set at 6 September, late registrations can still be the Society’s AGM and an opportunity for members to accepted up to Saturday 20 September, including meet each other and get involved. The event will follow bookings, with payment, for the buffet lunch. a similar pattern to previous years. This year we travel Further to the official notification in the June Bulletin, for the first time to East Anglia for the AGM and our included with this article are the proposed programme venue is the historic Assembly House in Norwich. We for the day and a draft agenda for the AGM. Please note will have two rooms on the ground floor – the Music that at the time of going to press, this can only be Room and the Noverre Ballroom, directions to which will provisional, as some of the deadlines e.g. nominations be clearly signed. for Executive Committee membership, motions to be At the time of writing this article, mid‐July, no discussed, etc. had not passed. motions have been received by the Chairman or the Please remember that this is your day. Please try to Secretaries. All members are reminded that motions and attend and take the opportunity to raise any question that resolutions for the AGM agenda, proposed and you have, to meet old friends and to make new ones. seconded by Society members and signed, should be sent to the Secretaries, in hard copy, to reach them by no Reminder to branches and groups later than Saturday 20 September 2014. Similarly, If your branch/group wishes to make a report at the nominations by Society members for membership of the AGM, please let the Secretaries know by Saturday 20 Executive Committee, proposed, seconded and September so that it can be included on the AGM agenda. accepted by the nominee and duly signed by all, should Reports can be made in person by a branch/group also reach the Secretaries by the same date. representative or, if no local representative is able to The Annual Report and Accounts for the year ending attend the AGM in person, a printed report can be 31 March 2014 are published with this Bulletin. The supplied to be read at the AGM. Reports should not Annual Report contains much of the material formerly exceed two minutes and should consist of new material reported by officers at the AGM. This means that not previously reported verbally or in print. officers’ reports on the day will provide attendees with any relevant updates which will enable the focus of the And finally . . . meeting to be on the future and members’ issues. You If you have any queries about any matters relating to the may wish to bring your copy of the Annual Report and Members’ Day or AGM, please get in touch with the Accounts to the AGM. Secretaries – contact details as set out in the Bulletin. As with other years, there will be an Open Details of the venue and how to get there are given Forum/Question Time to enable members to raise on pp 14–15. questions and issues. These can be submitted by e‐mail or in writing to the Secretaries (contact details on the Programme For Members’ Day inside back cover of the Bulletin). If you wish to submit 10.30 Day commences and reception opens a question in advance, it would be helpful if it is Members arrive – time to meet old received by Wednesday 1 October. You will also be able friends, visit stalls, buy raffle tickets, etc. to post questions on the day and ‘post‐it’ notes will be 12.00–13.15 Keynote lecture by Dr. Helen Castor: available for you to place on a board in the hall. Queries ‘Medieval Rites of Passage: birth, and questions may be submitted anonymously, but, if marriage and death in the Paston family’. they cannot be answered on the day, questioners will be Helen’s talk will be based around her invited to give their contact details to a Society officer to book Blood and Roses, which is the story of enable an answer to be provided at a later date. the Paston Letters – written by a Norfolk This year our speaker will be the historian, family across three generations. It gives a broadcaster and author Dr Helen Castor. Her talk is perspective of the period and tells the entitled ‘Medieval Rites of Passage: birth, marriage and story of how one family survived one of death in the Paston family’. Helen’s book about the the most tempestuous periods in English Paston letters, Blood and Roses, will be available on the history. Society’s bookstall. 13.15–14.30 Lunch 11 Society NEWS AND NOTICES

For those of you who have booked and 13. 2015 AGM: Saturday 3 October 2015 at the Double paid in advance, lunch will be provided Tree Hilton, London, W5 3HN and served on the premises. 14. Open forum and questions For those making their own arrangements 15. Any other business there are several restaurants, sandwich 16. Close of AGM (approx 16.15) bars and similar facilities close to the Afternoon timings may be subject to amendment. venue. A limited provision of tea and coffee will Membership matters be available during this period. Please note that Assembly House does not Subscriptions will become due on 2 October this year and permit the consumption of food on the there is a renewal reminder form in the centre pages of premises unless purchased from them. this Bulletin for those of you who prefer to pay by cheque 14.30 AGM. or debit/credit card. 16.15 Chairman to close proceedings The current subscription rates are: (approx) Full Member ...... £26 By 16.40 End of Members’ Day/AGM Senior Member/Student/Junior* ...... £20 Family ...... £32 Tea, coffee, water and biscuits will be available during Senior Family* ...... £26 the morning and over the lunch period. The overseas postage supplement applicable to all non‐ Members are asked to make a donation towards the UK residents is £9, an increase from last year – see p. 11 cost in the boxes that will be provided for this purpose of the June Bulletin. on the drinks tables. A minimum of £1 per drink and *Senior members are 60 or over, senior family members biscuit is requested. all over 60, juniors are under 18 and students are 18 plus in full‐time education. Agenda For AGM Members can pay by various means: • By cheque or postal order: payable to the Richard III 1. Chairman’s welcome and opening remarks Society, and sent with the renewal form. 2. Apologies for absence • By standing order: If you would like to pay by 3. Confirmation of the Minutes of the AGM held on 5 standing order and do not have the arrangement October 2013 (published in the December 2013 already in place with your bank please write or e‐ Ricardian Bulletin) and of the Annual Report, mail me ([email protected]), asking circulated with the September 2014 Ricardian Bulletin. for a form to complete. This should be returned 4. Reports from Members of the Executive Committee direct to your bank for implementation. and other Society Officers • By direct transfer: for those members who use 5. Treasurer’s Report and Accounts, which were Internet banking they can transfer their subscriptions published with the Annual Report with the direct to the Society’s banking account. Our bankers September 2014 Ricardian Bulletin, and adoption of are HSBC, sort code 40‐22‐26, account number accounts for the financial year ended 31st March 71077503. For those overseas members who wish to 2014 use this method they will need the IBAN 6. Appointment of a Qualified Independent Examiner (International Bank Account Number), which is 7. Reports and messages from Branches and Groups GB50MIDL40222671077503. Please remember to 8. Update on proposals to commemorate the quote your membership number so that I can reinterment of the remains of King Richard III reference payments with members. 9. Robert Hamblin Award • By PayPal: Our PayPal e‐mail address is 10. Election of: [email protected] and all payments President: Peter Hammond should be in pounds sterling. The message to Vice Presidents: John Audsley, Kitty Bristow, Carolyn recipient box should include my name and your Hammond, Moira Habberjam, Jonathan Hayes, Rob membership number. Please note there is a 5% Smith. surcharge on the amount payable which needs to be Executive Committee: None received at time of paid by members. going to press – will be included in the delegate • By credit or debit card: the Society can once again pack. accept credit card payments. Please complete the 11. Resolutions and Motions: none received at time of renewal reminder and send to me by post. Please going to press – any received subsequently will be note you should not send any credit or debit card included in delegate pack details by e‐mail, as this could compromise the 12. Dates for 2015: Bosworth and Christmas at security of your card. Fotheringhay – to be announced at the meeting • By non‐sterling cheque: the Society can process such 12 Society NEWS AND NOTICES

cheques but due to the heavy fees levied by our bank the equivalent of £15 should be added to cover this Visits in 2015 cost. 2015 will prove to be a momentous year for the Society • At the AGM: as always there will be a subscription and the Visits Team has been working on a programme payment table at the AGM and credit and debit cards very much with the Reburial in mind. can be accepted. We are sure that many members will choose to spend Unfortunately it is not possible for the Society to offer a few days in Leicester for all the events over the members payment by direct debit nor is the Society able Reburial period which, according to reports, is to accept payments by Western Union or Moneygram. scheduled for spring. We feel that a long weekend An online facility for payment of subscriptions is relatively soon after may prove to be rather a strain on being developed but at the time of going to press I am members, not least financially. unable to provide details. When the facility is available We have therefore decided to defer the long weekend details will be available on the website and through RIII in Antwerp, planned for May 2015, until 2016, and Mailings. concentrate on day trips only for next year. Please let me know if your circumstances have Our provisional programme includes a visit to changed in a way which necessitates a change of Duxford Chapel and Cambridge Botanical Gardens in membership category: for example, full member to July and Chenies Manor in September. Details will be senior citizen (we do not hold birth dates for all published in the Bulletin in due course. The usual visits members) or student to full membership. This can be to Bosworth and Fotheringhay will also take place. done by ticking your new category on the subscription Our thanks, as always, go to our loyal supporters and renewal form and the relevant box at the bottom of the we hope that new members will join us. Although we page or by e‐mail/letter. This helps considerably with really want to have as many as possible on the coach, our administration. members with their own transport are very welcome to Finally, if you are not renewing your membership, I join us at our venues. It would also be nice to see some would be grateful if you could let me know. To facilitate local branch members from whichever area we visit. this there is a space on the reminder form. This will save Visits Team the Society the expense of sending out reminder letters and helps us to determine the correct print‐runs for our Congratulations journals. Of course, I do hope you consider the Society good value for money and will continue to enjoy your The Society extends its congratulations to John membership for many years to come. Ashdown‐Hill on being awarded an honorary doctorate Wendy Moorhen, Membership Officer by the University of Essex for his work on local history and key role in bringing about the rediscovery of Richard New Treasurer appointed III’s remains. (You can hear John talking about the award by following this link: www.youtube.com/watch?v= Following the flyer advertising the vacancy which IM567kJpMY0.) accompanied June’s Bulletin we had a good response from members interested in applying for the post. John addressing the award ceremony after receiving his honorary doctorate on 17 July. Interviews have now taken place and we are pleased to announce that Sarah Jury has been appointed our new Treasurer. There will be more details, including a profile of Sarah, in December’s Bulletin. Proposed new group in the West Midlands Susan Martin from Bloxwich writes: ‘I have recently joined the Society, having been a closet Ricardian for years. I would love to meet fellow‐minded people but there isn’t a group local to me, so if there are there any other Ricardians in Birmingham or the Black Country who would be interested in getting together informally or possibly forming a group please get in touch.’ Susan can be contacted on 01922 428830 or by e‐mail at [email protected]. Society NEWS AND NOTICES

AGM AND MEMBERS’ DAY FACT FILE Venue Address Assembly House, Theatre Street, Norwich, Norfolk NR2 1RQ. Reception: The venue will be open from 10.30 a.m. Members will be asked to register their arrival at the reception table, which will be staffed by members of the Norfolk Branch. We would like to record our appreciation of their assistance in providing this service. Refreshments: Light refreshments (tea, coffee, water, biscuits) will be provided by the Assembly House during the informal part of the day. The Society will be charged for this but refreshment sales to attendees are not permitted. Therefore, delegates will be invited to make a contribution towards the cost. Lunch: Lunch will be either pre‐booked or by own arrangements and various local facilities are available within a very short walk of the venue.

Other attractions

Major Craft Sale: The 35th Major Craft Sale will be held around the AGM/Members’ Day. The sale will start at 10.30 a.m. and run until noon, and then continue in the lunch interval. On sale there will be books, Ricardian embroidery, cakes and sweets (for home consumption only), paperweights, RCRF Christmas cards, knitted items and baby clothes, soft toys, collages, etc., and Ricardian and other bric‐à‐brac. The proceeds of the Craft Sale will be devoted to the Ricardian Churches Restoration Fund. We would warmly welcome items for sale. We do appeal to members to try to provide some items for sale, so please try to look out some items of jumble or bric‐à‐brac. We would of course also warmly welcome all items of any sort of craft work. If you wish to give or send items in advance, please contact Elizabeth Nokes, 26 West Way, Petts Wood, Kent BR5 1LW (e‐mail: [email protected], tel. 01689 823569) to check that the items are suitable. If you wish to bring items along on the day, it would be most helpful if you could mark them with an indication of the price(s) at which you think they should be sold Annual Grand Raffle: As usual we shall be having a raffle in aid of the Ricardian Churches Restoration Fund (RCRF). The tickets will be 25p each or five tickets for £1, and will be on sale at the meeting. There will be a range of interesting and good quality prizes for winners to choose from, including field glasses, Richard’s seal, framed silk picture of Richard III and a ‘Black Prince’ plate; they are not ranked in any order; the first ticket will have first choice, and so on. We thank contributors and suppliers of the prizes. Ricardian Sales Stall: There will be a range of Society and Trust publications and Society merchandise. Treasurer’s Table: The Society Treasurer will be available to receive payment of subscriptions on the day. Barton Library: The librarians will be selling off duplicate library stock at bargain prices and a selection of the Society’s books. They will also be showcasing the diverse services that the Library can offer to members. Branches & Groups: This is an opportunity for branches and groups to showcase their publications and activities. London Branch: The branch treasurer will be in attendance to collect subscriptions. Visits Committee: This will be hosted by members of the Visits Committee and will display information on past visits and details of future visits: suggestions for the latter would be very welcome.

Local details The following information on local transport and directions to the venue has been kindly supplied by Annmarie Hayek, Secretary of the Norfolk Branch. Details are correct as at July 2014. If you have any questions about getting to the Assembly House, Annmarie has also offered to provide help; she can be contacted by e‐mail at: [email protected]. We are very grateful to her for making this kind offer. Train: Main line rail services to Norwich are frequent and you are advised to check timetables from your local station. Walking from Cross the bridge over the river on the right‐hand side and walk up Prince of Wales Road, railway station: keeping on the right hand side, about 10 minutes’ walk. You will cross intersections but always stay on the right‐hand side going straight ahead. You will pass the castle on your

14 Society NEWS AND NOTICES

left – Castle Meadow; keep going until you have Debenhams on your right, cross over, Marks & Spencer will be in front of you. Turn right, you now have M&S on your left and across the road, Debenhams on your right. Go up the hill, past a church, you will see iron gates on your left, this is The Assembly House. If you reach the Theatre Royal, you have gone too far! Walking from Exit from the top of the bus station, landmarks are a bathroom shop, Travelodge. bus station Turn right from the bus station and head towards St Stephen’s Street, cross over when you can and head down the street, landmarks are Wilkinson’s, Poundland, towards Marks & Spencer. At M&S turn left and follow the Walking from the Railway Station instructions from ‘Go up the hill . . .’. Local buses: This method is not recommended, as from the bus station the venue is only 10 minutes walk – see above. Local buses take a more circuitous route because of the one‐way system and are infrequent. Taxi: Available at either the bus or railway station: the cost is unlikely to exceed £10. Car/park & ride: There is a very small car park at the back of The Assembly House: cost £1.50 per hour – availability is extremely limited. There is a large multi‐storey at the Chapelfield Shopping Mall. Cost at Chapelfield: six hours parking, £8. Over this time and you come into the 24‐ hour parking band, which costs £20. You are recommended to contact the Tourist Information Office or Google for up‐to‐date parking/park & ride information. Notes: There are currently road works in the Chapelfield/Theatre Street area which are estimated to last 12 weeks. They are causing a lot of disruption in the city centre. The works may be finished by 4 October but please keep this in mind. Tourist Information contact details: telephone: 01603 213999; e‐mail: [email protected]. Google suggestion: Parking in Norwich/see Norwich City Council website.

A map of Norwich City Centre is show below for reference. The Assembly House is centre left and the railway station centre right.

15 Future Society EVENTS Christmas at Fotheringhay ‘Richard III Revealed’: the 2015 Saturday 13 December 2014 Triennial Conference Time to book for Christmas at Fotheringhay – to have a 17–19 April 2015, Burleigh Court, good lunch, to meet with old friends and to enjoy the Loughborough uplifting experience of the Carol Service – it’s the start of Plans for the Triennial Conference next year are the Christmas season. gradually coming together. The theme of the weekend At 12.30 p.m. there will be a buffet lunch in the will be based around the discoveries made at Leicester Village Hall, which will include a vegetarian option for in 2012. Events have been widely discussed as they have those who have let me know beforehand. Desserts will unfolded, and we have already had a conference which include Christmas pudding and fruit salad, followed by looked at the initial discoveries. We are now two years coffee and mince pies. There will be wine or soft drinks further down the line, so the triennial will be an as desired – the first round is included in the price. I’m opportunity to explore some of the other aspects of the assured there will still be a raffle! discovery which have only slowly been revealed. The Carol Service begins at 3 p.m. in the church of St I am pleased to be able to confirm that Dr Mike Pitts Mary and All Saints. It is similar in style to the Festival will be speaking about the Leicester dig and the events of Nine Lessons and the music will again be led by the that have ensued, from the euphoria of the discovery of St Peter’s Singers. Richard’s remains to the court case and the lengthy The coach from London will leave Charing Cross proceedings which delayed plans for the reburial (see Embankment at 9.15 a.m., getting back, traffic Heather Falvey’s review of his book on p. 51). permitting, between 7 and 7.30 p.m. Other confirmed speakers are David Baldwin, talking If you wish to take part, either by coach or using your about locating the friary, and Bob Woosnam‐Savage, own transport, please let me know as soon as possible, who will be speaking about the injuries sustained by but by mid‐November, what you require: Richard during the battle of Bosworth, while I will be speaking about ‘Who killed Richard III?’. (a) lunch and a place on the coach I hope that Dr Turi King will be available to speak (b) lunch after making your own way to Fotheringhay about the DNA and also someone about scoliosis, (c) just a place in the church (so that we can estimate the possibly one of the team involved in the recent Lancet seating required) article (see p. 31). They are, however, busy people and The costs will be as follows:‐ in great demand at the moment and we are awaiting confirmation of their availability. (a) £ 46 to cover cost of coach, lunch, choir, admin., etc. On the Saturday afternoon there will be a trip to (b) £ 26 for lunch, choir, admin., etc. Leicester to have a look at the new visitor centre. There I have included a donation of £1 a head. It is the Revd will also be free time to visit the cathedral and the Brian Rogers’ last Christmas with us as he is due to retire Guildhall; both are within easy walking distance of the and I plan to mark it with a special ‘thank you’. visitor centre. Or you may wish to venture further afield Some may think the costs are high but they really are and visit St Mary’s Church and the castle. For those not remarkably good value. If we were to pay what we wishing to walk around Leicester there are plenty of should for the Village Hall, the meal and the choir, we places to go and have tea. would be adding another £15–20 a head for this really Costs are estimated as follows: wonderful day out. Think of it as lunch followed by a Single room, all meals and full conference: £300 very fine concert! Double/Twin room, all meals and full conference for Complete the booking form in the centre pages of this two: £485 issue and return it to me with a cheque, endorsed Non‐resident, which includes the full conference and ‘Fotheringhay’, as well as an SAE, as soon as possible. lunch on Saturday and Sunday but not Friday’s (Remember: no SAE, no reply – no reply, no place!) evening meal or the Conference dinner Saturday: Please note, though, that I am unlikely to process £110 applications before the end of October–mid November, so don’t worry if you don’t hear from me immediately – I have had to include a number of estimates in the you will learn soon enough if you’ve been unsuccessful costing, but I do not envisage the price changing, or at in gaining a place. Thank you. worst, being more than £10 extra per type of booking. I Phil Stone will confirm the final price in December’s Bulletin. To book a place, please use the booking form in the centre pages of this Bulletin. 16 Future Society EVENTS

Please note that after 31 October the £50 deposit will not be refundable. Once full payment has been made, any refund after 15 January will be at the discretion of the hotel, and will reduce the nearer we get to the event. Submissions to the Bulletin If you do have to cancel then a full refund may only be Contributions to the Bulletin are welcomed from all possible if a replacement is found for your place. I members. All articles and images should be e‐mailed would therefore advise you to take out personal to [email protected], preferably as MS insurance just in case you need to cancel. Word file attachments and jpeg files respectively. The hotel has spa and swimming pool facilities which We welcome submissions of photos (preferably we are able to use, so bring along your costume if you high‐resolution digital images) from members – of fancy a dip. events, objects, places and people with Ricardian or Lynda Pidgeon Society relevance, whether or not in connection with a submitted article or letter; we hope to build up an Norfolk Branch Study Day – tickets image bank for use in future issues of the Bulletin in this way. All photos used will remain the originator’s still available copyright and will not be re‐used without Saturday 8 November 2014 permission. The Norfolk Branch Study Day will take place on Submission deadlines (articles should be sent well Saturday 8 November 2014 at the Assembly House, in advance of these dates): Theatre Street, Norwich on the theme ‘Looking for Richard . . . and beyond’ For full details, please see the March edition 1 January March Bulletin. June edition 1 April Please note that we are unable to issue ticket refunds September edition 1 July if you cancel. The cost of the study is £25 per person. December edition 1 October Please complete the booking form in the centre pages of the March and June issues of the Bulletin and return to Annmarie Hayek, 20 Rowington Road, Norwich, NR1 3RR, tel. 01603 664021, e‐mail [email protected]. Advertisement New Leicestershire Branch Study Day BP EMBROIDERY SERVICES Saturday 22 November 2014 The Leicestershire Branch of the Richard III Society is presenting a further Study Day this year: ‘Revealing Richard’, on Saturday 22 November 2014, to be held at Leicester Guildhall, Guildhall Lane, Leicester LE1 5FQ, from 9.30 a.m. until 4.30 p.m. Proceeds from this Study Day will go to Leicester Cathedral towards the re‐ interment of Richard III in 2015. The programme will feature talks by Matthew Morris, the University of Leicester archaeologist who discovered Richard III; Dr Turi King, the geneticist who identified Richard; Professor Caroline Wilkinson, who recreated the King’s head; and Richard Gill and Dr Miriam Gill, who will compare Shakespeare’s Richard with Richard from his prayer books. Refreshments are included in the price of £22 each (own arrangements for lunch). Please apply for tickets and further details to the branch secretary, Sally Henshaw, 28 Lyncroft Leys, Scraptoft, Leicester. LE7 9UW; tel. 0116 2433785; e‐mail [email protected]. A booking form can be Specialists in embroidery relating to Richard III. found in the centre pages of this Bulletin. For details of full range of embroidery visit our website: bpembroidery.co.uk or call Bob on 01543 491546 to order free hard copy catalogue.

17 Society REVIEWS Long to rain over us!

This year, through the good offices of our Patron, the Society was fortunate to be allocated four invitations to one of the Queen’s Garden Parties at Buckingham Palace. The lucky recipients were the Research Officer, Lynda Pidgeon; Business Manager, Stephen York; and the Secretaries, Susan and David Wells. Our chosen date was Tuesday 3 June, and what a wonderful experience we all had, although we were not so lucky with the weather. The correspondence sent to us with the invitation showed that there were three entrances to the Palace and Gardens. However, from the extremely long queue that we had to join in Constitution Hill, it seemed that everyone including ourselves chose to enter via the main gate for the thrill of parading through it with tourists gazing enviously through the railings. People were trying to pause for photos in the main courtyard but a stern sergeant‐major barked his instructions to cease immediately. This, of course, did not apply to your obedient servants! This entrance into the Palace afforded us the opportunity to David and Susan Wells, Stephen York and Lynda Pidgeon – after the rains. go in via the main reception room and then process through the Garden Room and on to the Terrace. Equerries talked to the guests whilst we waited for the Tea was available in three marquees: the Royal Royals to process back to the Palace. Marquee – complete with coronet above the entrance – As well as the Queen and Duke, we saw the Prince of one for diplomats and a larger one for the general Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall, the Earl and guests. The standard of catering was excellent and Countess of Wessex and the Duke of Kent and Princess rivalled afternoon tea at the Ritz – with the exception Alexandra. We hadn’t seen the Queen before – she that it had to be eaten standing up. The choice was brings out an amazing emotional response just by her rather ‘let them eat cake’ in comparison to the range of presence. sandwiches and we spotted people taking crafty photos Once the Royal Party had re‐entered the Palace via of their narrow plates piled high. the Garden Room, it was all over. What a wonderful Just before the main event started, the military band experience. Sadly, however, we were under clear struck up a selection of themes from James Bond films. instruction via the invitation documents that We wondered whether there was going to be a repeat of photographs in the Palace and Grounds were the 2012 Olympic Opening Ceremony! prohibited, so no pictures of any of the Royal Party were Just as the Queen and Duke appeared, promptly at 4 possible. However, the rules were relaxed a little p.m., the heavens opened and we suffered a biblical afterwards, so we were able to take a camera phone deluge. Because of all the umbrellas, we could not see snap of ourselves. the Royal Party clearly – the Queen was just a bright We also are astonished at the stamina of both the yellow hat bobbing along. However, with the aid of our Queen and Duke. After the garden party on Tuesday, own umbrellas and Lynda’s rather fetching poncho, we there was the State Opening of Parliament on managed to weather the storm. Many other guests were Wednesday, a garden party at the British Embassy in not so lucky and there were many ruined hairstyles, Paris on Thursday and then the D‐Day clothes, hats and shoes on display. Later, once the rain commemorations on Friday, followed by a state had cleared, we were able to walk around the banquet in the evening. They then visited a flower beautifully maintained grounds. market in Paris on Saturday morning and were back in The royal party’s return was much better, as the the UK attending the Derby on Saturday afternoon. This weather had cleared and we could get close to the front. is a schedule that many much younger people would The walkway across the gardens for the Royal Party was find difficult to manage. formed by the Yeoman of the Guard who ‘held the Lynda Pidgeon, Susan Wells, ground’ – no one dared cross! Gentleman at Arms and David Wells, Stephen York 18 Society REVIEWS

Inns of Court Visit – 15 May 2014 and wealth. The Inn’s symbol of the woolsack can still be seen on the building and grounds, though the The four Inns of Court are the historic heart of London’s building is now used by the Institute and Faculty of legal district. As I headed to meet the rest of the group I Actuaries. could see smartly dressed people hurrying along the We then moved to Gray’s Inn, which takes its name streets with trolleys loaded with boxes and lever‐arch from the medieval Lords Grey of Wilton, who once files. owned the land. However, following wartime bombing, Our guide, Marianne Zierau, began by explaining the its buildings largely date from the 1950s. The Inn has a origins of all this lunchtime activity. In the early Middle statue of Francis Bacon, who was its treasurer for eight Ages, the City of London and Westminster were years and was responsible for much building work and completely separate, with open land in between them. laying out the grounds. One notable feature is The Meanwhile, legal training in England was a monopoly Walks, which is more on the scale of a small park than a of Oxford and Cambridge, which trained clerics in large garden. One of the interesting aspects of the tour canon law. Clerics were forbidden to teach common for me was to move from narrow streets outside into law. In 1290 Edward I, determined to limit the reach of large open spaces. the church courts, established the inns on that open One very small space is the Ostler’s Hut of Lincoln’s land, though slightly nearer Westminster, to provide Inn, from 1860, which is London’s smallest listed training in common law. Inns of Chancery provided building. The rather more imposing Chapel, built on a initial training before students moved on to the Inns of series of pillars, was built by Inigo Jones. The oldest part Court. of the Inn is the Gate House, which was built by its then We started our tour at Staple Inn, the last surviving treasurer, Sir Thomas Lovell, attainted under Richard III Inn of Chancery building, rebuilt after a 1580 and one of the most prominent servants of the first earthquake. It derived its name from being the site of Tudor kings. Both Sir Thomas More and his father the wool staple, where wool was weighed and taxed, studied at Lincoln’s Inn. which was then such an important part of English trade We then crossed Carey Street, where the bankruptcy

The group at Staple Inn

19 Society REVIEWS

Above: Gray’s Inn and the statue of Sir Francis Bacon. Below: The Ostler’s Hut at Lincoln’s Inn, London’s smallest listed building. court was once based, and gave the concept of being ‘on Carey Street’ a bad name; we walked round the Royal Courts of Justice (where the reburial Judicial Review was held) and across Fleet Street to the Middle and Inner Temple. These two inns occupy the site of The Temple, which was the English headquarters of the Knights Templar, until the order’s dissolution, when the Knights Hospitaller were granted the site and rented out some of the property to two inns of lawyers. The symbols of the two inns recall these religious origins, with the lamb and cross of the Middle Temple and the Inner Temple’s Pegasus, which may originally have represented two knights on horseback. The twelfth‐century Temple church still survives, its round nave being modelled on Jerusalem’s Holy Sepulchre. The church survived the Great Fire untouched, so was refurbished by Wren rather than rebuilt. It was badly damaged by the Blitz, however, though some of Wren’s work still survives. Marianne mentioned that since publication of Dan Brown’s The Da Vinci Code, the numbers of visitors to the church had increased substantially. We ended our visit overlooking the Inner Temple Garden, once site of the Chelsea Flower Show, and like the Lincoln’s Inn Walks, another of those large tranquil places in the middle of busy London. Howard Choppin 20 Society REVIEWS Leicestershire Branch Study Day: ‘Richard III and Leicester’ Saturday 19 July 2014, Leicester Guildhall The main hall of Leicester’s Guildhall provided an ideal setting for this event, situated as it is in the heart of the historic Old Town, and so close to the places most associated with King Richard. The event was fully booked, and, despite Cardinal Morton’s best efforts, this did not dampen the enthusiastic response of the audience to an excellent programme of speakers. The morning session opened with Dr Richard Buckley giving a well illustrated account of ‘The Leicester Richard III would have known’, based on his years of research into the medieval archaeology of the town, reminding us once again how fortunate we are to have such an expert Morning refreshments included boar‐shaped ginger biscuits made by Mandy Ford. communicator on this subject in our midst. Philippa Langley, who spent the day with us, gave period and other issues pertinent to Richard’s story, personal insights into her iconic role in the ‘Looking for especially for those in the audience who were Richard’ project, drawing a vivid picture of how this discovering it for the first time. There is no better quest had affected her life over a period of several years. historian to lead us into this fascinating saga, as he is so The audience warmed to her friendly approach and, well versed in all the issues. again, we were thankful that her skills and Last, but certainly not least, was the historian determination had led her to undertake this remarkable Professor Sara Tarlow, of the University of Leicester, journey that led to the discovery of the king’s remains. making her debut as a speaker to our branch. Her Dr John Ashdown‐Hill spoke on ‘Richard’s last days subject was ‘Beliefs about Death and the Body at the and the legends surrounding them’, a talk which served time of Richard III’. The subject matter sounds grim, but to expand both our knowledge of the town in this Professor Tarlow’s presentation gave an enlightened account of the customs and practices of the time, which The Leicestershire Branch chairman addressing the audience in the helped us to focus on the events which are to come. I am Guildhall. pleased to learn that she is involved in the preparations for next year’s events. Thanks are due to many for the successful planning of this day: Sally Henshaw, branch secretary, on whose shoulders rested so many tasks; chairman Richard Smith, for the smooth flow of the day and immaculate time‐keeping, even if every break did coincide with a downpour! Also, the Guildhall staff for their helpfulness and catering and especially Revd Mandy Ford of Leicester Cathedral, who, in the midst of all her packing, found time to bake a supply of delicious boar‐shaped ginger biscuits to accompany our morning coffee. We wish her well as she is leaving Leicester to continue her ministry in Southwark We hope that many of the audience will wish to join our next study day, ‘Richard Revealed’, on 22 November 2014, also in the Guildhall (see p. 17). The proceeds will be donated to the Richard III Reinterment Fund. Marion Hare, vice‐chair, Leicestershire Branch

21 OTHER NEWS, reviews and events

Leicester’s King Richard III Visitor The Visitor Centre will be open at the following Centre times: Monday to Friday 10 a.m.–4 p.m.; Saturday, Sunday and bank holidays, 10 a.m.–5 p.m. It is closed on The official opening of the centre took place on Saturday Christmas Day and New Year’s Day. 26 July, too late for a full review to be included in this Ticket prices are: adult (16+ years) £7.95; child (5–15 issue, but we will carry one in December. In the years) £4.75; family (2 adults and 2 children) £21.50; meantime, below is a photograph showing members of concessions (senior citizen, student, unemployed) £7.00. the public queuing for admission, and the statue of King For more information visit: Richard in its new location. www.kingrichardiiivisitorcentre.com. OTHER NEWS, reviews and events

Launch of the refreshed Bosworth the picture and declared to Philippa, ‘that’s what I want Battlefield Exhibition to happen’ and I think this was clearly reflected in the filming. 24 June 2014 There was then the opportunity to visit the exhibition With the discovery of King Richard’s remains in Leicester and as the first party left the Heritage Centre those two years ago the ‘Bosworth Experience’ at the battlefield remaining enjoyed a light buffet and tea. For those centre needed to be updated to reflect this discovery and members who haven’t visited the exhibition it’s the ‘refreshed exhibition’ was officially opened on 24 interesting and well thought‐out. It begins with the June to invited guests. These included the historians John background to the Wars of the Roses but as there was a Ashdown‐Hill, David Baldwin and Mike Jones, the gap of some 14 years before the last major military Looking for Richard project leader, Philippa Langley, the engagement there is a section looking at medieval life Society’s chairman, Phil Stone and his wife Beth, as well before moving onto the preparations and the battle as Richard Smith, chairman of the Leicester Branch of the itself. There are several ‘talking’ heads: actors Society together with the Branch’s treasurer, David appropriately dressed relating to the visitor their Potter. experiences. Perhaps the most poignant is the child The afternoon’s proceedings were opened by David Alice, who lives at the White Boar in Leicester and who Snartt, the Vice‐chairman of Leicestershire County recounts King Richard staying there but finishes with Council, who, after a brief welcome introduced the her reaction to Henry Tudor – ‘I didn’t like him very special guest, the novelist Philippa Gregory. Philippa much’. The newest section of course, recounts King spoke how she felt it was time for television to produce Richard’s return to Leicester and a cartoon‐style graphic more programmes about the fifteenth century and that shows the hasty and ignoble burying of the king in the perhaps the Tudor period had had sufficient exposure! choir of the Grey Friars church as well as Mike Codd’s She also related an anecdote from the making of The recreation of medieval Leicester. The final exhibit is the White Queen when actor Aneurin Barnard, who ‘exquisite and evocative’ Bosworth Boar, which was portrayed King Richard, was in his dressing room found at the true battlefield site. preparing for the death scene. On his mirror was It is always a pleasure to visit Bosworth and it was attached a picture of the King’s skull showing the my first opportunity to see the memorial sundial on dreadful wounds he had sustained. Aneurin pointed to Ambion Hill and the roses that are now maturing Philippa Gregory around it. Thanks to Richard Knox, the LCC’s 1485 Project Officer, for the invitation and to the staff of the Heritage Centre for a very enjoyable afternoon. Wendy Moorhen Toward Ludlow, then . . .

‘Toward Ludlow, then . . .’ cries Richard, duke of Gloucester, at the end of Act II, Scene 2 of Shakespeare’s play Richard III. Even Shakespeare recognised that the town of Ludlow was at the centre of many of the critical events in the Wars of the Roses. The importance of Ludlow will be explored in a day‐ long event organised by the Conservation Trust for St Laurence, and supported by several Ludlow history groups and the Gloucester branch of the Richard III Society. This event, on 4 October 2014, will feature a number of national and local historians and authors, including Professor Michael A. Hicks (Winchester) and Professor Philip Schwyzer (Exeter), who will examine Ludlow’s role in the civil war between the Houses of York and Lancaster. There also will be tours of medieval Ludlow and St Laurence Church. Ludlow castle, previously in the ownership of the Mortimer family of Wigmore, came into the possession of Richard Plantagenet, duke of York, through marriage, and served as the House of York’s key fortification in the Welsh Marches. Consequently, Ludlow castle played an important role in a number of pivotal events during the 23 OTHER NEWS, reviews and events

son, Edward, prince of Wales to live at Ludlow castle. There the prince of Wales established a royal court and became nominal president of the newly created Council of Wales and the Marches. He became King Edward V upon his father’s death on 9 April 1483, and left Ludlow for his coronation in London, an event destined never to take place. ‘Richard III, Ludlow and the House of York’ includes an all‐day programme at the Ludlow Assembly Rooms. Learn about armour, music, battles and the history of the period. And there will be tours of medieval Ludlow and the fifteenth‐century architecture, stained glass and misericords of St Laurence’s Church. In the evening at Ludlow’s St Laurence Church Ensemble Sine Nomine and IatB Ensemble will present music and songs from the age of Richard III. During the concert a narrator will set the music within the context of the Wars of the Roses and the life and death of King Richard III. Tickets are available from the Ludlow Assembly Rooms in person, or online: www.ludlowassemblyrooms.co.uk/diary.php?category=29 Rory Chase Rory Chase is the Deputy Chair of the Conservation Trust for St Laurence, Ludlow Richard III at Cannes

A short film about the discovery of Richard III’s remains in a council car park in Leicester premiered at this year’s Cannes Film Festival. Finding Richard tells the story of a young boy called Gull, who, inspired by the search for the king, sets off on a quest of his own. It is written by the Leicester‐based director Rhys Davies, who said the Images from St Laurence’s Church, Ludlow. Above: Richard, duke 10‐minute film was homage to ‘dreamers everywhere’. of York. Below: The Falcon and Fetterlock. The short stars Colin Baker, of Doctor Who fame, and the Leicestershire schoolboy and comedian David Knight, War of the Roses. who has appeared on Britain’s Got Talent. For more The first significant event occurred on 12 October information about the film visit www.hivefilms.co.uk. 1459, when the army of Richard, duke of York, faced the forces of King Henry VI at Ludford bridge. The Yorkist Richard III Airport? army refused to fight the king, and York and a number of his supporters fled to Wales. In fleeing the field of It was a passing remark made by someone on the radio, battle, York left his wife and two younger sons but it seems there was a letter in the Leicester Mercury (including the young Richard, duke of Gloucester) and recently suggesting that, since Nottingham had an a daughter to surrender to the Lancastrian army on the airport named for Robin Hood (actually, it’s Doncaster), steps of the market cross outside Ludlow castle. The perhaps the name of East Midlands Airport could be Lancastrian troops then proceeded to plunder Ludlow changed to Richard III Airport. and its castle – according to the chronicles ‘becoming drunk on looted wine and committing many outrages’. Loyalty Binds Us In 1461, Ludlow again became a focal point in the War of the Roses. On 2nd February 1461, when at Society member Susan Buonaparte has recently set up a Mortimer’s Cross, a few miles from Ludlow, the new company called Loyalty Binds Us, selling Wars of Lancastrian forces of King Henry VI were defeated by the Roses merchandise. At the moment all her products the Yorkist army of Edward, earl of March. are for sale on Facebook but she is looking into setting During the 1460s and 1470s, Ludlow and its royal up her own website soon. She can be contacted by e‐mail castle remained a stronghold of the House of York in at [email protected] or by telephone, 07583 western England. In 1473, Edward IV sent his eldest 916966. (Advertisement p. 31) 24 RESEARCH news From the Research Officer assassinate President Reagan. This of course led to Richard Lawrence, the asylum’s seventh inmate, who The internet opens up a wide world of information. had also attempted to assassinate a president. Little Being interested in history, obviously, I am signed up to information was given beyond the fact that Lawrence’s a variety of newsletters, which includes English Heritage, attempt failed and he was declared insane. Lawrence CADW and a variety of museums. Every now and again died in the asylum and was probably buried in the something interesting will come up. English Heritage hospital’s cemetery; at death they were declared cured, now has a history section: it links into their sites but it which helped the hospitals cure‐rate statistics! also gives some useful information as well as ideas on A much more detailed account of Lawrence’s life can places to visit. ‘The Medieval Period’ covers items such be found on the History Banter website.3 This is well as ‘Power and Politics’, ‘War’, ‘Religion’, ‘Daily Life’ and referenced, if anyone wishes to pursue the story further. ‘Food and Health’, to name a few. Items that particularly Briefly it appears that the Lawrence family emigrated to caught my eye were the story of ‘Magic, Medicine and America when Richard was 12. He was reasonably the Middleham Jewel’1 and ‘Lambert Simnel and Piel successful as a painter but, thwarted in love, he became Island’ – this recounts a tradition that Lambert Simnel melancholic and lost his job. Insanity appears to have landed at Piel on 4 June 1487. In the local pub, the Ship run in his family – his father and aunt both suffered Inn, is ‘a battered high‐backed wooden chair of uncertain from it. Why he should think he was Richard III is date’. This is the throne of the ‘King of Piel’, these days unclear: perhaps it was simply because of his name. known as the pub landlord, who is ‘anointed’ by having Over time he came to blame President Jackson for all his a bucket of beer poured over his head. A warning for the problems, and the attacks in the press on the President unwary: if you venture to Piel and visit the pub, don’t sit only contributed to his feeling that the President had to in the chair, or you will be expected to buy a round for go. As a mere painter he could nothing, but as a king he everyone!2 A rather more factual account of ‘King was more powerful than a president, and it was Edward VI’ based on the research of Randolph Jones can therefore his responsibility to do something. His be seen on p. 43 of this issue. assassination attempt failed and he was easily subdued As well as newsletters, I occasionally receive items and imprisoned. His insanity was doubted by the from members. I am grateful to Dawn Cummings for prosecutor; however, when he appeared in court on 11 the following e‐mail: April 1835, he was dressed in royal clothes. While this may have been a ploy by his defence, his insistence on Another crime attributed to Richard III I was doing some routine research on American his superiority over everyone present and his continual Presidents who had assassination attempts on them. I was reference to himself as Richard III clinched it. He spent amazed to discover that Englishman Richard Lawrence, his days in a variety of asylums before arriving at St who attempted to assassinate President Andrew Jackson, Elizabeth’s Hospital, where he died on 13 June 1861. did so in the belief that he was King Richard III. At his trial Members such as Randolph Jones, mentioned above, he said that the American government owed him vast are involved in a variety of research and, as Dawn’s e‐ sums of money, as a king, that he needed to get back to mail demonstrates, it is not always on the fifteenth his two estates in England and the government were century, although Richard III can crop up in the most stopping him. So he decided to kill the president as unexpected places. It is therefore worth mentioning that punishment. Needless to say that this poor man was the Society does offer a bursary to members. Details are confined to a mental institution for the rest of his life but given on p. 26. I wonder why he thought he was King Richard III? I have also been receiving an increasing number of Poor Richard had enough bad press on this side of the ocean without having more heaped on him across the queries from students whose interest in Richard III has Atlantic. been stirred by events in Leicester, including one headed ‘Information Needed – What Makes a Good Needless to say this story intrigued me and so I did some Historian?’ This was from a Year 11 student in South digging. There are a number of websites which recount Australia, and her research project was based around the life of President Jackson, but few give any detail this question ‘What makes a good historian?’ She about Richard Lawrence. An article about ‘Troubled explained: minds pass through St Elizabeth’s Hospital’, by John I’m looking at whether it is better to have empathy for the Barbour, appeared in The Gettysburg Times dated historical figures you are writing about, or simply to lay Thursday November 18 1982. This recounted the history down cold, hard facts. I’m strongly in favour of empathy of the ‘government’s insane asylum’ founded 130 years but love to hear other opinions from people far more earlier; the reason for the article was that the asylum’s qualified than myself. I’m also looking at bias and latest inmate was the man who had attempted to 25 RESEARCH news

prejudice, the demonising of historically significant as though I had lost family. This has changed the way I people over time and how this can alter how the truth is perceived and portrayed – something that I think relates view some aspects of Richard’s life and reign; it is strongly to Richard III, a man I have always sympathised probably inevitable that by intensively working on the with, admired and fought to defend. life of a person or family you will become more So any input from you, or anyone else you know, would sympathetic towards them. be greatly appreciated. What, in your opinion, makes a Recent correspondence in members’ letters have good historian? What qualities, strengths and talents? touched on some of these issues. I can only conclude How do bias, the passing of time, unfounded myths, that the more widely we study a period or an individual unreliable sources, etc., negatively impact on something historical figure the better our understanding will be. and lead entire generations to despise someone? Anything However, there is a danger that too much empathy may that you think could be relevant or helpful, basically! lead us to be less objective than we ought to be when interpreting the evidence. Empathy is a difficult Quite a question I’m sure you will agree, I am still concept, but we should always aim to get the right contemplating the answer as I write this. ‘Bias’, balance between it and the ‘cold hard facts’. ‘prejudice’, ‘facts’: these are perhaps easier to define in relation to Richard III and our period of history, but the Lynda Pidgeon matter of ‘empathy’ is much harder. I wonder if we might be more comfortable with terms such as Website references ‘subjective’ and ‘objective’ instead of ‘empathy’ and 1. www.english‐heritage.org.uk/discover/explore/ ‘cold, hard facts’? Most of us like to think we are being medieval‐part‐2/1780615 objective when examining the evidence; however, 2. www.english‐heritage.org.uk/discover/explore/ familiarity with a subject can sometimes lead us to taking tudors/1780759 a more subjective view, often unconsciously so. Here I 3. www.historybanter.com/he‐could‐not‐rise‐unless‐the‐ must confess that after studying the Woodvilles for so president‐fell‐richard‐lawrence‐andrew‐jackson‐and‐ame long I have begun to have more sympathy for them, to ricas‐first‐presidential‐assassination the extent that when I completed my PhD it was almost Society Bursary Palaeography by post or e-mail

In 2007 the Society created a new bursary which is open Would you like to be able to read original documents to our members. It is intended for those members who yourself? Can you read the text at the top of the next are studying for a higher degree and is set at £500. There page? are a number of conditions: This script should not be too difficult to read because it is computer‐generated but the Society can help you 1. The bursary is open to members who are graduates read the real thing. The Society offers a correspondence and whose dissertation or thesis is related to the later course for beginners or near‐beginners who wish to medieval and early Tudor period, c. 1399–1509. read fifteenth‐century handwriting. The emphasis is on 2. The applicant must have been a member of the private and business hands – the kinds of script to be Society for not less than a year. found in government and family records – rather than 3. The bursary will only be awarded to members who the formal book hands employed in copying literary have not previously received a bursary funded by texts. the Society or the Richard III and Yorkist History The full course consists of eight lessons, which can be Trust, including those administered by the IHR and paid for in two modules of four if desired. Each lesson the Centre for Medieval Studies York. Receipt of includes sample texts with a commentary drawing previous small one‐off grants for specific research or attention to such matters as abbreviations and travel expenses from the Society or the Richard III characteristic letter shapes and to any particular and Yorkist Trust would not exclude an applicant. problems. Part of the sample material will be fully transcribed; the student will be expected to transcribe The Research Committee reserves the right not to make the remainder and return it for correction and comment. an award if the area of study is deemed unsuitable. The As the course progresses the amount of commentary application must be supported by a letter of decreases and the texts set for transcription increase in recommendation by the student’s tutor together with the length and difficulty, so that the final lessons are, in name and address of a second referee. Applications effect, an occasion for supervised practice. Any should be sent to the Research Officer, contact details on participants undertaking the course in order to be able the inside back cover of the Bulletin. to read a particular document may, if they wish, replace one or two of the final practice lessons with photocopies (supplied by them) of one or two texts of their choice. 26 RESEARCH news

Transcripts of such documents will be corrected in the Alternatively, all documents and commentaries can be usual way by the tutor, allowing students to receive posted as hardcopies, or e‐mailed as pdfs. specialist help with their own work. The cost of the course is £27.50 for each module of Students work at their own speed and no deadlines four lessons, payable in advance. There is an additional are imposed. When an assignment has been completed cost for overseas postage, but, needless to say, there is and sent to the tutor, the corrected version is returned no postage supplement if the course is taken wholly with the next lesson. The course can therefore take as online. much, or as little, time as the student is able to spare. It Cheques should be made payable to the Richard III should be noted, however, that like all ‘hobbies’ it takes Society. It is possible to pay for the course by PayPal in a while to acquire the new skill and perseverance is £ sterling, but there is, as for all Society PayPal necessary. transactions, a supplement of 5%. The course can be taken by post or by e‐mail, or by a To enrol or obtain details of overseas postage costs combination of the two – for example, assignments can please contact Heather Falvey, 119 Winton Drive, be returned as e‐mail attachments, then corrected by the Croxley Green, Rickmansworth, Herts, WD3 3QS or tutor, and posted back with the next lesson. [email protected]. Ricardian CROSSWORD 9 by SANGLIER Cryptic clues with a Ricardian flavour. Answers on p. 64

Across 25 Is keeping a 7 Form another twosome to put bargain things right. (6) evidence of 8 Beginnings of controversy and high trouble with heresy about principles? (6) Henry VI’s initial resting place. (8) 9 Friends of England pull groat out and drop a pound. (8) 10 Hamlet performed in Edward Down IV’s great hall. (6) 1 Drag one’s feet 11 Look to fools for someone to be deciphering taxed. (8) lost draft of 12 Surprisingly indiscreet – medieval dishing dirt – young Elizabeth merchants. (7) 14 Domineering woman, Elizabeth and her sisters to Richard. (6) 2 Fortress where I escaped from Woodville perhaps, with 13 Reportedly down a few glasses Spanish kingdom. (6) endless grievance. (5, 3) of 9’s wine with sandwich, etc. 3 Yorkist‐friendly place where 15 West Country aristocrat (6, 5) black goes with make‐up, it’s confounded evil nobles to 17 In the Bard’s account of said. (6) throw out the French. (7) Bosworth, did Richard become 4 Thou ne’er enscribed to this 16 Norfolk gentleman of around so by shouting for one? (6) document! (8) 50 follows the practice of 19 Lord Appellant, who they say 5 Act of Parliament to remove abstinence. (7) sets up a local area network. (8) Tudor’s head was put up to 18 Are you texting Heather? 22 Two girls, one famous for Richard in Leicester. (6) That’s the king’s business! (6) keeping a diary. (6) 6 Disfigured not a hundred but a 20 A ploy often used in battle is 23 Sadly, it recurs in thousand: and that’s how they ‘nervous movement hides inexperienced troops. (8) treated our king. (7) pretence’ . . . (6) 24 Tells lies about female taking 8 Apparently a members‐only 21 . . . and ‘giving troops a copper the place of son in the duke of academy founded by Richard. can yield some intelligence’. (6) Burgundy’s domain. (8) (7, 2, 4) 27 Looking for RICHARD – the follow-up The road to the Cramond Inn that he had indeed contacted them, but they had not shown any interest in excavating. Dr Raymond Bord The eighteenth‐century Cramond Inn sits on the shore of was another important contributor that day. Raymond the Firth of Forth in north‐west Edinburgh, close to had been strangely silent until he quietly said to where Edward IV’s fleet cut out (stole) eight ships of the Philippa that he would be able to put her in touch with Scottish Navy in 1481. It is the traditional meeting place a friend in Leicester who would be able help her contact of the Scottish Branch of the Richard III Society and has the CEO of the Council. This sparked off some become the surprising birthplace of the successful search excitement; finally we had a name, a contact – for the lost grave of Richard III. This was commemorated somebody who might help take this idea further. on 12 April, when Philippa Langley unveiled the Philippa made up her mind that, in spite of the Cramond Plaque at the Inn. difficulties, the research was compelling and she would The road to the Cramond Inn began on 21 February now go ahead with the project. Wendy remembers 2009 at a Scottish Branch study day organised by wondering whether this would be one of those game‐ Philippa Langley, the branch secretary, who had invited changing moments. Would we ever be able to convince John Ashdown‐Hill to give a series of talks about his Leicester City Council that this idea was viable? If we research into the history of the Greyfriars site and his did, would we be able to uncover the king’s remains? genealogical work in tracing a modern‐day descendant And if so, would we be able to disprove the Tudor of Richard’s sister to discover the king’s mtDNA myths? Philippa was determined, and we gave her sequence. The story of John Ashdown‐Hill’s research is every support. If anyone could find Richard – she could. now well known. Philippa had been following it for some The Scottish portrait of Richard III by Cynthia Waterman. time whilst doing her own research and when they finally met in Edinburgh they discovered they had both reached the same conclusion – the church of the Grey Friars, where Richard had been buried in 1485, must be situated in the northern end of the Leicester Social Services car park. Wendy Johnson remembers that after lunch Philippa brought up the subject of Richard’s lost grave. John’s research was at the forefront of all our minds. Philippa asked John whether he had ever thought of contacting Leicester City Council with a view to excavating the Social Services car park. John told us 28 Looking for RICHARD

So the Looking for Richard Project began on the shore of the Firth of Forth at the Cramond Inn, Edinburgh. Philippa and John together with Scottish Branch members David and Wendy Johnson formed the original team, which was soon joined by author Annette Carson, and the Chairman of the Society, Phil Stone. Thereafter Raymond was as good as his word and the door was opened. The story moved away from Cramond to Leicester and on 25 August 2012 Philippa and the project team achieved their objective – Richard III had been found. It had taken four years of research followed by a three and half year battle in Leicester to cut the ground. The following March the Scottish Branch held their AGM at the Cramond Inn. Under ‘Any other business’ the minutes recorded the following: Above: The unveiling of the plaque by Philippa Langley. Below: That the Branch would present the Cramond Inn with a Philippa with Professor Caroline Wilkinson and the plaque itself. discreet wall plaque to commemorate the fact that the decision to launch the successful search for King Richard’s body at Leicester was taken there – it being appropriate to permanently mark the place where the adventure began.

Two committee members set about fulfilling the members’ instruction. Philippa tackled the permission needed to put up the plaque at the inn. Sandra Pendlington began the design process and the search for someone who could make it. Once permission had been received and the design agreed by the committee, Sandra contacted Photocast in Liverpool and their designer Paul Waters. An appeal went out to members of the Scottish Branch, who contributed £702 – more than enough to buy the plaque. Sandra also designed a sign, which told the story of John Ashdown‐Hill’s key contribution and the success of the search. In March 2014 Philippa was presented with a portrait of Richard by artist Cynthia Waterman (a member of the Richard III Society) to be placed at Cramond alongside the plaque. The plaque and sign arrived. We were ready for the day itself. 11 April 2014, 11 a.m.: Cramond Inn, 24 hours to go! Alan Pendlington had the job of putting up the plaque and it isn’t easy to get a round disk horizontal on an ancient granite wall. Alan planned for every contingency by taking the contents of his workshop from Dumfriesshire to Cramond! He drilled and Philippa assisted and eventually the plaque, portrait of Richard and sign were in place. 12 April 2014: Members from all over Scotland and guests from the Cumbrian Group began to arrive just after 10 a.m. at Cramond Kirk Hall for our AGM and a talk from Professor Caroline Wilkinson on the facial reconstruction. Four of our founder members were able to be there, together with several new members who had not been to Cramond before. There was a discernable undercurrent of expectation as the morning day, with a strong wind whipping up the waves on the progressed. After an excellent talk, members went Firth of Forth. The inn had reserved the room where the down the hill to Cramond Inn. It was a bright sunny plaque was now covered by a Richard III Society scarf. 29 Looking for RICHARD

An excellent lunch was served with enjoyable our lunch beneath the reminders of our branch’s part in conversation among diners, but always a sense of such an historic event and will once again raise our growing excitement and a sense of history. Then glasses and toast the king. Philippa got up to speak. She spoke of the search, the Sandra Pendlington and Philippa Langley support of fellow Ricardians in the Scottish Branch and with help from Urda Cotter, Wendy Johnson, said that ‘it wasn’t until I saw the plaque yesterday that June McIntyre and Alan Pendlington I finally realised that we had found Richard’. She then turned and pulled the cord and the scarf fell away to We would like to take this opportunity to thank: cheers from the members. The plaque is a simple blue • Cynthia Waterman for her beautiful gift – you can roundel with the words picked out in silver. see more of her work at Here at the Cramond Inn on 21st February 2009 at a www.paintingsilove.com/artist/cynthiawaterman. meeting of the Scottish Branch of the Richard III Society • The staff of Photocast and GRS signs for their help Philippa Langley began the search for the lost grave of with the designs and production of the plaque and King Richard III. sign. • The management and staff of The Cramond Inn for It includes a white boar above Richard’s motto and two their help and enthusiasm in giving us space to place roses, one on either side of Philippa’s name. the plaque, providing wonderful food and coping Founder members David Fiddimore and Stuart with everything so cheerfully. Akers read messages from members who were unable • Harriet Steele and Amanda Chadderton for the to attend and Juliet Middleton presented Philippa with photography. a bouquet of white roses and a card signed by all • Professor Caroline Wilkinson for getting the day off present. Philippa read out messages from Phil Stone. to such a brilliant start. Then our chairman Stuart Akers called us to order and • The members of the Scottish Branch for contributing we stood for the loyal toast to King Richard – a rousing to the appeal and helping to make the day so special. response answered him. • Alan and Sandra Pendlington for the organisation of Looking back we all felt the emotion of that day. the event. Pride that our secretary had achieved something that • Last, but definitely not least, Philippa Langley and was said to be impossible, delight at being there on such the Looking for Richard Project for daring to try and an auspicious day and privilege at taking part in the succeeding. Never has the saying ‘if you don’t try, event. As June McIntyre said, ‘It was a day of sunshine, you never will succeed’ been more appropriate. white roses, some tears and a realisation of what had been achieved. That day at Cramond reminded us all of Members of the Richard III Society who live in Scotland and what really matters – that Richard was found.’ would like to be sent information about Scottish Branch events As we left to journey home, we left behind the first or would like to join the Scottish Branch, please contact Sandra memorial commemorating the successful search for Pendlington at [email protected] or by post to King Richard and the only portrait of King Richard in Elstree, Back of the Hill, Annan, Dumfriesshire, DG12 6SB. Scotland. We will be back again in September to have

BAFTA nomination

The Channel 4 programme Richard III: the king in the car park was nominated for a BAFTA* Television Award in the category for Television/Specialist Factual 2014 programme. The other nominees were David Attenborough’s Natural History Museum Alive, Martin Luther King and the March on Washington and The Story of the Jews (which was also nominated by the Royal Television Society for their awards but which lost out to Richard III: the king in the car park). The awards ceremony took place on 18 May, and although the award went to David Attenborough’s programme, it was nevertheless a great achievement to be nominated for such a prestigious award. The Richard III programme team at the BAFTA Awards ceremony: * The British Academy of Film and Television Arts Julian Ware, Louise Osmond, Philippa Langley, Simon Young, Julia Harrington (C4), Simon Farnaby, John Hay (C4).

30 Looking for RICHARD Richard III’s scoliosis Richard III: the legal end of the ‘Wars of the Roses’ as the High The Lancet has recently published a paper, ‘The scoliosis of Richard III, last Plantagenet King of England: Court decides that he should diagnosis and clinical significance’, which is available remain in Leicester online and is free of charge, although you do have to register to access it. The link also gives access to a video Introduction discussing the health consequences of the king’s scoliosis This summer saw a lull in the media interest and there is also a reconstructed model of his spine in concerning Richard III, until the online publication of 3D. the High Court judgement on the morning of 23 May; www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140‐ within minutes the news was posted on numerous 6736(14)60762‐5/abstract websites (BBC News 23/5). This judgement rejected the We hope to have a review and summary of this article claim of the Plantagenet Alliance for a consultation over in December’s Bulletin. where Richard III’s remains should be reburied, bringing to an end a year‐long legal dispute (see On the lighter side previous Bulletins). The judgement argued that once the identity of Richard III had been established Justice Street sign in St Albans, photographed by Timothy Secretary Chris Grayling was not obliged to carry out Beecroft. It’s comforting to know that even during the a public consultation over the proposed location of the Wars of the Roses due consideration was given to king’s place of reburial. While Richard’s ‘collateral health and safety issues and that the local authorities relatives’ represent a ‘public interest’ in this matter, as took every step to ensure that traffic could continue to 16th‐ to 18th‐generation descendants their link to the flow smoothly. king had been ‘attenuated in terms of time and lineage’ (High Court 23/5). The three judges concluded that it was ‘time for Richard III to be given a dignified reburial’ in Leicester Cathedral as was originally proposed (Guardian and Times 24/5). Only the Evening Standard (23/5) ran the story that day, but it appeared in the morning papers the following day. However, as it coincided with results of the local government elections coverage was briefer than might have been expected and produced only one letter in the national press (Daily Telegraph 4/6/14), but plenty in the Leicester Mercury (27/5 & 31/5). Chris Grayling stated: ‘I have been very clear from the start that the decision to grant

Advertisement an exhumation licence for Richard III was taken correctly and in line with the law’ and that he was frustrated and angry ‘that the Plantagenet Alliance – a group with tenuous claims to being relatives of Richard KingmakerKKingmm III – have taken up so much time and public money’ (Daily Telegraph 24/5). The jubilant leader of Leicestershire County Council, Nick Rushton, said: ‘it has been a very undignified time, as you must The House of York remember this is the body of a man and a king of A widewide rrangeangege England’. While the Bishop of Leicester, the Rt Revd ofof sspeciallypecially Tim Stevens, said ‘We are, of course delighted. Here in designeddeesiggned the cathedral, in the diocese, in the city, in the county, productsproductss dedicateddedicated ttoo we’ve waited a long time for this.’ A member of the Plantagenet Alliance’s legal team described the verdict thethhe WWarsWaars ofof TheTh House of thethe Rosesooses LancasterLaann as ‘highly regrettable’, but ‘that they respected the decision’, so an appeal seems unlikely (Times 24/5). It is expected that the reinterment in 2015 will be screened live by Channel 4 (Daily Mail 24/5). Costs incurred by www.loyaltybindsus.co.ukwww.w.loyaltybybindsus.co.uk • [email protected]@loyaltybindsus..co.uk the Ministry of Justice and other participants on the MobileMobi Number:Numle ber: 07583075833 916966 winning side in this case to date have been estimated at £250,000, with Leicester City Council’s share of the AllAllm myy productsproducts are areo onn FFacebookaceboook LoyaltyLoyalty BiBindsnds Us defendants’ bill coming to £85,900 and the university’s 31 Looking for RICHARD to £70,158 (Leicester Mercury 29/5; Sun 30/5). It is higher than his left, his condition would had a small, but estimated that Leicester’s legal expenses and the noticeable effect on his appearance and was unlikely to proposed four day reinterment ceremony planned for have caused him to limp or affected his ability to exercise Richard III will cost over £1.3 million (Leicester Mercury (Lancet 31/5). Dr Jo Appleby, the osteoarchaeologist at the 24/5), while the cost of reordering the cathedral to University of Leicester who led this research, says accommodate the tomb will be £2.5 million, of which ‘although the scoliosis looks dramatic, it probably did not £500,000 will be contributed by the Diocese of Leicester cause a major physical deformity . . . This is because he (Church Times 20/6). The outcome of the High Court case had a well‐balanced curve. The condition would have produced one thoughtful editorial (British Archaeology meant that his trunk was short in comparison to the July), which pointed out that both the debate and the length of his limbs… his leg bones were normal and decision said a lot about our cultural values. symmetric.’ Phil Stone, the Chairman of the Society, said To placate the defeated Yorkshire lobby Richard III’s this research shows that Shakespeare’s frequently quoted new tomb will made of Swaledale stone, with a plinth of description as Richard III as ‘a “h[b]unch‐backed toad” Kilkenny stone (from Ireland) and his coffin will be made (Richard III, Act 1, Scene 3) was a fabrication and . . . by Michael Ibsen, the descendant of Richard’s sister proof that while the plays are splendid dramas, they are Anne. A computer‐generated image of the proposed most certainly fiction, not fact. History tells us that tomb with its deeply incised Latin cross has already Richard III was great warrior’ (Leicester Mercury and received some criticism, Tim Loughton MP described it Times 30/5). It will interesting to see how this new as ‘ghastly’ and Philippa Langley said: ‘this diminishes osteological data will be utilised by future producers of the king in every way’ (Times and other papers 17/6; Richard III, as several recent productions have claimed to Leicester Mercury 18/6). Subsequently, a Society been inspired by the discovery of the king’s remains in spokesman pointed out that ‘not all members shared’ their portrayal (see June 2013, March and June 2014 Philippa’s opinions and that they were ‘working with Bulletins, and Daily Mail 30/6). A ‘promenade Leicester Cathedral’ on this issue (Leicester Mercury 20/6). performance’ of Richard III during June and July at St However, while the media awaited the judgement Paul’s Church, Covent Garden was advertised by a there was other Ricardian news: ghost hunters think poster depicting a large spider in jar recalling Queen that they have might have made contact with Richard Margaret’s description of Richard as III’s spirit in a room where he is incorrectly supposed to ‘. . . that bottled spider, Whose deadly web ensnareth thee have spent the night before Bosworth (Leicester Mercury about? Fool, fool! thou whett’st a knife to kill thyself. The 16/4; Metro 17/4). A replica fifteenth‐century crown has day will come that thou shalt wish for me To help thee been produced for display alongside Richard III’s curse that poisonous bunch‐back’d toad’ (Richard III, Act remains while they await reburial. It seems likely that it 1, Scene 3). This summer the Stance Theatre is producing will eventually be displayed by Richard’s tomb a ‘Drag King Richard III’ turning Shakespeare’s play in a (Leicester Mercury 16/4). Richard III came 41st (in a tie ‘black comedy of transgender identity’. with cricket umpire ‘Dickie’ Bird) in the recent poll of 75 The spate of new Wars of the Roses books, both great icons of Yorkshire, top was the humble, but tasty, historical fiction and biography/history, continues to Yorkshire pudding (Dalesman 4/14). attract reviews. The former category includes theWars of Meanwhile a research team made up of osteologists the Roses: Stormbird, Kingmaker: Winter Pilgrims, The from Leicester, Cambridge and Loughborough Children of the King and Succession , while in the latter are Universities and the University Hospitals of Leicester Digging for Richard III by Mike Pitts, The Man Who Killed NHS Trust have used CT scans to make polymer replicas Richard III by Susan Fern and The Third Plantagenet: of each of Richard III’s vertebrae, producing a 3‐D digital George, Duke of Clarence by John Ashdown‐Hill (see model of his spine. Analysis revealed that while he below). Chris Skidmore MP, author of Bosworth: birth of certainly suffered from ‘adolescent onset idiopathic the Tudors, is producing a new biography of Richard III scoliosis’ and that his right shoulder would have been (BBC History July).

Selective reports from UK journals, newspapers and magazines concerning Richard III’s life and place of reburial For earlier material see previous Ricardian Bulletins. Only significant letters are included. Illustrations are photographs unless detailed otherwise. March bigger part in battlefield tours. decided democratically’ for which he 6/3 Hinckley Times ‘Village Should Be 8/3 Leicester Mercury ‘You’re Playing blames the Ministry of Justice. Editorial: Jumping on Richard’s Bandwagon’. Finders Keepers!’ A York MP, Julian ‘Leicester Claim to King is Not Finders Now that the site of the Battle of Sturdy, has claimed that the decision to Keepers’, a well‐written and reasoned Bosworth has been located on the edge rebury Richard III in Leicester was piece pointing out that this decision was of Stoke Golding, the parish council ‘hashed [hatched or thrashed?] out made as part of the exhumation licence believe that their village should play a behind closed doors’ rather than and whole matter was being reviewed

32 Looking for RICHARD by the High Court. ‘The reality is that House (which displays his reputed bed), their subsequent involvement in the there is not really a ‘democratic’ solution where they claim that Richard III spent various battles of the civil war. 26/4Daily to this debate – short of a national vote his last night before Bosworth. However, Telegraph Review: ‘Nuns on the Run’ a on the issue. There is only an a better known tradition states that he review of Kingmaker: Winter Pilgrims, see exhumation licence and best archaeo ‐ stayed at the White Boar Inn at above. Illustration: book jacket. logical practice – and they both say Northgate Street, Leicester. Illustrations: April (monthly publications) Leicester.’ Illustrations: York MP Julian Society of Antiquaries ‘broken sword’ All About History issue 11. Cover: ‘War of Sturdy and Philippa Langley with portrait of Richard III and members of the Roses: how madness and ambition Richard III’s facial reconstruction. Haunted Heritage with their ‘ghost box’. led to England’s real‐life game of 21/3 Lady advert: ‘Richard III and the 17/4 Metro ‘It’s Richard the Heard, After thrones’. It contains features on ‘Battle Wars of the Roses’, two‐night tour from Royal Bedroom Ghost Hunt’. See above for the Throne: the key players’, ‘Two £299 per person. Authors’ note: the same item. Illustrations: facial reconstruction Houses Divided’ (complete with family advert appeared last year, so it is clearly of Richard III and members of Haunted trees), ‘Towton: the bloodiest battle back by popular demand and has since Heritage with their ‘ghost box’. fought on English soil’, ‘War of the Roses featured in other papers, see below. 23/4 Country Life ‘Shakespeare’s Natural in popular culture’ and ‘England’s Game April History: part 2 Roses. The Name of the of Thrones’. The content and tone of 5/4 Times advert: ‘Richard III and the Rose’. Mark Griffiths has researched the these articles is very traditional. Wars of the Roses Escorted Traveller’. flora in Shakespeare’s plays and has Illustrations: battle scenes and other 6/4 Mail on Sunday Event: Review of The identified the various roses mentioned. events mainly by Victorian and modern Third Plantagenet George, Duke of Clarence To the Elizabethans the white rose or artists, plus portraits of key people. by John Ashdown‐Hill. ‘Time has not ‘Rosa alba, was one of the cultivars that BBC History Magazine ‘The Miracle of been kind to George, Duke of Clarence. we call Alba Maxima and Alba‐Semi‐ Henry VI’. Henry VI’s piety and the Thanks to Shakespeare’s Richard III, the plena’. In Henry VI Part 1 (Act II, Scene manner of his death, which seems to brother of Edward IV is remembered as 4), the quarrelling Yorkist and many a martyrdom made him a popular ‘false, fleeting, perjur’d’: a traitor put to Lancastrian nobility in the Old Temple figure of devotion. Both Henry VII and a fool’s death in a butt of Malmsey Gardens pluck red and white roses as VIII sought to have him canonised. wine… But the real George, as this their respective symbols, dramatically Illustrations: pilgrim badge of Henry VI, enthralling and elegant biography portrayed in Henry Payne’s mural ‘The portrait of Henry VI, timeline of Henry makes plain, was very different. He was Plucking of the Roses’ in the Palace of VI’s life, a detail from the foundation a thinker instrumental in printing the Westminster (1910). Henry VII instigated charter of King’s College, Cambridge first English books . . .’. Illustration: a the red rose as his personal device and (1446) showing Henry VI at prayer, plus fanciful sketch by the author the symbol of his Lancastrian lineage panel paintings of Henry VI and St (reproduced from the book) showing the and also combined it with the white rose Edmund as two royal martyrs on the ‘drowning’ of Clarence. to form the ‘Tudor rose’. Illustrations: rood screen in St Catherine’s Church, 6/4 Sunday Times ‘My Kingdom for a including Payne’s mural and a NPG Ludham. Holmes: detective duo both play portrait of Henry VII (1505) holding a Dalesman ‘75 Great Icons of Yorkshire’, Richard III’. The TV Sherlock Holmes red rose (Rosa gallica). see Introduction above. Benedict Cumberbatch is to star as 24/4 Yorkshire Post ‘Features & Comment: Empire (film magazine) ‘The Empire Richard III in a BBC TV film, while science behind the story of Richard’s Interview: Kevin Spacey’. When asked Martin Freeman (who has appeared as remains’. This is really a review of his view on where Richard III’s remains his Dr Watson) is ‘preparing to play the Digging For Richard III by Mike Pitts should be reburied, he replied: ‘I hunchback king on stage . . . Dr Phil ‘journalist and archaeologist’, cunningly watched that documentary. It was so Stone, chairman of the Richard III written as an interview. He explained interesting to me that they found the Society said: “the play is propaganda, an ‘the level of interest both here and Richard that [the Richard III Society] attempt by the Elizabethan court to abroad and the feelings it has stirred up didn’t want them to find. That one was show the populace they were better off in Leicester and York shows that people deformed. I guess there are lots of issues: under the Tudors.”‘ See below Times 7/7. really do care about this’. As for where some people think it should be kept Illustrations: Laurence Olivier as Richard’s remains should be reburied where it was found, other think it should Richard III, plus Cumberbatch and Mike says ‘there’s no evidence that be somewhere else. I don’t think they’re Freeman as Holmes and Watson in the shows where he wanted to be buried going to end up having a royal funeral’. recent TV series. Editors’ note: this story and it seems appropriate to me that in Illustrations: Spacey in various roles. also appeared in the Daily Mail (4/4) keeping with tradition he should be May 2014 headlined ‘From Hobbit to Hunchback’ buried in the nearest consecrated 1/5 Daily Telegraph ‘Books: pick of the and the Guardian (5/4) ‘Benedict ground, and that’s Leicester Cathedral’. week’ Wars of the Roses: Stormbird by Cumberbatch to Play Richard III on This newspaper is naturally supporting Conn Iggulden. The first volume in a BBC2’ . the campaign for Richard III’s remains to new series of novels set in the Wars of 16/4 Leicester Mercury ‘Did Ghost be reburied in Yorkshire. the Roses, starting with Edward III’s Hunters Raise Richard III?’ The 25/4 Daily Mail Book Review Historical death in 1377 (see June Bulletin, p. 53). members of Haunted Heritage claim to Fiction: Kingmaker: Winter Pilgrims by 2/5 Daily Mail ‘War as lady historian have made ‘paranormal’ contact with a Toby Clements. The first volume of this attacks “snooty” rival’. ‘It’s the Wars of man named ‘Richard’ in one of the trilogy follows the flight of a nun and a the Roses revisited…’ when author rooms at Donington le Heath Manor monk in 1460 from their enemies and Alison Weir accuses her rival Philippa

33 Looking for RICHARD

Gregory of ‘the crime of “dumbing . . . indeed the book reads like the above. Illustration: Richard’s skull . down” British history to entertain the screenplay of a TV drama’. Illustration: Leicester Mercury ‘Victory at Last: now masses.’ Most of Alison’s criticism book jacket. let’s give Richard III a reburial fit for a centres on the historical in accuracies in 18/5 Independent on Sunday Review of king’, front page story. Illustration: Soc the recent TV drama The White Queen Digging for Richard III. ‘Revisionists put of Antiq’s ‘broken sword’ portrait of (see report in Dec 2013 Bulletin). their loving arms around Richard III a Richard III. The inside headline was: ‘We Illustrations: Philippa Gregory. long time ago. He became a poster‐boy Have Waited a Long Time for This’, a 3/5 Leicester Mercury ‘Crowning Glory: for misunderstood royals everywhere . . . quote from the Bishop of Leicester, the jewellery expert’s striking design to take Quite why a monarch who ruled briefly, Rt Revd Tim Stevens. Illustration: the pride of place at reburial of Richard III’. probably murderously and ultimately bishop, the mayor and other smiling city A new fifteenth‐century style crown has unsuccessfully should inspire such dignitaries at a press conference. Sun been designed by John Ashdown‐Hill desperate attempts at rehabilitation is ‘King Rule on Burial’, see above. Times (who also financed the project) and something of a mystery. Mike Pitts’s ‘York Loses Battle as Richard III Stays produced by jeweller George Easton (see account of the search for Richard III’s Put’, see above. Illustrations: NPG Introduction above). It was praised by grave, while not answering that portrait of Richard III, two computer‐ Philippa Langley – ‘this magnificent conundrum, nicely highlights how generated images of his proposed tomb crown will honour England’s last emotional some “Ricardians” can and chapel and a cartoon depicting two warrior king by giving him what he become about their hero.’ Illustration: men looking at newspaper with the didn’t receive in 1485’. Illustrations: the NPG portrait of Richard III and book headline: ‘Richard III to be laid in new crown and the facial reconstruction jacket. Leicester’; one is saying: ‘I bet York’s got of Richard III. 23/5 BBC News website ‘Richard III: the hump’. Western Mail ‘Richard III’s 3/5 Radio Times ‘First Among Equals: return of the King’. ‘Distant relatives of Killer “was a Welshman”‘. A review of interview with Dean Vivienne Faull’. King Richard III have lost their High The Man Who Killed Richard III by Susan This interview with the Dean of York Court battle over where his remains Fern (see June Bulletin p. 56). Rhys ap Minster was undertaken as part of the should be reburied. . . . Authorities in Thomas, Master of Carew Castle, BBC2 series ‘The Minster’. On the Leicester said they were delighted at the claimed to have killed Richard III with a subject of Richard III’s place of reburial decision and they looked forward to halberd. ‘she is subtly ambassadorial’, partly reinterring the body’. 25/5 Independent on Sunday ‘What Was because her previous post was Provost 23/5 High Court of Queen’s Bench Case Good Enough for Richard III . . . may not of Leicester Cathedral and because the C0/5313/2013, between the Queen and be right for today say legal experts, who ‘Yorkists are saying [that] the Minster is the Plantagenet Alliance (Ltd), and the say people’s burial wishes should be the obvious place’. She says “We will Secretary of State for Justice, and the registered to avoid arguments’. follow whatever the courts decide”. . . University of Leicester and Leicester Illustration: skeleton of Richard III. adding adroitly that she will offer stone City Council (website Courts and 25/5 Observer ‘Just Let Richard III Rest in from the Minster to be part the tomb Tribunals Judiciary: Judgements). The Peace’. ‘Few could deny that with one wherever it lies.’ (see Daily Mail 16/3, full text of the judgment can be thing and another, Richard has enough, June Bulletin for her previous observ‐ downloaded as a 40‐page PDF. living and dead.’ ations on this matter) Illustrations: Dean 23/5 Evening Standard ‘Richard III’s 27/5 Leicester Mercury Five letters Faull in her vestments. Descendants Lose Burial Fight’, see discussing the legal decision to allow 7/5 Times ‘Parliamentary Sketch: Dead Introduction above for a discussion of Richard III’s reburial in Leicester Monarch Helps Bury Awkward the High Court verdict. Illustration: Soc including a curious ‘Ode to a King’. Questions’. The Secretary of State for of Antiq’s portrait of Richard III. 29/5 Leicester Mercury ‘Richard III Fight Justice Chris Grayling has been asked by 24 May Cost £250,000, Legal Fees: bill for High the MP for York Central if represent‐ Daily Mail ‘Leicester Tomb for Richard Court battle revealed’ and ‘Alliance atives from his department will meet III’, see above. Illustration: Soc of Antiq’s Criticised Over Court Case, Richard III: those from York and Leicester to discuss portrait of Richard III. Advert for condemnation for campaign group for the ‘reburial of the mortal remains of Mailtravel: ‘Richard III and the War of wasting time and money’, Illustrations: Richard III’, he wants a government the Roses’. Daily Mirror ‘Don’t Get the Sir Peter Soulsby (City Mayor), Sir decision to resolve the matter. Jon Hump, but We ARE Burying King Edward Garnier MP and Chris Grayling Ashworth, MP for Leicester, shouted in Richard in Leicester . . . city wins fight to (Justice Secretary) see Introduction response: ‘his remains should be buried put ruler in cathedral’, see above. above. in Leicester!’. Illustration: Society of Illustration: NPG portrait of Richard III. 30 May Antiquaries’s portrait of Richard III. Daily Star ‘King Burial Ruling’, see Church Times ‘Ruling on Richard III Goes 9/5 Leicester Mercury ‘Speaker Steps in to above. Illustration: Soc of Antiq’s portrait to Leicester’, see Introduction above. Clam Row Over Richard III’, see above. of Richard III. Daily Telegraph ‘Richard Illustrations: the Bishop of Leicester and 14/5 Salon No 320 (the online newsletter III’s Descendants Gave Battle in Vain Sir Peter Soulsby at a news conference. of the Society of Antiquaries). Review of Over York Burial’, see above. Daily Mail ‘How Shakespeare Twisted Digging for Richard III. ‘Like an Illustration: NPG portrait of Richard III. Richard III, see Introduction above. Daily Elizabethan play, his book has five Acts, Financial Times ‘Leicester Wins Richard Mirror ‘We had a Hunch it Wasn’t True: each with several Scenes and an III Burial Battle’, see above. Illustration: Richard III’s remains show he didn’t Epilogue; he creates believable Richard’s skeleton. Guardian ‘Richard III have hump back’, ditto. Illustrations: characters out of the dramatis personae Will Rest in Peace in Leicester’, see skeleton of Richard III and Antony Sher

34 Looking for RICHARD complete with hump and crutches as November to reverse their decision to be Spelling Mistake’. In his regular column Richard III (RSC 1984‐5). Guardian a defendant prolonged the case (see Dec Christopher Howse revealed Scotland’s ‘Experts Put Crooked Image of Richard 2013 Bulletin). most famous saint probably never III Straight: historians debunk royal May (monthly publications) existed. Among the litany of saints hunchback “fabrication” – curve of spine British Archaeology (No 136) Letters: included in his Book of Hours, Richard was slight with no sign of a limp’. Ditto. ‘Richard III: what do you think?’ The III ‘expressed a particular devotion to Illustrations: reconstructions of Richard editor Mike Pitts writes: a reader has him, took up his cult and included his III’s spine and Antony Sher with a hump decided not to renew her Council for worship at each of his religious and on crutches as Richard III (RSC British Archaeology membership foundations at York, Middleham, 1984‐5). Independent ‘A Bone to Pick with because of her unease about the Queen’s College, etc. (Richard III’s Books, the Bard: Richard III was not a excavation of Richard III’s grave. Her Sutton & Visser‐Fuchs, 1997). According Hunchback’, ditto. Illustration: skeleton ‘sole reason for this decision was the to academic researchers ‘there is no of Richard III. Independent i ‘Science: secret agreement giving the remains of historical or philological reason for belief Richard III “was not a Hunchback”‘, King Richard III of York to . . . university in St Ninian’s existence’ and his name ditto. Leicester Mercury ‘Back to the archaeologists on an ego‐trip and a ‘was a scribal error for St Finnian of Future! Exclusive: hi‐tech picture reveals church looking for financial gain . . . Mosville, a sixth‐century British extent of King Richard’s deformity’ [Richard’s remains] should be returned missionary in Ireland’. (front page), see Introduction above. to his home in the North and the County 7/6 Guardian ‘Children’s Fiction: The Inside: ‘It’s Richard, no Bones about it’. of York’. Do you feel strongly about the Princes in the Tower Haunt a Tale of Regrettably this article concluded with excavation of Richard III’s remains, or Wartime Evacuation’. A review of a several statements that ought to be how it was conducted? Should Children of the King, the evacuees corrected. Two well‐known descriptions archaeologists open the graves of known encounter two boys ‘clad in antique of Richard’s appearance are repeated, individuals if they are not at risk? “pantomime” costumes’ in a ruined without attribution: ‘he was of person Should the reburial of a king’s remains castle next to their new home (see June and bodily shaped comely enough’ and’ follow standard archaeological Bulletin, p. 57). the most handsome man in the room procedure . . . or be subject to unpreced ‐ 7/6 Spectator ‘The Crimson Petal and the after his brother Edward (IV)’. Both of ented procedures because of the unique White’ a review of Kingmaker: Winter these remarks are said to have been nature of the grave? If you have opinions Pilgrims. ‘The plot might not be entirely ‘written when he was alive’, though in on these matters . . . please let me know.’ credible, but the repression, anger and fact the first is from the works of the See July for feedback. bloodshed of the Wars of the Roses was Elizabethan antiquary John Stow (1525– BBC History Magazine ‘24 May 1487 itself frequently beyond belief.’ 1605) and the latter, the unreliable Lambert Simnel is crowned king in 8/6 Independent, a rerun of the Guardian’s testimony either second‐ or third‐hand Dublin’. A commentary by Leanda de 4/6 ‘Richard III and the Wars of the attributed to Katherine FitzGerald (c. Lisle (author of Tudor: the family story) on Roses’ offer, see above. 1504–1604) the ‘old Countess of the coronation of the juvenile pretending 10/6 Evening Standard ‘Londoner’s Diary: Desmond’. Illustrations: 3D image of the to be the earl of Warwick and how it Kevin’s memories of King Richard III’. king’s skeleton and his facial recon‐ indirectly led the execution of the real Kevin Spacey reflects on his gruelling struction. Metro ‘Take it Back Will’, ditto. earl then imprisoned in the Tower of year‐long theatre tour of Richard III. Sun ‘King Rich Case £¼m’. See London. Illustrations: engraving of 11/6 Guardian ‘Shining Light on the Life Introduction above. Times ‘A New Twist Lambert Simnel depicted as the ‘Knight and Loves of the Tudors’, one of a series in the Tale of Richard III’s Limp’. Actors of the Golden Tulip’ on a seventeenth‐ of articles promoting the forthcoming have often portrayed Richard III on century playing card. Letter: ‘The wine National Portrait Gallery exhibition stage as limping but research has went beyond Shakespeare’ (see BBC (opens 12 September): The Real Tudors: established he ‘would have had an even History Feb. 2014 in June Bulletin), Kings and Queens rediscovered, but the gait’. See Introduction above. Illus‐ pointing out that Dominic Mancini only one to mention Richard III. tration: Kevin Spacey as a limping stated that the duke of Clarence was 17 June Richard III. drowned in ‘sweet wine’ and that in the Daily Telegraph ‘Why Richard III’s Coffin 31/5 Lancet (Vol 383, issue 9932, p. 1944) NPG portrait of Clarence’s daughter will be a Family Affair’, see Introduction ‘The Scoloisis of Richard III, the Last Margaret Pole, countess of Salisbury, she above. Illustrations: Michael Ibsen and a Plantagenet King of England: diagnosis is wearing a tiny wine butt on her computer‐generated image of the tomb. and clinical significance’ by Dr Jo bracelet, presumably in remembrance of Guardian ‘Design for Tomb of Richard III Appleby et al. See Introduction above her father. unveiled’, for details; this article is available online. June Independent ‘Richard III’s Coffin 31/5 Leicester Mercury a letter entitled: 4/6 Daily Telegraph Letter: ‘Grave Designed by a descendant of sister’, see ‘Neither Shadowy Alliance nor the Concerns’, observing that ‘the recent Introduction above. Council Come out of Saga Very Well’, enthusiasm for the reburial of King Times ‘Richard III to be Buried in a Piece the length of this missive making it a Richard III shows how well disposed the of Yorkshire After All’, see Introduction short article. The writer argues that the nation is to such moves.’ above. while Plantagenet Alliance started an 4/6 Guardian advert: ‘the Guardian 18/6 Times ‘Help For Curved Spines’. It expensive and pointless case that they offers: Richard III and the Wars of the is proposed to treat youngsters with had had little chance of winning, Roses’. scoliosis with remote‐controlled rods Leicester City Council’s decision in 7/6 Daily Telegraph ‘Not a Saint but a attached to their spines, instead of a

35 Looking for RICHARD series of operations. battlefield rediscovered). provoking a variety of replies. Books: 18/6 Leicester Mercury ‘Not Helpful: BBC History Magazine Out & About: ‘Richard III, in Five Acts’, a review of Cathedral Unimpressed with Richard III History Explorer Wars of the Roses by Digging for Richard III. Illustration: Society Member’s View, Ricardian Hits Sarah Gristwood. This feature focuses book jacket. British Archaeology (No 137) Out at Design for King’s Tomb’. on Tewkesbury Abbey, where some ‘From the Editor’ Mike Pitts (author of Philippa Langley wants the incised cross defeated Lancastrians sought sanctuary Digging for Richard III) mused on the on the proposed tomb replaced by either after the battle, other places mentioned subject of the legal decision concerning a raised or superimposed cros. The are Bosworth, Cambridge, Leicester, Richard III’s place of reburial observing article includes a ‘Tomb Test’, where 12 Middleham Castle Yorkshire (described that ‘it’s not often that we hear matters people including a direct descendant of as Richard III’s favourite residence) and of archaeology being discussed in the Elizabeth Woodville give their opinions the Tower of London. Illustrations High Court . . . Yet when it happens, on its design. Letters: ‘This Richard Story various views of Tewkesbury Abbey, because of the seriousness of the Remains a Mystery’. One letter suggests King’s College Cambridge, Middleham occasion, the care given to research and that the king’s skeleton should be Castle and replica armour at the documentation, and the need to balance, reburied in a glass‐fronted tomb. Bosworth battlefield heritage centre. fairness and informed analysis, the 20/6 Leicester Mercury ‘Design: July judgement can bring value beyond its Ricardians Take a Diplomatic Stance, 2/7 Times ‘Parliamentary Sketch: King’s legal significance. It embodies inform ‐ Society Refusing to Join Tomb Spectre Shudders at MPs’ Grave ation that otherwise might not be have Criticism’, see Introduction above. Discontent’. At Justice Questions Hugh become available, in this case about an Illustration: the Dean of Leicester and Bayley, MP for York, asked for a meeting archaeological issue of national interest. the new tomb design. to discuss how any reburial could Future generations will find a record of 20/6 Church Times ‘Richard III Burial to ‘acknowledge King Richard’s close how society, and archaeology in be a Family Affair’, see Introduction association with Yorkshire’, in reply he particular, approached the matter.’ Five above. Illustration: the Bishop and Dean was informed by Simon Hughes MP letters, the leading one entitled of Leicester describing their plans. ‘that there would be no such meeting’. ‘Watching Richard III’. Explains how the 26/6 Independent (Section 2) ‘The Big ‘Andrew Bridgen, the bumptious Tory writer’s interest in Richard III started 54 Read: the hand that rules the world’. An for North‐West Leicestershire, mentioned years ago when he saw the Olivier film in depth article on the extraordinary life the royal car park. ‘I am very pleased and ‘determined to learn more about of Margaret Beaufort, mother of Henry that, following the judicial review he this deliciously villainous king. I rapidly VII who ‘went from a position of will remain, long stay in that city.’ became his supporter and joined the powerlessness to one of almost total 7/7 Times ‘Star’s Fans Upset Theatre Richard III Society . . . I eagerly signed power’ by Livi Mchael, to promote his Traditionalists’. Martin Freeman’s the online petition in favour of the king new novel Succession based on the first appearance on stage as Richard III ‘has being reburied fairly soon in Yorkshire part of her life. ‘There is much caused discontent between audience rather than at Leicester, where he speculation about the part she played in members, who have differing views on definitely can’t have intended to end up the deaths of Edward IV’s sons, “the when is an appropriate time to applaud’. but almost certainly will.’ The other four princes in the Tower”.’ Illustrations: Mid‐scene applause has upset some letters argue for Richard III’s reburial in Margaret as portrayed in BBC’s The traditionalists, who see it as ‘a response either Leicester or York. Illustration: The White Queen, an engraving of Margaret to an actor’s fame rather than his 1856 Bow Bridge plaque in Leicester, praying by W. H. Mote (1823), a portrait performance.’ stating that near this spot lie the remains of Henry VII and Margaret’s coat of July (monthly publications) of Richard III. arms at St John’s College, Cambridge BBC History Magazine Cover story: August (monthly publications) (which she founded). ‘Richard III: Inside the Mind of Current Archaeology (No 293) ‘Richard III 30/6 Daily Mail ‘Hobbit Star: My Richard England’s Most Controversial King’ by to be Reburied in Leicester’. See III Has No Boring Bits’. Martin Freeman Chris Skidmore describes his research introduction, ‘Richard Buckley, lead thinks that the ‘boring bits’ should be cut for a new book on Richard III’s ‘secret archaeologist on the Grey Friars Project, from Shakespeare ‘so younger audiences life’. Cover illustration: NPG portrait of said the decision had set an important can enjoy it’. His new production of Richard III. Richard III is described as precedent for future archaeological Richard III is set in an ‘imaginary ‘devout family man’, a ‘formidable work. “When excavating relatively dystopia’(an place where everything is warrior’ a ‘generous’ provider of gifts recent burials, it is normal practice to as bad as possible) and he thinks ‘cutting and pointing out he intended to give close relatives the right to come sections will help achieve that.’ establish a chantry at York Minster to forward and be consulted before June (monthly publications) emphasise his connection with this city. exhumation”, he said. “But Richard’s History Today ‘ From the Archive: Into Illustrations: excellent cartoons of remains were over 500 years old…”.’ Battle Over Bosworth’ Chris Skidmore Richard III by Jonty Clark. Letter: Illustration: the press conference in MP (pictured) praises Colin Richmond’s ‘Richard III Doubts’, reiterates the Leicester announcing the outcome of the 1985 article which claimed that the battle concern of Professors Hicks and Biddle case. had actually taken place in ‘Dadlyngton over the authenticity of Richard III’s Field’ and started the research that led to remains (see April issue discussed in Bruce Watson and the archaeological survey which June Bulletin). Social Media ‘History Geoffrey Wheeler eventually confirmed his claim (see Dec Extra: do you think that Richard III 2013 Bulletin for Bosworth 1485: a murdered the princes in the Tower?’

36 The Man HIMSELF KING RICHARD’S TOMB at Leicester RHODA EDWARDS In this issue of the Bulletin we have a great deal about Richard III’s second tomb. We therefore thought that it would be of interest to reprint the first article ever published about his first tomb in the Grey Friars Priory in Leicester. It was written by Rhoda Edwards, a member of the Society, an historian and archaeologist, Rhoda edited the journal London Archaeologist for some years and she was also a novelist. Her two novels on Richard, Some Touch of Pity and Fortune’s Wheel, were very popular when they were published and deserve reprinting. In the course of her research for the Itinerary of Richard III she discovered the major documents proving that Henry VII did erect a tomb for Richard, something which had sometimes been disputed before this. This article was first published in The Ricardian, Vol. III, No 50, (September 1975), pp 8–9, and subsequently republished in Richard III, Crown and People, ed. J. Petrie, pp 29–30, in 1985.

It is well known that ten years after Bosworth, a tomb Thomas Lovell, King Henry’s commissioners, drew up a was erected in the Grey Friars church at Leicester, at the contract with a Nottingham alabasterman for the expense of Henry VII. An eighteenth‐century transcript manufacture of a tomb for King Richard. The case states (original now lost) of a household account book 1491–5 that this was done about a twelve‐month before, i.e. notes a payment in September 1495, to James Keyley, of about July 1495. The contractor was Walter Hylton, a £10. ls. for King Richard’s tomb.1 I There is no indication prominent Nottingham citizen, alderman and JP. He whether Keyley was a tomb‐maker, or merely some had been in the alabaster trade from before 1480 until gentleman to whom the organisation had been assigned.2 his death just before 1503.5 He was presumably one of John Nichols, the eighteenth century historian of those whose products included the heads of St John the Leicestershire, described the tomb as having been of Baptist so characteristic of Nottingham work. He also ‘mingle coloured marble’.3 It had a highly moral Latin undertook contracts for church furnishings, for inscription, guaranteed to weigh example, a tabernacle of St Philip and a 6 heavier on the occupant than any load ‘This tomb appears to mantle tree in St. Peter’s church. of marble. It was destroyed at the time However important a citizen of have been only the end of of the Reformation. The term ‘marble’ Nottingham Walter Hylton may have probably means alabaster. However, a complicated story. The been, he landed himself in expensive this tomb appears to have been only wonder is that it was legal trouble over King Richard’s the end of a complicated story. The delivered to the Grey Friars tomb, both with his fellow‐citizens and wonder is that it was delivered to the church at all.’ with King Henry’s Commissioners, Grey Friars church at all. Bray and Lovell. In the Public Record Office Early The contract for making the tomb Chancery Proceedings series is a case concerning a tomb was drawn up in quadrupartite, i.e. four parties and for King Richard.4 It consists of a plea by Ralph Hill of four copies of the document. They were: 1. Bray and Nottingham, grocer, against Walter Hylton of Lovell; 2. Walter Hylton; 3. Ralph Hill; 4. a party Nottingham, alabasterman. The document is at best unnamed. difficult to decipher (even under ultra‐violet reader) Here the trouble began, as Ralph Hill stated that his and is isolated, as is common with existing Chancery name had been used without his knowledge, and a Proceedings of this date, without any accompanying stranger (the fourth party) involved, by Hylton, a man counter‐proceedings or adjudication. Also, it is hard to of ‘an untrue and subtile mind’. This quarrel of Hill and date. As the plea is addressed to the Chancellor, the Hylton is irrelevant here, and nothing more can be Cardinal Archbishop of Canterbury, it must have been found about the episode. presented between 1493 and 1500, when John Morton The case does tell us that Walter Hylton contracted to was Cardinal. On the reverse of the document, difficult make the tomb for a sum almost unreadable in the to read, is ‘1 July 11 Henry VII’, i.e. 1496. document, possibly £50, a sum five times that disbursed Initially, it appears that Sir Reynold Bray and Sir by Henry VII to James Keyley in 1495. Two possibilities 37 The Man HIMSELF are open here. Hylton, as the plea states, was to be paid example, wax candles on the hearse alone amounted to in two instalments, £20 initially, and the residue when £26 13s. 4d. and 400 torches to £53 6s. 8d. Dole to poor the ‘Tombe were set up and fynysshed in the Church persons swelling the procession (2d. each) was £123 6s. aforeseid’. The church was named first in error as the 8d. The total amounted to nearly £700. The cost of ‘Newark’ which was then crossed out and ‘of Friers’ Edward IV’s funeral, six years before, had been £1,496.8 substituted. Could the payment to Keyley be part of Hylton’s first instalment? Notes and references Alternatively, it is possible that a new contractor may 1. British Museum Additional MS. 7099 f. 129. have been found, willing to do a cut‐price job, to which 2. No other mention of him as a craftsman was found by Keyley’s £10 refers. Printed extracts from Nottingham John Harvey, English Medieval Architects, London 1954, p. Borough Records contain no information on anyone 154. called Keyley, so it seems likely that he was not a citizen. 3. Nichols, John, History and Antiquities of the County of Some indication of comparative costs may be of Leicester (1795–1811), Vol. I, Part 2, p. 298. interest. An account of the expenses of the magnificent 4. PRO: C1/206/69. funeral of Henry Percy, earl of Northumberland, (1489) 5. Stevenson, W. (ed.), Records of the Borough of Nottingham, has been printed.7 This does not tell us the cost of Percy’s Vol. 3, 1485–1547, pp 296, 401, 434. tomb in Beverley Minster, but it is evident that the chief 6. Stevenson, Vol. 2, 1399–1485, pp 332–3, 419. expenses were in candle wax and in the assembling of as 7. Peck, Francis, Desiderata Curiosa, Vol. 2, 1779, pp 246–7. 8. Du Boulay, F. R. H., ‘Registrum Thome Bourgchier 1454– impressive a funeral procession as possible. For 86’, The Canterbury and York Society, Vol. 54, 1956, p. 54.

A DIGITAL RECONSTRUCTION of King Richard’s lost tomb Leicester’s De Montfort University’s Digital Building Heritage Group (DBHG) have developed a high-quality CGI animation for the new King Richard III Visitor Centre. It’s a digital reconstruction of the fifteenth- century Greyfriars and the original tomb of King Richard III.

DBHG liaised closely with University of Leicester dimensional sculpted effigy, of which there are number of archaeologist who worked on the Greyfriars excavation excellent local examples, or a two‐dimensional picture cast and also with medieval historians who specialize in or cut in brass plate, of which again there are many good contemporary examples. Eventually it was decided by our ecclesiastical buildings and monuments. The physical archaeological and historical colleagues that on balance, form of the friary is based on archaeological and literary in this instance, the tomb should be shown with a flat two‐ evidence and examples of Franciscan friaries elsewhere. dimensional incised brass image of the king, as was The authentic textures for the models were created from common for many high‐to‐medium‐status burials. We are photographs taken of parts of medieval buildings in sure the debate on this decision will continue, as there are Leicester of a similar age and status. For the tomb, strongly held views by other historians that the tomb may examples further afield which were made by the same have had a three‐dimensional sculpted effigy, but this is group of craftsman who made the lost tomb and these one of the purposes of digital reconstruction, to make were photographed and measured in order get authentic manifest specific interpretations so that very specific and detailing and texturing for the stone of the tomb. precise discussion and informed debate can be entered There is some debate as to whether the original tomb into. had an effigy or brass plate. The digital reconstruction opted for the latter, as DBHG’s Dr Douglas Cawthorne We are grateful to the university for permission to explained: reproduce images of their digital reconstruction in this issue of the Bulletin. For more information see The historical descriptions of this tomb, interpreted within www.digitalbuildingheritage.our.dmu.ac.uk. The full the context of known and extant high status English tomb CGI animation can be viewed at the King Richard III design of the very late fifteenth century, make it open to Visitor Centre (see p. 22) question whether the ‘image’ of King Richard III which was recorded as being on the tomb was a three

Top of facing page: An imaginative representation of the original tomb based on the surviving literary and documentary evidence, shown in situ in the walking place of Greyfriars church next to the choir stalls where King Richard III’s body was buried. Below: Aerial view of the cloister and friary buildings of Greyfriars in Leicester around 1485. Images © De Montfort University, 2014.

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ARTICLES Richard III’s legacy at SUDELEY CASTLE AND GARDENS NICKY WESTON Some of the finest royal ruins in England stand in the midst of the gardens at Sudeley Castle and Gardens – the legacy of Richard III, who owned the castle during the Wars of the Roses.

The fifteenth‐century castle was originally built by Ralph execution, but it could not save his beloved castle. He Boteler – a soldier and courtier who served under both was forced to sell his property to the king and as he was Henry V and Henry VI in England, France and led away is reported to have declared ‘Sudeley Castle, Normandy. His services were recognised by Henry VI in thou art the traitor, not I’, presumably alluding to the generous terms. In 1440 he was made a Knight of the fact that Sudeley Castle, now one of the finest properties Garter and given the title of baron Sudeley – followed by in the land, had attracted the covetous attention of the his appointment in 1443 as Treasurer of the Exchequer new king. and High Treasurer of England. Flushed with success However, Edward had given Richard the task of and the spoils he had accumulated from the war in controlling the unruly north of England and, as Warden France, Ralph Boteler set about building a castle at of the West Marches, to repel any Scottish invasion. This Sudeley that would reflect his new status and all that he meant he had to spend all his time in the north and had achieved. The building was constructed on the presumably led to his decision, after nine years, to swap double courtyard plan, surrounded by a moat: the first Sudeley Castle for Richmond Castle in Yorkshire to courtyard containing the quarters for servants, squires increase his northern defences. and men‐at‐arms, with the state and family apartments When Richard acceded to the throne as Richard III he in the second. It was a costly and magnificent structure returned to Sudeley Castle in 1483 and it was at this and as John Leland remarked ‘had the prize of all point he rebuilt the eastern range of Boteler’s inner buildings in those days’. courtyard, raising the buildings to a royal standard with So it was not surprising that when Edward IV, of the splendid oriel windows and a magnificent state House of York, came to power in the Wars of the Roses, presence chamber (now the castle’s stunning he lighted on Sudeley Castle as a suitable property for banqueting hall). Sadly, he was not able to enjoy its his younger brother Richard, duke of Gloucester. The splendours for long before his defeat and death on the Lancastrian Boteler had the misfortune to be on the field of Bosworth in 1485. wrong side. The fact that he had fought well for Sudeley Castle remained crown property under the England in the past might have saved him from Tudors until Edward VI gave the castle to his uncle, Sir Below: The fifteenth‐century tithe barn, destroyed during the civil Thomas Seymour, who married Henry VIII’s sixth wife war, now a tranquil garden. Photo by John Saunders. and widow, Katherine Parr. Katherine Parr died in 1548 and is buried in the castle chapel. After her death and Seymour’s execution it was finally granted by Mary I to Sir John Brydges, creating him Baron Chandos of Sudeley. His descendants were to hold the castle for the next hundred years and carried out extensive alterations and additions to the outer courtyard while still preserving the royal state apartments. Elizabeth I chose to visit Sudeley Castle on three occasions during her summer progresses and would have been entertained there. It was unfortunate that Sudeley Castle was to play such a central role in the Civil War which followed the advent of the Stuarts and the reign of Charles I. Situated midway between the King’s headquarters at Oxford and the staunchly loyal West Country its value as a stronghold and a ‘safe house’ was enormous. The sixth Lord Chandos declared firmly for the king and for a time Sudeley Castle became the base for Charles’s 40 ARTICLES

Above: A model of the castle as it would have appeared in the sixteenth century, made in 1971 for the ‘Royal Sudeley’ exhibition. The banqueting hall is in the left foreground. Photo by Geoffrey Wheeler. Below: St Mary’s Church, Sudeley Castle, burial place of Queen Katherine Parr. Photo by John Saunders. nephew, Prince Rupert of the Rhine. As a result the anticipated ‘20 Treasures of Sudeley’. A collection of castle came under siege twice and although it withstood artefacts and works of art and great historical the fusillade of cannon fire it was once again on the importance including Katherine Parr’s love letters, losing side. At the end of the war Cromwell’s Council of lacework reputedly made by Anne Boleyn, bed State ordered the castle be ‘slighted’ or made untenable as a military post. This meant removing the roof and exposing the entire building to the elements. For two centuries the ruins of Sudeley Castle lay neglected and left to the ravages of the weather and the pillage of its stones by the local community. In the middle of the nineteenth century it was rescued by John and William Dent, wealthy glovemakers from Worcester. They restored the Elizabethan ranges of the outer courtyard but their decision to leave Richard III’s legacy – the state apartments of the inner court – in their state of picturesque ruin has been applauded for its sensitivity. These were featured in the V&A exhibition ‘Gothic Art for England 1400–1547’ in 2003 and historian David Starkey has described them as some of the finest royal ruins in England. Today the ruins are arguably the most impressive and memorable feature of Sudeley Castle and something all Ricardians should see. The ruins have been sympathetically incorporated into the castle’s award‐winning gardens with Richard III’s signature white roses climbing the walls. Today, Sudeley Castle and Gardens is a much‐loved family home as well as a popular visitor attraction. This year the castle has opened even more of the family’s private rooms, some of which have never been seen by the public before. The additional rooms form part of an extended route around the castle and include the highly 41 Above: The banqueting hall as it might have looked in the sixteenth century. Illustration by John Romayne and Alisdair Murray taken from Michael Roulstone’s 1974 guide to the castle. Kindly supplied by Geoffrey Wheeler. Below: Sudeley’s own specially commissioned model of Richard III, inspired by portraiture of the king. Photo by John Saunders. hangings made for Marie Antoinette and Charles I’s gardens that really captivates the visitor. The white roses personal beer jugs. that cover its walls throughout the summer months were To celebrate Richard III’s role in Sudeley Castle’s yet to bloom, so I made a promise to return to see them. history, the castle was honoured in April to be chosen as Sudeley Castle and Gardens is definitely a must‐see for the final venue for the facial reconstruction of Richard all Ricardians. III before it returned to Leicester from its tour of the For more information about Sudeley castle and gardens, visit country, and to welcome Philippa Langley with her www.sudeleycastle.co.uk. fascinating discovery of the ‘King in the Car Park’. Following the end of the loan of the ‘official’ Richard III facial reconstruction, visitors can now see on display a second model, commissioned by Sudeley Castle and Garden’s current owner Elizabeth, Lady Ashcombe, which is inspired by portraiture of the king and took three months to complete. The head is displayed looking toward the window through which the magnificent ruins can be seen from the exhibition area.

Philippa Langley adds: For many years I had wanted to visit Sudeley Castle, so when I was invited to give a talk about the search for Richard in April, I jumped at it. I was not disappointed. Nestled in the Gloucestershire countryside just outside Cheltenham, Sudeley Castle’s stunning architecture and picturesque charm draws you in. Its long history is compelling, and wandering through its inviting halls and stately rooms you get a real sense of the Ricardian story within. I could imagine a young Eleanor Boteler (née Talbot) beginning her married life there; a lady who would go on to feature in much Ricardian research. But it is the ruin of King Richard’s royal presence chamber (now the banqueting hall) within Sudeley’s exquisite 42 ARTICLES New evidence for ‘EDWARD VI’S’ REIGN IN IRELAND? RANDOLPH JONES On 27 May 1487, a 10-year-old boy was crowned king of England, France and Ireland in Holy Trinity Priory, Dublin. He was widely believed to be Edward, earl of Warwick, son of George, the attainted duke of Clarence. Virtually no documentary evidence has survived from to be here to answer at the Feast of &c to the King &c wherefore £103.13.4 arrears of said Nicholas they should his brief reign in Ireland, owing to an act passed in 1494 not pay, they plead a Statute 2 Henry 7 pardoning said in Ireland by ‘Poyning’s parliament’: Nicholas Taaffe of Ballybragan Esq of all arrears &c. [Irish for the Cancellinge and revocation of all recordes, Exchequer Memorandum Roll, 2 Henry VII, m. 29.]5 processe, pardons, or any such, done in the name of the pretenced kinge, Latlie Crowned in Irland. whosoever The second notice was made between 1912 and 1915 by the[y] be do receave the abovenamed ordinance Conceale J. R. Hutchinson, on behalf of Brigadier‐General or keepe the same they so doinge after the proclamation, Delafield of the US army, who was researching his family shalbe adjudged traytors attainted.1 name in all its previous forms. Fortunately, this particular entry came within Hutchinson’s remit as it Yet despite this drastic legislation, some contemporary included the name ‘Feld (Field)’. His notice provides documentation mentioning the ‘pretenced kinge’ did additional detail, but with three differences: first, the day survive, certainly down to 1922, when the bulk of of the month on which the writ was issued; secondly, in medieval Ireland’s documentary heritage went up in the amount of arrears being sought from the former flames. Perhaps the best known are the letters patent sheriff’s account; and thirdly, in the membrane number issued on 13 August, ‘in the first year of the reign of on the memorandum: Edward, king of England, France and Ireland’, in which 8 May, 1 Edward VI. (sic), the sheriff of Uriel is ordered to Piers Butler was appointed sheriff of Co. Kilkenny by his distrain Robert Taaff of Marchalrath, Esq., John Drumgole father‐in‐law, the earl of Kildare. The original document, of Drumgole, John Smeth of Keppoke, Roger More of now preserved in the National Library of Ireland, still Mullaghurry, Patrick ffeld of the same, Robert Ball of has part of the boy‐king’s great seal attached.2 However, Payneston, Richard Kenweke of Coulboge, John Tallon of other surviving evidence is less tangible, having come Rathgervyse, and Richard Countor of Callan, electors of down to us in notes made of lost originals. Amongst the Nicholas Taaf, Esq., late sheriff of Uriel, to answer latter, new evidence has since come to light, surprisingly concerning £3‐13‐4 arrears of the said sheriff’s account, as from a document once kept in the very heart of the appears on the Great Roll for 22 Edward IV. The sheriff is English establishment in Ireland, the Memoranda Roll Robert Gernon of Gernoneston, Esq. The parties duly for 2 Henry VII, which was compiled by the Irish appear and plead the King’s pardon to the said sheriff for all arrears. (2 Henry VII., m. 15 – Trinity.)6 exchequer. The original was unfortunately destroyed in 1922, but two separate notices were made of the relevant The same memorandum was also noticed by James entry before this occurred. Neither gives the original text, Frederick Ferguson, a clerk working in the Irish but English renditions in varying detail. exchequer prior to his death in 1855.7 Although Ferguson The earliest is taken from a repertory compiled early made numerous notes from the rolls in his care, he failed in the nineteenth century by William Lynch, a clerk in to make a full copy of this one, merely noting the names the Rolls Office, later a barrister, with an interest in of the individuals mentioned in it in the repertory he constitutional history. He subsequently wrote three compiled for his own use. In his entry for books on Ireland’s peerage, parliament, and municipal Robert Taaf of Marshalrath Esq & Nicholas Taaf of privileges, which drew on information from this Ballybragan Sheriff of Uriel repertory.3 Subsequently the repertory came into the possession of Sir William Betham, Ulster King of Arms, he gave the same membrane number as Lynch, i.e. 29, and was eventually purchased by the College of Arms albeit pencil‐corrected from his original entry of 27. The in London.4 same hand has also pencilled in ‘or 15’ in parenthesis, together with the words ‘Statute 2 Hen VII’.8 Thus, from Mem that 28 May /1 Ed 6/ ordered to Sheriff of Uriel to distrain Robert Taaf of Marshalrath Esq John Drumgold Ferguson’s evidence, it appears that the ‘Edward VI’ writ of Drumgole John Smeth of Keppok Roger Moore of was mentioned on two separate membranes, 15 and 29, Mullaghurry Pat Feld of same Robert Bale of Payneston in the same roll. Richard Kinweke of Coulboge John Tallon of So which of the two renditions is the most reliable? Rathgoweyse & RIchard Corinton of Callan Electors of When Lynch examined the roll, the text was probably Nicholas Taaff Esq late Sheriff of Uriel by their Lands &c still quite legible, for in 1819 it was said to be ‘in good 43 ARTICLES preservation’.9 Whether its condition had deteriorated Nicholas was dead by 21 Henry VII (1505/6), when by the time Hutchinson examined the roll nearly a his son and heir Janico, was granted livery of his father’s century later is not known. His rendition of the same manors of Ballybragan and Mandesvillestown, etc.13 entry suggests not, but he clearly interpreted some of There was indeed another Nicholas Taaff of Ballybragan the spellings of the family and location names living during the first year of the Tudor Edward VI, but differently from Lynch. He also seems to have misread this Nicholas was not old enough to have been sheriff in two of the numbers within it, which must have been 1547–8: he was a minor when a custodiam of his lands given in Roman numerals, a possible ‘xx’ in front of ‘viij’ was granted to Patrick Barnewall in 29 or 30 Henry VIII. for the date of the writ and a possible ‘c’ in front of the He was only granted livery of his lands, together with a ‘iij li’ for the amount owed of the sheriff’s account. pardon for intrusion and alienation, in 6 Edward VI.14 It However, these omissions may have been due to is also unlikely that a pardon issued in 2 Henry VII Hutchinson’s notes being typed up into a presentation would have been relevant to him. volume, adding further scope perhaps for unintentional Although no separate chancery and exchequer rolls error. were apparently kept in Ireland during the short reign Nevertheless, it is significant that both researchers of Edward V, it didn’t pass entirely unnoticed in the agree on the month and regnal year: May in the first official record. An inquisition held in 1 Edward V was year of ‘Edward VI’. If this was a genuine mention of the included in the Irish exchequer memoranda roll of 1 reign of Lambert Simnel in Ireland, this would have Henry VII, in respect of James, prior of St John’s of indeed fallen within 1487 or ‘2 Henry VII’. Clearly, there Newtown near Trim, Co. Meath, who had been was no mistake made by the two researchers, despite outlawed in 21 Edward IV.15 Likewise, in the plea roll for examining the same memorandum nearly a century Easter term, 1 Henry VII, there was recorded an apart. Indeed, Hutchinson draws indictment of Nicholas Trewes of attention to the anomaly by inserting Curtillagh, gentleman, for killing a ‘We can perhaps the observation ‘sic’ immediately husbandman on 20 June 1 Edward V at afterwards, so it was clearly written as imagine the Dublin Cloghran, co. Dublin, for which he such in the original roll. However, if exchequer officials, flushed was found not guilty.16 Among the this entry is indeed an authentic one with excitement (or former deeds of Christ Church for ‘Edward VI’/Lambert Simnel, two perhaps trepidation) from Cathedral, there was a private one questions need to be addressed: the coronation celebrations dated 2 July 1 Edward V granting lands to Holy Trinity Priory, Dublin.17 • Is the entry contemporary with the held the day before, now The fact the exchequer writ was year of the roll in which it is feverishly issuing writs in issued in the month of May would recorded, i.e. 1487/8 or is it a much the name of the new boy- place it full‐square in the short reign of later interpolation perhaps, from king, calling in old debts.’ that unfortunate monarch, assuming the reign of the Tudor Edward VI, that an error had been made by the i.e. 1547/8? engrosser twice on the original • Did the engrosser make an error when he made the memoranda roll. Certainly, in his printed history, entries on membranes 15 and 29 of the original roll, Brigadier Delafield considered the entry to be one from and do they refer to a writ issued during the short Edward V’s reign, not considering any other reign of Edward IV’s son and heir, Edward V, possibility.18 However, the internal chronology of the instead? memorandum doesn’t seem to fit with that of others There is little doubt that a Nicholas Taaff of Ballybragan recorded in this and other rolls held by the Irish was sheriff of Co. Uriel or Louth in the late fifteenth exchequer. In these, it was usual for information of an century. He is mention as such in a statute of 19 Edward alleged trespass or default to be brought to the attention IV (1479/80) as well as in an original plea roll of the Irish of the exchequer barons. It was only during the court Common Bench for the same year.10 Together with Robert proceedings that the alleged culprits would produce the Taaff of Marshalrath, Nicholas is also mentioned in two necessary pardons or grants of livery, etc., which more statutes passed by the Irish parliament at sessions usually predated the initial information made against held on 18 March and 6 June 1485.11 Unfortunately, the them. If this supposition is correct, the baron’s writ text of the statute Nicholas and Robert submitted as would have been issued after any pardon was granted proof of pardon in Trinity term 1487 has not survived. If to Nicholas and Robert Taaff by the Irish parliament it was passed during a parliamentary session held in 2 held on 24 November 1486. However, this doesn’t Henry VII, this could only have occurred on Friday preclude a pardon being made after a writ was issued in before the feast of St Katherine the Virgin (i.e. 24 May 1483 and then presented by the beneficiaries November 1486). No other parliamentary session was during the court of exchequer’s Trinity term in 1487. held in Ireland in the name of Henry VII during the Finally, does it matter whether the writ was issued second year of his reign.12 was 8 or 28 May, if it belonged to the first year of the 44 ARTICLES

Ferguson’s repertory, where ‘Robert Ball of Painston’ is reign of ‘Edward VI’/Lambert Simnel? It is possible that mentioned. the pretender may have been proclaimed as such 9. Roll No. 194, 2 Henry VII, 31 membranes, in the Chief shortly after the arrival in Dublin on 5 May 1487 of the Remembrancer’s Office, Supplement to the Eighth Annual earl of Lincoln and his army of German mercenaries Report of Public Records of Ireland (1819), p. 538. funded by Margaret of York, dowager duchess of 10. Morrissey, J. F. (ed.), Statutes Rolls of the Parliament of Burgundy.19 However, it is more likely that this occurred Ireland, 12th and 13th to the 21st and 22nd Years of the Reign after the coronation ceremony, which would have been of Edward IV, Dublin, 1939, p. 763. Ellis, Steven G., ‘The the case even if the traditional date of Thursday 24 May Common Bench Plea Roll of 19 Edward IV (1479‐80)’, is accepted rather than an alternative one of Sunday 27 Analecta Hibernica, 31, 1984, pp. 43–4, 47. May, which is suggested by a partially and deliberately 11. Connolly, Philomena (ed.), Statute Rolls of the Irish obliterated entry in the calendar of the former Red Book Parliament Richard III – Henry VIII, Dublin, 2002, pp. 55 and 73. of the Irish exchequer.20 We can perhaps imagine the 12. Quinn, David B., ‘The Bills and Statutes of the Irish Dublin exchequer officials, flushed with excitement (or Parliaments of Henry VII and Henry VIII’, Analecta perhaps trepidation) from the coronation celebrations Hibernica, 10, July 1941, p. 78; Ellis, Steven G., held the day before, now feverishly issuing writs in the ‘Parliaments and Great Councils, 1483–99, Addenda et name of the new boy‐king, calling in old debts. This was Corrigenda’, Analecta Hibernica, 29, 1980, p. 103. perhaps in a desperate attempt to raise funds quickly for 13. COA Ph 15175, p. 333. Now Braganstown and the new regime and the invasion army rapidly being Manfieldstown respectively. assembled for England. 14. Morrin, James (ed.), Calendar of Patent and Close Rolls of Chancery in Ireland, Vol. I, Dublin, 1861, pp. 36 and 284. A Notes custodiam was ‘a lease from the crown under the seal of the exchequer, by which the custody of lands, etc., seized 1. Conway, Agnes, Henry VII’s relations with Scotland and into the king’s hands, is demised or committed to some Ireland 1485–1498, Cambridge, 1932, p. 210. person as custodee or lessee thereof’. 2. Curtis, Edmund (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds Vol. III, 15. COA, Ph 15175, p. 300; NAI, 2/446/6 (1a/49/149), p. 69. 1413–1509, Dublin, 1935, No. 272. 16. NAI, 2/446/2 (1a/49/135) Ferguson extracts, Vol. III, f. 313. 3. Lynch, William, Remarks on the Ancient Baronage of Ireland, 17. McEnery, J. and Refaussé, Raymond (eds), Christ Church Dublin, 1829. Idem, A View of the Legal Institutions, Deeds, Dublin, 2001, No. 335. Honorary Hereditary Offices, and Feudal Baronies Established 18. Delafield, Brig. Gen. John Ross, Delafield: the family in Ireland During the Reign of Henry the Second, London, history, privately printed, New York, 1945, Vol. II, p. 411. 1830. Idem, The Law of Election in the Ancient Cities and 19. Halliwell, James Orchard, Letters of the Kings of England, Towns of Ireland Traced from Original Records, London, London, 1848, Vol. I, p. 171. 1831. 20. Randolph Jones, ‘A Revised Date for the Dublin 4. Phair P. B., ‘Sir William Betham’s Manuscripts’, Analecta Coronation of “Edward VI”‘, Ricardian Bulletin, June Hibernica, 27, 1972, p. 21. 2009, pp. 42–4. The author has since examined W. H. 5. College of Arms (COA), London, Phillips MS 15175, p. Black’s 1846 notebook, which is now held by the National 304. Library of Ireland, Dublin. This contains the memoranda 6. British Library, Add. MS. 43769, ff. 74–5. Black copied from the calendar of the now lost Red Book 7. Obituary in The Gentleman’s Magazine, June 1856, pp. of the Irish exchequer. For the month of May, Black noted 651–2. the following entry under 6 Kal. Jun (27 May): ‘vi Kl 8. National Archives of Ireland (NAI), Dublin 2/446/6 Coronacio ___(erased)__ apud Dubl ...... / et (1A/49/149), Ferguson repertory, Vol. IV, f. 76. The eodem die ...... ’. NLI, MS M1443, p. 8. correction from 27 to 29 is also noted in folio 56 of A SMALL BEGINNING: the origins of the Richard III Society JOHN SAUNDERS Perhaps inevitably, the events following the discovery of Richard III’s remains in Leicester have rather overshadowed the 90th anniversary of the historical society founded in his name. This article seeks to remedy this and explain particularly to newer members how and why the Richard III Society began. To do that we need to go back to 1924; during this year United States and the summer Olympics were held in the first Labour government in Britain came to power in Paris. A more unusual event, hardly noticed at the time, February under Ramsey McDonald and lasted until the took place in England during the late summer; a society autumn, when the Conservatives led by Stanley Baldwin, was formed for an English king who had been dead for returned to office. In the wider world Lenin died in 439 years. Moscow, Calvin Coolidge was re‐elected President of the It all began in the village of Northwood at The Gate 45 ARTICLES

treasurer and the young Patrick Bacon the first member. They called themselves ‘The Fellowship of the White Boar’, and so it began. The early years of the Fellowship are not easy to chronicle. There were no formal structures, minutes, membership records or publications. They were never more than a small circle of friends and acquaintances and did not actively seek a wider membership base. New members were more the result of serendipity than strategy. Saxon Barton, as secretary, was undoubtedly the lynchpin. However, they were a group of strong individuals, talented in their own fields, and what they The Gate House, Northwood did achieve with limited resources is worthy of record. House, home of the Bacon family. The property They undertook research and engaged in public debate straddled two counties and stood on Pinner Hill. The about King Richard, particularly during the early 1930s, house itself was firmly in Hertfordshire but part of the when the contents of the urn in Westminster Abbey garden lay in Middlesex; the Post Office deemed it all in were examined and Mancini’s account of events in 1483 the latter. The house had been built in 1919 on land that was published. In 1934 the Fellowship were the once formed a part of the Pinner Estate. The instigators of the memorial window to King Richard encroaching Metropolitan Line had not yet lost the area and his family in Middleham church, which remains to suburbia. It was still rural Middlesex, still one of the most poignant memorials to the king. With recognisable as Betjeman’s ‘lost Elysium’. the advent of war in 1939 their activities declined and it The Bacon family had recently moved south from wasn’t until the 1950s, when Isolde Wigram made their native north‐west after the head of the family, contact with Barton, that the Fellowship was revived Sewell Bacon, retired from running his Liverpool‐based and relaunched as the Richard III Society. But that’s business. On a day towards the end of August they were another story. For now, here’s a little more about the entertaining some friends visiting from Liverpool. It lives of those first three members. was a balmy English summer’s evening and after a Our founder was born Samuel Saxon Barton in 1892 hearty meal the Bacons and their guests sat out on the in the city of Liverpool, the son of Samuel and Jessie veranda to enjoy after‐dinner drinks and good Barton. He was educated at schools in Liverpool and at conversation. Their guests were Samuel Saxon Barton Edinburgh University and trained as a surgeon, and Dr Philip Nelson, who were both enthusiastic specialising in obstetrics and gynaecology. His amateur antiquarians with a particular interest in late reputation was established through work at various mediaeval history. hospitals in the north‐west of England and north Wales. The Bacons’ youngest son, the 17‐year‐old Patrick, During the First World War he served in the Royal Navy was sitting out in the evening air with his parents and as a surgeon‐lieutenant. A posting aboard HMS Dwarf their guests; he was on his summer holidays from saw Barton serve off the Cameroons and west coast of school in Rugby. Many years later he recalled the Africa. During this time he gained an expertise in atmosphere of the evening’s conversation: ‘I was tropical medicine and later acted as an adviser in this listening enthralled because the subject into which they field to the Liverpool office of the Ministry of Pensions. tore with zest and knowledge was King Richard III.’ He was awarded the OBE for his wartime service. Patrick himself loved history – it was the only subject Barton was a man of many and varied interests. He that came alive for him at school, and here he was Left: Samuel Saxon Barton, circa 1950. Right: Philip Nelson, 1934 witnessing a passionate debate about the most controversial monarch in English history. Both Barton and Nelson firmly held to the revisionist view of the king, believing that the last Plantagenet had been harshly and unfairly dealt with by history. In the heat of the discussion the suggestion was made that they form a society to promote the revisionist cause and encourage research into the life and times of King Richard. There seems little doubt that it was Saxon Barton who uttered the genesis words ‘Let’s form a society’. In a letter he wrote many years later he quite specifically refers to himself as the one who ‘started off to form this Society’. The idea met with an enthusiastic response: it was decided that Barton would be secretary, Nelson the 46 ARTICLES was a gifted artist, having been trained by the celebrated Liverpool artist, James A. Watts. His paintings were exhibited annually at the Cambrian Academy and the Liver Sketching Club. He also wrote verse, publishing three volumes in his lifetime. Physically he was similar to G. K. Chesterton, with an extrovert character to match. Patrick Bacon in later years recalled that ‘he had a mind like quicksilver, and his language was Rabelaisian in the extreme. Perhaps he fooled some people into thinking that he was an arrogant exhibitionist – however, his scholarship was deep and true and he embellished it with a Shavian gusto and passion. He was a fighter who loved to be involved.’ Saxon Barton died in 1957 as a result of car accident and is buried in Halewood near Liverpool. Philip Nelson was born in 1872 into a Liverpool ship‐ owning family. He was educated at schools in Birkenhead and thereafter studied medicine in Liverpool, London and Vienna. A potentially promising career in consultancy practice was cut short by injury to his right arm. Patrick Bacon recalled that he had ‘a smile like an apologetic angel and a wit that burnished with every sentence’. He was an enthusiastic collector in many fields and had a deep interest in numismatics. His collection included alabasters, historical curiosities and numerous Greek and Roman marbles. Amongst his curios could be found a ring that once belonged to Warwick the Kingmaker and a hair from the head of James I. Nelson was a recognised expert on cathedral and church windows and his book Ancient Painted Glass in Patrick Bacon and John Saunders, Castle Gardens, Leicester, 1983 England 1170–1500 was for many years the definitive work on the subject. His expertise in other fields relaunched in 1956 he became its first chairman. His extended to Saxon archaeology and Chaucerian studies. background in advertising and public relations was His friendship with Saxon Barton was developed very helpful to the Society during the formative years of through their mutual membership of the Historic the 1960s. He held the post until his retirement in 1971, Society of Lancashire and Cheshire. They were both when he was succeeded by Jeremy Potter. Following his active members, at various times holding the offices of retirement from the chair, Patrick was elected the honorary secretary and vice‐president. Society’s President, a post which had been vacant since Nelson died early in 1953 at the age of 81. His Saxon Barton’s death 14 years earlier. Patrick remained obituary notes with feeling that ‘physically and President until his own death in 1996, shortly after his intellectually he was cast in the heroic mould, and few 90th birthday. who had the privilege of his friendship failed to be What sort of historical society did Saxon Barton aware of a character that was noble and yet entirely envisage? There is no doubt he wanted one based on humble’. scholarly research, as he noted in a letter in the 1950s: ‘In Patrick Bacon was born in Lancashire in 1906 and my view historical belief must be based on facts where educated at Rugby. He served in intelligence during the possible and on honest conviction.’ What would he Second World War and thereafter pursued a successful think of the Society today? His widow, Dorothy Barton, career in advertising. Despite being signed up in 1924, survived him by many decades, dying shortly before Patrick could not recall having much direct involvement her 100th birthday in 1996. In 1989 she attended the with the Fellowship, although he kept in close contact Society’s Bosworth commemorations and wrote to me with Barton and Nelson. He did, however, visit the site shortly afterwards and noted ‘How delighted Saxon of the battle of Bosworth during the 1930s and remained would be to know that the torch he lit so long ago is not committed to the revisionist cause. It was a chance only still burning brightly but is so much strengthened. meeting with Isolde Wigram that brought him back into Long may it continue.’ Some 25 years later I rather the fold, and when the Fellowship was formally suspect he would be even more delighted.

47 ARTICLES The wonderful CALADRIUS BIRD TIG LANG At the 2014 Study Weekend in York, quite a few people expressed an interest in the Caladrius bird, which I had mentioned at the end of my talk. The mythical Caladrius bird is described in medieval colour. It is possible that the Caladrius was a later bestiaries1 and encyclopaedias, and, because it was development of this bird, for just as the Icterus removes associated with Alexander the Great, it also appears in the jaundice from the patient, taking it on itself, so the histories. It is usually depicted as a pure white bird, gull‐ Caladrius is said to take the sickness from the patient like and fairly large in size, with prominent staring eyes who is destined to recover. Because of this, the (for a very good reason). It is credited with miraculous Caladrius is linked in some descriptions with Christ, powers of prognosis, able to judge whether a patient will who turns his face towards the sinner and takes the sins live or die. Brought into the presence of a sick person, the on himself to provide healing and salvation. Caladrius will look at the patient to foretell recovery, and Those with internet access may like to look at the away from the patient who will die. This gave a British Library medieval manuscripts blog on the wonderful opportunity for illustrators to present paired Caladrius,2 which has some excellent illustrations. Peter images, in one of which the outcome is good, with the Murray Jones’ Medieval Medical Miniatures, in both the Caladrius and the patient staring fixedly at one another, original 1985 and the revised 1998 editions, also and in the other, where a poor outcome is predicted, with illustrates the Caladrius. These were my sources for the the patient exhibiting a worse state and the Caladrius information given above. looking firmly away, with its head turned from the patient. References The Caladrius was supposed to frequent kings’ 1. In the bestiary translated by Richard Barber from MS palaces, and in at least one manuscript image it is being Bodley 764 (Richard Barber, Bestiary, Boydell Press, new sought in the palace by a servant, with the caption ‘ubi edition 2013), the bird appears as Charadrius. I am est Caladrius?’ (‘where is the Caladrius?’). In classical indebted to Toni Mount for pointing this out to me. mythology there was a similarly useful bird, called 2. http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/digitisedmanuscripts/ Icterus, which could cure jaundice and was yellow in 2013/04/not‐always‐bad‐news‐birds‐the‐caladrius.html.

Detail of a miniature of a Caladrius perched on the bed of a king, from a bestiary, with extracts from Giraldus Cambrensis on Irish birds, England (Salisbury?), 2nd quarter of the 13th century, Harley MS 4751, f. 40R. © The British Library.

48 ARTICLES KATHERINE PLANTAGENET, countess of Huntingdon PETER HAMMOND Katherine was the illegitimate daughter of Richard III, his only daughter so far as we know and one of two illegitimate children that we are sure of.

Right: The medieval church of St James Katherine was married to William Herbert, earl of Garlickhythe, drawn from the sixteenth‐century ‘Copper Plate’ map, Huntingdon. There are two relevant articles in the in Saxon and Medieval Parish Churches current issue of The Ricardian. One of these, ‘The Children in the City of London: a review, by John in the Care of Richard III’ by Anne Sutton and Livia Schofield, p. 37, LAMAS Transactions, Visser‐Fuchs, throws considerable light on Katherine and vol. 45, 1994. St James’ church is between Upper Thames Street and her husband, rather more than in my brief piece on ‘The Skinners Lane in the City. The Illegitimate Children of Richard III’, (Richard III: Crown medieval church was destroyed in the and People, ed. J. Petre, 1985, pp 19–20). However, another Great Fire; the present church was built by Christopher Wren. article in the same issue, ‘The Plantagenet in the Parish: the burial of Richard III’s daughter in medieval London’ that this can only be our Katherine. He suggests that she by Christian Steer, in an elegant piece of research reveals was buried in the small parish church of St James because the very exciting news of his discovery of Katherine’s the Herbert London town house was quite probably in burial place. that parish and that she may have died in the epidemic of Until now we have had no idea at all where she was the sweating sickness which swept London in 1485. We buried. However, Dr Steer, an expert on burials in know that she was dead by 1487. We do not know medieval London, discovered a document in the College whether or not there was a monument or brass; Dr Steer of Arms written by Thomas Benolt, Clarenceux King of suggests that what Benolt saw there may well have been Arms. In the early sixteenth century Benolt visited a only a temporary monument, which her husband was number of religious houses and parish churches in the not able to finalise before he died in 1490. However this City of London and in one of them, St James may be, it seems that Katherine, only daughter of Richard Garlickhythe, he noted that there was a monument to ‘the III, was buried in a small London church and thus is the countesse of huntingdon lady herbert’. Dr Steer shows only one of Richard’s children with a known burial place.

St James Garlickhythe, with its profusion of windows, is known as ‘Wren’s Lantern’ and is a short walk from Mansion House Tube Station down Garlick Hill, where it sits at the bottom surrounded by offices and the busy Upper Thames Street. Despite being in the midst of such modernity it remains a tranquil spot and is one of the best examples of an unspoilt Wren church in the city, having survived the Blitz with only slight damage. No traces remain of the mediaeval church; however a plaque on the wall as you enter reminds visitors of its ancient origins. In 2012 eight new bells were dedicated as the Royal Jubilee Bells and installed in the tower: these were the bells housed in the barge which led the Queen’s Diamond Jubilee River Pageant. St James is open to the public every Thursday, and visitors will find the voluntary guides very helpful. When I visited recently they were delighted to know that Katherine Plantagenet lay buried there. For more information see: www.stjamesgarlickhythe.org. John Saunders

Right: Wren’s church of St James Garlickhythe today. Next page: The interior of the present church, and the plaque com memorating its rebuilding after the Great Fire. Photos: John Saunders.

49 ARTICLES

A series of REMARKABLE LADIES 8. Dorothea of Brandenburg, Queen of Denmark, Norway and Sweden (1430–25.11.1495, Kalundborg) RITA DIEFENHARDT-SCHMITT Parents: Margrave John of Brandenburg (called ‘the Alchemist’) (1406–64) and Barbara of Saxe‐Wittenberg (1405–65) Husbands: 1. Christoph III (1416–48) and 2. Christian I (1426–81), Kings of Denmark, Norway and Sweden Children: No children by her first husband. With King Christian I she had five children: Olav (1450–51) Canute (1451–55), John I (1455–1513), Margaret (1456–86), Frederik I (1471–1533) Source: Anne J. Duggan, Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe Illustration: Christian I and Dorothea of Brandenburg, contemporary portrait. Reproduced by permission of the Museum of National History, Denmark

In 1445 Dorothea was married and crowned queen to King Christian III. Unfortunately her husband died only three years later. Dorothea wanted to announce Chancellor Gyldenstern as the new king but the nobility expected that a foreign ruler should be elected to keep him dependent on the state council. Negotiations with the Polish King Casimir IV were conducted, but finally Dorothea married the Danish King Christian I, son of Count Dietrich of Oldenburg and his second wife Princess Heilwig of Schleswig‐Holstein, whom the state was able to provide her youngest son Frederik with the council had decided on. dukedom of Schleswig‐Holstein. She was the feudal Dorothea was an intelligent and energetic woman head of that duchy and helped her son to rule it. and supported the government of her husband. Also She died on 10 November 1495 in Kalundborg and she demanded the payment of her paternal inheritance, was buried beside her second husband in the cathedral which later was refused and given to the male heirs of of Roskilde. She was the ancestress of the Danish kings her family. Through her successful financial policy she of the House of Oldenburg.

50 BOOKS Book reviews and notices parties involved, without disclosing any secrets. Of course we all know the outcome now, but when the dig Digging for Richard III: how archaeology found the began on 24 August 2012, the anniversary of Richard’s king by Mike Pitts funeral, it was by no means a foregone conclusion. In Thames & Hudson, 2014, hardback, ISBN fact, although not revealed at the time, Richard’s 9780500252000, 207 pp, 41 illustrations, fully indexed, subsequent burial place was found on the very first day. £18.95. Despite the dig achieving both sets of goals, it was Ricardians might assume only the end of the beginning and in Act IV Pitts that Mike Pitts has simply demonstrates how various specialists in the University ‘jumped on the bandwagon’; have set about confirming Buckley’s fifth: positively after all, he is neither a identifying the remains as those of Richard III. The press member of the Society nor an conference held on 4 February 2013 let the genie out of archaeologist at the Univers‐ the bottle. At the time, some of the specialists’ research ity of Leicester. But they was still incomplete but once the world knew the would be wrong. As well as outcome of the project – that Richard had been found – being a noted archaeologist, their work was subjected to all manner of examination Pitts has been editor of and criticism, some from people with strange ideas British Archaeology for the last regarding how archaeologists, and scientists in general, ten years, and when writing conduct research (p. 155). Act V summarises some of his book had access to all of that research, including: (1) the analysis of the wounds the players involved. The net found on the skeleton and how they may have been result is a balanced and informative review of the drama caused on the battlefield; (2) the facial reconstruction; as it unfolded before, during and after the dig in and (3) the verification of the identification by mtDNA. Leicester in 2012, and one that recognises earlier The Epilogue returns to the battlefield: the ‘new’ siting historians who had suggested the site of Richard’s grave, of Bosworth and the discussions over Richard’s such as Charles Billson in 1920 and David Baldwin in reinterment. 1986. Well researched, with footnotes, an extensive The successive chapters are portrayed as scenes in a bibliography and excellent illustrations, Pitts’ dramatic five‐act play. Act I provides a summary of the Wars of narrative retains the audience’s attention despite, or the Roses. Act II outlines the origins of Philippa perhaps because of, its now familiar denouement. Langley’s quest to find the king’s remains and her Heather Falvey eventual contact with the archaeologists at the University of Leicester, led by Richard Buckley. Pitts The Saga of the Middleham Jewel by Vera Seaton explains how they approached this extraordinary Authorhouse, 2014, paperback, 58 pp, ISBN archaeological dig, demonstrating that there were, in 9781496975690, £17.99. Also available from Amazon as a Kindle download, £2.63. fact, two projects running concurrently, each with different aims, funded by different backers, but both This glossy booklet details focused on the same location. The goal of Philippa’s the finding of this most Looking for Richard project was to find the remains of famous jewel, by the wife of Richard III, whereas those of Richard Buckley’s Grey Ted Seaton,* who found it in Friars project were five‐fold: beginning with the most a field near to Middleham achievable (to find some remains of the medieval Grey Castle, and the timeline Friars’ friary) and ending with the least (to find human which led to its sale at remains that could be identified as those of the king) (p. Sotheby’s in London. It takes 98). But, as Philippa told Pitts, the two projects ‘were us through the almost farcical mutually beneficial’ (p. 78). meetings with British The events of the actual excavation are played out in Museum officials who claimed the Jewel was of very Act III. Although what happened is told from the poor quality, and an attempt to gain an interview with archaeologists’ point of view, Pitts incorporates the Yorkshire Museum. Ted Seaton was attempting to be Philippa’s side of the story (noting that occasionally an honest broker in an age when metal detectorists were things are remembered differently), and also the scorned by the rather aloof experts in the museum and juggling acts performed by Ather Mizra, Director of the art world; not unreasonably, perhaps, in the days before University Press Office, in order to provide press the modern schemes of portable antiques service, where releases that covered the requirements of the various metal detectorists now work with local experts to plot 51 BOOKS and reveal any finds, be they classed as hoards or single attention‐grabbing recourse to finds. As a member of the Society I remember very well fiction, in this case an introduction the build‐up to the actual sale in London: the buzz was that leads the reader from a vivid almost electric, with members of the then EC pictured on description of the drug‐addicted the front row at the Auction. Lady Anne in Ian McKellen’s However, it is equally a story of a family under siege production of Shakespeare’s by the media, who were as fascinated by the find as the Richard III towards the art, museum and historical communities. The family circumstances of Anne’s actual owned a small antiques, odds and ends shop in Barnard death, finishing with an Castle, County Durham, and Ted’s lifelong passion for announcement that ‘It is now time and interest in history dovetailed perfectly with this to tease out the facts from the enterprise. Ted would often donate small finds to local fiction’. In the final chapter she also claims to have set museums, but the Middleham Jewel changed his life out to identify Anne’s achievements. Has she succeeded? and that of his family. The intrigue, interest and fame There are many positive points: the book is well after the find drove them to change their lives written and organized and enhanced by a large number dramatically, and they moved to Spain. It sounds of colour illustrations, and the author attempts to make straightforward enough, but the book leaves more a fair assessment of her subject and her controversial questions unanswered. The move was before the husband. She has been able to bring to the study of auction and the monies from the sale of the jewel. Anne’s life information on childbirth and childcare Selling the shop and then the move appear to have been acquired in the course of researching earlier books, and seamless but there is nothing to tell us how they made her use of Peter Idley’s Book of Nurture is particularly any living in Spain, and how they perhaps lived their illuminating. lives, and although the book appears to be a gentle Unfortunately, however, no doubt owing to pressure family story, we are not truly allowed into the next from publishers, the book shows every sign of having chapter in their lives. Much of the charm of this book is been written in haste, resulting in discrepancies, a the familiarity with which the writer manages to engage general failure to discriminate between reliable and the reader, with interesting detail of the family’s lives unreliable sources, and an all‐too‐frequent sense of before the find, and this omission is puzzling. muddle. The most muddled chapters are perhaps those Ted shared the money with two other detectorists dealing with the period 1461–68, as the author is and the landowner, but once the hammer came down, anxious to focus on Anne’s early relationship with an ex‐colleague suddenly decided to claim a share. His Richard during the years when he was a member of her claim was disproved and Ted received his share father’s household but is unable to decide which years eventually, and the family were able to settle properly these were. When dealing with Richard and Anne’s into a Spanish life. However, a lot of unsavoury marriage the author recognizes that the Church did not rumours circulated, with Ted’s honesty being loudly forbid simple unions between two pairs of siblings, but questioned privately and in the local press. This book further on confuses this with consecutive marriages by tackles the realities of such claims and I was left feeling one individual to two siblings, which were forbidden rather grateful that Ted Seaton was the person who (‘Pairs of brothers and sisters did marry but Henry VIII’s found the Jewel. He strove hard to ensure it stayed in marital trials illustrate just how problematic they could this country, particularly in York. Ted had the last laugh, prove’). I feel. Having offered it to the Yorkshire Museum for £1 There are also several basic errors of geography and million with staged payments, which was flatly refused, nomenclature. For instance, it is stated that Warwick the Jewel sold for over £1m at auction and the Museum Castle was known as ‘the Windsor of the North’ and eventually had to raise well over £2 million to bring it that Fotheringhay lies in the vicinity of Middleham. back to Yorkshire. Bishop Stillington appears first as ‘Robert Stillington, Cris Reay Connor Archbishop of Bath and Wells,’ and then as ‘Richard * Ted passed away in 2001 and the booklet is written in Stillington, Bishop of Bath and Wells.’ More seriously, his memory. the author mistakes Tudor’s ally Walter Herbert for his elder brother William, leading to the claim that Henry Anne Neville: Richard III’s tragic queen by Amy Licence Tudor was joined at Milford Haven by ‘Sir William Amberley Publishing, 2014, paperback, 287 pp, 49 Herbert . . . who had married Richard’s illegitimate colour illustrations, ISBN 9781445633121, £10.99. daughter Katherine.’ This is one of four conveniently sized and reasonably In short, therefore, the facts have not been priced paperbacks by Amy Licence published by successfully teased out from the fiction; also, the only Amberley since the discovery of Richard III’s remains. achievement of Anne’s identified is that of becoming Like her volume on Richard himself (reviewed by Toni queen of England – surely there should have been some Mount in the June issue) this book opens with an discussion of her patronage of Queens’ College, 52 Running headBOOKS RIGHT

Cambridge. Altogether, my sense is of an opportunity . . .’”(p. 232), says Richard, though this doesn’t stop him missed. The author writes extremely well and is clearly from continuing the affair – an attitude that is hardly highly intelligent, and given sufficient time for research, consistent with what we know about Richard’s deep thought and revision could no doubt have produced a religious convictions and his piety. worthwhile overview of Anne’s life. This romantic fantasy is a disappointment. The Marie Barnfield author is a very persuasive writer: her prose is silky smooth, her narrative technique accomplished. Cicely’s King Richard by Sandra Heath Wilson Moreover she is clearly a staunch supporter of the king Buried River Press, 2014, paperback, 351pp, ISBN and it is regrettable that she has chosen to present 9780719812330, £8.99. Richard in such a way. Sandra Heath Wilson paints a Elaine Henderson hugely sympathetic portrait of Richard III in her novel: kind, Richard Revisited: the story of a long lost king by Els sensitive, romantic and caring, yet Launspach, translated by Laura Vroomen brave, resourceful and highly Uitgeverij International Theatre & Film and Books, 2014, paperback, 278 pages, ISBN 9789064037986. principled. In spite of this, The book was first published in Dutch as Messire in 2008 however, he is unable to resist the – both versions are available for loan from the Barton lure of his spirited, adoring niece – Library. no, not Elizabeth, as is usually suggested, but her younger This book is not so much a novel sibling, Cicely. As the author states as a dramatised documentary on in a note at the end, there is no the subject of Richard III as seen by hard evidence to support such a relationship (nor, three very different people. There indeed, her invention of Cicely’s romance with John of is even an appendix giving brief Gloucester, Richard’s illegitimate son, nor the assertion biographies of the historical that Queen Anne Neville loved her first husband characters mentioned, described Edward, son of Henry VI, more than she loved Richard). as a ‘personal selection of facts and Indeed, as Ricardians are aware, Richard publicly denied hearsay’. any illicit relationship with his niece, Elizabeth, and there The book begins and ends with is evidence that he had already begun negotiations with scenes from very recent history: Portugal to arrange marriages for both himself, as the prologue is set in 2012 as widower, and for Elizabeth. Jennifer, one of the main characters, ill in hospital, hears The novel focuses principally on the development, the news of the discovery of a skeleton under a car park and physical fulfilment, of this romantic liaison, giving in Leicester, and the epilogue takes place on 4 February the merest nod of recognition to the undeniable fact that 2013 – the day of Jennifer’s death and the day of the sexual relations between an uncle and niece were a sin press conference that confirmed the identity of the in the eyes of the Roman Catholic church; moreover Leicester skeleton as King Richard III. Richard was a charismatic and powerful man of 32 and The first part of the book takes place in 1534: Sir Cicely a love‐struck girl of 14. Of course in medieval Thomas More is imprisoned in the Tower awaiting society very young women were often married and execution for refusing to sign the Act of Succession. As expected to bear children at an age that would be he looks back over his life and agonises over whether he unacceptable today, as well as illegal under English law. should sign after all, he receives a visit from Lady Dispensations could be sought from the pope to Kathryn, a ‘granddaughter’ of Cardinal Morton. She has overcome consanguinity problems but there is no discovered a notebook of her grandfather’s with his suggestion here that either of the lovers wished to wait notes on the reign of Richard III, but it is in Latin which until such permission had been granted. she cannot read, so she wants More to translate it for Sandra Heath Wilson, apparently, found the her. As More reads the notebook he realises that Morton characters so irresistibly attractive as individuals that was feeding him lies and using him to produce a she felt compelled to draw them together and has distorted version of what really happened. He is chosen to forge a romantic bond between them, appalled and wants to destroy the manuscript of his regardless of their close blood ties. Certainly, Richard book, which hasn’t at that time been published, but it is feels a twinge or two of guilt both before and after their too late, and Lady Kathryn informs him the publication secret meetings: ‘“One step more, Cicely, and our sin is will please the King and Thomas Cromwell and she will as good as committed . . . neither of us intends to do therefore personally organise having it printed. what is right.” “But what we intend to do is right,” she The scene now shifts to 1619: George Buc, Master of breathed, “because we love.”‘ (p. 226). ‘“I have broken the King’s Revels, is writing to his patron Thomas every rule I hold dear and defied my deepest conscience Howard, earl of Surrey, about the book he has just 53 BOOKS completed, The History of the Life and Reigne of Richard III. along. And having spent In six long and wordy letters he outlines his views on time in England Shakespeare’s play and Thomas More’s History and researching the period, she their coverage of Richard’s ‘usurpation’, the death of has her facts pretty much Hastings, Buckingham’s treachery, the disappearance of bang to rights. the princes and the Bosworth campaign, mentioning in The heroine, Anise, is an passing his own discovery of the Croyland Chronicle, American actress who is Titulus Regius and Richard’s negotiations for about to appear in a Portuguese marriages for himself and Elizabeth of York. production of Richard III (Modern colloquialisms occasionally jar in the middle of and so is appropriately the supposedly early seventeenth‐century prose of dressed in fifteenth‐century Buc’s letters.) costume when she dons an The final part of the book follows the fictitious old, worn ring found in a Jennifer Simpson, editor of the ‘Ricardian Quarterly’ farmhouse she has and an archivist obsessed with proving Richard’s inherited. The magic innocence, as she prepares to be a witness in the powers of the ring cause her to travel back through time televised trial of Richard III. Those who remember Anne in a vortex to 1485 and she is unceremoniously dumped Sutton’s impressive performance as a witness in the real in a forest close to Berkhamsted Castle, where lives trial will not be surprised to know that the facts that Cecily Neville. Jennifer and Anne were both archivists and both edited Cecily Neville is afraid for her last and best‐loved a Ricardian journal are the only similarities between son, Richard, who is spiralling in a miasma of them. This part of the book is an uneasy blend of fiction depression since the death of his queen, Anne. Cecily and of some (not very) accurate reporting of what suggests a mistress will help him shake off his dark actually happened during the filming of the trial, seen thoughts and the thought of this is something he abhors; through the eyes of the fictitious Jennifer. All the names until he meets Anise, that is! of the lawyers and the witnesses have been slightly Cut to a dark castle in Wales and we find our evil‐ altered, so, for example, Lady Wedgwood becomes doers in the forms of Margaret, Lady Stanley, and John Lady Willoughby and Lord Elwyn‐Jones the judge Morton, bishop of Ely, who are crouching over a fire in becomes Lord Alrhyn‐Todes. The order of events is the bishop’s alchemy laboratory. Here are two major changed and Jennifer walks out halfway through the villains who are not only plotting for the return of second day (actually it was all filmed in one day), Henry Tudor, but who are also lovers! It appears the convinced that the verdict will go against Richard. The saintly Margaret isn’t quite as holy as we have been lead author does not allow her readers to know that the to believe . . . verdict was actually ‘Not Guilty’. Morton is forging magic rings, following instructions Those who are not familiar with the arguments for from the old Welsh king, Owain Glendower, who has and against Richard’s innocence may find this retelling been dead for decades, but appears in spirit form, of the controversy interesting, but those reading the travelling through time courtesy of the magic ring he publisher’s claim that the book is ‘in the tradition of wears and the same vortex which transported Anise Josephine Tey’s The Daughter of Time’ will be back in time. Unsurprisingly, Owain is a powerful and disappointed by the lack of an exciting storyline and ruthless wizard who is bent on resurrection and ruling believable characters. Wales again. Morton is quite handy in the black arts Carolyn Hammond himself and can travel through the vortex, materialising in other parts of the country and also to Henry Tudor in Rings of Passage by Karla Tipton France where he provides support and reassurance Lazy Day Publishing, 2013, ISBN 9781612580845, 284 about the forthcoming invasion. pp, US$15.50; also available in Kindle format from These magic rings are the links in the chain and they Amazon, US$5.42 are key to the story. Anise has one, Richard has one, A novel which combines Richard III, romance and time Owain Glendower has one and Morton has made travel might have some of us hastily looking elsewhere several. How they interact and behave is woven into the for more familiar fare. However, once I had suspended events which take place in the last few months of belief and immersed myself in the plot I found myself Richard’s life. To add further suspense, not all the rings really enjoying a book which covers all the bases, but possess the magic of Glendower and this, inevitably, with a magical twist. has repercussions. Karla is a member of the US branch of the Society and Anise is witness to the deaths of My Lords Bastard in so the narrative has its fair share of Americanisms and the Tower thanks to the magical vortex and experiences spellings. It is her first novel and she writes well, rough treatment at the hands of Thomas Stanley. maintaining the reader’s interest in a plot which bounds Francis Lovell tries to persuade Richard that she is a 54 Running headBOOKS RIGHT witch and so Anise has to clear her name and prove her Finding Richard III: the official account of research by the retrieval and reburial project, together with love for the king. Of course, the climax of the story is the original materials and documentation. A. J. Carson battle of Bosworth, where things take a decidedly (ed.), J. Ashdown-Hill, D. Johnson, W. Johnson and P. J. supernatural turn. If only it had ended that way! Langley. Preface by Dr C. C. Thornton, FSA, FRHistS. Personally, I loved Karla’s interpretation of the evil Imprimis Imprimatur, paperback, 96 pages with 22 figs, double‐act, Margaret and Morton. The mother‐in‐law maps, diagrams, 7 appendices including 22 pages of from hell becomes the wicked witch and the dreadful original documents and papers; bibliography and index, bishop a warlock. Sadly, we know they went on to live ISBN 9780957684027, £8.50. in positions of power, but don’t let that detract from the story. The Looking For Richard project members have been If you enjoy a good historical romp which plunges busy over the past few months compiling an academic‐ along at steady gallop, then Rings of Passage is for you. It style publication which will be the official, authentic is available from Amazon as a Kindle download. account of all the research, preparations and negotiations Janine Lawrence involved in mounting the search for Richard III’s grave. It cites sources dating back to the fifteenth century, as well as research by the team and its predecessors going Book notice back to Audrey Strange in 1975, which informed our The Looking for Richard team have sent us details of understanding of where the king’s body lay and their new publication, which is available from the Society prompted efforts to find him. It will include diagrams, shop (see back cover) and will be reviewed in maps, and 22 pages of original documents and papers December’s Bulletin. published for the very first time. From the Barton Library Contact details for all the librarians are on the inside back cover. Please note: the Audiovisual Library is currently undergoing a major reorganisation. Further details will appear in a later issue.

Additions to the Non-Fiction Books Library – A review of this book will appear in the December Keith Horry Ricardian Bulletin. The two books below have been donated to the Barton Library in recent months, the first by the author Toni Additions to the Fiction Library – Anne Painter Mount, and the second by our consistent benefactor Elisabeth Sjöberg – my grateful thanks to both of them. A Prophecy Please note I am changing my e‐mail address to by Rita Durkin (2013, a short story, paperback) [email protected]. I shall keep the old address Does the discovery of an ancient prophecy explain the open for a while after the publication of September’s mysteries surrounding King Richard III? Ricardian Bulletin. Cicely’s King Richard Everyday Life in Medieval London from the Anglo- by Sandra Heath Wilson (2014, paperback) Saxons to the Tudors It is 1483 and Edward IV’s children have been declared by Toni Mount (Amberley Publishing, 2014, hardback) illegitimate by Richard III. His second niece Cicely This book explores the daily life of ordinary people in hardly knows him but from the outset is fiercely drawn London, but over a long period of time, so it is not all to this charismatic man. relevant to fifteenth‐century London. A review of this novel appears on p. 53 of this A full review was published in the June Ricardian Bulletin. Bulletin. Succession Cecily Neville: mother of kings by Livi Michael (2014, hardback) by Amy Licence (Amberley Publishing, 2014, hardback) Two remarkable women cunningly work the strings of The first full‐length biography devoted to this important succession during the Wars of the Roses. Margaret of figure, whose life spanned almost the entire fifteenth Anjou is young, beautiful and wildly unpopular when century, mother of kings and almost a queen herself. The she marries Henry VI. Margaret Beaufort is born into a author’s research has revealed the facts of Cecily’s long troubled inheritance. By the time she is 13 she has been life but, as with many women in medieval times there married twice and given birth to her only son. Alice are gaps where the records just don’t exist. Unfortunately Chaucer and Cicely Neville also add colour to this the book is marred by some careless mistakes, such as intense and powerful story. stating that her youngest son Richard was born in Yorkshire not Fotheringhay. 55 BRANCH AND GROUP reports

Greater Manchester Branch Renaissance polyphony. He began his talk with an The Greater Manchester Branch began 2014 in fine style explanation of medieval polyphony which emerged with a Twelfth Night dinner at Denton Golf Club. The around the eighth or ninth centuries. Polyphony tables were beautifully dressed and, at my request, consists of two or more voices enhanced with additional adorned with white roses. There were 30 members and melodic lines which then harmonise. The earliest guests present and all agreed that the meal was excellent. medieval music was rarely written down and relied on Entertainment was provided by our very own Robin and oral transmission. However, a system of notation began Marion, who played two very different types of piano to emerge during the Middle Ages and to illustrate this music; Robin playing some very cool jazz whilst Marion Dr Fitch had brought with him a copy of the Eton played a selection of lively dance music. We also held a Choirbook, which is a richly illuminated manuscript raffle which gave a considerable boost to branch funds. collection of late fifteenth‐century English sacred music We enjoyed the venue so much that we have now hired and is one of the few collections of Latin liturgical music a room there for our monthly meetings. The branch has to survive. Because of this we know the names of some enjoyed a huge increase in membership recently and we of late medieval/early Tudor composers such as Walter needed somewhere with more space. Lambe, Richard Davy, John Browne, William Cornysh In February branch member Richard Unwin gave an and Gilbert Banester. Banester is recorded as ‘king’s excellent talk on ‘The Mystery of the Princes in the servant’ in 1471 and was made Gentleman of the Chapel Tower’, giving his own fascinating twist on the events of Royal in 1475. We then heard a selection of sublime 1483 which engendered a lively discussion afterwards. pieces of music ending with a jolly secular song with In March I gave a presentation entitled ‘Where Kings somewhat risqué lyrics. It was a delightful evening and are Buried’. With the present situation regarding the we look forward to a return visit by Dr Fitch next year. burial of Richard III I thought it would be interesting to We have many interesting talks and visits arranged see where other kings of England had been laid to rest, for the rest of the year. July is proving to be an especially beginning with Edward the Confessor and ending with busy month. A number of us are going to a lecture to be Henry VII. Westminster Abbey holds the remains of given by Philippa Langley and Michael Jones in Buxton. many of our monarchs but there are a number, We also have a visit to Browsholme Hall and Clitheroe including Harold II, Henry I, and Stephen, whose final Castle arranged. A number of branch members and resting places, for one reason or another, have either members of the North Mercia Group will be visiting been lost or destroyed. Yorkshire for the Middleham Festival and hoping to In April we welcomed Michael Tunnicliffe, a avoid the Tour de France, which is being held on the freelance lecturer for the WEA and other educational same weekend. Some of us will also be attending the providers, who gave an excellent and very detailed Leicester Study Day. In August we have the annual presentation on ‘Richard I and the Third Crusade’. In Bosworth anniversary weekend to look forward to. May archaeologist, television presenter and writer Mark New members are always welcome to join us and Olly gave us an extremely in‐depth presentation on ‘The you can find details of our programme on our website, Real King Arthur’. Mark has his own theories regarding which has now been changed to: the origins of Arthur and believes that his sphere of www.richardiiisocietygreatermanchesterbranch.co.uk. influence was centred on Chester and Wales. The talk Please take a look at our Facebook and Pinterest pages covered a huge amount of material, ranging from the as well. Roman invasion of Britain, the Celtic church, the Helen Ashburn writings of Geoffrey of Monmouth, William of Malmesbury and Sir Thomas Mallory and the possible Ireland Group whereabouts of the Holy Grail. At the end of the evening our heads were spinning with all the new John Ashdown‐Hill’s visit to Dublin over the weekend theories and we all felt that we had learned some new of 17–18 May can be counted a huge success. His talk at aspects about Arthur. Mark has agreed to return next Pearse Street Library on Saturday afternoon attracted year to give us the next chapter of the story. some 50 people, who were enthralled by his account of Our June meeting was one which everyone had been the search for Richard’s remains and the quest for the looking forward to, the talk being entitled ‘Music in the DNA evidence. Time of Richard III’. The speaker was Dr Fabrice Fitch, The event marked the official launch of the Ireland composer, musicologist and Head of Graduate School at Group and to celebrate the occasion later that evening the Royal Northern College of Music in Manchester, John was our guest at a dinner in the Shelbourne Hotel, who specialises in the field of late medieval and early Dublin’s most iconic hotel and the scene of significant 56 BRANCHRunning AND GROUP head reports RIGHT

Above: Members of the Ireland Group dining with John Ashdown‐Hill at the Shelbourne Hotel, Dublin. Below: Portrait of Richard III presented to John Ashdown‐Hill on his visit to Dublin. Artist: Frances Quinn (Facebook: The Art of Frances Quinn) events in Irish history – a fitting setting for Ireland’s first From Ireland we would like to express our Ricardian organisation to gather. We were absolutely admiration for all those in the Society, in academia and delighted that our first major public venture went so in the wider community in Leicester and elsewhere who wonderfully well and to express our thanks to John we have worked so diligently and relentlessly on the presented him with a striking portrait of Richard III Looking for Richard Project and have done so much to painted by artist Frances Quinn, a member of our Group. A highlight of the weekend was to meet Sally Henshaw, secretary of the Leicester Branch, and Marion Moulton, secretary of the North Mercia Group, who came over especially to Ireland to attend the talk and meet us. Their sage advice and continuing help and assistance is greatly appreciated. On Saturday 23 August we held a private commemoration of Richard’s death. It was a simple but poignant garden ceremony with the laying of a wreath of white roses, remembering not only Richard but all those who fell in battle on that fateful day in 1485. This was followed by light refreshments. Among our forthcoming events is a public meeting in Cork City’s Central Library on Grand Parade on Saturday 27 September at 2 p.m. that is being organised by local member Margaret Crowley. David Lee, Ireland Group chairman, will give an introductory talk on the work of the Richard III Society and the historical significance of the discovery of Richard’s remains. There are a number of people in Cork who are very interested in the life and times of Richard III and late medieval history generally and this will be an ideal opportunity for them to learn more about our aims and objectives. As well as holding public meetings and talks over the coming year we are presently exploring the possibility of holding a study day next year. We are still in the process of discussing topics, themes and speakers. 57 BRANCH AND GROUP reports ensure that the Once Maligned Monarch will be given a lively lot and we have a good programme of meetings respectful reburial in Leicester Cathedral. and visits lined up for the year ahead, and we look forward to welcoming new friends. In fact, since our last Leicestershire Branch report in the March issue we have been joined by Alison Curtis, Andrew Gould and Diana Lee – so, the more the Now that the outcome of the Judicial Review has been merrier. settled we hope to look forward to calmer times for the At our January 2014 AGM in Guildford, our branch. We know that we are privileged to live in a treasurer, Richard Pointer, reported on the group’s region so closely associated with King Richard III and do healthy financial state, and the rest of the meeting was our best to represent the interests of the Society, but this devoted to debate on topics for speakers and places to does mean a considerable workload for our branch visit for the rest of the year. In fact our secretary, Rollo officers, chairman Richard Smith and secretary Sally Crookshank, had, with general agreement, previously Henshaw, dealing almost daily with requests for help settled our February and March speakers, but with new and information from all points of the compass, as well members contributing, we formulated a raft of ideas for as representing the branch at numerous local events. the remaining months with plenty left over for 2015! Richard has undertaken a considerable amount of liaison Our group members, as a preparation for a 2013 with schools and colleges and he, along with our meeting, had already conducted their own ‘research’ treasurer David Potter and Sally, has been actively into the battle of Stoke in 1487, and the Lambert Simnel involved with committees set up by Leicester Cathedral. rebellion, which proved helpful when Julian We are all volunteers, and gladly undertake what Humphreys from the Battlefield Trust came to our comes our way, but at the heart of it all, for us, is our February meeting at a member’s home in Godalming. It branch, and it is very pleasing that we are able to report was invaluable to hear Julian’s views, amplified by on our enjoyment of a programme which began last extracts from his book, Clash of Arms, which brought the September with the now traditional guided walk, led by uncertainties and events very much to life, focusing on Richard, around Warwick. Talks have included ‘The the poorly equipped Irish, on Lincoln and on Mary of Battle of Flodden’, ‘Richard III’s Leicester’, ‘Viscount Burgundy, and on the earl of Northumberland and Lord Lovell’, ‘Insights into Shakespeare’s Richard’, Clifford. In some senses, Stoke was a Pyrrhic victory for ‘Illuminated Manuscripts’, ‘The Valois Dukes of Henry Tudor, leaving so many of his fears unresolved. Burgundy’ and ‘The Grey Friars in Leicester’. As Alison Weir commented in her book, Elizabeth of York, The branch has been represented at several book Stoke taught the Tudor that the elimination of Yorkist launches held in the city, with the launch of The rivals could ensure the stability of his throne and Children’s Book of Richard III still to come in July. The year kingdom, a belief inherited by his son. Strangely, also saw the launch of our own branch website Tudorites appear not to find known Tudor killings (www.richardiiileics.co.uk) and thanks are expressed to particularly culpable – all Plantagenets ‘thoroughly and Angela Parker for her excellent work on this project, duly purged and cleansed’. Was that comment in 1500 which is proving to be a great asset. the first use of the term for ethnic cleansing? Richard’s iconic statue is now restored and has found In March we had a return visit from Stephen David a new home in the grounds of St Martin’s Cathedral, from the University of Swansea, to speak to us this time perhaps not quite such a sylvan setting as his previous about Wales and the Wars of the Roses. An easy and location in the Castle Gardens, but now in a more visible knowledgeable speaker, always ready for questions, position in the heart of Leicester’s historic old town. Stephen shed light on a number of issues, including the We are looking forward to the Study Day on 19 July, validity or otherwise of Welsh law in the Marcher which was fully booked within days, and I can lordships; and, by the use of a succession of dated maps, announce that Sally has completed arrangements for a graphically displayed the great importance of Welsh further Study Day, on 22 November, which will be one lordships to the Woodvilles and their adherents. This of our fund‐raising events for the Cathedral’s created a large area, based at Ludlow, under the Reinterment Appeal. Further details on p. 17 of this influence of a power group who could one day threaten Bulletin – hope to see you there! the stability of the country, as a result of Edward IV’s Marion Hare, branch vice‐chair policy of regional delegation. In April we had the first of the year’s outings. A West Surrey Group dozen of us met up outside the porter’s lodge at the Hospital of St Cross and Almshouse of Noble Poverty, Although for historical reasons we are called the West set in tranquil water meadows about two miles from Surrey Group, our membership in fact comes from all Winchester city centre, and founded by Henri de Blois, over the county (and even beyond), so we hope that new brother of King Stephen. It is the oldest almshouse in Society members who live in Surrey will not be deterred the country. Our excellent guide was Brother John from joining us for any geographical reason! We’re a Sturdy, himself one of the 25 resident lay brothers. We 58 BRANCHRunning AND GROUP head reports RIGHT were taken round the gardens, which were in full famous for its stunning mosaics, which cover the walls bloom, richly planted and beautifully maintained, and ceiling and clearly show the influence of those in followed by a tour of the twelfth‐century church (with Ravenna. The thousands of tiny pieces of Venetian glass its wonderful acoustics), the brethren’s hall and the gave a jewel–like sparkle to the Biblical scenes, pictures kitchen. Today, the almshouse still has a tradition of of the saints, and other illustrations. providing a drink of beer and a piece of bread to any In May we were delighted to welcome Dr Lynda visitor who requests them. After lunch at a nearby pub Pidgeon, the Society’s Research Officer, to talk about we headed to the city centre to visit Winchester College, ‘Warwick’s “displeasure” and the creation of the founded in 1382 by William de Wykeham, bishop of Woodvilles’ unsavoury reputation’. Not only did she Winchester. We were very fortunate again that we had a explain their rise to power, but also their early history good‐humoured and knowledgeable guide, Mr Mudd. and their connections to many other knightly and noble The college was originally founded with the intention of families. She produced an enormous family tree to training people for service within the church and illustrate these links, which members were later able to government, following the devastation of the Black examine in detail. She presented the fascinating theory Death. We visited the Chamber Court, the Gothic that the family had been given an undeservedly bad chapel, a seventeenth‐century schoolroom, the cloisters, press as a result of Warwick’s propaganda and the college hall and the original scholars’ dining room. produced new evidence to illustrate her ideas. We look The weather on the day was perfect for sight‐seeing and forward to hearing more from her. on leaving, after viewing the outside of the house where Dr John Ashdown‐Hill was the distinguished Jane Austen died, some of us had the stamina to go on speaker at our June meeting. He talked about his work to the cathedral, while others returned to the pub for for the Looking for Richard Project and took us step by afternoon tea and the drive home. step through his research, which enabled him to locate On 10 May members of the group went to Minster the site of the church of the Grey Friars and then Lovell Hall, where we met our very knowledgeable identify the area of the choir. As we all now know, he guide, Stanley Jenkins, at the entrance to the parish accurately located the site of Richard’s grave, which was church of St Kenelm, adjacent to the Hall. Stanley gave discovered on the first day of the dig. He explained his us a tour of the entire site, explaining the layout and research into mitochondrial DNA, which is passed purpose of each area, together with a history of the Hall. down through the female line; he detailed the many He was also able to show us the rooms that Richard dead ends he encountered as he traced the female probably occupied on his visit to Minster Lovell in 1483, descendants of Richard’s family, until he finally found during his coronation progress. Joy Ibsen and her son, enabling the identification of the The Hall was built on the banks of the River bones through the DNA and the corroboration with the Windrush, and whilst we were very lucky that day that DNA of another, anonymous, descendant. John the heavy rain showers missed us, it was an extremely explained the other scientific evidence with great clarity. windy day, and it did occur to us how appropriately He then moved on to other issues to give the audience a named the river was! very broad, as well as deep, understanding of the Gill Gibbins and Margaret Knight complexity of the whole project. He was a most entertaining as well as erudite speaker and illustrated Worcestershire Branch his talk with a large number of superb slides. He also discussed his new and planned books and his The Worcestershire Branch held its AGM in April at the forthcoming television programme. We very much hope Church of the Sacred Heart and St Catherine of he will come to speak to us again, a wish expressed by Alexandria in Droitwich. The Chairman, Pat Parminter, the large audience of members and guests on the day reported another successful year, with interesting talks and since reiterated. and outings and an increased membership, resulting in Carol Southworth part from the enormous interest generated by the momentous discovery of the bones of Richard III in Yorkshire Branch Leicester. Pat retired as chairman and was presented with gardening tokens in token of the branch’s appreciation The Branch’s Arthur Cockerill Spring Lecture was given of her dedicated service. Carol Southworth was elected at Jacobs Well in York on 26 April, but Bulletin deadlines as the new chairman and the committee was re‐elected, meant that it couldn’t be reported earlier. David Santiuste with the addition of Val Sibley, Ashley Mantle and Jean was to have been our speaker, but unfortunately he had Hill. The treasurer, Brenda Cox, reported that the year to cancel only a few days before the scheduled date: we had been a success financially. After tea and cakes, still hope that he will be able to come next year. Angela members enjoyed a fascinating guided tour of the Moreton gave a talk instead, on ‘The Lives of Richard III’, church, which was designed by the Birmingham showing how the actions, motives and personality of architect Frank Barry Peacock and opened in 1921. It is King Richard have gone through perhaps more versions 59 BRANCH AND GROUP reports than those of any other monarch as a reflection of the command would have influenced his personality. personal, political and even religious affiliations of the The final talk was given by our secretary Pauline writers. Pogmore, whose subject was John Neville, marquis The third Yorkshire Branch Study Day was held at Montagu, and his family. John Neville has been so Jacobs Well on 21 June. As last year, over 40 people overshadowed until fairly recently by his (allegedly) attended, and the committee is very pleased to report an more charismatic brother the ‘Kingmaker’ – for whom enjoyable day which was much appreciated by those our speaker had very little time! – that his own present. There is only quite limited accommodation at character, loyalty and ability have been rather the hall, and the committee may have to consider some underestimated. Pauline described John’s career and larger premises if the upward trend in numbers also the lives and marriage alliances of his children. His continues. As usual, all the talks were given by only son George was at one time betrothed to the young members, and were an interesting mix. After the Elizabeth of York, but this was cancelled following chairman’s welcome and opening remarks, Lesley Edward IV’s deal with Louis XI in 1475 and George, Lambert analysed the Lambert Simnel conspiracy, and who had been created duke of Bedford by Edward, discovered some unexpected links and people involved. subsequently had the title taken away from him, as he Who the unfortunate ‘Simnel’ may have been, or who he lacked the means to sustain it. The unfortunate young claimed to be, is capable of several interpretations, let man, who died in 1483, was the heir male of the Nevilles alone the ‘backers’ he may have had and why Polydore but most of his inheritance had in fact been given by the Vergil’s account of events, written over 20 years later, is king to Richard of Gloucester. It is not an edifying story. simply not to be relied on. Marjorie Hodgkinson then The marriages of George’s sisters, nephews and nieces looked at the medieval city and castle of Pontefract created links with families and individuals who quite (which apparently isn’t its real name at all), and the coincidentally featured in Lynda’s talk about events charter granted by Richard III in 1484, one of very few some half‐century later. civic charters granted by this king. We hope to report in the December Bulletin on the After an excellent buffet lunch, provided by some branch visit to Jervaulx abbey and the Bosworth Committee members (particularly Scowen and Lizzie, commemoration at Middleham on 24 August, and the and including Pauline’s ‘bespoke’ cakes), there were Yorkshire Branch AGM and dinner on 6 September. Our three afternoon talks. Lynda Telford described the Branch Day will be held on Saturday 4 October, in York: heritage and career of Queen Anne Boleyn, drawing more details later on our website or from the Secretary. parallels between the queen’s treatment and reputation Branch members can receive regular updates of at the hands of the Tudor dynasty and those of Richard Ricardian‐related news and events from Pauline in III. Lynda’s second book has just been accepted by Pen between the branch newsletters if they so wish. & Sword Books, and will deal with the relationship and Subscriptions for the branch magazine Blanc Sanglier power struggle between Anne Boleyn and Cardinal are now due; a form was sent with the August Thomas Wolsey. David Pinder, a former professional newsletter. We have now introduced the option of soldier and psychological operations specialist, who has payment by standing order, and full details appear on also served in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office the form. Subs for 2014–15 are: UK single membership and is a member of the British Commission for Military £10, joint membership (two adults at the same address) History, gave us a fascinating insight into exactly what £12, overseas members £13. If you wish to receive the King Richard’s martial upbringing and experiences three newsletters only, the cost is £5. Please send all subs would have included, looking in detail at the to our treasurer, whose contact details are on page 2 of management of an army on campaign and how the the magazine. formal relationship of Richard to the men under his Angela Moreton

From the Branches and Groups Liaison Officer I can’t believe that when you read this I will have been re‐establishment, of eight new groups: five in England, Branches and Groups Liaison Officer for two years! This Kent, Hampshire, Mid‐Anglia, South Cumbria and a year has proved to be yet another busy one, with a huge very new one in the West Midlands (see p. 13); and two rise in overall membership of the Society, which has been overseas groups: Continental and Ireland. Several of the reflected in a very pleasing increase in the number of branches, notably Leicestershire, Norfolk and members seeking that special Ricardian camaraderie to Yorkshire, held very successful study days covering a be found only in our branches and groups. wide range of Ricardian and fifteenth‐century topics. You can see a summary of the current state of play The US Branch, as usual, will be hosting their with branches and groups (B&Gs) in the Annual Report convention and AGM over a weekend this coming which accompanies this Bulletin. The recent surge in September. membership has translated into the establishment, or The increase in activity and speculation over 60 BRANCHRunning AND GROUP head reports RIGHT

Richard’s reburial has necessitated an increase in the kindly amend their introduction paragraphs on the information sent out to B&Gs by me as ‘alerts’. Over 86 Society website, removing all references to location, as separate pieces of information have been forwarded to this no longer applies and has caused confusion. their secretaries, together with the monthly newsletter, Secondly, the practice whereby individual B&G the Ricardian Recorder. October last year saw a special secretaries are not supplied with the contact details of issue of the Recorder – the Ricardian Round‐Up being new members has been reiterated by the Executive given over to the overseas branches for them to Committee. It was felt that this could be seen to be showcase their activities and research, which they very pressurising new members. successfully did. Thanks to them all. Both these changes were acknowledged to be In April this year, the Society’s speakers list was advantageous to new members, as they would give updated again, to include several more members them far greater choice in selecting a branch or group, willing to give talks on a wide variety of Ricardian or, indeed, as many as they wish to belong to whilst not topics. There has also been an increase in online activity putting any pressure on them to join if they do not wish amongst individual B&Gs, 14 of which now have to. websites: six overseas, the rest in the UK. Facebook and Later this year I will be producing some new Twitter have also proved popular, with nine branches guidance and an information pack on the establishment and groups initiating Facebook pages. of new B&Gs. It is proposed, as a case study, to trace an There have also been some changes made this year to existing branch from inception as an informal gathering, the information provided to new members. It has becoming a Society group and transition to a more always been the case that any members of the Society formal branch with constitution. If any branch would may join a branch or group irrespective of their like to offer their assistance in detailing their transitional geographical location. Thus, while new members ‘journey’ please get in touch with me – my contact receive details of all B&Gs, there is no requirement for details are on the inside back cover of the Bulletin. an introduction letter from a particular branch or group So there you have it, overall another very successful to be supplied in the welcome pack, as the member may year. Thanks to all the secretaries of the B&Gs for take their own view on which one to join. This making it such an enjoyable one. I’m looking forward to arrangement has already been implemented and is an equally busy year in 2015, the year we have all been working well. In view of this, it was thought that it looking forward to – that of Richard’s reburial. would be logical to ask B&G secretaries if they would Jacqui Emerson

Branch and group contacts

Branches

America Mary Retallick, 401 S G St #408, Tacoma, WA 98405. Tel: 253 5898527. E‐mail: [email protected]. Canada Ms Sheilah O’Connor, 156 Drayton Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4C.3M2 Canada. Tel:416‐693‐ 1241. E‐mail: [email protected]. Website: http://home.cogeco.ca/~richardiii. Devon & Cornwall Maggie Heath, 27 Buddle Close, Staddiscombe, Plymouth, PL9 9PX. Tel: 01752 4980267 E‐mail: [email protected]. Gloucester Angela Iliff, , 1 Court Road, Horfield, Bristol, BS7 0BU. 0017 9089983: E‐mail ardiliff@gmail.com. Greater Manchester Mrs Helen Ashburn, 36 Clumber Road, Gorton, Manchester, M18 7LZ. Tel: 0161 320 6157. E‐mail: [email protected]. Hull & District Terence O’Brien, 2 Hutton Close, Hull, HU4 4LD. Tel: 01482 445312. E‐mail: [email protected]. Leicestershire Mrs Sally Henshaw, 28 Lyncroft Leys, Scraptoft, Leicester, LE7 9UW. Tel: 0116 243 3785. E‐mail: [email protected]. Lincolnshire Mrs J. T. Townsend, Westborough Lodge Farm, Westborough, Newark, Notts NG23 5HP. Tel: 01400 281289. E‐mail: [email protected]. London & Home Counties Miss E. M. Nokes, 26 West Way, Petts Wood, Kent BR5 1LW. Tel: 01689 823569. E‐mail: [email protected]. New South Wales Rachel Allerton, 17/89 Alber Street, Hornsby, NSW 2077, Australia. E‐mail: [email protected]. Website: www.richardiii‐nsw.org.au. New Zealand Robert Smith, ‘Wattle Downs’, 61 Udy Street, Greytown, New Zealand. E‐mail: [email protected] or [email protected]. Website: www.richard3nz.org. Norfolk Mrs Annmarie Hayek, 20 Rowington Road, Norwich NR1 3RR. Tel: 01603 664021. E‐mail: [email protected].

61 BRANCH AND GROUP reports

Queensland As New South Wales. Scotland Juliet Middleton, 49 Ochiltree, Dunblane, Perthshire, FK15 ODF. Tel: 01786 825665. E‐mail: [email protected]. South Australia Mrs Sue Walladge, 5 Spencer Street, Cowandilla, South Australia 5033, Australia. E‐mail: [email protected]. Thames Valley Diana Lee, 161 Green Lane, Shepperton, Middx TW17 8DY. Tel: 01932 219665. E‐mail: [email protected]. Victoria Hazel Hajdu, 4 Byron Street, Wattle Park, Victoria, 3128, Australia. E‐mail: [email protected]. Website: www.richardiii‐vic.org.au. Western Australia Lee Forrington 33 Noel Street, Helena Valley 6056, Western Australia. E‐mail: [email protected]. Website: [email protected]. Worcestershire Mrs Pam Benstead, 15 St Mary’s Close, Kempsey, Worcestershire WR5 3JX. E‐mail: [email protected]. Website: www.richardiiiworcs.co.uk. Yorkshire Mrs P. H. Pogmore, 169 Albert Road, Sheffield, S8 9QX. Tel: 0114 258 6097. E‐mail: [email protected]. Website: www.richardiiiyorkshire.com.

Groups

Bedfordshire/ Jeanette Melbourne, 2 Quince Close, Walnut Tree, Milton Keynes, MK7 7BZ: Tel: 07957 157273 Buckinghamshire E‐mail: [email protected]. Bristol (in affiliation with Keith Stenner, 96 Allerton Crescent, Whitchurch, Bristol, BS14 9PX. Tel: 01275 541512. the Gloucester Branch) E‐mail: [email protected]. Continental Rita Diefenhardt‐Schmitt, Ulmenweg 8, D‐65520 Bad Camberg‐Oberselters/Ts, Germany. Tel: 0049 (0)6483‐800 956. E‐mail: hans_georg_schmitt@t‐online.de. Croydon Miss Denise Price, 190 Roundwood Road, London NW10. Tel: 020 8451 7689. Dorset Babs Creamer, 27 Baker Road, Bear Cross, Bournemouth, BH11 9JD. Tel: 01202 573951 E‐mail: [email protected]. Hampshire Layne Edwards, 5 Seaview Road, Hayling Island, Hampshire PO11 9PD. Tel: 07798 718125. E‐ mail: [email protected]. Ireland David Lee, 22 Coolraine Estate, Mayorstone, Limerick, Republic of Ireland. Tel: (00353) 061 453803. Mobile: (00353) 087 6385445 (use the prefix number if ringing from outside the Irish Republic). E‐mail: [email protected]. Kent Carol Boniface, 21 Bower Street, Maidstone, Kent ME16 8SB. Tel: 01622 675169. E‐mail: [email protected]. Mid Anglian Stephen Lark, Flat 4, 16 Willoughby Road, Ipswich IP2 8AP. E‐mail: [email protected]. North East Mrs J. McLaren, 11 Sefton Avenue, Heaton, Newcastle upon Tyne NE6 5QR. Tel: 0191 265 3665. E‐mail: [email protected]. North Mercia Miss Marion Moulton, 6 Shrewbridge Crescent, Nantwich, Cheshire CW5 5TF. Tel: 01270 623664. E‐mail: [email protected]. Nottinghamshire & Mrs Anne Ayres, 7 Boots Yard, Huthwaite, Sutton‐in‐Ashfield, Notts NG17 2QW. Derbyshire E‐mail: [email protected]. Penrith & North Lakes John and Marjorie Smith, 26 Clifford Road, Penrith, Cumbria CA11 SPP. E‐mail: [email protected] South Cumbria Isabel Sneesby, 23 Mount Pleasant, Barrow in Furness LA14 2HB. Tel: 01229 826120 E‐mail: [email protected]. South Wales Hayley James, 40 Caradoc Street, Taibach, Port Talbot SD13 1UE. Tel: 01639 767123. E‐mail: Hayley‐[email protected]. Stafford & District Penny Lawton, 6 Railway Cottages, Leekbrook Junction, Leek, Staffordshire ST13 7AU. Tel: 01538 384158. E‐mail: [email protected]. Sussex Liz Robinson, 14 Queen’s Park Rise, Brighton BN2 9ZF. Tel: 01273 609971. E‐mail: [email protected]. West Surrey Rollo Crookshank, Old Willows, 41a Badshot Park, Famham, Surrey GU9 9JU. E‐mail: [email protected].

62 MEMBERSHIP New members UK Alan Hamilton, Weston‐Super‐Mare, Rosie Wright, Salisbury, Wiltshire Gordon & Jean Adams, Chistlehurst, Kent Somerset Rhona Wyer, Upper Bangor, Gwynedd Ann Adams, Moreton‐in‐Marsh, Kelly Hilder, Woking, Surrey Eleanor York, Weston‐Super‐Mare, Somerset Gloucestershire Ursula & Mary Hodges, London Lucy Armitstead, Devizes, Wiltshire Margaret Holmes, Boldon, Tyne & Wear Overseas Cheryl Armstrong & Family, Preston, Helen Hyde, Tunbridge Wells, Kent Sally Borgen, Edina, MN , USA Lancashire Eve Jeffery, Eastleigh, Hampshire Soren & Daniela Deglow, Stralsund, Phoebe Armstrong, Romford Sean & Joan Jennings, Plymouth, Devon Germany John Barratt, Ludlow, Shropshire Margaret Jones, Birkenhead, Wirral Stephen Eutsey, Greenville, PA, USA Rick Barratt, Stoney Stefanie Kearney, Claydon Geert Ferket, Wachtebeke, Belgium Hilary & Keith Barrett, Barnoldswick Rosemarie Kirwan, Peterborough Helen Grogan, Werribee, Victoria, Australia Marjorie Barry, Gillingham, Kent David Mason, Leigh on Sea, Essex Peter Hambly, Hanover, Ontario, Canada Jessica Blanchard, Scunthorpe Rhiannon Mc Ginty‐Reid, London Sarah Hiser, West Brookfield, MA, USA Patricia Boatwright, Dereham, Norfolk Patricia Mc Millan, Nottingham Percy Kemp, Marchemont, , France Trevor Bristow, Long Eaton, Michelle & Neil Merrin Smith, Guildford, Zigurds Kronbergs, Tervuren, Belgium Nottinghamshire Surrey Margarete Luber, Bad Kissingen, Germany Francis Brown, Huddersfield Norma & Keith Miles, Wadebridge, Roger Mascall, Nazareth, PA, USA Thomas Cole, Brecon, Powys Cornwall Arthur Oldaker, Akron, OH, USA Lynne Colledge, Ludlow, Shropshire Michael Mitton, Wombourne, Staffordshire John Olmstead & Family, Norcross, Georgia, Jennifer Colley, Saffron Walden, Essex Andrew Moffat, Loughborough, USA Stephen Cooper, Rotherham, South Leicestershire Susan Rosser, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Yorkshire Paula Morrison & Family, Luton, Australia Mary Crisp, Dereham, Norfolk Bedfordshire Sharon Wall, Somerset, CA, USA Maria Crow, London, Miranda Murphy, Southampton Kate Devaney, Reading, Berkshire Martha O’ Donovan‐Dimond, Stafford US Branch Ann Dixon, Newcastle upon Tyne Carmel O’ Hagan, Sutton Tamara Baker, St Paul, MN Derek Drake, Trowbridge Mark Phillippo & Family, London Debbie Estes, Conley, Lexington, SC Imogene Dudley, Kidderminster, Stephen Pile, Twickenham Carolyn Eiring, Perry Hall, MD Worcestershire Ingrid Pratt, Southport John Fahey, Waretown, NJ Barbara Duffner, Biggar, Lanarkshire Rosemary Preece, Coventry Sabrina Johnson, Arlington, MA Margaret Edwards, St Peter Port, Guernsey Malcolm & Moira Randall, Redditch, Florence Jones, Slidell, LA Sheila Edwards, Birkenhead, Wirral Worcestershire Elizabeth Lovell, Woodland, CA Guy Fairbank, London, Valerie Sanders, Cotgrave, Nottinghamshire Joseph Madonna, New Rochelle, NY Jane Fairclough Rushton, Sale, Cheshire Jose Saunders, Alnwick, Northumberland Mary Anne Magee, Belle Mead, NJ Jane Fairweather, Sheringham, Norfolk Jackie Shirley, Nether Hayford Buffy Martin Tarbox, San Francisco, CA Helen Fluck, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire Theodora Skeat, Preston, Lancashire Arthur Oldaker, Akron, OH Jackie Flynn, Salford, Lancashire Rosemary Slawinska, Crewe, Cheshire Christopher Quarello, Saint Clair Shores, MI Judith Fowler, Harrow Kelly Sporn, London Jo Schuman, Rio Rancho, NM Julie Gardner & Family, Loughton, Essex Heather Tarplee, Cranleigh, Surrey Edmund Staples, Onset, MA Amanda Geary, Nottingham Zoe Thornton, Rickmansworth, Adrienne Tomkins, Walnut Creek, CA Kristian Girling, Crowborough, East Sussex Hertfordshire Sonia Tower, Los Angeles, CA Sandra Glover, Loughborough, Michal Tilley, Stamford, Lincolnshire Stephanie Wallen, Monticello, KY Leicestershire Gini Wells, Exeter, Devon Paul Walmsley, Lexington, KY Nathan Greaves, Moreton‐in‐Marsh, Brian West, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire David Wend, Highland Park, IL Gloucestershire Thomas Wreford, Gloucester

Coming in December’s Bulletin Recently deceased members December’s Bulletin will be another large issue, with the latest Society Mrs J. Alexander, Watford, news and further details about the reburial of Richard III in Leicester Hertfordshire. Joined before Cathedral. Other items include: 1985. • Features on fifteenth‐century Christmas festivities and medieval Tricia Biggs, Cambridge. Joined remedies. 1997. • A report on the Richard III genome project Edward Smith, Maidstone, Kent. • Full coverage of the 2014 Members’ Day and AGM Joined 2013. • A review of Leicester’s Richard III Visitor Centre Rose Tunbridge, Stratford‐upon‐ • Reviews of Bosworth 2014, and other Society events. Avon, Warwickshire. Joined 2000. All the above and much more to look forward to.

63 MEMBERSHIP Obituaries Evelyne Philpot Evelyne was a lifelong and fervent supporter of Richard III. He combined her love of medieval history and her unfailing support for the underdog. I first met Evelyne in the early 1970s when she and her husband arrived at a meeting I had arranged to see if we could set up a branch of the Richard III Society in the Henley area. It was subsequently named the Chiltern Branch and she became its secretary. In the role she was enthusiastic and efficient; I have many happy memories of the outings and talks which she arranged over the years of the From left to right: Eileen Monk, Les Talbot (behind Eileen), Audrey Cartwright, Mary branch’s existence. Talbot, Joan Daniels, Alf Daniels and Vera Blackman. Evelyne’s love of Richard lasted until the end of her life; I am so glad year, corresponding frequently slender lad of fifteen acting the part that she lived to see the discovery of when I moved to Scotland and of James – something which his grave. Although very ill by then, discovering that we shared a love of brought home to us all how very she managed to go and hear cats (she had three) as well as a great young this monarch was when he Philippa Langley speak when she interest in all things Ricardian. was crowned. came to Henley. Evelyne left It was back in 1983 that Joan and Another enjoyable outing instructions for Richard’s prayer her husband joined the Kent Branch arranged by Joan was to Eyam to from his Book of Hours to be read at of the Richard III Society, Joan view the Hopper Ring, said to have her funeral, to the surprise and quickly being appointed to the post been given by Richard III to his panic of those making the of treasurer, which she fulfilled mistress, Anne Hopper, and to meet arrangements when they realised ably. The following year she Society member Audrey Cart‐ how long it was! Her funeral was a became secretary of the branch, her wright, who had brought this ring real celebration of her life and many husband taking over the role of and the story to the attention of interests, with Richard III often treasurer. Joan took over the Kent Branch members. A photo mentioned. running of the branch with great taken during this visit is Jenny Bernard aplomb, arranging memorable reproduced above. Vera remembers outings, frequently contributing to Joan ‘with great fondness and Joan Daniels the branch magazine with reviews pleasure on our trips to Bosworth I feel sure that many members of our and articles, and often hosting 1985 and to Scone. A lovely person’. Society will be as saddened as I was meetings in her own lovely home, Another member of the former Kent to hear of the death of Mrs Joan the Christmas get‐togethers with Branch, Sheila Gove, says she has Daniels in February this year. I first Joan and Alf’s famous ‘figgy been ‘thinking about the many met Joan in March 1984, when she pudding’ (I still have the recipe) enjoyable outings and meetings we and her husband, Alf, hosted a being particularly popular. all had together. Joan was a lovely meeting at their home in Sidcup for In June 1990 I met Joan again, on lady.’ the Kent Branch of the Richard III a Kent Branch outing to Scone Joan leaves a husband, Alf, and Society, the speaker being Mr Palace to witness the re‐enactment two daughters, Hillary and Herbert Trodd, who gave an of the coronation of James IV. Carolyn. We shall all miss her. A illustrated talk on Eltham Palace. Despite the rain, it was a lovely lady indeed. Joan and I struck up a friendship memorable day, with all the palace Marilyn Garabet which lasted until her death this staff resplendent in costume and a

Answers to Ricardian crossword 9 Across: 7 Repair; 8 Chertsey; 9 Portugal; 10 Eltham; 11 Assessee; 12 Nieces; 13 Cinque Ports; 17 Hoarse; 19 Fitzalan; 22 Evelyn; 23 Recruits; 24 Flanders; 25 Ideals. Down: 1 Genoese; 2 Castle; 3 Bruges; 4 Hereunto; 5 Statue; 6 Defamed; 8 College of Arms; 14 Queen bee; 15 Bonvile; 16 Fastolf; 18 Ruling; 20 Tactic; 21 Acumen.

64 Society contacts Chairman & Fotheringhay Librarian, Fiction RIII Mailings Co‐ordinator Anne Painter e‐mail: [email protected] Phil Stone Yoredale, Trewithick Road, Breage, 181 Rock Avenue, Gillingham, Kent Helston, Cornwall TR13 9PZ Research Officer ME7 5PY Tel: 01326 562023 Lynda Pidgeon Tel: 01634 581547 e‐mail: [email protected] 42 Osborne Street, Swindon SN2 1DA e‐mail: [email protected] Tel: 01793 497530 Librarian, Non‐Fiction e‐mail: [email protected] Advertising Officer Keith Horry Howard Choppin 36 Hesketh Lane, Tarleton, Preston, Lancs. Sales and Ricardian & Bulletin back 30 Hawkshill, Dellfield, St Albans PR4 6AQ issues AL1 5HU Tel: 01772 815152 RIII Sales, 5 The Quadrangle Centre, The e‐mail: [email protected] e‐mail: [email protected] Drift, Nacton Road, Ipswich IP3 9QR. e‐mail (enquiries only, not for orders): Branch and Group Liaison Officer Librarian, Non‐Fiction Papers richardiii@e‐mediacy.com & Research Events Administrator Marie Barnfield Jacqui Emerson 25 Egerton, High Legh, Secretaries 5 Ripon Drive, Wistaston, Crewe, Knutsford, Cheshire WA16 6PT David and Susan Wells Cheshire CW2 6SJ e‐mail: marie.barnfi[email protected] 23 Ash Rise, Halstead, Essex CO9 1RD Tel: 01270 664645 e‐mail: [email protected] e‐mail: [email protected] Librarian, A‐V & Press Records Geoffrey Wheeler Treasurer Bulletin Contact 195 Gloucester Place, London NW1 6BU New contact details in the December Diana Whitty Tel: 020 7724 5842 Bulletin (see p. 13 of this issue) Burge’s Cottage, 8 Harold Terrace, e‐mail: [email protected] Bosmere Gardens, Emsworth, Hants Membership Officer & Deputy Chair PO10 7NU. Wendy Moorhen Visits Officer Tel: 01243 430169. 2 Field Hurst, Langley Broom, Marian Mitchell e‐mail: [email protected] Langley, Berks SL3 8PQ 20 Constance Close, Witham, Essex Tel: 01753 546066 CM8 1XL Business and Distribution Manager e‐mail: [email protected] Tel: 01376 501984 Stephen York e‐mail: [email protected] Hawthorn Cottage, Back Lane, Palaeography Course Holywell, St Ives, Cambridgeshire Heather Falvey Web Content Manager PE27 4TQ 119 Winton Drive, Croxley Green, Beth Stone Tel: 01480 465120 Rickmansworth, Herts WD3 3QS e‐mail: [email protected] e‐mail: stephenyork@flagholme.net Tel: 01923 248581 e‐mail: [email protected] Editor of The Ricardian Current subscription rates Anne Sutton Press Officer Full Member ...... £26 44 Guildhall Street, Bury St Edmunds, Peter Secchi Senior Member/Student/Junior* ...... £20 Suffolk IP33 1QF Tel: 07780 866225 Family ...... £32 e‐mail: [email protected] Senior Family* ...... £26 Library Co‐ordinator The overseas postage supplement applicable Carolyn Hammond Public and Customer Relations to all non‐UK residents is £9. Flat 4, 9 Devonhurst Place, Richard Van Allen *Senior members are 60 or over, senior Heathfield Terrace, London W4 4JB 125 Coniston Road, Bromley, Kent BR1 4JA family members all over 60, juniors are e‐mail:griff[email protected] Tel: 020 8402 8149 under 18 and students are 18 plus in full‐ e‐mail: [email protected] time education.

Calendar We run a calendar of all forthcoming events notified to us for inclusion. If you are aware of any events of Ricardian interest, whether organised by the Society or by others, please let the Bulletin team have full details in sufficient time for entry. The calendar will also be run on the website.

Date Events Originator Date Events Originator 2014 2015 4 October Members’ Day and AGM Secretaries 17–19 April Triennial Conference Research Committee Norwich (see p. 11) (see p. 16) 4 October Branch Day, York Yorkshire Branch 18 July Duxford Chapel and Visits Committee (see p. 60) Cambridge Botanical (to be confirmed) 8 November Norfolk Branch study day Norfolk Branch Gardens (see p. 17) 12 September Chenies Manor Visits Committee 22 November Leicester Study Day Leicestershire Branch (to be confirmed) (see p. 17) 2016 13 December Christmas at Fotheringhay Chairman May Antwerp Weekend Visits Committee (see p. 16) deferred from 2015 (to be confirmed) rom the Society’s shop This is a small selection of books and merchandise available to members from the Society’s shop. Costs are shown as: Member’s price (plus P&P for UK, EU, Rest of the World) All orders to: RIII Sales, 5 The Quadrangle Centre, The Drift, Nacton Road, fIpswich IP3 9QR. The full sales catalogue is obtainable by post from RIII Sales Catalogue at that address or from the Shop section of our website, www.richardiii.net. BOOKS Please remember to order early for Christmas! Finding NEW Richard III: a source Richard III: a Richard III book small guide to Annette Carson (ed), Peter Hammond & the great debate J. Ashdown‐Hill, D. & Keith Dockray Annette Carson. W. Johnson and Using contemporary This little book sets P. J. Langley chronicles, letters and out the facts The official account of records, this book concisely, in clear, research by the retrieval enables the reader to get non academic and reburial project, this behind the mythology language. book for the first time for a more realistic £4.40 (£1.60, £2.85, £2.95) records how a group of picture of the king. individuals brought £10.00 (£3.50, £5.45, together their expertise in different genres to form £8.05) a team that activated the search for Richard III. £7.50 ( £1.60, £2.85, £2.95) Royal Funerals of The Logge Register the House of York of PCC Wills, 1479 Life in a Medieval at Windsor to 1486 (2 volumes) Town. Anne F. Sutton & £25.00 (£8.55, £19.90, Peter Hammond Livia Visser‐Fuchs £26.55) Peter takes us back in with Ralph A. English Wills time to see what it was Griffiths really like to live in a This study covers Proved in the busy medieval town; everything that is Prerogative Court what sights and smells known about the of York, 1477–1499 would be around us, and funerals of Edward IV, £12.50 (£3.50, £7.25, what daily life would Queen Elizabeth £10.75) involve. Woodville, their son George and their daughter £2.60 (£1.60, £2.20, £2.25) Mary. 5 colour and 21 black and white illustrations. MERCHANDISE £2.50 (£1.90, £4.45, £4.65) BUST OF THE CRESTED IMAGE RANGE RICHARD III A newly Andrew Jamieson’s heraldic depiction of commissioned bust Richard III on horseback. of the King, based on Available as: the facial reconstr ‐ A3 prints On good quality card and presented in uction. Each bust is protective packaging; signed by Andrew Jamieson and handmade and the Society Chairman, Phil Stone. £30.00 (£3.50, £4.25, finished in bronze £5.25) effect. It comes in an A4 prints On good quality card and presented in a card attractive protective envelope. £7.00 (£1.00, £3.00, £3.50) presentation box Notelets Can be used as greetings cards: on good with a certificate quality card with an envelope banded and sold in packs signed by the maker. of 10. £7.50 per pack (£1.50, £3.80, £5.00) £60.00 (£7.10, £11.25, Postcards 50p (50p, 75p, 85p) £14.75)

NEW GOLD ANGEL KEY RING RICARDIAN KEY RING POSTCARDS Key ring with Packs of 10 cards. replica gold Silver metal key Society Coat of Arms angel coin of ring with £1/€1 Richard III’s Standard Richard III, size detachable Facial Reconstruction of Richard III token for use in based on an £3.00 per pack of 10 (£2.00, £3.65, £4.20) original coin supermarket/ discovered in airport trolleys. 2012 close to the Token has site of the Battle Ricardian boar of Bosworth. on one side and Presented in a the Society name presentation box and website with explanatory address on the card. other – engraved WHITE ROSE PIN £6.00 (£2.00, in black outline. White, bonded porcelain rose 2.5 cm £3.65, £4.20) £4.50 (£1.50, £1.90, £2.50) diameter on a 4 cm lapel pin, with protective and retaining cap on point – supplied in gift box. £6.00 (£2.00, £3.50, £4.00)