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Cable Logging Systems Being Manufactured at This Time and How These Systems Compare with Each Other

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Cable Logging Systems Being Manufactured at This Time and How These Systems Compare with Each Other FAO FORESTRYFORESTRY PAPER 24 cablecaMe logging systemssystems prepared withwith thethe supportsupp rt ofof thethe fao/norway government govr rnment cooperative csperathe programmeprogramme FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF*F THE UNTEUNITED D NATIONSNATIONS Rome 19811981 = The designations employed and the presentationpresentation of material in this publication dodo not imply the expression of of any opinionopinion whatsoeverwhatsoever on thethe part of thethe FoodFood andand AgricultureAgriculture Organization Organization of thethe UnitedUnited NationsNations concerningconcerning thethe legal stastatustus ofof any country, territory, city oror areaarea oror of its authorities,authorities, or concerningconcerning thethe delimitationdelimitation of its frontiersfrontiers oror boundaries.boundaries. M-36 ISBN 92-5-101046-3 The copyright in this bookbook isis vestedvested inin thethe FoodFood andand AgricultureAgriculture Orga-Orga­ nization of the United Nations. TheThe bookbook maymay notnot bebe reproduced,reproduced. inin wholewhole or inin part,part, byby anyany methodmethod oror process., process, withoutwithout writtenwritten permissionpermission fromfrom \ thethe copyrightcopyright holder.holder. Applications for suchsuch permission,permission, with aa statement statement of the purposepurpose and extent of thethe reproductionreproduction desired, desired, shouldshould bebe addressedaddressed to thethe Director,Director, PublicationsPublications Division,Division, FoodFood andand AgricultureAgriculture Organization Organization of thethe UnitedUnited Nations,Nations, ViaVia delledelle Terme Terme di di Caracalla, Caracalla, 0010000100 Rome,Rome, Italy.Italy. © FAOFAO 1981 1981 \ I - iii ABSTRACT Forests, which have a great potentialpotential sourcesource ofof incomeincome in developing countries,countries, can and often do provide badlybadly neededneeded employment opportunitiesopportunities forfor ruralrural people.people. In the recent past, and even today, tractor skidding was the logging technique mostlymostly usedused inin tropicaltropical mechanizedmechanized logging.logging. However, as forest development moves up to the hinterland, where the terrain is often too steep for tractor skidding, cable logging is often moremore advantageous,advantageous, notnot only for productivity butbut also often for soil conservation. The effects ofof any logging system on thethe residualresidual stand can havehave aa bearingbearing on whichwhich of any system to use. Cable logging was primarily developed in Central Europe and introduced into and redeveloped inin North Europe, North America and Japan according toto theirtheir ownown forestforest conditions.conditions. This Manual is designed to give the reader an overall picture of the different major cable logging systems being manufactured at this time and how these systems compare with each other. The most important aspect in trying to achieve this goal has been to describe all systems inin a similar manner, inin order that the reader can directly compare the different systems and determine which system or systems are appropriate for a given set of conditions. - v - LIST OF CONTENTS Page No,No. 1 • INTROIUCTIONINTRODUCTION 1 2. CABLE LOGGING SYSTEMS 1 2.1 Independent Bunching Winches 2 2.2 Machine-mounted Winches 5 2.3 Yarders 9 2.3.1 Ground Lead 18 2.3.2 High Lead 19 2.3.3 Snubbing 20 2.3.4 Tyler System 21 2.3.5 Endless Line System 22 2.3.6 Endless TylerTyler 22 2.3.7 North Bend 23 2.3.8 Slackline 24 2.3.9 RunningRunn ing SkylineSk;y 1 ine 25 2.3.10 ContContinuous inuous MainMainline 1 ine 26 2.4 Yarding Trailers for Continuous Mainline System 27 2.5 Mobile Tower Yarders 29 2.5.1 Small Mobile Tower Yarders 30 2.5.2 Medium Mobile Tower Yarders 34 2.5.3 Large Mobile Tower Yarders 34 2.5.4 Highlead 34 2.5.5 Live Sk;ylineSkyline 39 2.5.6 StandingStanding Sk;ylineSkyline 41 2.6 Running Sk;ylineSkyline Swing Yarders 42 3. CARRIAGES AND ACCESSORIES 48 3.1 Single-span Sk;ylineSkyline Carriage 48 3.2 Multispan SkylineSk;yline CarriageCarriage 49 3.3 Carriage Stop 49 3.4 Load BeamBeam 50 3.5 Clamping Carriage 50 3.6 OpeOperating rat ing Lines 52 3.7 Gravity Carriage 52 3.8 NNon-gravityon-gravity Carriage 53 3.9 Butt Rigging 54 --vi-vi.- Page No. 3.10 SkiddingSkidding Capability 54 3.11 Carriage and Cable Logging System Combinations 55 3.12 Skyline Load Capacity 55 4. PRODUCTIVITY 59 4.1 Factors Whichwhich affectaffect ProductivityProductivity 59 4.2 Mechanical Specifications 60 4.3 Available Productivity Data 60 4.4 Productivity of Different Cable Logging Operations 61 4.4.1 IndependentIndependent BunchingBunching Winches 61 4.4.2 Machine-mounted Winches 62 4.4.3 Yarders 62 4.4.4 Yarding Trailers for Continuous Mainline System 64 4.4.5 Small Mobile Tower Yarders 64 4.4.6 Medium Mobile Tower Yarders 65 4.4.7 Large Mobile Tower Yarders 66 4.4.8 Running Skyline Swin,gSwing Yarders 66 APPEmlICESAPPENDICES Appendix 11 - Specifications ofof somesome Selected ExamplesE:mmples ofof 73 Cable Logging · Equipment Appendix 22 - A. Units ofof Measure 95 B. Terminology 96 REFERENCES 100 LIST OF FIGURES 103 LIST OFOF TABLESTOLES 105 - 1 - 1. INTRODUCTIONINTROOOCTION FAO attachesattaches greatgreat importanceimportance toto thethe impactimpact ofof itsits educationaleducational activitiesactivities asas a meansmeans of transferring knowledge and technology to the developingdeveloping . countries. Thislliis Manual has been especially prepared for foresters, loggers and foremen in developing countries.countries. Its aim is to make the use of cable logging systems easier andand moremore efficient by showing the users the options available toto them. Cable logging systems have developed differently throughout the world. This is due to differences in traditions and conditions. Terrain, yarding distances, roadroad location,location, tree and log sizes,sizes, labourlabour costscosts andand silviculturalsilvicultural treatmentstreatments areare examplesexamples ofof thethe manymiIny factorsfactors that have influencedinfluenced thethe developmentdevelopment ofof differentdifferent cablecable logginglogging systemssystems inin differentdifferent regionsregions of the world. Cable logging systems from some regions ofof the world have been tried inin other regions, sometimes with success, sometimes without. The key factor inin selectionselection isis toto matchmatch thethe harvesting systemsystem toto thethe harvesting conditions.conditions. However, the selection ofof the correctcorrect system is notnot enough since there are usually many alternativesalternatives for any given type ofof logging s,ystem.system. Machine capabilities, suchsuch asas pullingpulling power,power, lineline speed,speed, yardingyarding distance,distance, mobility etc., can vary greatly fromfrom oneone machinemachine toto another,another, andand thereforetherefore itit isis importantimportant to select the correct alternative within aa systemsystem asas wellwell asas toto selectselect thethe properproper typetype ofof machine. Thislliis is not anan easyeasy task.task. The variety ofof cablecable logginglogging equipmentequipment available,available, plus the possibilities for modifyingmodifying thethe application ofof thethe equipmentequipment resultsresults inin aa virtuallyvirtually unlimited number ofof alternatives. It should bebe noted that cable systems are not always the best alternative and their use generally appliesapplies forfor thethe specialspeCial conditionsconditions forfor whichwhich theythey werewere developed.developed. Thislliis Manual isis designeddesigned to give a good overalloverall picturepicture ofof thethe differentdifferent majormajor cablecable logging systems being manufacturedmanufactured at thisthis time,time, andand howhow thesethese systemssystems comparecompare withwith eacheach other. llieThe most important aspect in trying to achieve this goal has been to describe all systems in the same manner and toto use thethe samesame internationalinternational units\mite ofof measuremeasure whenwhen givinggiving the .specification for each system. Using thisthis asas aa basebase thethe readerreader cancan directlydirectly comparecompare these different systems with each otherother and determinedetermine whichwhich areare appropriateappropriate forfor aa givengiven setset of conditions. This Manual does not replace the instructioninstruction manualmanual providedprovided byby manufacturersmanufacturers ofof cable logging systems, which should always be studiedstudied carefully,carefully, andand itit shouldshould bebe notednoted tha.tthat machine and equipment specificationsspecifications areare inin aa continuouscontinuous statestate ofof change.change. The Manual has been made possible through aa specialspeCial contributioncontribution fromfrom Norway under the FAO/NorwayFAO/Norway Government Cooperative Programme.Programme. The main author was Mr Roy S. Larsen of Interforest AB, and the project leader Mr~tt G. SegerströmSegerstrom ofof FAO.FAO. Any comments and suggestionssuggestions withwith regardregard toto modificationsmodifications andand improvementsimprovements ofof thisthis Manual will be welcome.welcome. 2. CABLE LOGGING SYSTEMS Typical examples of major cable logging systems are shown in this Manual and the factors whichwhich affect the productivity of each systemsystem areare discusseddiscussed asas wellwell asas theirtheir advantages and disadvantages, inin orderorder thatthat readersreaders cancan decidedecide whichwhich cablecable logginglogging systemsystem is the mmostost suitable when
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