APPENDIX G
Cultural Resources Technical Report
CULTURAL RESOURCES TECHNICAL REPORT IN SUPPORT OF THE BUENA VISTA LAGOON ENHANCEMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT, SAN DIEGO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
Prepared for: SANDAG 401 B Street, Suite 800 San Diego, California 92101
Prepared by: AECOM 401 West A Street, Suite 1200 San Diego, California 92101 (619) 610-7600
Authors: Tanya Wahoff, M.A., R.P.A. Theodore Cooley, M.A., R.P.A.
Contributions by: Robin Cleland, M.A. Andrew L. York, M.A., R.P.A.
Survey Area: Approximately 12 acres USGS Quadrangles: San Luis Rey, Calif.
July 2015
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
MANAGEMENT SUMMARY ...... v
INTRODUCTION ...... 1 Project Description ...... 1 Area of Potential Effects ...... 5 State Legislation...... 5 Project Personnel ...... 6
NATURAL AND CULTURAL SETTING ...... 7 Natural Setting ...... 7 Climate ...... 7 Geology and Topography ...... 7 Vegetation ...... 7 Fauna ...... 8 Cultural Setting ...... 8 Regional Prehistory and History ...... 8 Initial Occupation: Paleoindian and Early Coastal Adaptations ...... 8 The Archaic ...... 9 The Late Prehistoric ...... 10 Ethnohistory ...... 10 History...... 10
INVESTIGATION METHODS ...... 13 Research Orientation ...... 13 Inventory Methods ...... 13 Archaeological Inventory ...... 14 Prefield ...... 14 Field Survey ...... 14 Site Recording ...... 14
RESULTS AND MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 15 Records and Literature Search ...... 15 Previous Investigations ...... 15 Archaeological Resources ...... 16 Historic Maps ...... 23 Historic Structures ...... 23 Native American Contacts ...... 24 Summary of Contacts ...... 24 Field Investigations ...... 27 Survey Results, I-5 Basin ...... 28 Survey Results, Coast Highway Basin...... 33 Survey Results, Railroad Basin ...... 37 Survey Results, Weir Basin ...... 37
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SUMMARY, EVALUATION, AND MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 39 Summary ...... 39 Recommendations ...... 39
REFERENCES CITED ...... 41
APPENDICES A Resumes of Key Personnel B Records Search (Bound Separately) C Contact Letters D DPR Forms (Confidential On-file with SANDAG)
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 Regional Map ...... 2 2 Project Study Area and Maximum Limits of Disturbance ...... 3 3a Records Search Results for Buena Vista Lagoon ...... 17 3b Records Search Results for Oceanside Placement Sites ...... 19 3c Records Search Results for North Carlsbad Placement Site ...... 21 4 Archaeological Survey Areas ...... 29
LIST OF PLATES
Plate Page
1 Proposed staging area in the north end of the I-5 Basin. View to the northwest...... 31 2 Slope west of I-5. View to the west...... 34 3 Proposed staging area in the Coast Highway Basin along the northern margin of the lagoon. View to the northeast...... 35 4 Proposed staging area in the Coast Highway Basin, east of Carlsbad Boulevard. View to the northwest...... 36 5 Proposed staging rea along the margin of the Railroad Basin. View to the southeast...... 37 6 Proposed Staging Area in the Weir Basin along the margin of the proposed lagoon. View to the northwest...... 38
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Archaeological Sites within 300 Meters of the Project Study Area ...... 16 2 Native American Contact List for the Buena Vista Lagoon Enhancement Project (BVLEP) ...... 24 3 Previously Recorded Sites Visited during Survey ...... 28
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Page iv Buena Vista Lagoon Enhancement Project Cultural Resources Technical Report 6013-60288954 BVLEP Cultural Tech Rpt.doc 7/2/2015 MANAGEMENT SUMMARY
This report summarizes the archaeological investigations conducted in support of the Buena Vista Lagoon Enhancement Project (Enhancement Project or proposed project) in San Diego County, California. This study, conducted by AECOM, consisted of a records and literature search at the South Coastal Information Center (SCIC) and archaeological field survey of 11 locations, and preparation of a draft and final report.
The cultural resources inventory in support of the Buena Vista Lagoon Enhancement Project Environmental Impact Report was conducted on July 10 and 11, 2014. Three alternatives, one with two options, are proposed that would each include dredging of channels, grading within the lagoon to raise or lower elevations, vegetation removal, improvements to and use of staging areas, and construction of a boardwalk along the Carlsbad Boulevard (Coast Highway) bridge across the lagoon. Under the Freshwater Alternative, the existing weir would be replaced with a wider, 80-foot weir. The existing weir would be removed and replaced with an open tidal inlet under the Saltwater Alternative and the Hybrid Alternative, Options A and B. Under the Hybrid Alternative, Option A, a new channel would be constructed between the tidal inlet and the Railroad Basin. Replacement of the Carlsbad Boulevard bridge would occur under the Saltwater and Hybrid (both options) Alternatives. Improvement is proposed for five staging areas. The proposed project area of potential effects (APE) is the extent of physical disturbance for the undertaking.
Several prior cultural resources investigations conducted within the project study area have resulted in the identification of several prehistoric and historic archaeological sites. The present study focused on visiting known archaeological sites and potentially sensitive locations in proximity to areas of proposed disturbance.
Eleven locations with eight previously recorded archaeological sites were surveyed. Of the eight previously recorded archaeological sites visited during the study, none were found within the APE. One new prehistoric/historic archaeological site, a segment of an old alignment of Jefferson Street and a shell scatter (CA-SDI-21274) was recorded and the site form has been submitted to the SCIC for assignment of permanent numbers. Due to dense vegetation along the lagoon margin, currently unknown cultural deposits could exist on stable sediments in these areas that could potentially be affected by land-based equipment during mobilization and/or vegetation/sediment removal.
Due to the potential for unidentified cultural deposits, it is recommended that a monitoring program be initiated prior to the start of ground-disturbing construction. The program would include (1) development and implementation of a monitoring and discovery plan, (2) a training session for construction personnel conducted by a qualified archaeologist, and (3) archaeological and Native American cultural monitoring.
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Page vi Buena Vista Lagoon Enhancement Project Cultural Resources Technical Report 6013-60288954 BVLEP Cultural Tech Rpt.doc 7/2/2015 INTRODUCTION
This document describes the cultural resources work conducted in support of the Environmental Impact Report (EIR) for the proposed Buena Vista Lagoon Enhancement Project (Enhancement Project or proposed project), Carlsbad and Oceanside, San Diego County, California (Figure 1). The cultural resources work was designed to support documentation required under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). The lead agency for CEQA compliance is the San Diego Association of Governments (SANDAG). Fieldwork for the project was conducted in August 2014.
This report includes a description of the proposed project and area of potential effects (APE) justification, along with a detailed research context, methods and results of the study, and recommendations for further work.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
SANDAG is preparing an EIR to evaluate potential environmental effects that would result from the development of the proposed Enhancement Project. A number of individuals and agencies own portions of the lagoon, including the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW), whose lands are designated as an ecological reserve. The lagoon is surrounded by urban development and traversed by a number of transportation corridors, all of which have contributed to a continual degradation of the lagoon over time. As a result of installation of a weir (a type of barrier) across the lagoon outlet, the lagoon has converted from a tidal-influenced saltwater system during dry conditions, and a river-influenced freshwater system during wet weather conditions, to an entirely freshwater system. Sedimentation from the watershed upstream of the lagoon has accumulated within the lagoon basins, leading to decreasing water depths and increasing nutrient levels. The proposed project would enhance the lagoon to improve both its ecological and recreational values through implementation of one of a range of alternatives (Freshwater, Saltwater, Hybrid).
Three alternatives, one with two options, are proposed that would each include dredging of channels, grading within the lagoon to raise or lower elevations, vegetation removal, improvements to and use of staging areas, and construction of a boardwalk along the Carlsbad Boulevard (Coast Highway) bridge across the lagoon. Under the Freshwater Alternative, the existing weir would be replaced with a wider, 80-foot weir. The existing weir would be removed and replaced with an open tidal inlet under the Saltwater Alternative and the Hybrid Alternative, Options A and B. Under the Hybrid Alternative, Option A, a new channel would be constructed between the tidal inlet and the Railroad Basin. Replacement of the Carlsbad Boulevard bridge would occur under the Saltwater and Hybrid (both options) Alternatives. Improvement is proposed for five staging areas. The project study area and proposed maximum limits of disturbance, including staging areas and access routes, are indicated in Figure 2. Planned improvements to Interstate 5 (I-5) have been proposed by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) as part of the North Coast Corridor Project and planned improvements
Buena Vista Lagoon Enhancement Project Cultural Resources Technical Report Page 1 6013-60288954 BVLEP Cultural Tech Rpt.doc 7/2/2015 Project Location
Figure 1 I Regional Map
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a y C W t Wickwam s B i u A r e e t na V P r s S t l l l a v a n D G B n n e o A a d r d u s s r i r a B R f B e v u i b r K en f n a d e M s f o a V l l C w i LEGEND d t r e le D sta n a r J s A W S e v y V C S t y i t v e a e O n Study Area w t A v m r osp c A e L H ific e s Staging e c D i s D C Pa S r y a i r v nt r Area of Potential Effect (APE) t y h n K l D a w r ia Area D P a e o L S v D n i s o s L g t l P e e Site Access During Construction l l r i r m G a b Kn J a ow Source: SANDAG 2012; Sangis 2014; Everest 2014; AECOM 2014 C l 600 300 0 600 Feet Figure 2 I Project Study Area and Scale: 1 = 7,200; 1 inch = 600 feet Maximum Limits of Disturbance Buena Vista Lagoon Enhancement Project Cultural Resources Technical Report Page x-xx Path: P:\2013\60288954_BVLEP_EIR\06GIS\6.3_Layout\Reports\Cultural\TechReport\APE.mxd, augellop, 7/1/2015
Page 4 Buena Vista Lagoon Enhancement Project Cultural Resources Technical Report 6013-60288954 BVLEP Cultural Tech Rpt.doc 7/2/2015 to the North County Transit District (NCTD) railroad by SANDAG in partnership with NCTD as part of the Los Angeles to San Diego Proposed Rail Corridor Improvements LOSSAN) project. Replacement of the I-5 and railroad bridges over Buena Vista Lagoon would be addressed as part of those studies.
The proposed project materials disposal/placement sites are located within former Regional Beach Sand Project II (RBSP II) receiver sites (AECOM 2011), Navy Homeporting Project (DON 1995), and San Diego (LA-5) Ocean Dredged Material disposal site (USEPA 1999), and were addressed for cultural resources under those programs. For all of the alternatives, placement of dredged materials could occur at Oceanside and Carlsbad beaches (RBSP II), nearshore Oceanside (Navy Homeporting Project), or the offshore LA-5 placement area (LA-5).
Buena Vista Lagoon is located at the boundary between the Cities of Carlsbad and Oceanside in northern San Diego County (Figure 1). The lagoon encompasses approximately 220 acres. A number of individuals and agencies own portions of the lagoon, including CDFW, whose lands are designated as an ecological reserve.
AREA OF POTENTIAL EFFECTS
The cultural resources APE encompasses all areas that may be subject to effects from the proposed project and alternatives. Impacts to cultural resources or California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR)-eligible resources may be direct or indirect. Direct impacts to cultural resources or CRHR-eligible resources occur as a result of ground-disturbing activities. Figure 2 presents the overall project study area, which includes the entire boundary of the lagoon as well as the maximum limits of disturbance from ground-disturbing activities associated with the proposed project and alternatives, as described above.
STATE LEGISLATION
Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act and implementing regulations (36 Code of Federal Regulations 800) require federal agencies to take into account the effects of their undertakings on historic properties. Cultural resources are assessed through the application of the criteria for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).
The criteria used to evaluate resources that may be affected by this project are those provided by CEQA. A cultural resource is considered “historically significant” under CEQA if the resource meets the criteria for listing in the CRHR. These criteria define an “important” archaeological resource as one which:
(1) Is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of California’s history and cultural heritage; or (2) Is associated with the lives of persons important in our past; or
Buena Vista Lagoon Enhancement Project Cultural Resources Technical Report Page 5 6013-60288954 BVLEP Cultural Tech Rpt.doc 7/2/2015 (3) Embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region, or method of construction, or represents the work of an important creative individual, or possesses high artistic values; or (4) Has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.
A resource will be listed as a historical resource in the CRHR if it meets any of the NRHP criteria, a resource that qualifies under CEQA. Unevaluated resources are considered potentially eligible for listing in the CRHR and are treated as eligible for the purposes of impact/effect analysis. CEQA also applies to archaeological resources that do not meet the criteria of a historical resource, but do meet the definition of a unique archaeological resource in Public Resources Code Section 21083.2, as follows:
An archaeological artifact, object, or site about which it can be clearly demonstrated that, without merely adding to the current body of knowledge, there is a high probability that it meets any of the following criteria: (1) Contains information needed to answer important scientific research questions and a demonstrable public interest in that information. (2) Has a special and particular quality such as being the oldest of its type or the best available example of its type. (3) Is directly associated with a scientifically recognized important prehistoric or historic event or person.
PROJECT PERSONNEL
Senior technical review was provided by Andrew York, M.A., R.P.A. Tanya Wahoff, M.A., R.P.A., served as principal investigator. Ted Cooley, M.A., served as field director and is a coauthor of the technical report. Robin Cleland, M.A., assisted with the field effort and sections of the report. Mr. York also contributed to the technical report. Resumes for key project personnel are presented in Appendix A.
Page 6 Buena Vista Lagoon Enhancement Project Cultural Resources Technical Report 6013-60288954 BVLEP Cultural Tech Rpt.doc 7/2/2015 NATURAL AND CULTURAL SETTING
The proposed undertaking is located within Buena Vista Lagoon, which is situated in northern San Diego County. The discussions below briefly consider aspects of the natural and cultural settings thought to have been important to the area’s previous inhabitants. A general background of regional prehistory, ethnohistory, and history is also provided.
NATURAL SETTING
Climate
The proposed project area contains a variety of topographic zones and biotic communities in coastal, estuarine, and upland settings. The main geographic feature is Buena Vista Lagoon. Fed by Buena Vista Creek, the lagoon is among the smallest coastal wetlands in San Diego County. The climate is described as Mediterranean, with cool moist winters and warm dry summers. Yearly precipitation is highly variable but averages about 32 centimeters (cm) (Bailey 1966).
Geology and Topography
The project study area is located within the coastal plain of the Peninsular Ranges Geomorphic Province. It consists of marine and nonmarine terraces dissected by Buena Vista Lagoon. The coastal bluffs, which extend north and south of the lagoon, range in height to a maximum of 50 feet. The sediment present consists of recent alluvium, Eocene marine, and Pleistocene marine and marine terrace deposits (Rogers 1965).
Vegetation
Within the San Diego County lagoon areas are two primary vegetation communities, upland and riparian/other wetland, that would have been consistent with prehistoric occupation of the region. Diegan coastal sage scrub is the most dominant of the upland communities. Diegan coastal sage scrub consists mainly of California sagebrush (Artemisia californica) but often occurs with various codominant species. Also present in the upland communities is coyote brush scrub, which is heavily dominated by coyote brush (Baccharis pilularis). Nonnative grassland communities are also found within the area, and these are characterized by a dense to sparse cover of annual grasses, often with native and nonnative annual forbs (Holland 1986). Typical grasses within the region include ripgut grass (Bromus diandrus), red brome (Bromus madritensis ssp. rubens), soft chess (Bromus hordeaceus), wild oats (Avena spp.), and fescue (Vulpia myuros). Diegan coastal sage scrub/chaparral is included in the upland communities of the area and is a mix of chaparral and sage scrub species. Chamise (Adenostoma fasciculata) and coastal sagebrush are dominant and relatively equal in cover.
Present in the riparian/other wetland communities are coastal salt marsh, freshwater marsh, and southern willow scrub. Within the different littoral zones of the coastal salt marsh, species can be
Buena Vista Lagoon Enhancement Project Cultural Resources Technical Report Page 7 6013-60288954 BVLEP Cultural Tech Rpt.doc 7/2/2015 segregated with California cordgrass (Spartina foliosa) nearest the open water in the low-littoral zone, Pacific pickleweed (Salicornia pacifica) and saltwort (Batis maritima) in the mid-littoral zones, and a richer mixture of species in the higher littoral zone (Holland 1986). Freshwater marsh species include California mugwort (Artemisia douglasiana) and a variety of sedges (Carex sp., Cyperus sp.) and rushes (Juncus sp.), Present in the southern willow scrub community is arroyo willow (Salix lasiolepis), red willow (Salix laevigata), and Goodding’s black willow (Salix gooddingii).
Fauna
A variety of terrestrial mammals are native to the area and some are commonly represented in archaeological components; these species include mule deer (Odocoilus hemionus), rabbits (Sylvilagus spp.), jackrabbits (Lepus californicus), squirrels and chipmunks (Sciuridae), gophers (Thomomys bottae), woodrats (Neotoma sp.), raccoons (Procyon lotor), foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), and coyotes (Canis latrans). Also present prehistorically, but not commonly represented in archaeological assemblages, were large carnivores such as California grizzly (Ursus arctus californicus) and mountain lion (Puma concolor). Littoral settings also supported several species of sea mammal, including California sea lion (Zalophus californicus), Guadalupe fur seal (Arctocephalus townsendi), and sea otter (Enhydra lutris).
Sharks and rays would have been available in the estuary, along with a variety of shellfish that were used prehistorically for food. The most important of these are Venus clam (Chione spp.), oyster (Ostrea lurida), and scallop (Argopecten sp.). Shellfish found along the open coast include bean clam (Donax gouldii), Pismo clam (Tivela stultorum), and mussel (Mytilus californianus).
CULTURAL SETTING
Regional Prehistory and History
Although the general outlines of the prehistory of coastal southern California have been in place for many decades, recent investigations have led to some important refinements. Many of these relate less to changes in assemblages and more to shifts in settlement and land use, and are thus especially relevant to models pertaining to archaeological landscapes and investigations on a more regional scale. In the following discussion, current knowledge of major prehistoric developments is reviewed as it may relate to regional land use models.
Initial Occupation: Paleoindian and Early Coastal Adaptations
Current environmental reconstructions indicate a global warming trend starting about 18,000 years ago that eventually signaled the end of the last glacial period. Inman (1983) noted that 18,000 years ago sea levels were at least 30 meters (m) below present levels. Rapid sea level rise flooded large portions of the coast, potentially inundating evidence of early human occupation (Carbone 1991).
Page 8 Buena Vista Lagoon Enhancement Project Cultural Resources Technical Report 6013-60288954 BVLEP Cultural Tech Rpt.doc 7/2/2015 Despite decades of research, the early prehistory of coastal southern California remains poorly understood. The archaeological record does reveal that humans had appeared by about 12,000 years ago on the Channel Islands, where they lived primarily by fishing and gathering shellfish. These early island components are of interest in that they seem to reflect fully developed maritime economies that were distinct from, but roughly contemporaneous with, the Clovis tradition represented throughout much of interior North America. Identified late Pleistocene components are lacking on the mainland coast of southern California, although several sites have yielded calibrated dates in excess of 9,000 years (Erlandson et al. 2007:58–59). Archaeological complexes represented at these early sites include the San Dieguito complex with its worked scrapers and leaf-shaped and stemmed projectile points (Warren 1968; Warren et al. 1993), and the La Jolla complex represented by flaked cobble tools, relatively abundant groundstone, and flexed burials. Although the temporal and cultural relationship between San Dieguito and La Jolla continues to be debated, it is increasingly clear that human populations were well established along the coast of southern California very early in the Holocene.
The Archaic
During the early Holocene, sea levels continued to rise. By about 8,000 years ago, however, it appears that the rise sea in level began to slow, allowing the formation of productive bay, lagoon, and estuary habitats at many locations along the San Diego County coastline (Carbone 1991; Masters and Gallegos 1997), including at what is known today as Buena Vista Lagoon. These habitats seem to have supported a significant coastal population during the early Archaic, as numerous coastal components have been found that date to this interval. Archaeological remains in these components typically represent the La Jolla complex and often contain abundant shellfish and fish remains, along with flaked cobble tools, basin metates, manos, discoidals, stone balls, and flexed burials. At the same time, it has been suggested that the contemporaneous Pauma complex of inland San Diego County may represent seasonal movements of early Archaic populations between coastal and inland resource areas (True and Pankey 1985; Warren et al. 1961). If so, a relatively broad seasonal range is implied for the early portion of the Archaic.
Although the basic toolkit represented by the La Jolla complex appears to have remained consistent throughout the Archaic, there are some indications of significant shifts in settlement, which is possibly a response to changing environmental conditions at the lagoons and estuaries. Data suggest that some of the southern California coastal lagoons were closed to tidal circulation between about 3,500 and 1,000 years ago (Masters and Gallegos 1997; Byrd et al. 2004, York et al. 2001). Open lagoon salinity levels are comparable to seawater; however, when closed, their salinity becomes highly variable, resulting in a decreased abundance of shellfish and other resources that may have a limited range of salinity tolerance (Zedler 1982). Compilations of radiocarbon assays for Batiquitos Lagoon (Gallegos 1985; Warren et al. 1961) provide evidence for disuse of this location between about 3000 and 1500 before present (B.P.).This, and evidence from some other locations in San Diego County, led Warren (1964, 1968; Warren et al. 1961) and others (Gallegos 1985; Masters and Gallegos 1997) to postulate a population movement inland and southward in response to siltation and declining productivity of coastal lagoons in the
Buena Vista Lagoon Enhancement Project Cultural Resources Technical Report Page 9 6013-60288954 BVLEP Cultural Tech Rpt.doc 7/2/2015 northern portion of the county. Warren (1964) suggested that San Diego Bay and Mission Bay would have continued to provide productive wetland resource areas at this time.
The Late Prehistoric
The beginning of the Late Prehistoric is marked by the appearance of small projectile points, ceramics, and cremation burial practices. Data suggest that Late Prehistoric land use and settlement systems increasingly focused on inland settings, with settlements at a variety of interior and upland locations. Coastal settings continued to be used as well. The pattern of large residential camps with satellite short-term campsites that developed during this period (True 1966; Rosenthal et al. 2001; Byrd and Raab 2007) is seen as an indicator of economic intensification (Byrd and Reddy 1999, 2002)—a shift toward exploitation of smaller, more abundant resources—in response to stresses from increased populations and variable climatic conditions. Although more labor intensive to procure, these smaller resources were available in greater numbers and easily accessible for a range of age groups. The small satellite camps are seen as short-term campsites or activity areas focused on specific resources. An example of Late Prehistoric period intensification practices is the numerous Late Prehistoric period shell middens composed of bean clam (Donax gouldii) (Gallegos et al. 1998; Byrd 1996, 1998), a species that likely appeared in quantity with the expansion of sandy beaches in the Late Prehistoric period (Masters 1998).
Ethnohistory
By the time the Spanish arrived in California, the project area was within the territory of a loosely integrated cultural group historically known as the Kumeyaay, or Northern Diegueño. A major Kumeyaay ethnohistoric village, Palamai, was in the vicinity of the proposed project on the coast between Buena Vista and Agua Hedionda Lagoons (Krober 1925). The Kumeyaay people spoke a Yuman language of Hokan stock. The Kumeyaay were organized into bands that followed a seasonal round of resource exploitation. Subsistence was plant-based, supplemented by game and also by shellfish on the coast. Acorns from a variety of oaks (Quercus spp.) were a staple, and the variety of seeds that also formed an important part of the diet included chia (Salvia columbarie), buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum), and grasses (Bromus/Stipa spp., Hordeum sp., Phalaris sp., and Sporobulus sp.) (Luomala 1978; Byrd and Raab 2007). Trading networks moved coastal resources such as salt and shells inland and acorns, agave, and mesquite beans toward the coast (Luomala 1978).
History
Europeans first entered the project region in 1769, when the members of the Spanish Portola expedition crossed through the area en route from Mexico to Monterrey (Brown 2001). Dual military and religious contingents established a series of missions in Alta California between San Diego and Monterey. After secularization of the mission system in 1834, large tracts of former mission lands were granted by the Mexican government to individuals. One of the many grants by Mexican Governor Pio Pico was the 13,311-acre Agua Hedionda Rancho, granted to Don Juan Maria Marron in 1842 (Moyer 1969:37). Located approximately 1 mile to the southeast of the lagoon, the rancho was primarily used for raising cattle, and later also for farming. For the
Page 10 Buena Vista Lagoon Enhancement Project Cultural Resources Technical Report 6013-60288954 BVLEP Cultural Tech Rpt.doc 7/2/2015 next approximately 40 years, the area around Buena Vista Lagoon remained largely undeveloped.
The communities of Oceanside and Carlsbad developed to the north and south, respectively, of Buena Vista Lagoon. Oceanside was platted in 1883 and incorporated in 1888. The community developed in proximity to a railroad depot, which was largely responsible for its early growth. The town experienced population increases during the real estate booms of the late 1880s, and again when the nearby Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton was established in 1942 (Bibb and Flannigan 1997; O’Hara 2005). Carlsbad, originally a spa town, was platted in the 1880s but not incorporated until 1952 (Pryde 1992; Moyer 1969).
Trails and dirt wagon roads were the earliest travel routes in California. Major transportation routes developed along the coast in the late 19th century and early 20th century that provided easier access to the area. These included the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad and the Coast Route (later known as Coast Highway 101). Construction of the railroad to San Diego County brought an influx of people and opened the area to development. From its inception in the early 1900s until the development of modern highways in the 1950s and 1960s, the Coast Route was the main north-south transportation route between San Diego and Los Angeles. The highway had a major role in the development of numerous coastal communities in San Diego County. As communities in San Diego County continued to develop through the 20th century, so did the need for improved transportation routes. Among the many highways constructed to meet this need was I-5 along coastal San Diego County. Construction of I-5 began in 1957 and was competed in 1966 (Arnold 2002).
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Page 12 Buena Vista Lagoon Enhancement Project Cultural Resources Technical Report 6013-60288954 BVLEP Cultural Tech Rpt.doc 7/2/2015 INVESTIGATION METHODS
The cultural resources inventory of the proposed project area was designed to identify potentially significant cultural resources that could be affected by the proposed undertaking. Major activities directed at identifying and documenting these included archival research, a pedestrian field survey, site recording, mapping, and a draft and a final report.
RESEARCH ORIENTATION
Archaeological research in coastal southern California has led to a number of models that address issues of prehistoric cultural change (Byrd and Reddy 2002; Gallegos 1987; Warren 1964, 2012; Warren et al. 1961; Warren et al. 1993). These models explore the influences of such variables as climate, habitat change, resource distribution, and demographic trends on human land use. With respect to coastal southern California, the basic questions arising from these models revolve around prehistoric movement across—and use of—the landscape, trends in subsistence intensification, and refinement of the regional chronological framework. Historic research issues focus on transportation, development, and use of the area during World War II.
To address these questions, it is necessary to (1) identify, on a regional scale, the spatial distributions of archaeological components representing various prehistoric periods; (2) distinguish functional types among these components (i.e., habitation sites, temporary camps, or resource processing locations); (3) use zooarchaeological, archaeobotanical, and artifactual data to identify regional subsistence trends; and (4) apply archaeological data to the identification of regional procurement ranges and trade networks.
Although typically limited to surface observations, cultural resources inventories can help address these issues by contributing to the regional database relating to site locations and distributions. In addition, some attributes identified during site recording can provide useful preliminary data relating to site type and chronology. Common examples of these attributes include site size, presence of hearths or fire-affected rock, bedrock milling features, certain types of faunal remains, and temporal indicators such as ceramics or diagnostic projectile points.
INVENTORY METHODS
Cultural deposits typically occur on stable sediments along lagoon margins. Numerous prior cultural resources management investigations of the Buena Vista Lagoon area have resulted in the recordation of several sites in the project study area. The present study focused on previously recorded sites and stable surfaces that appeared within or in proximity to the Enhancement Project APE.
Buena Vista Lagoon Enhancement Project Cultural Resources Technical Report Page 13 6013-60288954 BVLEP Cultural Tech Rpt.doc 7/2/2015 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVENTORY
Prefield
Prior to the initiation of fieldwork, a records search was conducted at the South Coastal Information Center (SCIC) to obtain digital information on previous investigations and cultural resources recorded in the area. Georeferenced polygons for sites and previous investigations were overlain onto aerial images for each of the three proposed alternatives with areas of disturbance indicated. The maps were carefully examined, and recorded sites mapped near or within proposed areas of disturbance were selected to be revisited. Additionally, planned areas of disturbance (e.g., access roads) on stable surfaces were selected for cultural resources survey.
Field Survey
Field investigations consisted of a team of two archaeologists walking in parallel transects on either side of the existing access road, or in 10-m intervals through the survey area. In areas with dense vegetation, open areas were examined for cultural materials. Locations of the visited sites were recorded with a Global Positioning System and overview photographs were taken to document the conditions at the time of the field effort.
Site Recording
Sites were documented on standard Department of Parks and Recreation (DPR) forms (DPR 523) based on guidelines provided by the Office of Historic Preservation. For sites that were consistent with previous site records, an update was prepared on a DPR Continuation Form. Newly identified sites were recorded on DPR Primary and Archaeological Site forms, as were previously recorded sites where current observations were significantly different from the existing records.
Page 14 Buena Vista Lagoon Enhancement Project Cultural Resources Technical Report 6013-60288954 BVLEP Cultural Tech Rpt.doc 7/2/2015 RESULTS AND MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS
The cultural resources investigations conducted for the Enhancement Project consisted of a records and literature search and field survey. Survey was conducted at previously recorded sites and areas on stable surfaces with the potential for cultural resources that appeared to be within or in proximity to the Enhancement Project APE. Field investigations found no significant cultural resources within the proposed project APE. The following presents a summary of the records and literature search, followed by the results of the field survey.
RECORDS AND LITERATURE SEARCH
The archives of the SCIC housed at San Diego State University were consulted to identify previous cultural resources surveys and known cultural resources within a 1-mile radius of the project study area. The findings of the records search are provided separately in confidential Appendix B and summarized below.
Previous Investigations
The literature search identified 159 studies conducted within a 1-mile radius of the project study area. The prior investigations include studies associated with improvements to I-5 (Byrd and O’Neill 2002; Crafts 1995; Laylander and Becker 2004), the Rail to Trail project (Rosen 1999; York and Shaver 2005), Improvements to Highway 78 (Rosen 2004; Laylander 1988; Crafts 1992; Kyle 1995; Caltrans and Crafts 1991), Carlsbad Boulevard realignment (Kyle and Gallegos 1998), Regional Beach Sand II project (York and Hildebrand 2011), and development projects (Smith and Pierson 1994, 1996; Ni Ghabhlain 2006, Collett and Cheever 2001, Hanna 1984), and the Oceanside Harbor and Navigation Project (Cupples 1976).
Also consulted were the RBSP II EA/Final EIR (AECOM 2011), addressing locations proposed as part of the materials disposal/reuse component. Numerous submerged prehistoric sites have been recorded off the coast of southern California, identified mainly by the presence of stone grinding implements (Masters 1983). The RBSP II project provided information on the presence/absence of cultural resources at nearshore and onshore placement sites. Although they provided no information on cultural resources, sediment characterization or control studies (Everest and Battalle 2003; SAIC 2008; Applegate 1985) were reviewed to obtain information regarding the potential for dredging activities to encounter submerged terraces and former lagoon shore environments that might contain unknown cultural deposits. Based on prior boring information, approximately 5 feet of “organic rich mud,” i.e., silts and clay, was deposited in the lagoon between 1940 and 1982 (Applegate 1985:16). The sediment studies undertaken for the proposed project, based on core samples of 8 to 20 feet in depth taken along the perimeter and in the central portions of the lagoon basins, revealed sediment deposits of silt, clay, and fine sands in those areas (Everest and Battalle 2003; SAIC 2008). Preliminary grading plans for the proposed project (SANDAG 2014a, 2014b, 2014c) were referenced for information related to sediment types, siltation rates, and existing and proposed elevations within Buena Vista Lagoon.
Buena Vista Lagoon Enhancement Project Cultural Resources Technical Report Page 15 6013-60288954 BVLEP Cultural Tech Rpt.doc 7/2/2015 Archaeological Resources
Previous investigations by cultural resources firms have recorded 11 archaeological sites within 300 m of the lagoon study area (Table 1) (Figure 3a), four within 300 m of the onshore placement locations (Table 1) and none within the nearshore and materials disposal/placement areas (Figures 3b and 3c). One resource, site CA-SDI-626, is within 300 m of both the lagoon and the Oceanside placement area. Of the 11 prehistoric sites recorded within 300 m of the lagoon APE, four are shell scatters or shell middens; two are shell scatters, each with one recorded flake; one is a scatter of flaked stone and groundstone; and another three are sites that can be generally categorized as lithic and shell scatters although most also contain other cultural materials (e.g., groundstone, faunal bone, and/or fire-affected rock). No descriptive information is available for site CA-SDI-627. Based on the site number (site numbers are assigned sequentially), it is one of the early sites recorded in San Diego County. The site is one of a series originally recorded by Malcom Rogers, former curator of the San Diego Museum of Man, and revisited in 1958 by archaeologist William Wallace. Similar to other sites recorded in the area by Rogers, site CA-SDI-627 is likely a prehistoric shell or shell and lithic scatter.
Table 1. Archaeological Sites within 300 Meters of the Project Study Area
Resource Primary Number Number (P-) Component Description Date Recorded Sites within 300 meters of the lagoon CA-SDI-626 - P Manos and lithic tools 1958 CA-SDI-627 - Unidentified No information 1958 CA-SDI-628 37-000628 P Shell midden, debitage, cores, manos, 1958, 1994, 2003 lithic tools, and bone CA-SDI-629 - P Shell scatter, manos, and debitage 1958, 2009 CA-SDI-8346 - P Shell scatter 1981 CA-SDI-8455 - P Shell scatter and one flake 1981 CA-SDI-17272 - P Shell midden 2005 CA-SDI-17907 37-027452 H Historic cemetery 2009 CA-SDI-18348 37-028351 P Shell scatter and one flake 2007 CA-SDI-19375 37-030500 P Lithic scatter, shell 2009 CA-SDI-20692 37-032654 P Shell midden, flaked stone artifacts 2012 Sites within 300 meters of receiver sites CA-SDI-626 - P Manos and lithic tools 1958 CA-SDI-13211 - P Shell scatter 1993 CA-SDI-14059 37-014227 P Shell scatter, fire-affected rock, possible 1994 mano fragment CA-SDI-17414 37-026518 P/H Bottles, cans, salt glaze ceramics, blue 1972 English print ceramics, manos, lithic and shell tools, shell scatter H = Historic P = Prehistoric M = Multicomponent
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Figure 3a Records Search Results for Buena Vista Lagoon Confidential Map on File with SANDAG
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Figure 3b Records Search Results for Oceanside Placement Sites Confidential Map on File with SANDAG
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Figure 3c Records Search Results for North Carlsbad Placement Site Confidential Map on File with SANDAG
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Page 22 Buena Vista Lagoon Enhancement Project Cultural Resources Technical Report 6013-60288954 BVLEP Cultural Tech Rpt.doc 7/2/2015 The historic site is the former Buena Vista cemetery, which was in use between about 1880 and 1906. The wooden markers at the cemetery were destroyed by fire in 1952. Prior to commercial development of the area in the 1970s, some of the interments were relocated to the El Camino Memorial Park. Additional remains were found during the construction activities (Catarino 2005), and some of these may have been reburied “in the slope overlooking Buena Vista Lagoon” and “under the on-ramp leading to … I-5” (Warth 2000 in Laylander 2006), while others were relocated to a memorial park in Oceanside (Catarino 2005 in Laylander 2006). Of the two multicomponent sites, one was previously recorded and contains historic bottles, cans, and ceramic, and a scatter of lithics and both modified and unmodified shell. The other multicomponent site (CA-SDI-21274), was identified and recorded during survey at the lagoon margin conducted in support of the current Enhancement Project EIR. This site consists of a section of a historic Jefferson Street and a shell scatter. Most of these archaeological resources are unevaluated and, until they are evaluated, are considered potentially eligible for the NRHP. Examination of the digital data provided by the SCIC and field visits by AECOM archaeologists revealed that none of these resources are within the APE for the proposed project and alternatives. The majority of the sites within the project study area are prehistoric. The sites consist of shell middens, or shell and artifact scatters located around the margins of the lagoon, and provide evidence of the extensive prehistoric use of lagoon and estuarine resources.
Two of the sites within 300 m of the proposed project area and receiver areas date to the historic period. Those include a historic cemetery (CA-SDI-17907) and a trash scatter (CA-SDI-17414). Additionally, the newly identified site (CA-SDI-21274) consists of an historic asphalt road and a shell scatter.
Historic Maps
Historic maps consulted for this project included the 1872 San Diego County 1:100,000 map and the 1948 edition of the San Luis Rey U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5' topographic map. The 1872 San Diego County map identifies no resources within the current project study area. U.S. Highway 101, the Santa Fe Railroad, and the Coast Highway are indicated on the San Luis Rey 1948 7.5' topographic map.
Historic Structures
Four historic resources have been identified within the cultural resources study area, including two bridges, a railroad, and a weir. The first resource, a bridge over Buena Vista Lagoon (Bridge No. 57C00135) for Carlsbad Boulevard (Coast Highway) was constructed in 1914 and modified in 1933. This bridge was previously evaluated in the Caltrans Local Agency Bridge Inventory (Caltrans 2014) and listed as Category 5, not eligible for the NRHP. The bridge is also considered not eligible for the CRHR. The concrete I-5 bridge (Bridge No. 57 0277) was also previously evaluated in the Caltrans Historic Highway Bridge Inventory (Caltrans 2013) as Category 5, not eligible for the NRHP. As discussed above (Project Description), planned improvements to I-5 have been proposed by Caltrans as part of the North Coast Corridor Project and planned improvements to the NTCD railroad by SANDAG in partnership with NCTD as part
Buena Vista Lagoon Enhancement Project Cultural Resources Technical Report Page 23 6013-60288954 BVLEP Cultural Tech Rpt.doc 7/2/2015 of the LOSSAN project. Replacement of the I-5 and railroad bridges over Buena Vista Lagoon would be addressed as part of those studies.
The 80-foot-wide weir near the mouth of the lagoon was originally constructed in 1940. It was damaged by storms in 1968 and 1969, and was replaced by the existing 50-foot weir in 1971 (Tenaglia 1999). The records and literature search indicates that no historic buildings are within 300 m of the cultural resources study area. No historical resources for the purposes of CEQA have been identified within the APE.
Native American Consultation
The Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) was contacted for a search of their Sacred Lands files and for a contact list of interested tribes and persons. The search identified no Native American cultural resources within the Buena Vista Lagoon Enhancement Project APE. The contact program, which is ongoing, consists of an information letter, map, and response form sent to each of the tribes and persons on the contact list to inform them of the project and solicit information on known resources within the project area and any concerns regarding the project. Examples are provided in Appendix C. A follow-up telephone call(s) was made to any of the contacts that did not respond to the initial letter.
Summary of Contacts
A summary of the contact program is provided in Table 2. A specific concern was identified by Mr. Linton, Director of Cultural Resources for the Iipai Nation of Santa Ysabel, who requested Native American monitoring for the project. Mr. Linton advised that because the land is between the Kumeyaay and Luiseño tribal areas, representatives from both tribes should be monitoring the project.
Table 2. Native American Contact List for the Buena Vista Lagoon Enhancement Project (BVLEP)
Tribe Person Contacted Date Medium Comment
Robert Pinto Sr. 1/10/2015 Letter Information letter, map, and response form (Chairperson) 5/14/2015 Telephone Call Has no comments on the project Ewiiaapaayp Tribal Office Will Micklin 1/10/2015 Letter Information letter, map, and response form (Executive Director) 5/14/2015 Telephone Call Left a voice message. 5/21/2015 Telephone Call Left a voice message. Campo Band Ralph Goff 1/10/2015 Letter Information letter, map, and response form of Mission (Chairperson) Indians 5/14/2015 Telephone Call Has no comments on the project
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1/10/2015 Letter Information letter, map, and response form
5/14/2015 Telephone Call Left a voice message. Clint Linton 5/21/2015 Telephone Call Left a voice message. (Director of Cultural Resources) Mr. Linton requested Native American monitoring Iipai Nation for the project, and because the land is in between of Santa 5/21/2015 Telephone Call the Kumeyaay and Luiseño tribes, representatives Ysabel from both tribes should be monitoring the project.
1/10/2015 Letter Information letter, map, and response form Virgil Perez Requested that a copy of the information letter be (Chairperson) 5/14/2015 Telephone Call emailed to him 5/18/2015 Email Information letter, map, and response form
Inter-Tribal Cultural Frank Brown 1/10/2015 Letter Information letter, map, and response form Resource (Coordinator) Protection Council 5/14/2015 Telephone Call Has no comments on the project
1/10/2015 Letter Information letter, map, and response form
5/14/2015 Telephone Call Left a voice message. Jamul Indian Raymond Hunter Village (Chairperson) They haven’t discussed the project yet. The 5/15/2015 Telephone Call meetings are the third Thursday of each month; they will email AECOM if they have any comments.
5/21/2015 Telephone Call Left a voice message.
1/10/2015 Letter Information letter, map, and response form Kumeyaay Cultural Ron Christman Historic 5/14/2015 Telephone Call No answer and no option to leave a message Committee 5/19/2015 Telephone Call No answer and no option to leave a message 5/21/2015 Telephone Call No answer and no option to leave a message
Kumeyaay Cultural Steve Banegas 1/10/2015 Letter Information letter, map, and response form Repatriation (Spokesperson) Committee 5/14/2015 Telephone Call Has no comments on the project
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Kumeyaay 1/10/2015 Letter Information letter, map, and response form Cultural Bernice Paipa (Vice Repatriation Spokesperson) Committee Phone number unknown; emailed letter to 5/18/2015 Email [email protected].
Kumeyaay Kim Bactad 1/10/2015 Letter Information letter, map, and response form Diegueno (Executive Land Director) Conservancy 5/14/2015 Telephone Call Left a voice message. 5/18/2015 Email Information letter, map, and response form
1/10/2015 Letter Information letter, map, and response form La Posta Band of Gwendolyn Parada 5/14/2015 Telephone Call Left a voice message. Mission (Chairperson) Indians 5/15/2015 Telephone Call Left a voice message. 5/21/2015 Telephone Call Not taking calls today; left a voice message
Leroy J. Elliott 1/10/2015 Letter Information letter, map, and response form (Chairperson) 5/14/2015 Telephone Call Mr. Elliott has passed away.
Angela Elliot Santos is the new Chairperson; she Angela Elliot 5/19/2015 Telephone Call requested that a copy of the information letter be Manzanita Santos sent to her via email. Band of (Chairperson) Kumeyaay Nation 5/19/2015 Email Information letter, map, and response form
1/10/2015 Letter Information letter, map, and response form Nick Elliott (Cultural Resources Coordinator) 5/14/2015 Telephone Call Left a voice message. 5/15/2015 Telephone Call Left a voice message. 5/21/2015 Telephone Call Left a voice message.
1/10/2015 Letter Information letter, map, and response form Manzanita Band of Keith Adkins (EPA Mission Director) 5/14/2015 Telephone Call Left a voice message. Indians He isn’t working in the office; left a voice message 5/21/2015 Telephone Call at the new telephone number provided.
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Danny Tucker 1/10/2015 Letter Information letter, map, and response form Sycuan Band (Chairperson) of the 5/14/2015 Telephone Call Left a voice message. Kumeyaay Nation Cody Martinez is the new chairperson. Mr. Cody Martinez 5/21/2015 Telephone call Martinez is not taking calls today; left a voice (New Chairperson) message.
1/10/2015 Letter Information letter, map, and response form Sycuan Band Sydney Morris of the (Environmental Kumeyaay Coordinator) Requested that a copy of the information letter be Nation 5/14/2015 Telephone Call emailed to him. 5/18/2015 Email Information letter, map, and response form
1/10/2015 Letter Information letter, map, and response form
Anthony R. Pico 5/14/2015 Telephone Call No answer and no option to leave a message (Chairperson) Mr. Pico no longer works there. The new Chairman 5/15/2015 Telephone Call will call AECOM with any comments left by Mr. Pico. Viejas Band of Kumeyaay Bridget McCown is the new Chairperson; she Indians Bridget McCown 5/19/2015 Telephone Call requested that a copy of the information letter be set (New Chairperson) to her via email 5/19/2015 Email Information letter, map, and response form
Julie Hagen 1/10/2015 Letter Information letter, map, and response form (Cultural Resources) 5/14/2015 Telephone Call Left a voice message. 5/21/2015 Telephone Call Left a voice message.
FIELD INVESTIGATIONS
The cultural resources field investigations in support of the proposed project were conducted by a team of two AECOM archaeologists on July 10 and 11, 2014. As described previously, the investigations were conducted at previously recorded sites that appeared to be within or adjacent to the proposed project APE and planned areas of disturbance on stable surfaces. These surveys were conducted, however, with two principal types of constraints, both involving access to areas to be surveyed. One constraint involved private land access that included inhibiting factors such as fences, guard animals, and/or a disinclination on the part of the owners to allow access. The second constraint involved the natural occurrence of dense vegetation coinciding with the areas
Buena Vista Lagoon Enhancement Project Cultural Resources Technical Report Page 27 6013-60288954 BVLEP Cultural Tech Rpt.doc 7/2/2015 in which survey would often be desirable, i.e., the planned areas of disturbance on stable surfaces within the margins of the proposed project APE.
Based on analysis of the results of the records search performed for the project, the surveys were focused on examining locations where cultural resources sites had been previously recorded, within, or in proximity to, the footprint of proposed project activities that could potentially impact those resources. Ultimately, all of the area adjacent to the lagoon margin that could be accessed was surveyed. Eleven different locations were examined which included a total of eight previously recorded cultural resource sites (Table 3). Two of the surveyed locations are located in the I-5 Basin portion of the lagoon; seven are in the Coast Highway Basin, and one each in the Railroad and Weir Basins. The survey areas are indicated in Figure 4.
Table 3. Previously Recorded Sites Visited during Survey
Survey Area* Site Description 2 CA-SDI-629 Prehistoric habitation area 2 CA-SDI-17672 Shell scatter with no artifacts 2 CA-SDI-19375 Sparse shell scatter with single lithic artifact 2 CA-SDI-20692 Shell scatter with no artifacts 3 CA-SDI-628 Prehistoric habitation area 4 CA-SDI-8455 Shell scatter with single lithic artifact 9 CA-SDI-627 Prehistoric campsite 11 CA-SDI-626 Prehistoric shell midden destroyed by housing development construction * No archaeological sites were found at survey areas 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 10.
Additionally, one previously unknown site (CA-SDI-21274) was identified and recorded. This site is a segment of an old alignment of Jefferson Street and a prehistoric shell scatter with no artifacts. The following discussion describes the conditions at the time of fieldwork and the findings. Sites are discussed in order by their survey area, as indicated in Table 3 and Figure 4.
Survey Results, I-5 Basin
Survey Area 1 This location is the staging area at the north end of the I-5 Basin (Plate 1). The pedestrian survey included the staging area and a strip along the west edge of the soil drying area. Research identified that all of the areas proposed for staging and soil drying are on recent fill soils. No cultural resources were previously recorded in this area and none were found during the survey.
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Plate 1. Proposed staging area in the north end of the I-5 Basin. View to the northwest.
Survey Area 2 This location is along the proposed access road (Jefferson Street) at the southern perimeter of the I-5 Basin. Sites previously recorded within or in proximity to this survey area are CA-SDI-629, CA-SDI-17671, CA-SDI-19375, and CA-SDI-20692. No newly identified resources were found within survey area 1.
CA-SDI-629 CA-SDI-629 is a prehistoric site located on the bluff along the southern edge of the lagoon. As originally recorded, the northern margin of the site was bounded by Jefferson Street. Originally recorded and tested by Malcolm Rogers (n.d.a) as SDM-W-138, with shell and a small amount of lithic debitage noted (Noah 2009a). The site was subsequently visited by Wallace (1958a, 1960) who recorded this resource as a prehistoric “campsite” with “heavy shell content” (1958) and noted two manos (1960:290–291). Wallace (1958) also described the site as “99% destroyed.” At that time, the site was assigned the permanent designation of CA-SDI-629. In 2009, A. Noah visited a portion of the site along Jefferson Street between the curb on the north side of Jefferson Street and the lagoon. She reported that “This area contains a low-density shell scatter made up principally of spp. [Venus clam] and (Argopecten sp.) [speckled scallop]. No artifacts were observed. The site area contains numerous small animal burrows and modern trash. The northern boundary was extended slightly to the east as a result of the current survey” (Noah 2009a).
As recorded and updated, site CA-SDI-17672, while in proximity, was not located within the Enhancement Project APE. The current survey area for the Enhancement Project essentially
Buena Vista Lagoon Enhancement Project Cultural Resources Technical Report Page 31 6013-60288954 BVLEP Cultural Tech Rpt.doc 7/2/2015 coincides with the Noah survey area and it produced the same results. The approximately 7-foot to 10-foot-high, steep slope north from the edge of the road shoulder down to the edge of the lagoon was very densely vegetated, which precluded pedestrian survey.
CA-SDI-17672 Site CA-SDI-17672 was originally recorded in 2005, by D. Pallette Fink as “a large shell midden extending along a bluff overlooking the south side of Buena Vista Lagoon” (Pallette 2005). Pallette described the site as extending into the I-5 right-of-way and approximately 150 m east from the ROW, and 60 m south from the bluff edge. Limited testing conducted with the I-5 ROW indicated a depth of 60 cm (Pallette 2005). No artifacts are mentioned by Pallette.
During the current survey, along Jefferson Street, which appears to be cut into the bluff, no cultural materials or shell was observed. Below the road cut, down a steep slope to the edge of the lagoon, however, is very densely vegetated, which precluded pedestrian survey. The site was originally recorded as being present from the bluff edge south. As such, it would be sufficiently distant from the proposed Enhancement Project APE to avoid being impacted. No evidence was observed during the current survey to indicate otherwise. The field investigation found that, as recorded, site CA-SDI-17672 is not located within the proposed project APE.
CA-SDI-19375 CA-SDI-19375 is a previously recorded prehistoric site located along the southern shore of the lagoon, between the lagoon margin and Jefferson Street. It was originally described as a “low density marine shell and flaked lithic scatter dominated by spp. [Venus clam] and Argopecten sp. [speckled scallop] with small amount of Ostrea sp. [native Pacific oyster] observed” (Noah 2009b:1). Along with the shell, one flake was noted.
As recorded, a small portion of the site is located within the Enhancement Project APE. During the current survey, the area between Jefferson Street and the lagoon margin, was open and was surveyed. Visibility, however, was poor due to dense vegetation. While a few fragments of shell were observed within the same area as that defined by Noah, no artifacts were noted. The terrace that contains CA-SDI-19375 ends in a steep drop of 4 to 5 feet to the lagoon and the proposed project APE. Therefore, site CA-SDI-19375, while in proximity, is not located within the proposed project APE.
CA-SDI-20692 CA-SDI-20692 is a previously recorded prehistoric site located along the southern edge of the lagoon. The site was originally discovered during monitoring for the Buena Vista Lift Station project and consists of a deposit containing shell that “straddles” Jefferson Street (Giletti 2012). During the current survey for the Enhancement Project, the presence of a scatter of marine shell was also noted along the road shoulders along this same section of Jefferson Street, and as with the original discovery, no artifacts were observed. The short, steep, slope, north from the edge of the road shoulder down to the edge of the lagoon was very densely vegetated. The boundary of the APE, in this area, is approximately, 35 m (115 feet) north of the northern shoulder of Jefferson Street, which is the closest location where the site-associated shell materials were observed.
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Survey Area 3 This survey area is along the southern margin of the Coast Highway Basin, just west of I-5. One previously recorded site (CA-SDI-628) and one newly identified site (CA-SDI-21274) are within this area.
CA-SDI-628 CA-SDI-628 is a previously recorded prehistoric site located on the bluff along the southern edge of the lagoon. The site is bisected by Jefferson Street and has likely been impacted by I-5 along its eastern edge (Laylander 2003). Originally recorded by Malcolm Rogers (n.d.b) as SDM-W- 135, the site was subsequently recorded as CA-SDI-628 by Wallace (1958b, 1960) and he described it as a large prehistoric (La Jollan) campsite (1958b, 1960:288). Wallace also noted that it “is an important site and should be excavated” (1958b). In 1994, as part of the site assessment for the Muhe development project, Smith and Associates excavated a series of shovel test pits and a test excavation unit at the site (Pierson 1994). Cultural materials were found to a depth of 1 m below ground surface. Those excavations yielded marine shell, faunal bone, flaked stone and groundstone artifacts, and a small amount of charcoal.
The site area today, outside of the I-5 right-of-way, is nearly completely developed in residences. A lot extending between Jefferson Street and the southern lagoon margin was open and was surveyed. While visibility on most of the lot was good, the lagoon margin portion was densely vegetated and could only be partially surveyed. A few fragments of shell were observed within the upper terrace area of the lot, but no artifacts were noted. Site CA-SDI-628 is outside of the Enhancement Project APE.
CA-SDI-21274 Along the base of the bluff, below the location of CA-SDI-628, a small knoll was observed that rose to an elevation of approximately 1 to 2 m above the current water level of the lagoon. Numerous rodent burrow extrusions on the knoll were seen to contain marine shells including Venus clam (Chione spp.), scallop (Argopecten sp.), bay oyster (Ostrea sp.), and California cone shells (Conus Californica), but no prehistoric artifacts were observed. Also noted along this same lower portion of the bluff were the eroded remnants of a road cut and asphalt-paved surface indicating that an old roadway previously ran along the base of the bluff at this location. Subsequent to the field survey, historic aerial photographs were examined. A 1938 aerial revealed that at that time, Jefferson Street was routed along the base of the bluff. A 1947 aerial indicated that, sometime between 1938 and 1947, it was rerouted to a bluff-top location, much as it is today. DPR Primary and Archaeological Site forms (confidential Appendix D) were prepared for the site and submitted to the SCIC for assignment of permanent numbers.
Survey Area 4 This location is also along the southern margin of the Coast Highway Basin. A single previously recorded resource, CA-SDI-8455, is in proximity to this area.
Buena Vista Lagoon Enhancement Project Cultural Resources Technical Report Page 33 6013-60288954 BVLEP Cultural Tech Rpt.doc 7/2/2015 CA-SDI-8455 CA-SDI-8455 is a prehistoric site located along the southern shore of the lagoon, between the lagoon margin and Jefferson Street. As recorded, site CA-SDI-8455, while in proximity, was not located within the Enhancement Project APE. It was originally described as a “low density shell scatter concentrated on the lower terraces of property, but sparsely present throughout” (Cardenas 1981). Along with the shell, a flake was also noted. Cardenas observed that the “presence of some shell in backdirt indicates probable subsurface deposition” (1981).
The location where the site was originally recorded is now completely developed in residences, and it is likely that the site has been destroyed. During the current survey, however, a lot next to the location, between Jefferson Street and the lagoon margin, was open and was surveyed. While visibility on most of the upper elevations of the lot was good, the lagoon margin portion was densely vegetated and could only be minimally surveyed. While a few fragments of shell were observed, no artifacts were noted, and, while visibility was poor in that area, no materials were observed within the APE.
Survey Area 5 This location is along the northern margin of the Coast Highway Basin and west of the I-5 interchange. No cultural resources were previously recorded within this area, although the historic Buena Vista Cemetery (CA-SDI-17901) was recorded at the top of the bluff, about 90 m to the north of the APE in this area. This survey area includes a portion of a south-facing slope (Plate 2) and the lagoon margin. Ground surface visibility was moderate on the slope, with dense vegetation along the lagoon edge. No cultural materials were observed within, or in proximity to the proposed project APE.
Plate 2. Slope west of I-5. View to the west.
Page 34 Buena Vista Lagoon Enhancement Project Cultural Resources Technical Report 6013-60288954 BVLEP Cultural Tech Rpt.doc 7/2/2015 Survey Area 6 This area is situated along the northern lagoon margin of the Coast Highway Basin. At the time of the Enhancement Project surveys, the area was covered in dense vegetation. No cultural resources were previously recorded within or adjacent to this area; none were found during the current field investigation.
Survey Area 7 This area is situated along the northern lagoon margin of the Coast Highway Basin, and east of the Carlsbad Boulevard bridge. At the time of the current survey, the entire extent of the proposed staging area was inundated by the lagoon and was therefore not accessible for survey. Plate 3, taken from the Carlsbad Boulevard bridge, provides an overview of this staging area. No previously recorded sites have been recorded within, or within proximity to, the area delineated for this staging area.
Plate 3. Proposed staging area in the Coast Highway Basin along the northern margin of the lagoon. View to the northeast.
Survey Area 8 This area is located within the southern lagoon margin of the Coast Highway Basin, east of Carlsbad Boulevard. At the time of the current survey, the entire extent of the proposed staging area was inundated by the lagoon and was therefore not accessible for survey (Plate 4). No previously recorded sites have been recorded within the area delineated for this staging area; none were found during the current survey.
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Plate 4. Proposed staging area in the Coast Highway Basin, east of Carlsbad Boulevard. View to the northwest.
Survey Area 9 This area is on the south side of the Coast Highway Basin. One cultural resource (CA-SDI-627) was previously recorded within this area. Due to private property access issues, the area immediately adjacent to the lagoon was not visited.
CA-SDI-627 CA-SDI-627 is a prehistoric site located on the bluff along the southern edge of the lagoon. As recorded, a small portion of the site is located within the Enhancement Project APE. The site is bisected by paved Buena Vista Circle. Originally recorded by Malcolm Rogers (n.d.c) as SDM- W-142, he later described it as a “slough terrace midden” containing prehistoric hearths (1966:180). The site was subsequently recorded by William Wallace (1958c) as a prehistoric “campsite” and assigned the permanent designation of CA-SDI-627. Wallace described the site as “largely destroyed” with only “scattered remains of the site remaining.”
The site area today is completely developed in residences, which essentially precluded examining the area during the current survey. However, similar to Wallace’s notes in 1958, the site has most likely been destroyed by development. The road shoulders along Buena Vista Circle through the development at the top of the bluff overlooking the lagoon were surveyed; a few fragments of shell were observed but no artifacts were noted.
Page 36 Buena Vista Lagoon Enhancement Project Cultural Resources Technical Report 6013-60288954 BVLEP Cultural Tech Rpt.doc 7/2/2015 Survey Results, Railroad Basin
Survey Area 10 At the time of the current survey, the entire extent of the proposed staging area (Plate 5) located adjacent to the north shore of the Railroad Basin was open and was surveyed. Visibility ranged from poor to good with visible areas scattered around sufficiently to allow for a reasonable coverage to occur. No cultural materials were observed. No sites were previously recorded within, or within proximity to, the area delineated for this staging area.
Plate 5. Proposed staging rea along the margin of the Railroad Basin. View to the southeast.
Survey Results, Weir Basin
Survey Area 11 At the time of the current survey, the entire extent of the proposed staging area, located within the Weir Basin, was inundated by the lagoon (Plate 6) and was therefore not accessible for survey. While no sites have been previously recorded within or adjacent to the area delineated for this staging area, site CA-SDI-626 was originally recorded approximately 180 m to the southwest.
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Plate 6. Proposed Staging Area in the Weir Basin along the margin of the proposed lagoon. View to the northwest.
CA-SDI-626 Prehistoric archaeological site CA-SDI-626 was previously recorded by W. Wallace (1958d, 1960) on top of a knoll along the southern shore at the mouth of the lagoon. As recorded, site CA-SDI-626, while in proximity, was not located within the proposed project APE. The site was recorded as a shell midden with two manos and a chopper (Wallace 1960). The knoll-top area, where CA-SDI-626 was originally recorded, is now completely developed in private residences and was therefore not accessible for survey. During the present survey, a sparse scatter of marine shell genera, including Chione spp. Argopecten sp. and Ostrea sp., was observed around the remnant base of the knoll, where the site was originally recorded. Also observed in an adjacent location was a single volcanic flake. This flake is recorded as Isolate P-37-033873. While the original source of this flake may have been from CA-SDI-626, its current context appears to be redeposited fill soils. All of the materials observed, while in areas immediately adjacent to the project boundary, were located outside of it, and all appeared in a disturbed context likely from both natural (erosion) and human-related (construction) activities. While close by, none of the materials observed were within the boundary of the Enhancement Project.
Page 38 Buena Vista Lagoon Enhancement Project Cultural Resources Technical Report 6013-60288954 BVLEP Cultural Tech Rpt.doc 7/2/2015 SUMMARY, EVALUATION, AND MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS
SUMMARY
The project includes dredging, grading within the lagoon, improvement to and use of staging areas, and construction of a boardwalk. The weir would be replaced under the Freshwater Alternative, and removed and replaced with an open tidal inlet under the Saltwater Alternative and the Hybrid Alternative, Option B. Under the Hybrid Alternative, Option A, a new channel would be constructed at the mouth of the lagoon. Replacement of the Carlsbad Boulevard bridge would occur under the Saltwater and Hybrid (both options) Alternatives. Materials removed during dredging would be placed at nearshore, offshore, and/or onshore placement areas, at locations previously addressed for cultural resources under the RBSP II (AECOM 2011) or the San Diego (LA-5) Ocean Dredged Material disposal site EIS (USEPA 1999). The proposed project APE is the extent of physical disturbance for the undertaking.
Numerous prior cultural resources investigations conducted within the project study area have resulted in the identification of several prehistoric and historic archaeological sites. The present study focused on revisiting archaeological sites and locations in proximity to areas of proposed disturbance.
The cultural resources pedestrian survey in support of the Enhancement Project EIR was conducted on July 10 and 11, 2014. Eleven locations with eight previously recorded archaeological sites were surveyed. None of the eight previously recorded archaeological sites visited during the study were found within or adjacent to the APE. One new prehistoric archaeological site, a shell scatter (CA-SDI-21274), was recorded and the site form submitted to the SCIC for assignment of permanent numbers.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Although no archaeological sites have been identified within the APE for the Enhancement Project, the potential exists for currently unknown cultural deposits to be encountered during land-based equipment mobilization and soil and/or vegetation removal on stable surfaces along the lagoon margin.
It is therefore recommended that a monitoring program be initiated prior to the start of ground- disturbing construction. The program would include:
Preparation and implementation of a monitoring and discovery plan. A training session for project construction personnel conducted by a qualified archaeologist. The training session would include a review of required monitoring locations and communication protocols, types of cultural resources that might be
Buena Vista Lagoon Enhancement Project Cultural Resources Technical Report Page 39 6013-60288954 BVLEP Cultural Tech Rpt.doc 7/2/2015 encountered, cultural resources responsibilities, protection procedures, and avoidance measures. Archaeological and Native American cultural monitoring during all mechanical excavations in sediments with the potential for CRHR-eligible resources.
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Page 50 Buena Vista Lagoon Enhancement Project Cultural Resources Technical Report 6013-60288954 BVLEP Cultural Tech Rpt.doc 7/2/2015 APPENDIX A
RESUMES OF KEY PERSONNEL
Design + Planning Resume
Tanya Wahoff Staff Archaeologist/ Lithic Technology Specialist
Education With more than 25 years of cultural resources management MA , Archaeology and Heritage, Leicester University, United Kingdom, 2008 BA, Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, 1980 experience, Tanya Wahoff possesses expertise in prehistoric archaeology, historical archaeology, and laboratory Professional Registrations analyses. During her professional career, Ms. Wahoff has Register of Professional Archaeologists directed inventories, evaluations, data recovery efforts, Professional Affiliations monitoring programs, and laboratory analyses for projects Member, Society for California Archaeology throughout the western United States. Ms. Wahoff is Member, Society for American Archaeology Member, Society for Historic Archaeology knowledgeable in the procedures and guidelines associated with implementation of the NHPA, NEPA, CEQA And other Publications + Technical Papers regulations pertaining to cultural resources. As part of Archaeological Landscapes on San Clemente Island: A View from the North End Shelter. M.A. thesis, School of Archaeology and Ancient History, interdisciplinary teams, she has managed cultural resources University of Leicester (2008). investigations and authored cultural resource sections for EAs, EIRs, and EISs, and prepared management plans. Flaked and Battered Stone, in Piecing Together the Prehistory of Landing Hill: A Place Remembered, with J. Cleland, A. York, and L. Willey, Chapter 13, EDAW Ms. Wahoff currently serves as Cultural Resources Cultural Publications No. 3 (2007). Laboratory Director for the San Diego office.
Evidence for Post-Mission Period Native American Ceremonial Activity on San Clemente Island, California (with A.L. York). Proceedings of the Fifth Channel Ms. Wahoff’s extensive experience in laboratory analysis Islands Symposium, Santa Barbara (1999). includes historic artifacts, groundstone, and shell beads,
Flaked Lithic Tools From Recent Investigations on the Salton Sea Test Base. with a special emphasis on flaked lithics. She has conducted Proceedings of the Society for California Archaeology, Vol. 12. Society for lithic analysis for projects involving numerous large California Archeology, Fresno (1999). prehistoric quarries and lithic reduction sites, including
Recent Data on Subsistence and Environmental Change from Southern Santa projects situated on or adjacent to Sugarloaf Mountain, a Rosa Island. Proceedings of the Society for California Archaeology, Vol. 10. massive obsidian quarry located near Owens Valley in Society for California Archaeology, Fresno (1997). eastern California. Ms. Wahoff has also participated in lithic
workshops directed by Steven Shackley (Lowie Museum) and John Fagan (Oregon State University).
Tanya Wahoff Resume
Representative Project Experience Sempra Energy and Utilities, Coronado 69-kilovolt Utilities Relocation Area Monitoring, San Diego, CA Naval Facilities Engineering Command Southwest, EIS/LEIS Project archaeologist who supervised archaeological for a Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake (NAWSCL) monitoring of trenching for a 69-kilovolt cable and directed Cultural resources specialist on a multidisciplinary team for evaluation of two buried historic features discovered during preparation of an environmental impact statement monitoring. Coordinated with Sempra. Primary author of the (EIS)/legislative environmental impact statement (LEIS) in monitoring and evaluation report. [2004] support of an application to evaluate the potential environmental effects associated with the continued Foster Wheeler Environmental Corporation, North Baja Gas withdrawal of approximately 1.1 million acres of public land Pipeline Project, Riverside and Imperial Counties, CA within NAWSCL. [2011 – Ongoing] Field supervisor for cultural resources monitoring of an approximately 80-mile-long gas pipeline between Blythe, Naval Facilities Engineering Command Southwest and California, and the US/Mexican border. Supervised up to 20 Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, Bachelor Enlisted archaeological and Native American monitors during the Quarters Package 7 Project, Marine Corps Base Camp 6-month monitoring effort. Supervised survey and wrote 12 Pendleton, San Diego County, CA addendum reports for supplemental surveys. Supervised Principal investigator and monitoring supervisor during data recovery at five discovery sites found during upgrades to Sewage Treatment Plant 12 on the San Mateo construction of the pipeline. Supervised lab and conducted floodplain on Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton. lithic analysis. [2000 – 2003] Previously unrecorded portions of prehistoric site CA-SDI- 1313/14,791 discovered during monitoring were tested and Naval Facilities Engineering Command Southwest and evaluated for the National Register of Historic Places. [2010 Marine Corps Base (MCB) Camp Pendleton, Archaeological – Ongoing] Evaluation and Testing of Site CA-SDI-17,912, PPV Phase VI, MCB Camp Pendleton, San Diego County, CA Naval Facilities Engineering Command Southwest and Project manager and Principal Investigator for testing and Marine Corps Base (MCB) Camp Pendleton, Tertiary National Register of Historic Places evaluation of a Treatment Plant Project, MCB Camp Pendleton, San Diego prehistoric site. The project is in support of the Military County, CA Family Housing Public/Private Housing Venture. [2008 – Field director for evaluation of prehistoric site CA-SDI- 2010] 14,170 and testing of four additional previously identified prehistoric sites and two discovery sites for a reclaimed Naval Facilities Engineering Command Southwest and Joint water pipeline. Responsible for coordination with POW/MIA Accounting Command (JPAC), Naval Airplane MCB Camp Pendleton Base Archaeologist, Prevost Marshall Crash Site Project, San Diego County, CA Office, traffic control, Native American monitors, project Field director for geophysical investigations of 3.5 acres in biologist, and subconsultants. Coauthor of the work plan Ramona, the location of a 1961 crash of a Grumman F4/F9 and technical report. Laboratory director for the cataloging Cougar naval aircraft. Recordation of prehistoric bedrock and conducted artifact analyses. [2006 – 2011] milling site CA-SDI-19,731. [2009 – 2010]
California State Parks, Jolly Boy, Old Town San Diego State Historic Park, San Diego, CA Project manager and field director for testing, data recovery, and construction monitoring for renovations to an existing building on the site of the former Aguilar Serrano adobe in Old Town San Diego. Coauthor of the technical report. [2007 – 2011]
Design + Planning Resume
Theodore Cooley, RPA Archaeologist
Education A Fluted Projectile Point Fragment from the Southern California Coast: MA, Anthropology, California State University, Los Angeles, 1982 Chronology and Context at CA-SBa-1951 (with Jon M. Erlandson and Richard BA, Anthropology, California State College, Long Beach, 1970 Carrico). Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology Volume 9, Number 1, pp. 120–128 (1987). Professional Registration Registered Professional Archaeologist (RPA) Excavations and Investigations at CA-Ora-183, the Newland House Site, Huntington Beach, California (with Marie Cottrell, Constance Cameron, Vada Professional Affiliations Drummy-Chapel, and Adella Schroth). Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Member, Society for American Archaeology Quarterly Volume 21, Number 1, January, pp. 1–77 (1985). Member, Society for California Archaeology The Biface Reduction Technique Exhibited at a Southern California Quarry Member, Register of Professional Archaeologists Workshop Site: LAn-844. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly Volume 20, Number 3, July pp. 5–17 (1984). Certifications Investigations of CA-SCal-137 Bulrush Canyon, Catalina Island, California County of San Diego, CA Certified Consultant List for Archaeological (with Marie G. Cottrell and Joyce M. Clevenger). Pacific Coast Archaeological Resources Society Quarterly Volume 16, Numbers 1 and 2, January and April, pp. 5–25 City of San Diego, CA Certified Principal Investigator for Monitoring Projects (1980). County of Orange, CA Certified Cultural Resources Consultant Principal Investigator County of Riverside, CA Certified Cultural Resources Consultant Principal Investigator Ted Cooley has 40 years of experience in archaeological Approved lists in the Counties of San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Ventura, and Los Angeles, California resource management. He has directed test and data recovery investigations, monitoring programs, and Training archaeological site surveys of large and small tracts, and has 40-Hour HAZWOPER Training prepared reports for various cultural resource management Publications projects. He is well-versed in National Historic Preservation Archaeological Excavation at the Village of Pámu, Ramona Valley, California. Act (NHPA), National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), and (with Laura Barre) Proceedings of the Society for California Archaeology, Vol. California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) regulations and 17, pp. 43–56 (2004). processes. Mr. Cooley’s experience also includes Native Observations on Settlement and Subsistence During the Late La Jolla Complex–Preceramic Interface as Evidenced at Site CA-SDI-11,767, Lower American consultation for monitoring of archaeological field San Diego River Valley San Diego County, California. Proceedings of the Society projects, including some with human remains and reburial- for California Archaeology, Vol. 11, pp. 1–6 (1998). related compliance issues. Early Period Results from Data Recovery Conducted on a Portion of Stratified Prehistoric Site, CA-SDI-9,243, San Diego County, California. Proceedings of the Society for California Archaeology, Vol. 8, pp. 227–238 (1995). Observations on Hydration Measurements of Obsidian Deriving from Buried Project Experience Deposits from Site CA-SBA-2028, at Gaviota, Santa Barbara County, California. Coyote Press Archives of California Prehistory, No. 37, pp. 27–30 (1992). California High-Speed Rail Authority, High Speed Train Archaeological Investigations at CA-SBA-97: A Multicomponent Coastal Site Project, CA at Gaviota, California (with Jon M. Erlandson, Roy Dugger, and Richard Field director for a Phase I Cultural Resources Survey and Carrico). Coyote Press Archives of California Prehistory, No. 37, pp. 49–80 Inventory of three alternative high-speed train alignment (1992). corridors, extending from the city of Merced to the city of Contributing author. Archaeological Investigations on the Rancho San Clemente, Orange County, California. (Principal Author Constance Cameron). Fresno in the San Joaquin Valley. Duties included direction Coyote Press Archives of California Prehistory, No. 27 (1989). of the field crew and participation in the analysis of results and report preparation. [01/2011 – Ongoing] Theodore Cooley, RPA Resume
US Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Olivenhain Municipal Water District, Raw Water Pipeline Command Southwest, Seal Beach Naval Weapons Station Phase I Cultural Resources Survey and Inventory Project, Archaeological Evaluations, Orange County, CA San Diego County, CA Field director for archaeological test investigations for the Project archaeologist and principal investigator for a Phase I delineation and evaluation of prehistoric site P-30-1503 Cultural Resources Survey and Inventory of two alternative within the Seal Beach Naval Weapons Station along the pipeline alignment corridors, totalling approximately 9 miles margin of the Anaheim Creek drainage wetlands system. in length. Author of the technical report of results from the This project involved testing for the depth and horizontal survey and inventory program. [10/2009 – 10/2010] extent, as well as a significance evaluation of this Late Holocene site. Duties included direction of the field crew and County of of San Diego Department of Parks and Recreation, participation in the analysis and report preparation. Sage Hill Preserve Cultural Resources Inventory, San Diego [10/2010 – Ongoing] County, CA Supervisory archaeologist for Phase I pedestrian survey and US Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering cultural resource inventory of the Sage Hill Open Space Command Southwest, San Nicolas Island Archaeological Preserve in unincorporated west central San Diego County. Evaluations, Ventura County, CA Directed the field survey for prehistoric and historic Field director for archaeological test investigations for the archaeological resources within the proposed 234-acre delineation and evaluation of prehistoric site CA-SNI-41 on natural park preserve located in coastal foothills. Co- San Nicolas Island in the Channel Islands of the California authored the technical report of results from the survey Bight. This project involved testing for depth and horizontal program. [09/2009 – 02/2010] extent, as well as significance evaluation of this Middle and Late Holocene site. Duties included direction of the field RRG Weldon, Solar Project Cultural Resources Inventory crew and participation in the analysis and report Program, Kern County, CA preparation. [05/2010 – Ongoing] As supervisory archaeologist, directed the field survey and site documentation for prehistoric and historic US Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering archaeological resources within a proposed 425-acre solar Command Southwest, Compliance Documentation Support facility near Lake Isabella in the southern Sierra Nevada Services for Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, Mountains. Co-author of the technical report of results from Environmental Security Section, San Diego County, CA the survey program. The program was conducted under Provided support services on base in the preparation of CEQA and local guidelines of the County of Kern for the documentation and correspondence for agency submittal for implementation of CEQA. [06/2009 – 10/2010] federal NEPA and Section 106 compliance requirements, principally to the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) Abengoa Mojave Solar, Cultural Resources Inventory and and Advisory Council for Historic Preservation (ACHP), for Resource Evaluation Program, San Bernardino County, CA several large construction projects. [01/2010 – Ongoing] As supervisory archaeologist, supervised the survey of a proposed 1,765-acre solar facility in the Mojave Desert. Also US Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering supervised the archaeological documentation and Phase II Command Southwest, San Nicolas Island Archaeological testing efforts, and co-authored the technical reports of Evaluations, Ventura County, CA results from the survey and testing programs. [05/2009 – Field archaeologist for archaeological evaluation of 11/2010] prehistoric sites CA-SNI-316, CA-SNI-361, and CA-SNI-550 on San Nicolas Island in the Channel Islands of the California Solar Millennium, Ridgecrest Solar Project Cultural Bight. This project involved the significance testing and Resources Inventory Program, Kern County, CA evaluation of these Middle and Late Holocene sites, and the Co-field director of field survey for prehistoric and historic analysis and synthesis of results with existing island-wide archaeological resources within a proposed 1,757-acre solar archaeological data. Duties included field crew member and facility in the Mojave Desert. Participated in the preparation participation in the analysis and report preparation. of the Department of Parks and Recreation (DPR) site forms [10/2009 – Ongoing] Theodore Cooley, RPA Resume
and was a contributing author to the technical report of and the test excavation of identified prehistoric sites. results from the survey program. [05/2009 – Ongoing] Supervised the archaeological documentation, extended Phase I testing, and Phase II testing efforts under the County County of San Diego Department of Parks and Recreation, of San Diego Guidelines implemented in September 2006. Boulder Oaks, Lakeside Linkage, Sycamore/Goodan, and [Prior to AECOM] Lusardi Open Space Preserves and Regional Parks Cultural Resources Inventories, San Diego County, CA Private Development Client, Circle P Ranch Housing Supervisory archaeologist for Phase I pedestrian survey and Development Project, San Diego County, CA cultural resource inventories of four open space preserves Principal investigator for a Phase I cultural resources and regional parks in unincorporated central San Diego inventory and survey and extended Phase I site testing County. The projects involved the identification and program involving a prehistoric and historic site, CA-SDI- documentation of prehistoric and historic resources, built 17,910/H, located within the approximately 15-acre project environment features, and existing infrastructure to assist property near Valley Center, California. Project duties the Department of Parks and Recreation in resource consisted of supervision of fieldwork personnel, interaction management. Inventory reports included extensive archival with Native American monitors, and supervision and research and historical narrative, an inventory of identified participation in the analysis and technical report sites, and management guidelines for potentially significant preparation. The program was conducted under CEQA and cultural resources developed in consultation with Native local guidelines of the County of San Diego for the Americans. [Prior to AECOM] implementation of CEQA. [Prior to AECOM]
Parsons Brinkerhoff, State Route 94 Operational Private Development Client, Blossom Valley Housing Improvements Inventory and Evaluation, San Diego County, Development Project, San Diego County, CA CA Principal investigator for a Phase I cultural resources Supervisory archaeologist of cultural resources field survey inventory and survey and extended Phase I site testing efforts, and documentation and evaluation related to program involving prehistoric site CA-SDI-17,968 within the proposed operational improvements along an 18-mile-long approximately 50-acre project property in Blossom Valley, stretch of State Route 94 in San Diego County. Development California. Project duties consisted of supervision of of documentation in the California Department of fieldwork personnel, interaction with Native American Transportation (Caltrans) format for archaeological and built monitors, and supervision and participation in the analysis environment resources. [Prior to AECOM] and technical report preparation. The program was conducted under CEQA and local guidelines of the County of Southern California Edison, As-Needed Archaeological San Diego for the implementation of CEQA. [Prior to AECOM] Services, Statewide, CA Supervisory archaeologist for surveys, resource County of San Diego Department of Public Works (DPW), identification, documentation, testing, and evaluation Jacumba Community Park Restroom Facility National efforts related to infrastructure replacements and Register and CEQA Testing Program, San Diego County, CA development throughout the state on both private and public Principal investigator for a National Register and CEQA lands, including of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), significance testing program conducted at prehistoric US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), and US Forest Service archaeological site CA-SDI-17,979 to be impacted by the (USFS). Project involved completion of State of California construction of a restroom facility. Directed all project DPR forms, assessment of resource significance according archaeological activities, including analysis and report to National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) eligibility and preparation. The project required interaction with DPW CEQA significance criteria, and management personnel and with Native American monitors. [Prior to recommendations. [Prior to AECOM] AECOM]
Blackwater USA, West Cultural Resources Phase I and Phase City of Goleta, General Plan EIR Cultural and Paleontological II Studies, Potrero, CA Resources Section, Santa Barbara County, CA As supervisory archaeologist, supervised the survey of an Task manager for and participant in the preparation of the approximately 850-acre area in eastern San Diego County cultural resources section of the environmental impact Theodore Cooley, RPA Resume
report (EIR) for the Goleta General Plan. The project required Corps of Engineers (USACE) 404 Permit compliance. [Prior to the gathering and synthesis of background information, AECOM] existing conditions, paleontological data, and regulatory San Diego County Water Authority (SDCWA), As-Needed requirements, and interaction with local individuals, interest Surveys for Geotechnical and Water Facility Construction groups, and personnel of the city of Goleta. [Prior to AECOM] Projects, San Diego, CA Project manager and principal investigator for six Big Sandy Rancheria of Mono Indians, Big Sandy Rancheria archaeological survey and/or monitoring projects conducted Casino, Fresno County, CA over a 3-year period. The programs, all situated in western Supervisory archeologist for a field survey and cultural San Diego County, California, consisted of evaluations resources site testing program for a proposed gaming facility through background research and field surveys of proposed near Friant, California. Project responsibilities included drilling/boring sites, pump stations, and other facility assisting in the supervision of field survey and site testing, locations, and, when required, monitoring of drilling/boring and participation in report preparation. [Prior to AECOM] and facility construction operations situated in areas determined as sensitive. The project included background Otay Water District, 30-inch Recycled Water Pipeline, research, field surveys, preparation of technical reports, Reservoir, and Pump Station, San Diego, CA interaction with Water Authority engineers for project Principal investigator for a Historic Properties Inventory and redesign, and interaction with construction personnel for Survey for a 6.1-mile-long 30-inch-diamter recycled water successful monitoring. [Prior to AECOM] pipeline route, and for a reservoir site pump station. A National Register and CEQA significance testing program Mark S. and Colleen J. McArthur, and Donald C. “Skip” was conducted at prehistoric archaeological site CA-SDI- White, Oak Country Estates, Ramona, CA 17,668 to be impacted by construction. Directed all project Project supervising archaeologist and co-principal archaeological activities, including analysis and report investigator for a cultural resources survey and extended preparation. The project required interaction with the Otay Phase I site boundary testing and Phase II evaluation Water District, private contractor personnel, and Native program involving 30 mostly late-prehistoric sites within the American monitors. [Prior to AECOM] 648-acre project property. Project duties consisted of supervision of fieldwork personnel, and supervision and Private Development Client, Emerald Oaks Housing participation in the analysis and technical report Development Project, Ramona, CA preparation. The program was conducted under CEQA and Project supervising archaeologist and co-principal local guidelines of the County of San Diego for the investigator for a cultural resources survey and extended implementation of CEQA. [Prior to AECOM] Phase I site boundary testing and Phase II evaluation program involving five prehistoric sites within the 311-acre Tetra Tech EM, San Luis Rey Land Outfall Pipeline project property. Project duties consisted of supervision of Alternatives Constraints Study, Oceanside, CA fieldwork personnel and supervision and participation in the Principal investigator and overall field supervisor for this analysis and technical report preparation. The program was archaeological resource inventory and constraints study conducted under CEQA and local guidelines of the County of program, conducted in compliance with CEQA. The purpose San Diego for the implementation of CEQA. [Prior to AECOM] of this project was to assess the relative cultural resources impacts within four alternative route corridors for a Starwood Development Company, Crosby Estate Golf proposed additional outfall pipeline from an existing inland Course Development, San Diego County, CA water treatment plant to the ocean through the city of Project supervising archaeologist for a cultural resources Oceanside in San Diego County. The project consisted of evaluation and site-indexing program involving the C.W. background research, spot check field survey of the Harris Site Complex and other adjacent historic and alternative alignment corridors, and completion of the prehistoric sites within the project property and adjacent project data analysis and technical report preparation. [Prior open space areas. Project duties consisted of direction of to AECOM] fieldwork, monitoring of construction activities, and supervision and participation in the analysis and technical Davis-Eagle Property, Archaeological Survey and report preparation. The program was conducted for US Army Constraints Study, Ramona, CA Theodore Cooley, RPA Resume
Project supervising archaeologist and co-project manager of responsibilities included participation in background an archaeological survey of 1,231 acres for a development research, data analysis, and technical report preparation. constraints analysis. The project required the discovery and The project was conducted in compliance with Section 110 recordation of all cultural resources on the property to of the National Historic Preservation Act. [Prior to AECOM] provide data for an analysis of the constraints that cultural resources might represent relative to future development of County of San Diego DPW, Ramona Soils Source Project, the property. Served as over-all supervisor of archaeological Ramona, CA field and site recordation activities, co-managed the project, Principal investigator for Phase I survey of a 30-acre and conducted the cultural resources constraints analysis property and Phase II testing/evaluation program of and report preparation. [Prior to AECOM] prehistoric site CA-SDI-16,386 and historic site CA-SDI- 16,399. Supervised all project archaeological activities, City of San Diego Water Department, San Pasqual including data analysis and report preparation. The project Reclaimed Water Project Cultural Resources Inventory required interaction with the Native America Heritage Study, San Diego, CA Commission and with County of San Diego Department of Principal investigator for a cultural resources study of 8.15 Public Works personnel. [Prior to AECOM] miles of reclaimed water pipeline route and 12 acres of water tank facility construction. Project responsibilities US Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering included background research, field survey direction, and Command Southwest, Naval Submarine Base Point Loma technical report preparation. The project was conducted Data Recovery Project, San Diego, CA under CEQA and local guidelines of the city of San Diego for Co-author of the technical document, Archaeological Data the implementation of CEQA. [Prior to AECOM] Recovery Report for a Portion CA-SDI-48 at Buildings 139 and 158, Naval Submarine Base, San Diego. The project California State Department of Parks and Recreation, Point consisted of a data recovery program conducted at National Magu State Park Water Pipeline Route Archaeological Register prehistoric archaeological site CA-SDI-48, located Survey, Ventura County, CA on the Point Loma Naval Submarine Base. Project Principal investigator for cultural resources survey of an responsibilities included participation in background 8-mile-long water pipeline route along Big Sycamore research, data analysis, and report preparation. [Prior to Canyon. Project responsibilities included background AECOM] research, field survey direction, GPS site location, and technical report preparation. The program was conducted California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC), Metromedia under CEQA. [Prior to AECOM] Fiber Optic Line Project, CA Project archaeologist for cultural resources studies California State Department of Parks and Recreation, conducted in compliance with CEQA of more than 300 miles Malibu Creek State Park Archaeological Survey, of proposed routes for the emplacement of fiber optic cable Los Angeles County, CA lines along existing streets and railroad rights-of-way within Principal investigator for cultural resources survey of the 94- San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Alameda, Contra acre Tapia Park sub-unit within Malibu Creek State Park. Costa, Marin, Los Angeles, Orange, and San Diego Counties. Project responsibilities included background research, field Project involvement included background research, field survey direction, GPS site location, and technical report surveys, site recordation, and technical report preparation. preparation. The program was conducted under CEQA. [Prior [Prior to AECOM] to AECOM] Calvary Lutheran Church, Data Recovery Project, USDA Forest Service, Cleveland National Forest Solana Beach, CA Archaeological Overview, Cleveland National Forest, CA Co-principal investigator for a data recovery program As researcher/document co-author, participated in the conducted at prehistoric archaeological site CA-SDI-10,238 preparation of the Archaeological Overview for the Cleveland (SDM-W-36), important under CEQA. Program National Forest, California. The project consisted of a review responsibilities consisted of completion of background and assessment of existing archaeological resources data research, overall supervision of field personnel, data on file at the Cleveland National Forest. Project analysis, and technical report preparation. The program also Theodore Cooley, RPA Resume
required interaction with Calvary Lutheran Church Project manager, principal investigator, and overall field personnel, Native American consultants, the city of Solana supervisor for an archaeological resource inventory program Beach, and the State Historic Preservation Office. [Prior to that consisted of background research, field surveys of 5,800 AECOM] acres, and completion of the project data analysis and technical report preparation. The program was conducted in San Diego County Water Authority, Mexico/United States compliance with Section 110 of the National Historic Colorado River Conveyance Facility, San Diego and Imperial Preservation Act. [Prior to AECOM] Counties, CA Principal investigator for archaeological surveys and Talega Associates, Focused Data Recovery Project, monitoring of geotechnical drilling/boring sites. The program San Juan Capistrano, CA consisted of evaluations, background research, and field Co-principal investigator for a focused data recovery survey of 26 proposed drilling/boring site locations and the program conducted at prehistoric archaeological site CA- subsequent monitoring of five of the drilling/boring ORA-907, Locus A, important under CEQA, located in Orange operations situated in areas determined as sensitive. The County, California. Program responsibilities consisted of locations were distributed along two proposed pipeline completion of background research, direct supervision of routes between San Vicente Lake and the Yuha Basin. field personnel, data analysis, and technical report Project involvement included background research, field preparation. The program also required interaction with surveys, preparation of technical reports, and interaction Native American consultants and County of Orange with the San Diego County Water Authority, BLM, and USDA personnel. [Prior to AECOM] Forest Service. [Prior to AECOM] US Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Private Development Client, Dry Creek Native American Command Southwest, Naval Air Station Miramar EIS Gaming Facility, Sonoma County, CA Cultural Resources Studies for the Base Realignment and Project archaeologist for cultural resources field survey for a Closure Project, San Diego, CA proposed gaming facility in Dry Creek Valley. Project For more than 2 years, served as task manager and overall responsibilities included field surveys and report field supervisor for cultural resources studies with principal preparation. [Prior to AECOM] investigator responsibilities on this major cultural resource program. The program consisted of background research for, Bennett Consolidated, Otay Travel Center Project, and field surveys of, more than 3,500 acres for numerous Otay Mesa, CA proposed facility locations. Project duties consisted of Principal investigator for a significance testing program of overall direction of fieldwork and supervision and two prehistoric sites, CA-SDI-10,067 and CA-SDI-12,878. participation in the project data analysis, technical report Directed all project archaeological activities, including data preparation, and field construction monitoring for US Army analysis and report preparation. The project required Corps of Engineers 404 Permit compliance. [Prior to AECOM] interaction with subcontractors and County of San Diego planning personnel. [Prior to AECOM] US Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command Southwest, Marine Corps Camp Pendleton City of American Canyon, Wastewater Facility & Sewer Line Helicopter Outlying Landing Field Project, San Diego, CA Extension Routes, Napa County, CA Directed cultural resources studies as project manager and Project archaeologist for cultural resources field surveys of principal investigator for this 3-year Environmental proposed emplacement of sewer pipelines along future and Assessment program consisting of a Phase I inventory and existing city streets within the city of American Canyon. Phase II evaluation for the construction of a helicopter Project responsibilities included field surveys, site outlying landing field. Four alternative locations were recordation, and report preparation. [Prior to AECOM] inventoried and three prehistoric sites, located within the preferred alternative, were tested for National Register US Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering eligibility. Project duties included overall direction and Command Southwest, Fallbrook Naval Ordinance Center supervision of the project fieldwork, data analysis, technical Historic Properties Inventory, Seal Beach, CA report preparation, and interaction with various base and agency personnel. [Prior to AECOM] Theodore Cooley, RPA Resume
development on three parcel areas of the 23,088-acre Otay Ranch. The project required evaluation of all cultural San Diego County Water Authority, Emergency Water resources on the ranch property. Directed archaeological Storage Project, San Diego, CA activities, co-managed the project, supervised analysis and Principal investigator for archaeological surveys and site report preparation, and interacted with County of San Diego evaluations. This large-scale project lasted for more than 2 and City of Chula Vista personnel. [Prior to AECOM] years and included field surveys of more than 3,500 acres for alternative reservoir sites and appurtenant facilities, and City of San Diego Water Utilities Department, Crown Point approximately 40 miles of alternative pipeline routes. It and Rose Creek Portion of the Mission Bay Sewage included interaction with local Native American groups. Interceptor System Phase V Archaeological Testing [Prior to AECOM] Program-Department No. 90-0540, San Diego, CA Principal investigator and project manager for a testing US Navy, Point Loma Submarine Base Data Recovery, San program of two large prehistoric sites, CA-SDI-11,571 and Diego, CA CA-SDI-5,017, during Phase V of the project involving the Project manager and co-principal investigator for a data placement of pipelines along city streets in the Crown Point recovery program conducted at National Register prehistoric and Rose Creek areas, adjacent to Mission Bay. Directed all archaeological site CA-SDI-10,945, located on the Point project archaeological activities, including analysis and Loma Naval Submarine Base. Program required interaction report preparation. Required interaction with construction and coordination with base personnel, and interaction with subcontractors and city of San Diego water utilities the State Historic Preservation Office and the Advisory personnel. [Prior to AECOM] Council on Historic Preservation. [Prior to AECOM] All American Celeron Pipeline Company, Pipeline Studies, Metropolitan Transit District Board, Mission Valley West Santa Barbara County, CA Light Transit Limited Data Recovery, San Diego, CA Project manager for more than 3 years on this major cultural Task manager and principal investigator for a Limited Data resource program that consisted of surveys of alternative Recovery Program conducted at National Register pipeline routes, testing of sites to be impacted, final data prehistoric archaeological site CA-SDI-11,767, located on recovery on 17 prehistoric sites, monitoring of construction the Star Dust Golf Course. Program required interaction and activities, and planning and coordination with local Native coordination with Native American monitors and US Army American groups and Native American monitors. [Prior to Corps of Engineers personnel for 404 Permit requirements. AECOM] [Prior to AECOM] US Army Corps of Engineers, US Air Force Housing PCL Civil Contractors, East Mission Gorge Interceptor Pump Archaeological Study, Los Angeles County, CA Station and Force Main Cultural Resources Data Recovery, Project supervising archaeologist of a testing program of San Diego, CA three sites on the Palos Verdes Peninsula for the United Principal investigator and co-project manager for a data States Air Force. Directed field work and participated in recovery program conducted at National Register eligible analysis and report preparation. [Prior to AECOM] prehistoric archaeological site CA-SDI-9,243 to be impacted by construction of a reclaimed water force main pipeline. Texaco Trading and Transportation Company, Marine Directed all project archaeological activities, including Terminal Construction, Santa Barbara County, CA analysis and report preparation. The project required Co-principal investigator and project supervising interaction with city of San Diego water utilities personnel archaeologist for more than 1 year for the project, a cultural and Native American monitors. [Prior to AECOM] resources evaluation and data recovery program involving one historic and four prehistoric sites in Gaviota, Santa City of Chula Vista and County of San Diego, Otay Ranch Barbara County. Project duties consisted of direction of Planned Development Archaeological Reconnaissance fieldwork and construction monitoring activities, planning Survey, Chula Vista, CA and coordination with local Native American groups and Principal investigator and co-project manager of an Native American monitors, and supervision and participation archaeological survey of 6,000 acres of proposed in analysis and report preparation. [Prior to AECOM] Theodore Cooley, RPA Resume
CA-LAN-844 and CA-LAN-845, located on Palos Verdes Peninsula. Directed the field work and conducted the Chevron USA, Point Arguello Pipeline Studies, analysis and report preparation. [Prior to AECOM] Santa Barbara County, CA Project archaeologist with responsibilities as field director Signal Landmark Properties, Land Development and co-principal investigator for more than 3 years on this Archaeological Studies, Huntington Beach, CA major cultural resource program that consisted of surveys of Project archaeologist/field director of test, and co-field alternative pipeline routes, testing of sites to be impacted director of data recovery excavations of archaeological site for National Register assessment, final data recovery on 34 CA-ORA-183. Directed field work, conducted analysis and National Register quality sites, monitoring of construction report preparation of the testing phase, and co-directed and activities, and planning and coordination with local Native participated in analysis and report preparation of the data American groups and Native American monitors. [Prior to recovery phase. [Prior to AECOM] AECOM]
San Diego Gas & Electric, Southwest Powerlink Professional Papers and Presentations Transmission Line Corridor, Imperial County, CA Field director for a major 2-year archaeological Data Cooley, T. 2008. Dating at the Spindrift Site Relative to Other Recovery Program that included monitoring portions of 35 La Jolla Sites and the Adjacent San Diego Coastal Area. sites along a 27-mile-long transmission line corridor located Paper presented at the Society for California Archaeology in the Picacho Basin and East Mesa areas. Responsibilities Meetings, Burbank, California, March. included coordination and supervision of three crew chiefs and their field crews, a field laboratory director and Cooley, T. 2006. Continuing Discoveries of the San Dieguito laboratory crew, BLM agency personnel, and local Native and Other Cultural Patterns In and Around the C.W. Harris American groups and Native American monitors. [Prior to Site (SDI-149). Paper presented at the Society for California AECOM] Archaeology Meetings, Ventura, California, March.
US Department of the Navy, Pacific Missle Test Facilities, Cooley, T., and L. Barrie. 2003. Archaeological Excavation at San Nicolas Island Cultural Resources Survey, Point Mugu, the Village of Pámu, Ramona Valley, California. Paper Ventura County, CA presented by the junior author at the Society for California Field archaeologist for the cultural resources survey. This Archaeology Meetings, Sacramento, California, March. project involved a field survey of the entire island and the recordation of more than 350 previously recorded and/or Cooley, T. 1998. Review of the Biface Reduction Technique newly discovered sites on the island. Participated in the Exhibited at a Southern California Quarry Site. Paper preparation of the DPR site forms. [Prior to AECOM] presented at the Society for California Archaeology Meetings, San Diego, California, March. Mission Viejo Land Development Company, Archaeological Studies, Mission Viejo, CA Cooley, T. 1997. Observations on Settlement and Project archaeologist/field director of archaeological Subsistence During the La Jolla Complex-Preceramic surveys of 2,700-acre, 3,000-acre, and 7,000-acre Interface as Evidenced at Site CA-SDI-11,767, Lower San development properties, and of a testing and data recovery Diego River Valley, San Diego County, California. Paper program of prehistoric archaeological site CA-ORA-947 to be presented at the Society for California Archaeology impacted by planned development. Directed the field work Meetings, Rohnert Park, California, March. and conducted the analysis and report preparation. [Prior to AECOM] Cooley, T. 1994. Results of a Data Recovery Program Conducted on a Portion of Stratified Prehistoric Site CA-SDI- Cayman Development Company, Archaeological Data 9,243, San Diego County, California. Paper presented at the Recovery Program, Los Angeles County, CA Society for California Archaeology Meetings, Ventura, Project archaeologist/field director of both the test and California, March. salvage excavations of prehistoric archaeological sites Theodore Cooley, RPA Resume
Cooley, T. 1991. Investigations at CA-SBa-2028. Paper presented at the Society for California Archaeology Meetings, Sacramento, California, March.
Cooley, T. 1991. Description and Analysis of Biface Artifacts Recently Excavated from the C. W. Harris Site Complex, San Diego County, California. Paper presented at the Society for California Archaeology Meetings, Sacramento, California, March.
Cooley, T. 1990. Preliminary Analysis and Description of Biface Artifacts Recently Excavated from the C. W. Harris Site Complex, San Diego County, California. Paper Presented at the Society for California Archaeology Southern California Data Sharing Meeting, Riverside, California, October.
Cooley, T. 1984. Diagnostic Artifacts and Temporal Considerations at Rancho San Clemente: A Preliminary Appraisal. Paper Presented at the Society for California Archaeology Southern California Data Sharing Meeting, Fullerton, California, October.
Cooley, T. 1984. Thermal Applications and Lithic Tool Manufacture and Use at LAn-844. Paper presented at the Society for California Archaeology Meetings, Asilomar, California, March.
Cooley, T. 1983. The Biface Reduction Technique Exhibited at a Southern California Quarry Site. Paper presented at the Southwestern Anthropological Society Meetings, San Diego, California, March.
Cooley, T. 1983. Project Results of the Picacho Basin Studies. Paper presented at the Society for California Archaeology Meetings, San Diego, California, March.
APPENDIX B
RECORDS SEARCH (Bound Separately)
APPENDIX C
CONTACT LETTERS
EDAW Inc 1420 Kettner Boulevard, Suite 500, San Diego, California 92101 T 619.233.1454 F 619.233.0952 www.edaw.com
Facsimile
Please deliver to From
Name Katy Sanchez Name Tanya Wahoff Firm Native American Heritage Direct line 619-233-1454 x 6816 Commission Fax number 916-657-5390 Date transmitted 9/2/2014 Phone number Total pages 2 Subject Buena Vista Lagoon Enhancement Project Project number 60288954.04-03
Project Description: The overall purpose of the proposed project is to enhance the biological and hydrological functions of the Buena Vista Lagoon to address increased sedimentation and invasive vegetation encroachment, as well as resulting declining coastal biodiversity, degrading water quality, water circulation restriction, and increased vector concerns.
We are contacting you to request a sacred lands file check for the Buena Vista Lagoon Enhancement Project. The project area encompasses the Buena Vista Lagoon and parts of Oceanside beach and Carlsbad beach in coastal San Diego County. Attached is a map showing the project area, and a 1- mile radius around the section located on the following quadrangle:
San Luis Rey T11S R5W Sections: 1, 6, 31, 35, 36
Please include a list of contacts for appropriate Native American Groups or interested persons to contact regarding the project. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to call me at (619) 233- 1454.
Sincerely,
Tanya Wahoff Archaeologist/Associate
1 mile buffer
Copyright:© 2013 National Geographic Society, i-cubed
Source: USGS topo San Luis Rey, CA 1975, Oceanside, CA 1975 2,000 1,000 0 2,000 Feet
I Scale: 1:24,000; 1 inch = 2,000 feet 1 Mile Buffer Buena Vista Lagoon Enhancement Project Page x-xx Path: P:\2013\60288954_BVLEP_EIR\06GIS\6.3_Layout\Cultural\1_mile_buffer.mxd, 8/12/2014, SorensenJ
NATIVE AMERICAN CONTACT LIST San Diego County August 29, 2014
Robert Pinto, Sr. Ralph Goff Chairperson Chairperson Ewiiaapaayp Tribal Office Campo Band of Mission Indians 4054 Willows Road 36190 Church Road, Suite 1 Alpine, CA 91901 Campo, CA 91906
Gwendolyn Parada Raymond Hunter Chairperson Chairperson La Posta Band of Mission Indians Jamul Indian Village 8 Crestwood Road P.O. Box 612 Boulevard, CA 91905 Jamul, CA 91935
Leroy J. Elliott (original contact) Steve Banegas Angela Elliott Santos (new contact) Spokesperson Chairperson Kumeyaay Cultural Repatriation Manzanita Band of Kumeyaay Nation Committee P.O. Box 1302 1095 Barona Road Boulevard, CA 91905 Lakeside, CA 92040
Daniel Tucker (original contact) Julie Hagen Cody Martinez (new contact) Cultural Resources Chairperson Viejas Band of Kumeyaay Indians Sycuan Band of the Kumeyaay Nation P.O. Box 908 5459 Sycuan Road Alpine, CA 91903 El Cajon, CA 91919 Will Micklin Anthony R. Pico (original contact) Executive Director Bridget McCown (new contact) Ewiiaapaayp Tribal Office Chairperson 4054 Willows Road Viejas Band of Kumeyaay Indians Alpine, CA 91901 P.O. Box 908 Alpine, CA 91903 Keith Adkins EPA Director Ron Christman Manzanita Band of Mission Indians Spokesperson P.O. Box 1302 Kumeyaay Cultural Historic Committee Boulevard, CA 91905 56 Viejas Grade Road Alpine, CA 91901
1
Clint Linton Virgil Perez Director of Cultural Resources Chairperson Iipay Nation of Santa Ysabel Iipay Nation of Santa Ysabel P.O. Box 507 P.O. Box 130 Santa Ysabel, CA 92070 Santa Ysabel, CA 92070
Sydney Morris Environmental Coordinator Sycuan Band of the Kumeyaay Nation 5459 Sycuan Road El Cajon, CA 91919
Nick Elliott Cultural Resources Coordinator Manzanita Band of the Kumeyaay Nation P.O. Box 1302 Boulevard, CA 91905
Kim Bactad Executive Director Kumeyaay Diegueno Land Conservancy 2 Kwaaypaay Court El Cajon, CA 91919
Frank Brown Coordinator Inter-Tribal Cultural Resource Protection Council 240 Brown Road Alpine, CA 91901
Bernice Paipa Vice Spokesperson Kumeyaay Cultural Repatriation Committee P.O. Box 937 Boulevard, CA 91905
2 AECOM 619.610.7600 tel 401 West A Street 619.610.7601 fax Suite 1200 San Diego, CA 92101 www.aecom.com