ALAGAPPA UNIVERSITY [Accredited with ‘A+’ Grade by NAAC (CGPA:3.64) in the Third Cycle and Graded as Category–I University by MHRD-UGC] (A State University Established by the Government of Tamil Nadu) KARAIKUDI – 630 003 Directorate of Distance Education B.Sc. [Psychology] I - Semester 119 13 INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY Reviewer Assistant Professor in Education Dr. AR. Saravana Kumar Directorate of Distance Education, Alagappa University, Karaikudi Authors: Dr Gunjan Mathur, Faculty Human Resource Management and Organisational Behaviour in Jaipuria Institute of Management Units (1, 2.2, 5.2, 5.4, 5.6, 5.7, 6, 9.2, 12.2) Dr Sushma Suri, Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi Units (3.2, 8, 9.3-9.5, 11, 13) S.S. Chauhan, Professor and Dean (Retd.), Faculty of Education, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla Units (4, 5.3, 5.5, 14) Mr Atul Kumar, Lecturer in Amity Institute of Behavioural Health and Allied Sciences, Amity University, Noida Mrs Gagandeep Kaur, Clinical Psychologist at Khetrapal Hospital, Delhi Unit (7) Vikas ® Publishing House: Units (2.0-2.1, 2.3-2.8, 3.0-3.1, 3.3-3.7, 5.0-5.1, 5.3.1, 5.8-5.13, 9.0-9.1, 9.6-9.10, 10, 12,0-12.1, 12.3-12.7) "The copyright shall be vested with Alagappa University" All rights reserved. No part of this publication which is material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or transmitted or utilized or stored in any form or by any means now known or hereinafter invented, electronic, digital or mechanical, including photocopying, scanning, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission from the Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu. 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Phone: 0120-4078900 Fax: 0120-4078999 Website: www.vikaspublishing.com Email: [email protected] Work Order No. AU/DDE/DE1-238/Preparation and Printing of Course Materials/2018 Dated 30.08.2018 Copies - 500 SYLLABI-BOOK MAPPING TABLE Introduction to Psychology Syllabi Mapping in Book BLOCK 1 : PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 1: Introduction Unit 1: Psychology: An Overview Psychology Nature – Scope - Origin of psychology, Definition, (Pages 1-15) Psychology- as a Science, Specialities within Psychology, Psychology Unit 2: Biology of Behaviour and other Disciplines - Perspectives in Psychology: (Pages 16-24) UNIT 2: Biology of Behaviour Unit 3: Work of Psychologists Perspectives in Psychology: Psychodynamic - behavioural Humanistic - (Pages 25-36) Bio Psychological Evolutionary Socio cultural cognitive UNIT 3: Work of Psychologists Typical behaviour Patterns Brain ad Behaviour Neurons and synapses A guide to the nervous system Association context Behaviour and experience test and right hemisphere functions BLOCK 2 : ASSESSMENT, PERCEPTION AND BEHAVIOUR UNIT 4: Methods of Assessment In Psychology Unit 4: Methods of Assessment Goals of Psychological Enquiry, Introspective method Observation method in Psychology-I Experimental method and correlation method (Pages 37-55) UNIT 5: Methods of Assessment In Psychology Unit 5: Methods of Assessment Case Study Method, Clinical Method, Genetic Method, Interview Method, in Psychology-II Survey Method, Rating Scales, Checklists, Questionnaires, Psychological (Pages 56-72) Tests, Cross-cultural Method. Unit 6: Sensory Process and UNIT 6: Sensory Process and perception Perception Sensory channels sensory processes vision learning smell taste skin (Pages 73-90) sense from sensory process the perception process: Attending from Unit 7: Foundations of Behaviour perception visual depth perception constancy movement perception (Pages 91-105) individual differences UNIT 7: Foundations of Behaviour (Nervous system The neuron the neural impulse the central nervous system the brain location of the brain functions Peripheral nervous system The endocrine system Impart of the functions of endoergic glands and summary 9Ref SK Mangal) BLOCK 3 : BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF BEHAVIOUR AND CONSCIOUSNESS UNIT 8: Heredity and environment behaviour Unit 8: Heredity and Environment Biological bases behaviour (heredity) nature environment behaviour Behaviour (environment), Hormones on behaviour Genetics and behaviour (Pages 106-116) sociological bass of behaviour Environment Behaviour Natural internal Unit 9: Principles of Learning behaviour (Physical or material environment) and behaviour Man made (Pages 117-148) environment subjective environment How these two affect behaviour Unit 10: States of Heredity Vs Environment Consciousness UNIT 9: Principle of learning (Pages 149-157) Classical Conditioning Instrumental conditioning cognitive Learning and learning some things are easier to learn than others UNIT 10: States of consciousness Nature of Consciousness Brain and consciousness nature of Consciousness normal walking consciousness directed consciousness Flowing consciousness divide consciousness Fantasy and Day dreaming Sleep stages of sleep renoland Non REM Sleep dreams The content of dreams functions and meaning of dreams circadian Rhythms UNIT 11: Nature of consciousness Unit 11: Nature of Altered states of consciousness characteristics of Altered states Consciousness consciousness Hypothesis, Depersonalization and near death experiences (Pages 158-175) Meditation Altering consciousness with drugs BLOCK 4 : PROCESS OF INFORMATION AND APTITUDE UNIT 12: Attention in psychology Unit 12: Attention in Psychology Attention definition types of attention Overt and covert attention factors (Pages 176-186) influencing attention neural correlates of attention characteristics of Unit 13: Perception in attention Assessment of attention, determinants of Attention Psychology UNIT 13: Perception in psychology (Pages 187-200) Principles of perceptual organization constancies in perception size Unit 14: Aptitudes shape form space movement etc depth perception psychologists life span (Pages 201-230) changes in perception extra sensory perception (ESP) illusion Plasticity of perception UNIT 14: Aptitudes meaning and nature of aptitudes - Aptitude ability and achievement - Intelligence - aptitude and Interest measurement of aptitudes and Utility of Aptitudes – Aptitudes tests (ref Sk Mangal) CONTENTS INTRODUCTION BLOCK I: PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 1 PSYCHOLOGY: AN OVERVIEW 1-15 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Nature, Scope and Relationship with other Disciplines 1.2.1 Definition of Psychology 1.2.2 Nature of Psychology 1.2.3 Psychology as a Science 1.2.4 Scope of Contemporary Psychology and its Specialities 1.2.5 Fields of Psychology 1.2.6 Psychology and Other Disciplines 1.2.7 Applications and Perspectives of Psychology 1.3 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 1.4 Summary 1.5 Key Words 1.6 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 1.7 Further Readings UNIT 2 BIOLOGY OF BEHAVIOUR 16-24 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Objectives 2.2 Behavioural, Humanistic, Biological and Cognitive Approaches 2.3 Psychodynamic, Evolutionary and Socio-cultural Perspectives 2.3.1 Evolutionary 2.3.2 Psychodynamics 2.3.3 Socio-cultural 2.4 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 2.5 Summary 2.6 Key Words 2.7 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 2.8 Further Readings UNIT 3 WORK OF PSYCHOLOGISTS 25-36 3.0 Introduction 3.1 Objectives 3.2 Typical Behaviour Patterns and the Nervous System 3.2.1 The Brain and The Nervous System: A Guide 3.2.2 Central Nervous System 3.2.3 The Lobe of Cerebral Cortex 3.2.4 Peripheral Nervous System 3.3 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 3.4 Summary 3.5 Key Words 3.6 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 3.7 Further Readings BLOCK II: ASSESSMENT, PERCEPTION AND BEHAVIOUR UNIT 4 METHODS OF ASSESSMENT IN PSYCHOLOGY-I 37-55 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Objectives 4.2 Introspective Method 4.2.1 Merits of Introspection 4.2.2 Limitations of Introspection 4.3 Observation Method 4.3.1 Limitations of Observation 4.3.2 Suggestions for Improvement 4.4 Experimental Method: An Overview 4.4.1 Merits of Experimental Method 4.4.2 Weaknesses of Experimental Method 4.5 Correlation Method 4.5.1 Goals of Psychological Enquiry 4.6 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 4.7 Summary 4.8 Key Words 4.9 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 4.10 Further Readings UNIT 5 METHODS OF ASSESSMENT IN PSYCHOLOGY-II 56-72 5.0 Introduction 5.1 Objectives 5.2 Case Study Method 5.3 Clinical Method 5.3.1 Genetic Method 5.4 Interview Method 5.5 Survey Method 5.5.1 Possible Sources of Errors 5.6 Rating Scales 5.7 Checklists/Questionnaires and Psychological Tests 5.8 Cross-cultural Method 5.9 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 5.10 Summary 5.11 Key Words 5.12 Self Assessment Questions snd Exercises 5.13 Further Readings UNIT 6 SENSORY PROCESS AND PERCEPTION 73-90 6.0 Introduction 6.1 Objectives 6.2 Sensory Channels and Processes 6.2.1 Sensation: An Overview 6.2.2 Structure of the Eye: Vision 6.2.3 How We See 6.2.4 How We Hear 6.2.5 Thresholds 6.2.6 Subliminal Perception 6.2.7 Perception 6.2.8 Characteristics of Perception 6.3 Answers to Ch eck Your Progress Questions 6.4 Summary 6.5 Key Words 6.6 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 6.7 Further Readings UNIT 7 FOUNDATIONS OF BEHAVIOUR 91-105 7.0 Introduction 7.1 Objectives 7.2 The Central and Peripheral Nervous System 7.3 Impact of the Functions of Endoergic Glands and Summary 7.3.1 Endocrine Glands and their Hormones 7.4 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 7.5 Summary 7.6 Key Words 7.7 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 7.8 Further Readings BLOCK III: BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF BEHAVIOUR AND CONSCIOUSNESS UNIT 8 HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT BEHAVIOUR 106-116 8.0 Introduction 8.1 Objectives 8.2 Biological Basis of Behaviour: Heridity vs.