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Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

Disclaimer

The information contained in this document is based on facts, assumptions and representations stated herein. Our assessment and opinions are based on facts and circumstances provided/collected during our meetings with officials related to project and research from sources in public domain, which are held reliable. If any of these facts, assumptions or representations is not entirely complete or accurate, the conclusions drawn therein could undergo material change and the incompleteness or inaccuracy could cause us to change our opinions. The assertions and conclusions are based on the information available at the time of writing this report and author’s opinion towards assertion or conclusion is liable to change if new or updated information is made available. However, this shall not construe that the author is responsible to rework any such assertion or conclusion if new or updated information is made available. Whilst the information in this document has been prepared in good faith, it is not and does not claim to be comprehensive or have been independently verified. Neither author or any of GIZ experts or advisers accept any responsibility or liability as to or in relation to adequacy, accuracy, reasonableness or completeness of, or for any errors, omissions or misstatements, negligent or makes any representation or warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the information contained in this document, or any other written or oral information which is, has been or will be provided or made available; nor do they make any representation, statement or warranty, express or implied, with respect to such information or to the information on which this document is based. Any liability in respect of any such information or inaccuracy in this document or omission therefrom is expressly disclaimed. The information contained in this document is selective and is subject to updating, expansion, revision and amendment. It does not, and does not purport to, contain all the information that a recipient may require.

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

Acknowledgement

GIZ gratefully acknowledges the individuals and organisations that have contributed their time, energy and views towards formulation of the Approach to Draft State Land User (Planning) Policy - Baseline. In particular, the guidance and contributions provided by Dr Sugato Dutt, Head of Department, Land Use, State Planning Commission and Mr Anil Meshram, Member Secretary, State Planning Commission for shaping contents of the report were tremendous. We would also like to acknowledge the support received from the Secretaries and other Department Officials from the state departments for Environment and Forest, Industries, MSME Department, Housing and Urban Development, Rural Development and Panchayati Raj, Municipal Administration and Water Supply, Public Works Department, Water Resources Department, Directorate of Town and Country Planning (DTCP), TamilNadu Urban Finance and Infrastructure development Corporation Limited (TUFIDCO), Tamil Nadu Institute of Urban Studies (TNIUS) and Head of all Divisions of State Planning Commission. We would also like to thank Mr Sivaprakasam, Assistant Director, DTCP who arranged and coordinated all meetings through the Coimbatore region and state for gathering information on the current planning processes. The support received from Director, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore Local Planning Authority (LPA), LPA Tiruppur, District Industries Centres, District Regional Development Authorities, and Deputy Conservator of Forest, Nilgiris (North and South Division), who helped us understand most recent planning processes and sectoral initiatives that has been incorporated in convergence of sectoral plans and policies at a district or regional level. Special appreciation goes to Mr Dinesh Singh, Secretary, Department of Land Resources (DoLR), Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD), Government of India and Mrs Veena Ish, Additional Secretary, Department of Land Resources, for trusting and guiding us through the process. In particular we would like to mention the constant interactions, brainstorming and guidance as provided by Mrs Sudha Keshari, Economic Advisor, DoLR, Mr Vipin Kumar Bansal, DIGF, DoLR, Mr Niraj Kumar, Director, DoLR, Mr GL Gupta, Deputy Director, DoLR and their team for sparing time for numerous meeting and discussions with the GIZ team and keeping us on our toes with regular reviews. Last but not the least I would like to thank GIZ team.

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1

1.1 IMPORTANCE / SIGNIFICANCE OF LAND USE PLANNING...... 1 1.2 LAND AND CONSTITUTION OF INDIA ...... 2 1.3 SPATIAL GOVERNANCE ...... 3 1.3.1 Public Policy and Land Use ...... 4 1.3.2 Working Groups and Consultations ...... 6 2 DEPARTMENT ROLES/MANDATE ...... 8 3 LAND USE CATEGORISATION...... 22

3.1 FORESTS ...... 22 3.1.1 Forest Cover ...... 22 3.1.2 Protected Areas ...... 23 3.1.3 Major Concerns in Management of Protected Areas ...... 25 3.1.4 Regulations/ Laws relating to Protected Areas ...... 25 3.2 GRASSLANDS, GRAZING LANDS/PASTURES ...... 27 3.2.1 Grassland Classification ...... 27 3.2.2 Grassland Categorisation ...... 28 3.2.3 Challenges Faced by Grasslands, Grazing Lands and Pastures ...... 31 3.2.4 Issues in Grassland Protection ...... 33 3.3 WATER BODIES ...... 33 3.3.1 Challenges of Water Sector ...... 34 3.3.2 Watershed Management and Land Use Planning ...... 35 3.3.3 Water Bodies as a Land Use ...... 35 3.4 AGRICULTURE ...... 38 3.4.1 Agriculture Land Use Classification ...... 39 3.4.2 Total Cultivated Area ...... 40 3.4.3 Total Agricultural / Cultivable / Culturable Area ...... 40 3.4.4 Agro-Climatic Zones ...... 41 3.5 INDUSTRIES ...... 42 3.5.1 Industrial Units...... 42 3.5.2 Industrial Areas ...... 47 3.6 MINES ...... 49 3.6.1 UNFC on Fossil Energy, Mineral Reserves and Resources 2009...... 50 3.6.2 Mine Extraction Technology ...... 52 3.7 INFRASTRUCTURE ...... 55 3.7.1 Roads ...... 55 3.7.2 Airports ...... 56 3.7.3 Ports ...... 56 3.7.4 Inland Waterways ...... 57 3.7.5 Railways ...... 57 3.7.6 Other Logistics ...... 57 3.7.7 Power ...... 58 3.8 SETTLEMENTS ...... 59 3.8.1 Settlement: Land Use Components ...... 59 3.8.2 Residential ...... 59 3.8.3 Commercial ...... 60

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

3.8.4 Mix of Residential and Commercial ...... 60 3.8.5 Industries ...... 60 3.8.6 Recreational ...... 61 3.8.7 Public and Semi Public ...... 61 3.8.8 Public Utilities and Facilities ...... 62 3.8.9 Others/Miscellaneous ...... 63 3.9 WASTELAND ...... 64 3.9.1 Gullied/Ravine Land ...... 64 3.9.2 Land with Scrub ...... 64 3.9.3 Water Logged Marshy Land ...... 65 3.9.4 Land Affected by Salinity/Alkalinity ...... 65 3.9.5 Shifting Cultivation ...... 65 3.9.6 Underutilised/Degraded Land ...... 65 3.9.7 Sands (Dessert/Coastal/Riverine) ...... 66 3.9.8 Mining/Industrial Wasteland ...... 66 3.9.9 Barren/Rocky Area ...... 67 3.9.10 Snow Covered/Glacial Areas ...... 67 4 LAND USE STATISTICS ...... 68

4.1 LAND UTILISATION PATTERN OF TAMIL NADU...... 68 4.2 LAND UTILISATION RELATED TO AGRICULTURE ...... 72 4.2.1 Land under Micro Irrigation ...... 73 4.3 LIVESTOCK IN TAMIL NADU ...... 73 4.4 FORESTS IN TAMIL NADU ...... 75 4.4.1 Forest Cover Within and Outside Recorded Forest Area ...... 75 4.4.2 Forest Conservation Efforts ...... 76 4.4.3 Protected Area Network in Tamil Nadu ...... 76 4.4.4 Tiger Reserves in Tamil Nadu ...... 77 4.4.5 Elephant Reserves in Tamil Nadu ...... 78 4.4.6 Important Bird Areas of Tamil Nadu ...... 78 4.5 WET LANDS ...... 80 4.5.1 Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary (Ramsar site no. 1210) ...... 81 4.6 WATER RESOURCES IN TAMIL NADU...... 82 4.6.1 Surface Water Resources of Tamil Nadu ...... 83 4.6.2 Ground Water Resources of Tamil Nadu ...... 83 4.6.3 River basins of Tamil Nadu and Water Potential ...... 83 4.7 WASTE LANDS ...... 84 5 SECTORAL POLICIES – KEY FEATURES ...... 86

5.1 AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED ...... 87 5.2 SETTLEMENTS ...... 106 5.3 GOVERNANCE ...... 111 5.4 WATERBODIES ...... 120 5.5 INDUSTRIES AND MINES ...... 122 5.6 INFRASTRUCTURE ...... 125 5.7 FORESTS ...... 128 5.8 DISASTER RISK REDUCTION ...... 132 5.9 LAND ACQUISITION AND ALLOCATION PROCESS ...... 132 5.10 LAND USE ISSUES IN TAMIL NADU ...... 137 5.10.1 Challenges Confronting Scientific Use of Land ...... 137 5.10.2 Drivers of Future Land Use Policy ...... 138 5.10.3 Measures for Land Use Planning and Management ...... 138

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

6 DEPARTMENT VS LAND USE THEME MATRIX...... 140

6.1 KEY FUNCTIONS ...... 140 6.1.1 Acquisition ...... 140 6.1.2 Dependency ...... 140 6.1.3 Develop ...... 140 6.1.4 Disaster Management ...... 140 6.1.5 Execute Schemes ...... 141 6.1.6 Impacted ...... 141 6.1.7 Influence ...... 141 6.1.8 Influenced ...... 141 6.1.9 Invest ...... 141 6.1.10 Maintain ...... 142 6.1.11 Maintain Statistics ...... 142 6.1.12 Monitor and Approve Interventions ...... 142 6.1.13 Negative Influence ...... 142 6.1.14 Plan ...... 143 6.1.15 Promote ...... 143 6.1.16 Provide Technical Support ...... 143 6.2 FORESTS AND PROTECTED AREAS ...... 143 6.3 GRASSLANDS, GRAZING LAND AND PASTURES ...... 144 6.4 WATERBODIES ...... 145 6.5 AGRICULTURE ...... 146 6.6 INDUSTRIES ...... 148 6.7 MINES ...... 150 6.8 TOURISM ...... 150 6.9 INFRASTRUCTURE ...... 152 6.10 SETTLEMENTS ...... 156 6.11 WASTELANDS ...... 157 7 APPROACH TO POLICY FORMULATION - WORKING GROUP AND THEMES ...... 162

7.1 WORKING GROUP ...... 163 7.1.1 Working Group Representatives ...... 163 7.2 GIZ SUPPORT ...... 164 7.3 PANEL OF ACADEMIC EXPERTS ...... 164 7.3.1 Expected Contributions from Select Experts on Policies ...... 165 1.1 DR. R PARTHASARATHY (DIRECTOR, GUJARAT INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH) ...... 165 1.2 DR. SHRAWAN ACHARYA (PROFESSOR, CENTRE FOR STUDY OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT, JAWAHARLAL NEHRU UNIVERSITY) ...... 166 1.3 DR. SUDESHNA MITRA (PROFESSOR, INDIAN INSTITUTE OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS) ...... 166 7.4 THEMES AND SUB-THEMES: KEY STAKEHOLDERS AND INVITEES ...... 167 7.4.1 Theme: Environment ...... 168 7.4.2 Theme: Economy ...... 169 7.4.3 Theme: Society ...... 173 7.4.4 Waste lands ...... 176 8 PROPOSED STRUCTURE OF STATE LAND USE (PLANNING) POLICY ...... 177 ANNEXURE 1 ...... I ANNEXURE 2 ...... XX

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

List of Tables

TABLE 1 MANDATE OF DEPARTMENT...... 10 TABLE 2: LAND USE OF TAMIL NADU ...... 69 TABLE 3: TREND IN LAND USE PATTERN OF TAMIL NADU (2003 – 2014) ...... 70 TABLE 4: TREND IN CROPPING PATTERN OF TAMIL NADU (2009 – 2016) ...... 72 TABLE 5: LIVESTOCK IN TAMIL NADU ...... 73 TABLE 6: FOREST COVER WITHIN AND OUTSIDE RECORDED FOREST AREA ...... 75 TABLE 7: FOREST COVER IN DIFFERENT PATCH SIZE CLASSES ...... 76 TABLE 8: PROTECTED AREA NETWORK IN TAMIL NADU ...... 77 TABLE 9: IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS IN TAMIL NADU ...... 78 TABLE 10: WETLANDS IN TAMIL NADU ...... 81 TABLE 11: WASTE LAND IN TAMIL NADU ...... 84 TABLE 12 LAND USE GOVERNANCE INTERACTION MATRIX FOR FORESTS AND PROTECTED AREAS ...... 143 TABLE 13 LAND USE GOVERNANCE INTERACTION MATRIX FOR GRASSLANDS, GRAZING LAND AND PASTURES 144 TABLE 14 LAND USE GOVERNANCE INTERACTION MATRIX FOR WATERBODIES ...... 145 TABLE 15 LAND USE GOVERNANCE INTERACTION MATRIX FOR AGRICULTURE ...... 147 TABLE 16 LAND USE GOVERNANCE INTERACTION MATRIX FOR INDUSTRIES ...... 148 TABLE 17 LAND USE GOVERNANCE INTERACTION MATRIX FOR MINES ...... 150 TABLE 18 LAND USE GOVERNANCE INTERACTION MATRIX FOR TOURISM ...... 150 TABLE 19 LAND USE GOVERNANCE INTERACTION MATRIX FOR INFRASTRUCTURE ...... 153 TABLE 20 LAND USE GOVERNANCE INTERACTION MATRIX FOR SETTLEMENTS ...... 156 TABLE 21 LAND USE GOVERNANCE INTERACTION MATRIX FOR SETTLEMENTS ...... 157

List of Figures

FIGURE 1: HOW LAND IS BEING USED ...... 4 FIGURE 2: WORKING GROUP ...... 6 FIGURE 3: FOREST COVER OF TAMIL NADU...... 75 FIGURE 4: LAND ACQUISITION AND ALLOCATION PROCESS ...... 133 FIGURE 5: WORKING GROUP AND THEMES ...... 162

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

Land use planning and management is a complex word that can be constructed in following simple steps: 1. Land: Land is the base for everything, that dry surface of earth, where most of the human activities happen 2. Land Use: Generally reference to any and all possible activities that are associated with land, irrespective of ownership, whether natural or man-made, urban or rural, on the surface – in the air – or underground, in the public or private domain, etc. 3. Land Use Planning: The process of describing, reporting, mapping a baseline of all uses, potentials and weakness of various land uses so as to gain spatial and temporal intelligence; followed by using the same to balance, overview, envision all possible evolutions and thereby increase the possibility of gaining a spatial order that reduces conflicts, respects environment, secures investments and creates social harmony. 4. Land Use Planning and Management: The practice of all necessary actions, possible coordination mechanisms, and creation of binding frameworks for ensuring a balanced spatial order as envisaged in a land use plan. The patterns of human use of land effect a wide variety of outcomes – ranging from the day-to-day quality of human life, ecological sustainability including climate change adaptation and mitigation and impact on other forms of life, economic and social balance between urban and rural communities, to food security etc. India has over 17 percent of world's population but only 2.4 percent of world’s geographical area. Due to its growing population, the per capita availability of land in India has reduced from 0.91 ha in 1951 to 0.27 ha in 2011. The situation of Tamil Nadu is even more constrained with the state representing more than 5.95 percent of the India’s population in less than 3.96 percent of its area leading to a per capita availability of about 0.18 ha in 2011. With increase in population and possibility of shrinking land mass due to increased coastal erosion and floods due to climate change, the per capita availability of land is expected to reduce further.

Migration to urban areas and non-farm employment has become priority for economic development. Government of Tamil Nadu is increasingly focusing on developing economic/industrial corridors and improving urban areas for habitation purposes. Such developments are being promoted in partnerships with the community, national and international private sector, bilateral and multilateral agencies, as well as various central government schemes like Smart Cities, AMRUT, HRIDAY, PMAY – urban, major and minor port projects, NIMS, Logistics Parks, SEZs, IT Parks etc. and other socio-enviro-economic planning approaches. At the same time, the government is focussing on improving rural economies and rural infrastructure with schemes like integrated watershed management, PMGSY, PMKSY, Rurban and developing other rural and agri-infrastructure on hub and spoke models and network concepts. Judicious use of land resources has become foremost significant in all sustainable and developmental purposes. Experience with disasters over the past decade has necessitated the Government of Tamil Nadu to enhance use of spatial land use planning as a tool for guided development as compared to ad-hoc

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page 1 of 178 Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline allocation of land for various development projects. It is expected that this would lead to better consideration of socio-enviro-economic aspects leading to sustainability. Land use planning is already being practised in Tamil Nadu. Predominantly practised for urban areas, approximately 5 percent of total area of the state is estimated to be planned area. However, sporadically, certain eco-sensitive zones, and economic and investment zones are also being guided by land use planning by sectoral/line departments. As most of the plans are sporadic and in pockets, they lack efficiency, integration and interaction with each other leading to constraints in successful implementation. It is important to note the following points were some of the highlights in a recent study by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). . Land use planning decisions are directly linked to approximately one third of all man made carbon dioxide emissions since 1850. . Land and buildings on it constitute for about 86 percent of the total capital in OECD countries. . Land use planning decisions are directly linked to rising wealth inequalities as small changes in valuations result in major consequences on distribution of wealth. . Land and land use has a strong sentimental value as people are attached to land, have a sense of belonging and it is closely linked to cultural aspects. World over, Integrated Spatial Land Use Planning is known to result in accrued benefits leading to Sustainable Development that finds the right balance between economic aspects (agriculture, mining, industries and commerce etc.), social aspects (urban as well as rural settlements, equity of distribution etc.) as well as the environmental aspects (natural resource management, disaster prevention and mitigation, forest, climate change etc.). Land is a finite resource. There are competing and often conflicting demands for land for economic and social needs in the development sector, it is imperative that effective land use systems be put in place to ensure sustainability and ecological balance.

According to the constitution of India, land is a State Subject as per Entries No. 18 and No. 45 in List II, State List. The power to enact laws concerning land vests with the State Legislatures. However, some entries in List I, Union List and in List III, Concurrent List of the Seventh Schedule of Constitution of India provide necessary leeway to National Government for interventions in terms of projects in the form of strategic, economic, social, environmental corridors and zones of national importance passing across multiple states. Sometimes, these interventions are direct, but in the spirit of the constitution these are often incentive linked. Some of the relevant entries in List I, Union List of the Seventh Schedule of Constitution of India are mentioned below: . 22. Railways . 23. National Highways . 24. Shipping and navigation on inland national waterways . 25. Maritime shipping and navigation . 27. Major Ports including their delimitation . 32. Property of the Union . 53. Oilfields and mineral oil resources . 54. Mines and mineral development

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. 56. Interstate rivers and river valleys . 67. Ancient and historical monuments and records, and archaeological sites and remains of national importance . 81. Interstate migration . 87. Estate duty in respect of property other than agricultural land Some of the relevant entries in List III, Concurrent List of the Seventh Schedule of Constitution of India include: . 6. Transfer of property other than agricultural land . 17A. Forests . 20. Economic and Social Planning . 36. Factories . 41. Custody, management and disposal of property (including agricultural land) declared by law to be evacuee property . 42. Acquisition and requisitioning of property . 45. Inquiries and statistics for the purposes of any of the matters specified in List II or List III.

World over, spatial governance is observed in terms of following hierarchy and functions: 1. Policy Guidelines a. Policy guidelines play the role of steering process b. They do not have a direct spatial dimension c. Policy guidelines are generally not map based and tend to have no spatial references (replaced with generic references like ‘in areas of high biodiversity’) d. The policy guidelines may not be legally binding e. These are prepared predominantly at national and/or subnational level (states) 2. Strategic Plans a. Strategic plans tend to address challenges and policy responses without capturing all details b. The strategic plans try to align different sectoral plans together, and may include infrastructure as well as industrial corridors, economic potential, urbanisation potential etc. c. The strategic plans are generally map based but do not tend to have clear plot level boundary delineations d. Illustrative use of symbols is common in case of strategic plans e. Strategic plans allow sufficient flexibility to subsequent processes (i.e. zoning/boundary plans), hence they may not be legally binding f. The strategic plans are predominantly prepared at regional level (metropolitan area, district, cluster of districts etc.) 3. Zoning Boundary/Plans a. Zoning boundaries/plans are prepared to specify the intended as well as permitted land use on a particular land parcel b. These plans are predominantly map based with varying level of details of boundary delineation depending on the scale and geographical coverage (lesser detailing at city/Rurban cluster level master plans, whereas greater detailing in a detailed development/neighbourhood plan for a small area, ward or village)

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c. These plan generally legally binding and guide building approvals based on provisions as mentioned in the plans. d. These plans are predominantly prepared at city, rural-urban cluster, and village as well as ward level.

Public policy primarily uses spatial and land use plans and environmental and building code regulations to affect land use. These instruments function by restricting usage of land, but cannot influence how individuals and businesses would like to use land. In most cases, they do not offer efficient, community and market driven land use patterns to emerge. Many other policies and schemes – not directly related to land use planning systems, create incentives to use land in certain specific ways. However, it is not necessary that such policies correspond to the objectives of land use planning systems. In many cases, the planning systems simply fail to achieve their objectives due to overwhelming pressures from contradicting land developments promoted by other policies. Hence, it is important that the policy on land use planning is formulated considering a multi-sectoral approach with inputs from all sectoral policies and departments.

Figure 1: How land is being used

It is believed that a good public policy on land use planning would: . Link tax policy incentives to land use policies . Link subnational/state level fiscal systems, schemes, projects that directly impact efficiency of land use policies

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. Integrate demographic and economic trends with due consideration to the fact that all settlements are interdependent . Integrate all sectors and levels of government so as to promote convergence and overcome sectoral silos . Strengthen the concept of regional considerations in planning approaches . Create institutional and/or coordination mechanisms based on strengths of the state and governance system prevalent in the territory It can be said that ‘A good Land Use Planning Policy would be a spatial governance tool that balances considerations to all sectors at all levels of governance’ Formulation of such a policy necessitates that relevant information is made available to guide decision making and policy formulation. This includes: 1.3.1.1 Department Roles/Mandate The state of Tamil Nadu has over 30 departments looking into various aspects of governance and multiple sectors. Some of these departments tend to look after same sector but different aspects. Further each of these departments has multiple divisions, schemes, autonomous institutes, PSUs and boards etc. Hence it is extremely important to understand the roles, scope, mandate, functions and activities undertaken by each of these departments. 1.3.1.2 Land Use Categorisation The Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India has for long been maintaining land use statistics under a nine fold classification, five of which are related to agriculture, one for forests, grazing & pasture lands, one for wasteland and one for all other non-agricultural land uses. Further, under multiple schemes of development as well as NIUS GIS platform, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (Erstwhile Ministry of Urban Development) has recommended multiple land uses based on scales of planning for urban land use planning purposes. Further complications arise when we note that the definition of forests, eco-sensitive zones, wastelands, waterbodies, wetlands etc. are not standard across different departments/ministries. Also, waterbodies, industries, infrastructure, grasslands, etc. do not find a separate mention in terms of land use are region level. In view of above, it is considered extremely important that a comprehensive but standardised set of land use categories is considered for representation at state/regional level, which can be conveniently broken into subcategories depending on scale of planning. 1.3.1.3 Land Use Statistics Various departments maintain information on existing land use statistics for their own planning purposes. It is important to understand how these statistics look together at various levels of governance. Such a collation of land use statistics and envisaged/proposed plans is expected to give an interesting insight into the land use scenario for the state as well as the challenges ahead. 1.3.1.4 Sectoral Policies – Key Features The presence of the complex governance systems with multiple sectoral departments means that each of these departments is in-charge of various development measures. It is highly likely that the departments have specific policies or other forms of guiding documents for planning interventions. Some of these

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page 5 of 178 Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline policies/guiding documents are expected to directly have an impact on land use, whereas some of them would result in planning processes that affect eventual land use (indirect impact on land use). As most of the departments have such policies in force and decisions are made abiding by these documents, it is important to understand and consider them during the formulation of the land use planning policy for the state. 1.3.1.5 Department vs Land Use Matrix The presence of a complex governance system with multiple sectoral departments and the complex substructure of each indicates that different departments have different mandates, functions and powers as far as land use and utilisation is concerned. Whereas some department may have powers and functions covering financial, planning, influencing land use outcomes, other departments may only be affected by decisions of other departments. Furthermore, the powers and functions vested with a department or the lack thereof, may or may not be restricted to a certain category of land use. Hence, it is important to evaluate the roles of various department’s viz.-a-viz. each category of land use.

Formulation of such a policy would require close interaction of various sectoral departments and experts. For the purpose of formulation of the land use (planning) policy and related guiding documents, formation of a multi-sectoral working group (involving multiple state sectoral departments) is envisaged. As part of the structure, an academic expert panel is also proposed for guiding and vetting the Land Use Planning Policy and other supporting/guiding documents. The structure of such an arrangement is indicated in the figure below:

Figure 2: Working Group

It is envisaged that the consultation with relevant stakeholders and departments would be undertaken under following themes (and their sub themes): . Environment (forests and protected areas, grasslands/grazing lands/pastures, and waterbodies) . Economy (agriculture, industries, mines, tourism, and infrastructure) . Society (settlements – urban & rural, disaster prone areas, and socially vulnerable) . Wastelands

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In addition to above consultation are also envisaged for the following: . Strategic Projects/Developments (defence, internal security and others) . Institutional, Coordination and Implementation Mechanisms

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The state of Tamil Nadu has over 30 departments looking into various aspects of governance and multiple sectors. Some of these departments tend to look after same sector but different aspects. Following is a list of major departments in Tamil Nadu: . Adi Dravidar and Tribal Welfare Department . Agriculture Department . Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries Department . BC, MBC & Minorities Welfare Department . Commercial Taxes and Registration Department . Co-operation, Food and Consumer Protection Department . Energy Department . Environment and Forests Department . Finance Department . Handlooms, Handicrafts, Textiles and Khadi Department . Health and Family Welfare Department . Higher Education Department . Highways and Minor Ports Department . Home, Prohibition and Excise Department . Housing and Urban Development Department . Industries Department . Information Technology Department . Labour and Employment Department . Law Department . Legislative Assembly Department . Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises Department . Municipal Administration and Water Supply Department . Personnel and Administrative Reforms Department . Planning, Development and Special Initiatives Department . Public Department . Public Works Department . Revenue Department . Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Department . School Education Department . Social Reforms Department . Social Welfare and Nutritious Meal Programme Department . Special Programme Implementation . Tamil Dev. and Information Department . Tourism, Culture and Religious Endowments Department . Transport Department . Welfare of Differently Abled Persons . Youth Welfare and Sports Development Department

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Each of these departments has multiple divisions, units, attached offices, institutes, PSUs, statutory bodies and boards. It is estimated that there are over 300 such subdivisions, units, attached offices etc. in these 37 departments as listed above. A detailed list of the same as derived based on desk research and details as available on the internet is shared in Annexure 1. Though comprehensive, the list may not be complete and is open to additions. Each of these departments also has multiple commissions, committees, schemes, programmes and missions of its own or are part of a national government initiative. Further, some of these commissions, schemes, programmes etc. are housed within a specified subdivision, unit, attached office etc. whereas some have a cross department, cross division representation and involvement. It is estimated that there are about 275 different schemes, programmes, missions and/or committees in these 37 departments as listed above. A detailed list of the same as derived based on desk research and details as available on the internet is shared in Annexure 1. Though comprehensive, the list is not complete and is open to additions. It is understood the all of the 37 departments, or their 300 subdivisions or the 275 odd schemes, programmes, policies etc. may not be directly or indirectly related to land use planning and management. However, decisions of one department may impact the function/success of a particular project, scheme, policy etc. of another department. Hence, it is important to understand the roles, scope, mandate, functions and activities undertaken by each of these departments. Excerpts from an assessment of roles, functions, vision, mandates and activities of about 20 select departments and about 50 divisions is provided below in Table 1. The details provided are comprehensive but may not be complete.

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Table 1 Mandate of Department Divisions, Department Institutes, Role/function of sub department/ institute Source committees etc. Adi Dravidar and Tamil Nadu Adi . Implement economic development schemes for welfare of SC/ST, skill development http://www.tahdco.tn.gov.in/a Tribal Welfare Dravidar Housing and & training to youth, relevant construction activities. boutus.html Department Development Corporation Agriculture Agriculture . Promote and implement agriculture development schemes like intensive integrated http://www.tn.gov.in/departm Department Department farming system, massive wasteland development programme, comprehensive ent/2 watershed development activities, water management through micro irrigation systems, organic farming, soil health improvement, crop diversification to achieve higher growth in agriculture Agriculture Marketing . Promote, finance, develop, operate, manage and maintain agriculture marketing and Agri-Business facilities to promote agricultural economy Department Horticulture And . Promote high density planting in perennial crops https://tnhorticulture.tn.gov.in Plantation Crops . Precision farming /horti/vision-mission Department . Canopy management and rejuvenation of old orchards . Cold storages and related agri-infrastructure . Promote and create marketing facilities and network . More thrust on horticulture based farming system in rain fed areas . Promotion of horticulture as an integrated activity involving agriculture, animal husbandry, silviculture, apiculture, sericulture, fisheries in rural areas and encouraging terrace gardening in the cities . Development of new gardens and eco-parks for promotion of tourism

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Table 1 Mandate of Department Divisions, Department Institutes, Role/function of sub department/ institute Source committees etc. Organic Certification . Promote certifications for organic agriculture in accordance with norms of National Department Programme for Organic Production (NPOP), imparting training, and issue scope certificate to organic operators who comply with NPOP norms Tamil Nadu . Develop wasteland programmes, and integrate them into watershed development http://www.tawdeva.gov.in/de Watershed programmes like National Watershed Development Project for Rain-fed Areas fault.html Development Agency (NWDPRA), Watershed Development Fund (WDF) and Integrated Watershed http://www.tawdeva.gov.in/ab Management Programme (IWMP) out-us.html . Nodal Agency for various State/Central schemes such as NADP, National Food Security Mission (NFSM), Agriculture Technology Management Agency (ATMA), AGRISNET and National Project on Management of Soil Health & Fertility State Bamboo . Approve and oversee implementation of Annual Action Plan with technical support http://tnhorticulture.tn.gov.in/ Steering Committee group members from State Agricultural Universities, Facilitation Centres, ICAR, horti/hortitamil/schemes/goi ICFRE, CSIR Institutions and other experts in the field to oversee its implementation. State Micro Irrigation . Base line survey and feasibility studies for various crop technologies National Mission on Micro Committee . Promote, monitor and implement micro irrigation programme Irrigation . Mobilise financial institutions for installing micro irrigation systems Operational Guidelines . Organise trainings and extension programmes Retrieved from: http://www.nccd.gov.in/PDF/ Guidelines-NMMI.pdf State Seed Sub- . Advise and review on all matters relating to implementation of Seeds Act, 1966 G.O NO. 3-18/2012-SD.IV Committee For . Plan for different varieties of crops to be grown in different regions of state and to Retrieved from: Agriculture Crops review the assessment of seed requirements http://seednet.gov.in/PDFFIL . Consider and monitor release and performance of new varieties of crops for the state ES/Tamil%20Nadu%20State% 20Seed%20Sub-Committee.pdf

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Table 1 Mandate of Department Divisions, Department Institutes, Role/function of sub department/ institute Source committees etc. Animal Husbandry, Cattle Breeding and . Supply breeding inputs to artificial insemination centres and distribute fodder seeds http://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/d Dairying and Fodder Development and monitor fodder development activities efault/files/documents/ah_ Fisheries Units e_pn_2017_18.pdf Department BC, MBC & Tamil Nadu . Skill development training and economic uplifting through cooperatives, banks and Minorities Welfare Minorities Economic producer unions and other microfinance initiatives Department Development Corporation Limited Cooperation, Food Department of . Promote and monitor cooperative credit structure (short term/ long term/ urban/ POLICY NOTE and Consumer Cooperation employees), central cooperative banks, cooperative societies, crop loan, loans to joint 2016 – 2017 Protection liability groups etc. http://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/defa Department ult/files/documents/coop_e_p n_2016_17.pdf The Tamil Nadu Civil . Procure, store, move stocks of essential commodities like rice, sugar, wheat, etc. as http://www.tncsc.tn.gov.in/ab Supplies Corporation part of public distribution system. outus.html . Procure paddy, hulling, and utilisation of rice under decentralised procurement system Tamil Nadu . Acquire land and build, operate and manage warehouse/storage and logistics http://tnwc.in/objectives- Warehousing facilities and services for agricultural produces, seeds, manures, fertilisers, agricultural functions/ Corporation implements and notified commodities Tamil Nadu . Plan, provide and manage agricultural input requirements for farmers (fertilisers, http://www.tanfed.tn.gov.in/f Cooperative seeds, pesticides and agricultural implements through cooperative outlets) unctions.html Marketing Federation . Plan, provide and manage market networks, agri-logistics for member farmers Energy Department Tamil Nadu Energy . Promote use and implement projects of new and renewable sources of energy http://teda.in/ Development Agency

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Table 1 Mandate of Department Divisions, Department Institutes, Role/function of sub department/ institute Source committees etc. . Promote energy conservation activities and research and development on renewable sources of energy Tamil Nadu Power . Financial assistance to power and infrastructure projects http://www.tnpowerfinance.co Finance and . Provide funds to Tamil Nadu Electricity Board m/profile.aspx Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited Environment and Tamil Nadu . Implementation of National River Conservation Plan (NRCP) for the abatement of http://www.environment.tn.ni Forests Department Environment pollution c.in/ Department . Enforce provisions of Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification . Mange web-based Environmental Information System (ENVIS) on state of environment and related issues of Tamil Nadu . Prepare State of Environment (SoE) Report, Atlas Videos and Photo Catalogue of Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu Forest . Conserve biodiversity and ecosystems of forests and wilderness areas https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Department . Prepare and implement forest management plans Tamil_Nadu_Forest_Departme nt Arasu Rubber . Produce and sell natural rubber as raw material to the consumers after processing http://www.arasurubber.tn.nic. Corporation Limited . Plan and promote rubber plantation industry in/pages/profile.html . Protect interest of workers and increase employment opportunities , particularly for surplus rubber plantation labourers Tamil Nadu Forest . Raise, maintain and harvest eucalyptus plantation on sustained yield basis for the http://www.tafcorn.tn.gov.in/ Plantation production of pulpwood and firewood mis.html Corporation Limited . Raise and maintain cashew plantations for production of cashew nuts

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Table 1 Mandate of Department Divisions, Department Institutes, Role/function of sub department/ institute Source committees etc. Tamil Nadu Tea . Promote, develop, invest, culture, operate and maintain tea plantations http://tantea.co.in/activities.ht Plantation ml Corporation Limited Highways and Tamil Nadu . Enable balanced socio-economic development by improving capacity, connectivity, http://www.tnhighways.gov.in Minor Ports Highways efficiency and safety of the state highways system /index.html Department Department Tamil Nadu Road . Road upgradation works with the World Bank assistance http://www.tnhighways.gov.in Sector Project . Road maintenance works /org.html . Promote public private partnership projects Tamil Nadu Maritime . Provide port facilities to promote export oriented industries and port based http://www.tnmaritime.com/ Board industries/power plants . Decongest highways and railways by providing facilities for coastal shipping along east coast . Promote tourism, cruises and coastal trade Tamil Nadu Road . Implement major PPP projects http://www.tnhighways.gov.in Development . Manage Chennai Outer Ring Road /org.html Company Limited . Rajiv Gandhi IT Expressway works . East Coast Road Tamil Nadu Road . Develop road and bridge infrastructure required in industrial areas http://www.tnhighways.gov.in Infrastructure /org.html Development Corporation Limited Housing and Urban Chennai Metropolitan . Planning (including land use planning) of Chennai Metropolitan Area The Tamil Nadu Town and Development Development . Promote, implement, finance, and execute works contemplated in the plan Country Planning Act, 1971 Department Authority Section 9-C

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Table 1 Mandate of Department Divisions, Department Institutes, Role/function of sub department/ institute Source committees etc. Directorate of Town . Promote socio-economic development through systematic development and http://www.tn.gov.in/tcp/abo and Country Planning regulation of growth of urban and rural areas through Master Plans/New Town utus.htm Development Plans and Detailed Development Plans . Influence and control rural to urban migration by rural-urban integration through regional plans . Preserve historical, heritage and tourism important places in the state . Support protection of environmentally and ecologically sensitive areas of the state through spatial planning Tamil Nadu . Mobilise finances for construction of dwelling units for the members of the affiliated http://www.tn.gov.in/rti/proa Cooperative Housing housing cooperative societies in the state ctive/hud/handbook_RCS_Ho Federation using.pdf Tamil Nadu Housing . Plan, promote, develop, finance, construct housing facilities in the urban areas of Tamil Nadu Housing Board Board Tamil Nadu Act, 1961 Tamil Nadu Slum . Plan, promote, develop, finance, construct housing facilities for urban poor to The Tamil Nadu Slum Areas Clearance Board eradicate slums in urban areas (Improvement and Clearance) Act, 1971 Industries Department of . Undertake/facilitate scientific exploration, optimal exploitation, judicious http://www.tnmine.tn.nic.in/A Department Geology & Mining conservation and revenue maximization for mining areas boutUs.htm Tamil Nadu . Coordinate and facilitate working of affiliated factories through technical advice, http://www.tn.gov.in/sugar/a Cooperative Sugar centralised purchase of major items and sale of sugar and by-products. boutus.htm Federation Tamil Nadu Sugar . Explore feasibility of setting up of new sugar mills under Coop./public sector http://www.tn.gov.in/sugar/su Corporation Limited . Explore installation of cogeneration and offer constancy services in technical and garcorp.htm non-technical areas . Monitor the operation of Public Sector/Cooperative Sugar Mills

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Table 1 Mandate of Department Divisions, Department Institutes, Role/function of sub department/ institute Source committees etc. . Encourage cultivation of sugar cane Tamil Nadu Salt Explore and utilise potential resources for production of salt, salt based bye-products http://tnsalt.com/sub_categor Corporation Limited and marine chemicals y.php?sub_id=OQ== Tamil Nadu Industrial . Plan, develop, finance, maintain and manage large industrial and infrastructure http://tidco.com/bulid.html Development projects in Tamil Nadu Corporation Micro , Small and Directorate of . Entrepreneurship and Skill Development Training Programmes http://www.indcom.tn.gov.in/ Medium Enterprises Industries & . Single Window Clearance for starting an enterprise functions.html Department Commerce . Sanction and disburse incentives and subsidies to MSMEs . Implement Centrally Sponsored Schemes, Prime Minister's Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP) and State sponsored New Entrepreneur – cum – Enterprise Development Scheme (NEEDS), Unemployed Youth Employment Generation Programme (UYEGP) . Provide testing facilities for chemicals, metals, metallurgical, electrical and electronic gadgets and appliances . Develop and maintain special purpose industrial estates for electrical and electronic industries . Promote cottage and handicraft industries . Promote export Identify and promote potential opportunities in districts State Industries Plan, develop, finance, maintain and manage industrial complexes, parks and growth http://www.sipcot.com/ Promotion centres at various places across the State of Tamil Nadu Corporation of Tamil Nadu

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Table 1 Mandate of Department Divisions, Department Institutes, Role/function of sub department/ institute Source committees etc. Small Industries . Develop industrial estates, infrastructure by providing work sheds & developed plots http://www.sidco.tn.nic.in/ho Development . Raw Materials Supply Scheme me.asp Corporation . Marketing Assistance Scheme . Guidance to Entrepreneurs Municipal Commissionerate of . Coordinate and supervise functions of all Municipalities and Municipal Corporations http://cma.tn.gov.in/cma/en- Administration and Municipal in the State except the Corporation of Chennai in/Pages/About.aspx Water Supply Administration Department Directorate of Town . Providing Basic Amenities http://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/intr Panchayats . Grant Building Licenses oduction.htm . Levy Taxes . Issue Birth & Death Certificates . Issue Dangerous & Offensive Trade Licenses . Implementation of State/Central Schemes Chennai Metro Water . Improve, develop, provide, construct, finance, operate and maintain existing as well The Chennai Metropolitan Supply and Sewerage as new facilities for water supply and sewerage for Chennai Metropolitan Area Water Supply And Sewerage Board . Prepare schemes for water supply and sewerage services and system (from Act, 1978. Section 6. abstraction of water from any natural source to disposal of waste and polluted water) http://www.chennaimetrowate for Chennai Metropolitan Area r.tn.nic.in/administration.html . Control extraction, conservation and use of underground water in the Chennai Metropolitan Area Water Supply and . Acquire and hold property and land as necessary to implement water supple and TWAD Board Act, 1970 Drainage Board drainage schemes Section 17 . Plan, prepare and execute schemes (including those falling in jurisdiction of more TWAD Board Act, 1970 than one local authority) for supply of drinking water or drainage facilities Section 16 . Technical assistance to local authorities in maintenance of schemes

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Table 1 Mandate of Department Divisions, Department Institutes, Role/function of sub department/ institute Source committees etc. . Research related to water supply and maintaining farm schemes Planning, State Planning . Prepare Five Year and Annual Plans based on the policies and priorities of the http://www.spc.tn.gov.in/a Development and Commission Government boutus.html Special Initiatives . Mid term review of Five Year Plans and advising Government on appropriate Department modification and restructuring of schemes . Evaluate major plan schemes through Department of Evaluation and Applied Research . Monitor development indicators that influence the Human Development Index, Gender Development Index, etc., at a disaggregated level . Undertake special studies for formulation and implementation of plan projects and programmes . Monitor and report on economy of state . Coordinate functions of District Planning Cells and initiate planning process at District/Block/Village level Tamil Nadu State . Enable state Government with data base on land resources on the basis of revenue http://www.tn.gov.in/slub/obj Land Use Board records, topography sheets, serial photos, satellite imageries, soil survey reports etc. ectives.html . Prevent, control and guide conversion of agricultural land for non-agricultural http://www.tn.gov.in/slub/fun purposes ctions.html . Coordinate and monitor at state level to provide organic linkages in respect of implementation of programmes relating to use of land resources within the state . Research on watershed management for rain fed agriculture, integrated dry land farming, and carrying capacity of land with regard to human and animal population . Identify and entrust important studies to various institutions like, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, State Agricultural Engineering Department, Institute of Remote Sensing, Anna University, and State Agricultural Department etc.

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Table 1 Mandate of Department Divisions, Department Institutes, Role/function of sub department/ institute Source committees etc. . Forum for sharing technical and administrative experience pertaining to land utilisation through seminars, workshops etc. . Awareness generation for effective conservation, management and development of land resources Public Works Water Resources . Plan, develop, finance, invest, operate, maintain structural/non-structural http://www.wrd.tn.gov.in/Abo Department Organisation components of irrigation facilities utUs.htm . Augment potential sources for irrigation, navigation and drainage facilities; . Research and development in ground water potential and properties, hydraulics and hydrology and construction material for water resource management purposes Irrigation . Training to personnel of Departments of Public Works, Agricultural Engineering http://www.tamilnaduimti.org Management Training and Agriculture in increasing agricultural productivity, rural income, development of /objectives.html Institute the human resources and their efficiency in managing system with farmer’s participation . Action research in live irrigation systems with farmers participation . Motivate farmers to form Water Users Associations State Water Resources . Formulate and implement Water Policy G.O (Ms) No. 46 Management Agency . Facilitate, develop, disseminate use of water resources knowledge base and analytical Public Works (WR1) tools (including GIS and DSS) along with structured stakeholder consultations Department . Develop sustainable resource development framework and management plans in river basin http://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/defa . Regulate water allocation for bulk users ult/files/go/pwd_e_46_2013.p df . Develop State Water Allocation data base . Annual water audit for each river basin in the state . Review and approve state and river basin master plans

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Table 1 Mandate of Department Divisions, Department Institutes, Role/function of sub department/ institute Source committees etc. Dam Safety . Health status report for dams http://tnwrd.gov.in/ta/web/o Directorate . Inspection of dams peration-maintenance- . Geological mapping documents of dams website/dam-safety-directorate . History books of dams . State dam safety committee Institute of Water . Develop broad principles for planning and management of water resources G.O.Ms.No.457/PWD Studies . Formulation of water management policies dt.08.04.1974 . Foster and undertake research, relating to water planning and policy making http://www.wrd.tn.gov.in/IWS . Develop training programmes /IWS_activities.pdf Revenue Department of Land . Agricultural land ceiling, tenancy rights, assignment of surplus lands for agricultural http://www.landreforms.tn.go Department Reforms purposes, implementation of Chief Minister’s Uzhavar Pathukappu Thittam and v.in/AboutUs.html Bhoodan lands Disaster Management . Vulnerability mapping and assessment and Mitigation . Hazard assessment and forecasting . Disaster management plan for Tamil Nadu including disaster response mechanism, plan and standard operating procedures . Plan and implement disaster mitigation strategies and measures . Plan and implement post disaster rehabilitation measures Rural Development Commissionerate of . Coordinate and supervise functions of all Village Panchayats in the state http://www.tnrd.gov.in/about and Panchayat Raj Rural Development us.html#1 Department and Panchayat Raj Directorate of Rural . Providing basic amenities Development and . Grant building licenses Panchayat Raj . Levy taxes

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Table 1 Mandate of Department Divisions, Department Institutes, Role/function of sub department/ institute Source committees etc. . Issue Birth & Death Certificates . Implementation of state/central schemes Tamil Nadu State . Training, Research and Consultancy functions in the Rural Development and http://www.sird.tn.nic.in/abou Institute of Rural Panchayat Raj Department t.htm Development . Establish schools for study and orientation, training and instructions, research and evaluation . Analyse and propose solutions to specific problems encountered in the planning and implementation of various programmes of department Tourism, Culture Archaeology . Showcase the rich heritage and glorious traditions of Tamil Nadu including culture, and Religious Department language, temples, monuments, art and sculpture Endowments . Excavations at historically important sites Department . Underwater archaeology survey . Prehistoric archaeology/geological survey . Conservation & preservation of ancient historical monuments . Epigraphy and digitalisation . Registration of antiquities Art and Culture . Control and regulate the functions of all the Government institutions related to Art http://www.tn.gov.in/rti/proa Department and Culture ctive/inftour/handbook_artcul ture.pdf Tamil Nadu Tourism . Promote tourism http://www.ttdconline.com/ab Development . Plan, develop, finance, invest, construct, operate, maintain and promote tourism outus.jsp Corporation Limited infrastructure facilities including transport and accommodation

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In common parlance forests in India tends to refer to two aspects: . Forest Cover . Protected Areas

The Forest Survey of India brings out a biennial India State of Forest Report. The report for 2015, defines the term ‘Forest Cover’ as all those lands more than one hectare in area with a tree canopy of more than 10 percent irrespective of land use, ownership and legal status. It may include orchards, bamboo, palm etc. However, at the same time ‘Recorded Forest Areas’ (or simply ‘Forest Area’) are defined as all those geographic areas recorded as ‘Forests’ in government records. Recorded Forest areas largely consist of Reserved Forests (RF) and Protected Forests (PF), which have been constituted under the provisions of the Indian Forest Act 1927. Besides reserved forests and protected forests, the recorded forest area may

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page 22 of 178 Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline also include all such areas that have been recorded as forests in revenue records or have been constituted so under any state or local law. It is important to note that according to ISFR definitions, the recorded forest areas may even have blanks and areas with tree densities less than ten percent. These may include degraded lands, wetlands, rivers, riverbeds, creeks in mangroves, snow covered areas, glaciers, alpine pastures, cold deserts, grasslands etc. However, as per the definition of forest cover, such areas are excluded from assessment of forest cover. Further, there are areas outside the recorded forest areas which satisfy the definition of forest cover, for example plantations on private lands, community lands, road side, railways, and canals, rubber, tea and coffee plantations etc. Such areas are also included in the forest cover assessment. It is important to note the a detailed assessment of forest cover in recorded forest area is not possible for all states in India as only limited states have geo-coded boundaries of the same. Tamil Nadu is one such state that has geo-coded boundaries of the recorded forest area and hence an assessment in terms of forest cover within recorded forest area can be undertaken. It would be important to undertaken the above mentioned assessment to determine the state of forests and land use in Tamil Nadu. This would support the decision support system of the state in determining, forest lands that can be diverted to plantation works as well as other than plantation works leading to various types of asset creation. It would also assist in assessing the compensatory afforestation land that needs to be planned for. The forest cover is classified underfollowing categorises according to the India State of Forest Report 2015 3.1.1.1 Very Dense Forest All land with tree cover (including mangrove cover) with canopy density of 70 percent or above. 3.1.1.2 Moderately Dense Forest All land with tree cover (including mangrove cover) with canopy density between 40 percent to 70 percent. 3.1.1.3 Open Forest All land with tree cover (including mangrove cover) with canopy density between 10 percent to 40 percent. 3.1.1.4 Scrub All forest lands/degraded forest lands with poor tree growth mainly of small or stunted trees having canopy density of less than 10 percent. 3.1.1.5 Non-Forest Lands not included in any of the above classes.

India is one of the 17 mega diverse countries of the world in terms of biodiversity. With only 2.4 percent of the world’s land area, 16.7 percent of the world’s human population and 18 percent livestock, India contributes about 8 percent of the known global biodiversity, thereby, putting enormous demands on our natural resources. India’s conservation planning is based on philosophy of identifying and protecting representative wild habitats across all ecosystems. Indian Constitution entails the subject of forests and wildlife in the Concurrent list. The Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change acts as a guiding torch dealing

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page 23 of 178 Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline with policies and planning on wildlife conservation, while the State Forest Departments are vested with the responsibility of implementation of national policies and plans. As ecosystems and living creatures do not recognise human political borders, India has adopted the concept of Transboundary Protected Areas for coordinated conservation of ecological units and corridors. There are 4 categories of the Protected Areas viz, National Parks, Sanctuaries, Conservation Reserves and Community Reserves. 3.1.2.1 National Parks An area having adequate ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological, natural or zoological significance. The National Park is declared for the purpose of protecting, propagating or developing wildlife or its environment, like that of a Sanctuary. The difference between a Sanctuary and a National Park mainly lies in the vesting of rights of people living inside. Unlike a Sanctuary, where certain rights can be allowed, in a National Park, no rights are allowed. No grazing of any livestock shall also be permitted inside a National Park while in a Sanctuary, the Chief Wildlife Warden may regulate, control or prohibit it. In addition, while any removal or exploitation of wildlife or forest produce from a Sanctuary requires the recommendation of the State Board for Wildlife, removal etc., from a National Park requires recommendation of the National Board for Wildlife (including Standing Committee). 3.1.2.2 Wild Life Sanctuaries An area which is of adequate ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological, natural or zoological significance. The Sanctuary is declared for the purpose of protecting, propagating or developing wildlife or its environment. Certain rights of people living inside a Sanctuary could be permitted. Further, during the settlement of claims, before finally notifying the Sanctuary, the Collector may, in consultation with the Chief Wildlife Warden, allow the continuation of any right of any person in or over any land within the limits of the Sanctuary (which are given in Chapter IV, WPA 1972). 3.1.2.3 Conservation Reserves Conservation reserves are generally declared by the State Governments in any area owned by the Government, particularly the areas adjacent to National Parks and Sanctuaries and those areas which link one protected area to another. Such declaration should be made after having consultations with the local communities. Conservation Reserves are declared for the purpose of protecting landscapes, seascapes, flora, fauna and their habitat. The rights of people living inside a Conservation Reserve are not affected. 3.1.2.4 Community Reserves Community reserves are generally declared by the State Governments in any captivate or community land, not comprised within a National Park, Sanctuary or a Conservation Reserve, where an individual or community has volunteered to conserve wildlife and its habitat. Community reserves are declared for the purpose of protecting fauna, flora and traditional or cultural conservation values and practices. The rights of people living inside a Community Reserve are not affected. These may be further categorised into the following: 3.1.2.4.1 Community Forests Growing trees in community land wherein government provides seeds, fertilisers etc. but community is responsible for protecting trees. 3.1.2.4.2 Extension Forests Growing trees on the sides of roads, canals, railways, and wastelands (in urban as well as rural areas)

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3.1.2.4.3 Farm Forests Growing trees in one’s own farmland to meet domestic need (fuelwood, shade to crops, wind shelters, soil conservation or use wasteland. 3.1.2.4.4 Private Forests Protected areas inside India whose land rights are owned by an individual or corporation/organisation and the resident flora and fauna are provided with dome kind of protection from exploitative activities like shooting, logging etc. 3.1.2.4.5 Social Forests Grow, manage and protect in barren and deforested lands with the purpose of helping environment, social and rural/urban development by planting trees on unused and fallow land.

Conservation and management in India is currently facing a myriad of complex challenges that are both ecological and social in nature. Issues such as habitat loss/fragmentation, overuse of biomass resources in the context of biotic pressures, increasing human-wildlife conflicts, livelihood dependence on forests and wildlife resources, poaching and illegal trade in wildlife parts and products, need for maintaining a broad base of public support for wildlife conservation exemplify and characterise the contemporary wildlife conservation scenario in India. The government and the civil society are taking several measures to address these issues. Planned interventions to improve synergies and coordination amongst a wide array of stakeholders are being undertaken to meet the challenges of conserving India’s diverse wilderness resources.

The protected areas are constituted and governed under the provisions of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, which has been amended from time to time, with the changing ground realities concerning wildlife crime control and management of protected areas. Implementation of this Act is further complemented by other Acts viz. Indian Forest Act, 1927, Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and Biological Diversity Act, 2002 and the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006. The Wildlife Crime Control Bureau of the Central Government supplements the efforts of state governments in wildlife crime control through enforcement of CITES and control of wildlife crimes having cross-border, interstate and international ramifications. In order to strengthen and synergise global wildlife conservation efforts, India is a party to major international conventions viz. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild fauna and flora (CITES), International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, UNESCO-World Heritage Committee and Convention on Migratory Species (CMS). In this context, it is important to note that certain additional areas might be considered as eco-sensitive areas wherein conservation efforts are more in terms of restrictions in terms of interventions of development. Such areas may be part of an existing protected area or beyond its boundary thereof. 3.1.4.1 Important Coastal and Marine Biodiversity Areas 106 coastal and marine sites have been identified in India and prioritised for ensuring that at least 10 percent of coastal and marine areas are conserved in networks of protected areas and ecosystems that provide water, health and livelihoods and wellbeing are restored and safeguarded.

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3.1.4.2 Marine Protected Areas The Marine Protected Area Network in India is used as a tool to manage natural and marine resources for biodiversity conservation and for the wellbeing of the people dependent on it. Protected areas that fall entirely or partially within the swathe of 500m from the high tide line and the marine environment are considered to be in the marine protected area network. 3.1.4.2.1 Coastal Regulation Zones The coastal land up to 500 m from the Highest High Tide Line (HTL) and a stage of 100m along the banks of creeks, estuaries, backwater and rivers subject to tidal fluctuations. A combination of prohibition and regulation is practised in CRZs. 3.1.4.3 Natural World Heritage Sites UNESCO approved list of natural areas in India. 3.1.4.4 Eco-Sensitive Zones around National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries Areas outside the protected area network are often vital ecological corridor links and must be protected to prevent isolation of fragments of biodiversity which will not survive in the long run, Land and water use policies in such areas need to accept the imperative of strictly protecting ecologically fragile habitats and regulating use elsewhere. All identified areas around protected areas and wildlife corridors are declared as ecologically fragile under the EPA, 1986. Delineation of eco-sensitive zones is/would have to be site specific and relate to regulation, rather than prohibition of specific activities. As a matter of general rule a buffer of 10 km is considered as a default buffer. 3.1.4.5 Elephant Reserves Notified protected areas for elephants, their habitat and corridors and to address human-wildlife conflict Elephants, being long ranging animals, render the concept of Elephant Reserves (ER) much beyond the boundaries of a protected area. Only about 27 percent of the area of elephant reserves is legally protected under the protected area network. Almost 30 percent of the elephant reserves is outside the purview and control of MoEF and State Forest Departments. In such a scenario, unlike Project Tiger, the conservation of elephants requires better coordination and support of other ministries and a much higher financial support. 3.1.4.6 Tiger Reserves There are 47 tiger reserves in India at present amounting to about 2.08 percent of the total geographical area. Constituted on a core/buffer strategy, the core areas have legal status of a national park or a sanctuary, whereas the buffer or peripheral areas are a mix of forest and non-forest land, managed as a multiple use area. 3.1.4.7 Biosphere Reserves Representative parts of natural and cultural landscapes extending over large area of terrestrial or coastal/marine ecosystems or a combination thereof and representative examples of bio-geographic zones/provinces. They have three interrelated zones viz. Core Zone, Buffer Zone and Transition Zone. 3.1.4.8 Important Birding Areas The important birding area programme of Birdlife International identifies, monitors and protects a global network of Important Birding Areas (IBAs) for conservation of world's birds and associated biodiversity. The IBAs serve as conservation areas for protection of birds at the global, regional or subregional level.

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India has 467 IBAs and 96 potential IBAs, more than 40 percent of IBAs are outside the protected area network and thus an important tool for landscape level conservation planning and management. 3.1.4.9 RAMSAR Wetland Sites The RAMSAR Convention is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable utilisation of wetlands, recognising the fundamental ecological functions as their economic, cultural, scientific and recreational value. India is a signee to the convention.

Grasslands are highly dynamic ecosystems encompassing all natural and semi-natural pastures, woodlands, scrub, and steppe formations dominated by grasses and grass like plants. Having closely co-evolved with grazing ungulates, and played major role in the history of farming, grasslands not only provide vital ecosystem services such as water and climate regulation in support of agriculture, biogeochemical cycling, carbon storage, cultural and recreational services, but also form backbone of livelihoods for all pastoral communities. The grass cover in India is classified among following five broad types of grass cover found in India:

3.2.1.1 Sehima – Dichanthium Grasslands which are spread over the Deccan Plateau, Chota Nagpur Plateau and Aravallis with an elevation range of 300 - 1200m above mean sea level. 3.2.1.2 Dichantium - Cenchrus - Lasiurus Grasslands which are spread over northern parts of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Aravalli ranges, south western Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, and Punjab with an elevation range of 150 - 300m above mean sea level. 3.2.1.3 Phragmites - Saccharum - Imperata Grasslands which are spread over Gangetic plains, Brahmaputra Valley and the plains of Punjab with an elevation range of 300 - 500m above mean sea level. 3.2.1.4 Themeda - Arundinella Grasslands which are spread over foothills and lower hills of Manipur, Assam, northern parts of West Bengal, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir in the elevation range of 350 - 2000m above mean sea level. 3.2.1.5 Temperate - Alpine Grasslands which are spread across the Himalayan States and the temperate high altitude areas of Nagaland, Manipur and Western Ghats above an altitude of 2000m above mean sea level.

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It may however be worthwhile to look into the following categorisation of grasslands from planning perspectives.1 3.2.2.1 Coastal Grasslands The Grassland vegetation that is unique to the coastal regions, mostly fund as gregarious single species. It may be further categorised as follows: 3.2.2.1.1 Grasslands of Sea Beaches . Main Land Beaches: Found on sea beaches of tropical coasts, most important grass species (Spinifex littoreus) which spreads along the sand dunes and beach sand over large areas. They are circum-global in nature and are found usually in pure patches on most of undisturbed beachesin equitorial Asia, Africa and America. . Island Beaches: Sea shores of many islands are inhabited by a short grass community Thuarea involucrate which can be seen as patches of green carpets on the sea beaches especially in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep 3.2.2.1.2 Salt Marsh Grasslands Grasslands dominated by Aleuropus lagopoides found in extensive patches on saline areas frequently submerged by tidal waters of the seas. The Rann of Kutch is one of the major habitats of this community and is found as pure gregarious population as well as associated with other herbaceous salt tolerant plants. 3.2.2.1.3 Mangrove Grasslands Grassland communities found along the marshy intertidal zone of the coastal regions and usually found in patches between adjacent mangrove forests or area close to sea beaches. The major grass found in this community are Myriostachya wightiana, Zoysia matrella, Sporobolus viginicus, Halopyrum mucronatum, and Porteresia coarctata usually as monospecific patches. They are also found in the field bunds of cultivation or prawn hatcheries located near mangrove zones. The mangroves of Bhitakanika, Sunderbans, Pichavaram on the east coast and Goa, Bombay, Calicut, Kadalundi, Payyanur and Quilon on the west coast are some of the areas where these can be found. 3.2.2.2 Riverine Alluvial Grasslands The riverine alluvium along the banks of major rivers is usually colonised by a primarily successuibal tall grassland community dominated by Saccharum spontaneus, (locally known as kans). This primary successional community often gives way to riverine tree vegetation as one moves away from the flood banks. Such grasslands are common along the Ganga and Brahmaputr rivers and also in several other rivers in peninsular India like the Mahanadi, Godavari, Cauvery, Krishna, Narmada and Bharatapusha. The rivers in Punjab also have such riverine alluvial grasslands. Such grasslands in Northern India are also dominated by Saccharum Bengalense (Munj) which forms regular dense clumps. These grasslands are a visible treat during flowering and are habitat to a variety of birds and mammals. Saccharum bengalense serves as an important livelihood source for villagers by means of harvest of the culms for thatching and weaving baskets, chairs, ropes and many other artifacts. Ecollogically they provide soil binding services thereby stabilising and preventing river beds and banks from erosion. The grasslands of Kaziranga National Park south of Brahmaputra are also an example of riverine alluvial flood plain grasslands.

1 Grassland Vegetation of India: An Update, Manoj Chandran, Conservator of Forests, Land Survey Directorate, Uttarakhand Forest Department, Ecology and Management of Grassland Habitats in India, Volume 17, ENVIS, Year 2015

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3.2.2.3 Montane Grasslands The mountainous regions of India have different types of grassland communities based on their altitude, slope, aspect and rock strata. They occur as multi-species herbaceous communities over large tracts of land as well as intermixed with shrubs or as an outgrowth in open to moderately dense forest areas. 3.2.2.3.1 Himalayan Sub-tropical Grasslands Found on the southern slopes of the Himalaya between an altitudinal range of 1000 to 1800m and are usually founds on steeper slopes with shallow soils. Also found as lush undergrowth in pine forests during rainy season. Highly vulnerable to forest fires during dry summer season, but being fire hardy, the new shoots soon emerge from the undergrounds rootstock providing valuable fodder to the grazing wild herbivores and the domestic livestock during the lean season. These grasslands are used by local communities for fodder collection during winter after the seeds have fallen and stored for making hay for future use. 3.2.2.3.2 Himalayan Temperate Grasslands Found on the slopes of the Himalayas in an altitudinal range of 1800 to 3000 m and are usually found on rocky slopes with shallow soils where there is sparse tree growth. The blades of some varieties of grasses are used by locals for thatching purposes. 3.2.2.3.3 Alpine Meadows Found above the tree line on the southern face of the Greater Himalaya above the altitude of 3000m and upto 52000m. Known as Marg in Kashmir, Bugyal in Uttarakhand abd various other local names across the mountain range. Being above the tree line, these grasslands extend over several kilometers and are usually under snow for a large part of the year and thus form a climatic climax community. However, certain lower sub-alpine areas also have similar grasslands fomring edaphic climax due to rocky-substrata unsuitable for tree growth. The most dominant species found in Alpine Meadows is Danthonia cachemyriana, which provides nitrogen rich fodder to grazing sheep, and other livestock as well as wild herbivores. They have a rich variety of medicinal plants which are harvested by local communities to sustain their livelihoods. The Chhiple Kedar alpine amedows in Pithoragarh district and Bedini Bugyal of Chamoli District of Uttarakhand are among the most extensive and contiguous patches of alpine meadows found in the Himalaya, each of which is 300 sq.km. in expanse. 3.2.2.3.4 Trans Himalayan Steppes These Alpine Meadows are found in the northern face of the Great Himalayam, usually known as Trans- Himalaya. These areas on account of their locations in the rain shadow region of Southwest Monsoons, are arid and very cold due to proximity to Tibetan Plateau ad very high altitudes usually above 4000m above mean sea level. These are found in Ladakh in Jammu and Kashmir, Lahul, Spiti and Kinnaur districts of Himachal Pradesh; Nilanng, Niti, Malla Hohar, Malla Darma and Lapthal areas of Uttarakhand, and Tso Lhamu plateau of Sikkim. These grasslands are dominated by short grasses. These areas are often interspersed with lakes and marsh meadows. The Trans-Himalayan grassland communities of India are mostly extensions of Tibetan floral elements. 3.2.2.3.5 Grasslands of North East Hills Found in sub trapical to temperate areas of the North Eastern Hill States south of River Brahmaputra. The major grasslands include the Dzukou valley in Nagaland and Manipur, Ukhrul grasslands of Manipur, Saramati grasslands of Nagaland, and the rolling downs of Shillong. There grasslands are charachterised by

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page 29 of 178 Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline a mixture of floral elements of the Himalayan region, South East Asia and Peninsular India and hence form a unique biodiversity rich area. 3.2.2.3.6 Grasslands of Central Highlands Found in central Indian highlands viz. Vindhyas and Satpuras, these hill ranges are considered as corridors between the Western Ghats and Himalayas for migration of species. These grasslands are found intermixed with tropical dry deciduous forests on rocky patches among sparse to open tree growth and can be ideally called montane or hill savannas. 3.2.2.3.7 Western Ghats Found on the rocky hill slopes, high altitude rolling downs and rocky plateau tops of Western Ghats. They can be further sub categorised as: . Plateaus of North Western Ghats: Found on the plateaus of Western Ghats in Karnataka, Goa and Maharashtra with usually short grasses, ephemeral in nature, seems as a green flush during the monsoons and thereafter drying up and the seeds dispersed waiting for the rainfall next monsoon. Such grassland communities are common in Panchgani, Mahabaleshwar, Ratnagiri and Kaas plateau. . Shola Grasslands: These high altitude grasslands of the Western Ghats found above and altitude of 1800 m upto the highest peak of Anaimudi at 2695m above mean sea level are found between shola forest patches that occur in the depressions created by watercourses flowing in these rolling downs. The grasslands of Eravikulam National Park, Mukurti Sanctuary, Kodajadri, Bababudangiri, Agastyamalai, Poochipara in Silent Valley National Park are all examples of shola grasslands. These grasslands receive heavy rainfall throughout the year. . South Western Ghats: The slopes of south Western Ghats of Waynad and Idukki districts of Kerala have more of forest grasses such as Spogiopogon rhizophor us, species of Gamotia, Zenkeria, Arundinella and also vast stretches of Pennisetum pedicellatum and Pennisetum polystachyon . Many variety of species of grasses found in abundance in Kabini in Nagarhole National Park, undergrowth in Bandipur, Nagerhole, and Waynad wildlife sanctuaries and Silent Valley National Park are unique to these grasslands. 3.2.2.3.8 Eastern Ghats The grasslands of Eastern Ghats are comparatively drier due to lesser rainfall and lower altitudes of about 700m above mean sea level. They are highly discontinuous and in small patches unlike Western Ghats. The major grass communities are dominated by Arundeinella setosa in the higher altitudes and Aristida adscencionis, Heteropogon contortus, Sporobolus, Themeda, Chrysopogon etc. in lower areas. The Shevroy hills of Yercaud, Javadi hills and Malkanagiri represent such grassland communities. 3.2.2.3.9 Montane Bamboo Brakes These grassland communities are dominated by gregarious dwarf monopodial bamboo species (1 to 5 metres tall), which gives the appearance of a normal grassland from a distance. They provide a suitable habitat to a variety of pheasants and other birds and mammals. The young shoots are food to a variety of animals including bears and rodents. The Arundinaria densiflora brakes of Western Ghats, Arundinaria hirsuta brakes of Khasi hills, Arundinaraia rolloana brakes of Dzukou valley in Nagaland and Yushania anceps brakes in the sub-alpine regions of Uttarakhand are some of the examples of montane bamboo brakes. 3.2.2.4 Sub-Himalayan Tall Grasslands of Terai Region These hygrophilous grasslands are found along the length of Sub-Himalayan belt where slopes of the foothills converge with the plains of the Gangetic basin. These regions are rich in artesian springs making it ideal for tall grasses. The term Terai refers to this naturally irrigated belt of land and extends from Jammu

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page 30 of 178 Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline till Arunachal Pradesh. The Terai grass lands are facing severe threat due to draining out of water for irrigation purposes, land filling, development activities and rapid urbanisation. The Terai grasslands are excellent habitat for the Great One horned Rhinoceros, which at present is limited to the flood plains of Assam, West Bengal and a few introduced populations in Dudhwa National Park in Uttar Pradesh. 3.2.2.5 Tropical Savannas Vast stretches of tall tropical grasslands interspersed with isolated or groups of trees, generally found in Central and Western India 3.2.2.5.1 Desert Savannas Found in the Great Indian Thar Desert, these Savannas are dominated by Lasiurus scindicus which is a good soil binder and sand dune stabiliser. Trees of Prosopis cineraria are found as isolated individuals or small groups. These grasslands are found in the Desert National Park and make a good habitat for the Great Indian Bustard and other animals. The Asiatic Cheetah once used to inhabit these grasslands before it became totally extinct. 3.2.2.5.2 Tropical Savannas of Peninsular India There Grasslands are found almost all over the Deccan Plateau and Western India. They are dominated by Sehima nervosum and Dichanthium annulatum along with a plethora of other tall and small grasses. The grasslands of Saurashtra in Western Gujarat represent one of the largest stretch of the Tropical Savannas of Peninsular India. The Deccan plateau areas of Karnataka and Maharashtra also have a several patches of Tropical Savannas and form good habitat for several herbivores such as the black buck and also birds like the Great India Bustard and Lesser Florican. 3.2.2.5.3 Northern Tropical Hill Savannas There are found as vast stretches of grasslands on hill slopes in the tropical areas of Northern India such as the Aravalis, Shivaliks and the south facing slopes of the Sub-Himalayan foothills. 3.2.2.5.4 Closed Sal Forest Grasslands These are a unique kind of grasslands found amidst Sal Forests of the Sub-Himalayan belt and also in Central India. There are closed grassland communities surrounded by Sal Forests on all sides and are dominated by grasses that provide excellent habitat for herbivores for grazing with the protection of the nearby forest areas too. Such grasslands are usually frequented by herds of elephants and deer and also make good hunting grounds for tigers. Such grasslands are found in Rajaji National Park, Corbett National Park, Dudhwa in the Sub-Himalayan belt, Kanha National Park in Central India. The fringes of these grass lands are dominated by Chloris dolichostachya which is a shade loving forest grass. 3.2.2.6 Wet Grasslands The semi aquatic or wet grasslands are vast stretches found in water logged areas of Sub-Himalayan tracts, Terai, abandoned paddy fields, seasonal pools and shallow lakes, low lying areas near sea coasts, the Phumdis of Manipur and also the high altitude lakes. There represent a mix of tall as well as short grasses, floating grasses and several semi aquatic species of grasses. The most well know wetland grassland is the Loktak Lake in Keibul Lamjao National Park, Manipur having unique species of grasses and tall reeds.

Several food grains such as wheat, corn, rice, and millets which are crucial for human survival are known to have originated in various grasslands and thus they also serve as important reservoir of crop gene pool. In addition, they form critical habitat for a variety of wild herbivores and other faunal groups for their

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page 31 of 178 Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline breeding, migration and wintering. Owing to steady increase in human and livestock populations during last few decades, abrupt changes in land use practices, and transformation of traditional pastoral practices, most of the grasslands in the Asia-pacific region are degrading rapidly with far reaching consequences such as loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services, decline in quality and quantity of forage species, loss of pastoral livelihoods, and desertification. Although grasses have wide ecological amplitude and several adaptations to withstand trampling, grazing, fire, flood and drought, they face severe competition for light and nutrients from aggressive woody species and alien invasive plants. The nutrient rich sites such as relocated villages, abandoned agricultural fields and stream courses are particularly prone to invasion by woody species and easily transform into woodlands and dense thickets of unpalatable shrubs and opportunistic herbs. In many parts of central and south India overgrazing by domestic livestock, mining, wind-farms, plantations, canals and dams have led to degradation and loss of grassland habitats.2 In the food web, herbivores are established to play an important role in maintaining the ecological health of an ecosystem by consuming a sizeable quantity of available vegetation. With the evolution of biodiversity conservation theory, grazing and browsing of herbivores has been treated as an unsustainable practice for long-term conservation of wild flora. As a result, livestock grazing has been stopped in the protected areas, especially in the National Parks. However, after the ban on livestock grazing, chaos has been observed mainly due to violation of rights of local pastoral communities, and diverse sets of opinion on its impact on natural vegetation. Resentment among forest dwellers (semi-arid, arid, tropical, sub-tropical, temperate, alpine, sub-alpine) over conservation policy of banning the livestock in protected areas has been observed in various government reports. One of the reasons for resentment is wastage of forage, as it is not being used wisely. In the tropical grasslands, grasses are burnt as this is one of the traditional practices of maintaining grasslands. This is done in spite of the fact that the grassland can be used for livestock grazing. Removal of livestock from grasslands also indicates establishing forests over a period due to secondary succession (if not burnt), harvested, and eradicated by some mechanical ways. The fear of grasslands becoming endangered due to invasion by trees if not maintained mechanically, is widespread all across the globe. Considering the importance of grasslands, livestock grazing practices and joint natural resources management along with eco-development concepts, there is an urgent need to focus on a strong and viable grazing policy for livestock grazing, and ecosystem and environment management.3 Grasslands and deserts are the most neglected ecosystems by the Ministry of Environment and Forests which looks after biodiversity conservation in India. Protection, development and sustainable use of grasslands are very important for the rural economy and livestock. India has more than 500 million livestock, more than 50 percent of the fodder for this livestock comes from grasslands. Many natural grasslands have been converted to plantations, sometimes even in Protected Areas. Some of the most threatened species of wildlife are found in the grasslands and deserts (e.g. Great Indian Bustard, Lesser Florican, Indian Rhinoceros, Snow Leopard, Nilgiri Tahr, Wild Buffalo etc). Despite the importance of

2 Ecology and Management of Grassland Habitats in India, Volume 17, ENVIS, Year 2015 3 Chandra Prakash Kala, Ecosystem and Environment Management, Indian Institute of Forest Management, Current 326 Science, Vol. 96, No. 3, 10 February 2009

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page 32 of 178 Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline grasslands and deserts for biodiversity conservation, livestock dependency and for poverty alleviation, we still do not have Grassland Development and Grazing Policy in place.4

In most states, grasslands are a purview of the State Forest Department and in some parts revenue department, but tend to be neglected by the State Forest Department, as their interests lie mainly in trees. The agriculture department is interested in agricultural crops, whereas the veterinary department is concerned with livestock, but not the grass on which the livestock is dependent. According to Revenue Department as well as Rural Development and Panchayati Raj Departments, grasslands are the ‘village commons’ land of and for the community. This essentially means that grasslands, the most productive ecosystems in the sub-continent, belong to all, but are controlled by none, and they have no godfathers. The report of the Task Force on Grasslands and Deserts, Government of India, 2006 further observes the following: ‘Grasslands remain unprotected unless they are notified as Protected Areas under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 or notified as Protected or Reserve Forest under the Indian Forest Act, 1927. Most of the States have excluded the grasslands and have not identified them as ‘deemed forest’ by the State Expert Committee’s pursuant to the landmark order dated 12.12.1996 in the Forest Matter (T. N. Godavarman Thriumalpad V. Union of India and others in W.P. (C) No. 202/95). As per the said order of 12.12.1996, word ‘forest’ should be given a wide and liberal interpretation. Excluding grasslands and including lands only with tree cover as ‘forest’ is against the letter and spirit of the said order thereby denying the protection under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 (F. C. Act). In view of the fact that the grasslands have spontaneous natural vegetative growth, these should also be treated as ‘forest land’ for the purposes of the Forest Conservation Act and restrictions on diversion of such lands for non-forest use should be applicable to these critical ecosystems as well.’

Increasing population and development is putting immense pressure on Indian Water resources, (the most important natural resources for supporting life). India receives an average annual precipitation (including snowfall) of about 4000bcm (Billion Cubic Meter). However, there are extensive spatial and temporal variations in its distribution and hence in availability of water in time and space across the country. It is estimated that out of the estimated 4000bcm of water, 1869 bcm is the average annual potential flow in rivers available as water resource. The total utilisable water is only 1123bcm (690bcm from surface water resources and 433bcm from ground water resources). The water demand is estimated to be 1093bcm by the year 2025. Due to rapid rise in population and growing economy of the country, there will be continuous increase in demand for water, and it will become scarce in the coming decades. Tamil Nadu constitutes 4 percent of India’s land area and is inhabited by 6 percent of India’s population, but has only 2.5 percent of India’s water resources. More than 95 percent of the surface water and 80 percent of the ground water have already been put into use. Major uses of water include human/animal consumption, irrigation and industrial use. The demand for water in Tamil Nadu is increasing at a fast rate both due to increasing population and also due to larger per capita needs triggered by economic growth.

4 Report of the Task Force on Grasslands and Deserts, Government of India, 2006

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According to international norms, a country can be categorised as 'water stressed' when water availability is less than 1700 m3 per capita per year whereas classified as 'water scarce' if it is less than 1000 m3 per capita per year. The per capita availability of water resources in Tamil Nadu, is just 900 m3 when compared to the national average of 1588 m3. Agriculture is the largest consumer of water in the State using 75 per cent of the State’s water resources. Tamil Nadu is heavily dependent on monsoon rains. The annual average rainfall is around 930 mm (47 percent during the north east monsoon, 35 percent during the south west monsoon, 14 percent in the summer and 4 percent in the winter). A monsoon failure lead to acute water scarcity and severe droughts.

The water sector is challenged by an increasing water demand and falling per capita availability, unacceptable levels of water use and energy efficiency, deterioration of water quality, reduction or deterioration of available resources (loss of surface storage), increasing competition/conflict within sectors, under and inefficient utilisation of irrigation potential, over exploitation and depletion of ground water resources, water-logging and soil salinity in irrigated lands, fragmentation of management of water/ management of shared resources, lack of spatial inventory for large number of water infrastructure, currently used water resources potential estimates are old, significant change in land use/land cover, demographic and utilisation pattern in past few decades. Access to water, and its allocation and use, are critical concerns that often leads to conflict. Water related tensions occurs when water is scarce, but even when the resource is not severely limited, its allocation and use (physical and economic scarcity) can still be hotly contested. The coexistence of a variety of uses and users – such as agriculture, industry, different clans or ethnic groups, and rural and urban users – increases the likelihood of conflicting interests over water.

Part of the cause of water conflicts owe to the specific nature of water as a resource: for example5 . Water is divisible and amenable to sharing . Contrarily, it is a common pool resource so that a unit of water used by someone is a unit denied to others . It has multiple uses and users and involves resultant trade-offs . Excludability is an inherent problem and inclusion costs involved are often very high . It requires a consideration and understanding of nested expanding scales and boundaries from the local watershed to inter-basin transfers . The way water is planned, used and managed causes externalities – both positive and negative, and many of them are unidirectional and asymmetric. Water is an essential component of national and local economies, and is needed to create and maintain jobs across all sectors of the economy. Half of the global workforce is employed in eight water and natural resource dependent industries: agriculture, forestry, fisheries, energy, resource intensive manufacturing, recycling, building and transport. Sustainable water management, water infrastructure and access to a safe, reliable and affordable supply of water and adequate sanitation services improve living standards, expand

5 Forum for Policy Dialogue on Water Conflicts in India, February 2012

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page 34 of 178 Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline local economies, and lead to the creation of more decent jobs and greater social inclusion. Sustainable water management is also an essential driver of green growth and sustainable development.6

A watershed, or catchment area, is the area of land where all water that drains off it or flows beneath it drains into a single point or body of water. Watersheds can vary in size from a few hectares of land to thousands of square kilometres. Watershed management is the integrated use of land, vegetation, and water resources that harmonises actions between upstream and downstream areas to raise agricultural productivity, increase rural incomes, and rejuvenate the natural resource base. Satellite images taken at regular intervals have the ability to provide accurate thematic data - such as land use and land cover, groundwater prospects, soil characteristics etc. - for large catchments as well as micro- watersheds. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) fusing this spatial data with non-spatial data such as rainfall, literacy etc. immensely helps technical experts and communities to prioritise works and develop comprehensive action plans for each micro-watershed. Thematic resource maps depicting land use and land cover showing the area under agriculture, forests, wasteland, and location of settlements when merged with other maps depicting soil health profiles, groundwater profiles, location of water bodies, contours etc. can help prioritise areas for developing comprehensive integrated sustainable action plans for each micro-watershed with far reaching benefits.7

Interestingly, in spite of water being one of the most important natural resources, and with about 71 percent of earth’s surface covered with water, and India on the verge of a water crisis, waterbodies are not considered as a land use category in regional planning in India. Following is an attempt on understanding possible subcategorisation for water as a land use category (all may not be applicable to Tamil Nadu) 3.3.3.1 Saline Water Bodies 3.3.3.1.1 Ocean A body of saline water that composes much of Earths Hydrosphere. 3.3.3.1.2 Sea A large expanse of saline water connected with an ocean, or a large, usually saline, lake that lacks a natural outlet such as the Caspian Sea or the Dead Sea. 3.3.3.1.3 Bay An area of water bordered by land on three sides, similar to but generally smaller than a gulf. 3.3.3.1.4 Cove A coastal landform, used to describe a circular round inlet with a narrow entrance.

6 Water and Jobs, The United Nations World Water Development Report, 2016 7 Innovations in Development - Karnataka Watershed Development Project: Using Satellite Imagery to Develop Land and Water Resources, The World Bank in India, Antrix Corporation and Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka, 2011.

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3.3.3.1.5 Gulf A part of a lake or ocean that so that it is surrounded by land on three sides, similar to but generally larger than a bay. 3.3.3.1.6 Lagoon A body of comparatively shallow saline or brackish water separated from the larger, deeper body of saline water (sea) by a shallow or exposed sandbank, coral reef, or similar feature. 3.3.3.1.7 Strait A naturally formed, narrow body of saline or brackish water that connects two larger bodies of water and lies between two land masses. Straits are generally navigable. 3.3.3.1.8 Creeks (Tidal) A tidal creek is a portion of a stream or river that is affected by the ebb and flow of ocean tides and discharges to an ocean, sea or strait. It has variable salinity and electrical conductivity over the tidal cycles and offers unique biota. 3.3.3.1.9 Delta A natural landform that forms due to deposition of sediments carried by a river as it enters a slow moving or standing water like ocean, sea, lake, reservoir or another river (rare). They tend to be major agricultural production and population centres and are ecologically sensitive. 3.3.3.1.10 Estuary A partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea forming a transition zone between river and marine environments subject to marine and riverine influences. They tend to be the most productive natural habitat and support about 60 percent of the world’s population. 3.3.3.2 Fresh (Flowing) Water Bodies 3.3.3.2.1 Rivers A natural flowing watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing from high to lower grounds towards an ocean, sea, lake or another river or water body. In some cases it flows into ground or becomes dry at the end of its course without reaching another water body. 3.3.3.2.2 Streams A flowing watercourse with a detectable current and confined within a bed and banks. They are an important conduits in water cycle, instruments of groundwater recharge and corridors for fish and wildlife migration. 3.3.3.2.3 Canal An artificial waterway used for water conveyance (generally from a dam or artificial reservoir) or service water transport vehicles and may connect exiting lakes rivers or oceans. 3.3.3.2.4 Channel A physical confine/outline consisting of bed and banks of a path of relatively shallow and /or narrow body of water most commonly for a river, river delta or strait.

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3.3.3.3 Fresh (Stagnant) Water Bodies 3.3.3.3.1 Lakes (Natural) A lake is an area of variable size, generally filled with freshwater, localised in a basin, which is surrounded by land, apart from any river or other outlets that serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes are on land and not part of ocean/sea hence distinct from lagoons and are larger and deeper than ponds. 3.3.3.3.2 Ponds A body of standing water either natural or artificial, generally smaller than a lake, that arise naturally in floodplains or somewhat isolated depressions. They are generally shallow, can be artificial. The Ramsar Wetland Convention suggests an upper limit to the size (8 hectares) of ponds to distinguish them from lakes (but no universally accepted definitions) 3.3.3.3.3 Artificial Reservoirs An artificial lake storage pond or impoundment created using a dam or lock to store water by controlling a stream that drains an existing body of water or constructed in a river valley using a dam, or built by excavating a flat ground or constructing retaining walls and levees 3.3.3.4 Frozen Waterbodies 3.3.3.4.1 Glaciers A persistent body of dense ice formed where accumulation of snow exceeds ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years.

3.3.3.5 Wetlands Wetlands are Transitional Zones between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the water table is usually at or near the surface or the land is covered by shallow water. Wetlands must have one or more of the following three attributes viz. at least periodically the land supports predominantly hydrophytes, the substrate has predominantly undrained hydric soil; and the substrate is non-soil, saturated with water or covered by shallow water at some time during the growing season of each year. 3.3.3.5.1 Swamp Forested wetland that generally occur along large rivers where they critically depend on natural water level fluctuations and/or shores of large lakes and coastal areas. Some Swamps have dry land protrusions, covered with aquatic vegetation or vegetation that tolerates periodic inundations. Traditionally, swamps were associated with low property value and were extensively exploited by draining and intensive logging and hence were degraded. Now swamps are being conserved as they provide valuable ecological services including food control, fish production, water purification, carbon storage/sink, and wildlife habitat. 3.3.3.5.2 Marsh Wetlands, that are often found at the edges of lakes, coastal areas and streams, and are dominated by herbaceous (grasses, rushes and reeds) rather than woody plant species and provide a habitat for many species of plants, animals and insects that have adopted to living in flooded conditions. They have extremely high levels of biological productions, hence very important for fisheries and act as carbon and pollution sink.

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3.3.3.5.3 Bog Wetlands that accumulates peat, a deposit of plant material - often mosses. There are frequently covered in ericaceous shrubs rooted in moss and peat, the gradual accumulation of decayed plant material in a bod functions as a carbon sink. Bongs tend to occur where the water at the ground surface us acidic and low in nutrients. 3.3.3.5.4 Fen Minerotropic peatlands usually fed by mineral rich surface water or groundwater and are either pH neutral or alkaline with relatively high dissolved minerals but few other plant nutrients, and are generally dominated by grasses and sedges and brown moss.

The agriculture and allied sector plays a pivotal role in sustainable growth and development of the Indian economy. It is expected to meet the food and nutritional requirements of 1.3 billion Indians, contribute to employment and production along with generating impetus for various backward and forward linkages. The role of agricultural sector in alleviating poverty and in ensuring sustainable development of the economy is well established. While it has made large strides in achieving the agricultural development goals of food security, availability and accessibility, it is still being challenged by a formidable agrarian crisis. This situation has recently led to fresh thinking on the developmental approach in the agriculture sector. The share and growth of the agriculture and allied sector at the state level presents a very different picture from that at the national level. While at the national level, the agriculture and allied sectors contributed about 14 per cent to the GDP in 2013-14 (at constant 2004-05 prices), a number of states show a much larger share of agriculture in GSDP. About 13 states earn over 20 per cent of their GSDP from agriculture, whereas only seven states earn less than 15 per cent of their GSDP through agriculture. Tamil Nadu being one of those seven. Climate change has been increasingly pressurising agriculture development strategy to incorporate climatic resilience, technological interventions, and changes in farm practices and diversification in cropping patterns for achieving sustainable agricultural growth.8 Green Revolution provided the much needed food security to the vast population of the Indian Nation but in spite of being one of the top producers of almost all agricultural commodities, the productivity is still very low compared to many other countries in the world. The fatigue in the post-green revolution era has now attained serious dimensions. For achieving the required production targets to feed more than 1.5 billion in 2050, it is imperative to develop strategies that can sustain higher levels of production without an adverse effect on the environment. In order to maximise the production from the available resources and prevailing climatic conditions, need-based, location specific technology needs to be generated. Delineation of agro- climatic zones based on soil, water, rainfall, temperature etc. Projects of world banks on water shed management in Karnataka undertaken with support from Antrix Corporation (ISRO) has proved how an integrated approach with considerations to land use, river-basins and watersheds, contours, soil health profiles, groundwater profiles, location of water bodies, etc. can result in far reaching benefits in agricultural productivity.

8 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), 2014

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The Agriculture department and the State Land Use Board of Tamil Nadu have been maintaining land use statistics with a predominant focus on agriculture as a land use. These statistics have been maintained for long under a nine fold classification as prescribed by Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. Five of these nine categories are related to agriculture, one for forests, grazing & pasture lands, one for wasteland and one for all other non-agricultural land uses. The total geographical area considered in statistics is the latest figures of geographical area of the State/Union Territories are those provided by the Office of the Surveyor General of India. Whereas the reporting area for land utilisation statistics stands for the area for which data on land use classification of area are available. In areas where land utilisation figures are based on land records, reporting area is the area according to village papers, in cases when the papers are not maintain in respect of entire area (e.g. forest area or paper does not exist) adhoc estimates of classification of area are derived to complete the coverage. Following are some of the key terminologies used in the said classification 3.4.1.1 Net Sown Area This represents the total area sown with crops and orchards. Area sown more than once in the same year is counted only once. 3.4.1.2 Current Fallow This represents cropped area which is kept fallow during the current year. 3.4.1.3 Fallow other than Current Fallow This includes all land which was taken up for cultivation but is temporarily out of cultivation for a period of not less than one year and not more than five years. 3.4.1.4 Land under Miscellaneous Trees and Crops not included in Net Sown Area This includes all cultivable land which is not included in ‘Net area sown’ but is put to some agricultural uses. Land under casuring trees, thatching grasses, bamboo bushes and other groves for fuel, etc. which are not included under ‘Orchards’ are classified under this category. 3.4.1.5 Culturable Waste Land This includes land available for cultivation, whether taken up or not taken up for cultivation once, but not cultivated during the last five years or more in succession including the current year for some reason or the other . Such land may be either fallow or covered with shrubs and jungles which are not put to any use. They may be accessible or inaccessible and may lie in isolated blocks or within cultivated holdings. 3.4.1.6 Forests This includes all land classified either as forest under any legal enactment, or administered as forest, whether State-owned or private, and whether wooded or maintained as potential forest land. The area of crops raised in the forest and grazing lands or areas open for grazing within the forests remain included under the ‘forest area’. 3.4.1.7 Permanent Pasture and Grazing Land This includes all grazing land whether it is permanent pasture and meadows or not. Village common grazing land is included under this heading.

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3.4.1.8 Barren and Un-culturable Land This includes all land covered by mountains, deserts, etc. Land which cannot be brought under cultivation except at an exorbitant cost is classified as un-culturable whether such land is in isolated blocks or within cultivated holdings. 3.4.1.9 Area put to Non-Agricultural Uses This includes all land occupied by buildings, roads and railways or under water, e.g. rivers and canals, and other land put to uses other than agriculture.

The total cultivated area is defined as the sum of Net Sown Area and the Current Fallow. Some of this area can be irrigated area. 3.4.2.1 Irrigated Area An area is assumed to be irrigated for cultivation through such sources as canals (Government. & Private), tanks, tube-wells, other wells and other sources. 3.4.2.1.1 Net Irrigated Area The area irrigated through any source once in a year for a particular crop. 3.4.2.1.2 Gross Irrigated Area The total area under crops, irrigated once and/or more than once in a year. It is counted as many times as the number of times the areas are cropped and irrigated in a year. 3.4.2.1.3 Net Un-Irrigated Area The area arrived at by deducting the net irrigated area from net sown area. 3.4.2.1.4 Gross Un-Irrigated Area The area arrived at by deducting the gross irrigated area from the gross sown area

The total Cultivable Area is defined as the sum of net sown area, current fallow land, fallow other than current fallow land, land under miscellaneous trees and crops not included in net sown area, and culturable waste land. It is important to note that the cropping pattern would play a major role in planning conversion of cultivable area to cultivated area. The cropping pattern can be single cropping, multi-cropping and mix cropping. The crops may further be classified under two categories viz. 3.4.3.1 Food Crops These include . Food Grains o Cereals o Pulses . Sugar Crops . Spices and Condiments . Vegetables

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. Fruits 3.4.3.2 Non- Food Crops These include . Oil Seeds . Fibres . Dyes and Tanning Material . Drugs and Narcotics . Plantation Crops . Fodder Crops . Green Manure Crops . Floriculture Crops . Aromatic and Medicinal Plants . Other Non-Food Crops

A total of 127 agro-climatic zones have been identified in India under National Agricultural Research Project (NARP) based on a comprehensive research review of each state. While delineating zonal boundaries the physiographic divisions of each of the state, its rainfall pattern, soil type, availability of irrigation water, existing cropping pattern and administrative units have been considered in such a manner that there are fewer variations on the parameters within a zone. The delineation of zonal boundary of the NARP in mostly in terms of districts and in some cases talukas/tehsils or subdivisions have also been considered substantial. Tamil Nadu State has been classified into seven distinct agro-climatic zones. 3.4.4.1 AZ121 North Eastern The districts of Kancheepuram, Tiruvallur, Cuddalore, Vellore and Tiruvannamalai are covered in this zone. This zone predominantly displays red sandy loam, clay loam and saline coastal-alluvium soil types. 3.4.4.2 AZ122 North Western The districts of Dharmapuri, Salem and Namakkal are covered in this zone. This zone predominantly displays non-calcareous red, non-calcareous brown and calcareous black soil types. 3.4.4.3 AZ123 Western The districts of Erode, Coimbatore, Tiruppur, Karur, Namakkal, Dindigul and Theni are covered in this zone. This zone predominantly displays red loam and black soil types. 3.4.4.4 AZ124 Kavery Delta The districts of Trichy, Perambalur, Pudukkottai, Thanjavur, Nagapattinam, Tiruvarur and Part of Cuddalore are covered in this zone. This zone predominantly displays red loam and alluvium soil types. 3.4.4.5 AZ125 Southern The districts of Madurai, Sivaganga, Ramanathapuram, Virudhunagar, Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi are covered in this zone. This zone predominantly displays coastal alluvium, black, red sandy soil, deep red soil types.

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3.4.4.6 AZ126 High Rainfall The district of Kanyakumari is covered in this zone. This zone predominantly displays coastal saline coastal alluvium, deep red loam soil types. 3.4.4.7 AZ127 High Altitude and Hilly The districts of the Nilgiris and Kodaikanal (Dindigul) are covered in this zone. This zone predominantly displays eritic soil type.

Industries, as a sector is complex in nature. The sector drives growth and forms the base of economy in most states of India including Tamil Nadu. On one hand we have the individual manufacturing units (industrial units) at the same time these units tend to setup base in vicinity to each other leading to creation of industrial areas. The industrial areas may be promoted by the government to guide industrial development, and at the same time they can be an organic growth or clustering of industrial units. In context of regional level spatial planning, individual industrial units may not be representable on a spatial plan, whereas development of clusters, group of industries, or an industrial park is more likely to find a place in the industrial policy of a state. None the less, it is important to understand the various classifications of industrial units in order to understand the subcategorisation of industrial areas.

The industrial units may be classified based on various parameters. An individual unit may be classifiable in more than one these parameters. Select important parameters of classification are described in subsequent sections. 3.5.1.1 Labour and Investment 3.5.1.1.1 Large Scale Enterprises For manufacturing sector, investment in plant and machinery should be more than INR 10 crores. For service sector, investment in equipment should be more than INR 5 crores. 3.5.1.1.2 Medium Scale Enterprises For manufacturing sector, investment in plant and machinery should be between INR 5 Crores to INR 10 crores. For service sector, investment in equipment should be between INR 2 Crores to INR 5 crores. 3.5.1.1.3 Small Enterprises For manufacturing sector, investment in plant and machinery should be between INR 25 lakhs to INR 5 crores. For service sector, investment in equipment should be between INR ten lakhs to INR 2 crores. 3.5.1.1.4 Micro Enterprises For manufacturing sector, investment in plant and machinery should be less than INR 25 lakhs. For service sector, investment in equipment should be less than INR ten lakhs. 3.5.1.2 Ownership 3.5.1.2.1 Private Sector Industrial units owned by individual or firms (e.g. Tata motors, Bajaj auto, etc.)

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3.5.1.2.2 Public Sector Industrial units owned by the state and its agencies (e.g. Indian Oil Corporation, Bharat Heavy Electricals etc.) 3.5.1.2.3 Joint Sector Industrial units owned jointly by the private sector and the state or its agencies (such as Gujarat Alkalies Limited, Oil India limited etc.) 3.5.1.2.4 Cooperative Sector Industrial Units owned and run cooperatively by a group of people who are generally producers of raw material of the given industry e.g. Amul India, all dairy cooperatives, etc. 3.5.1.2.5 Multinationals Industrial Units that have a set up in multiple countries. 3.5.1.3 Product Groups 3.5.1.3.1 Primary Sector . Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing . Mining and Quarrying 3.5.1.3.2 Secondary Sector . Manufacturing . Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply . Water Supply and Solid/Liquid Waste Management and Remediation . Construction 3.5.1.3.3 Tertiary Sector . Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles . Transportation and storage/logistics services . Accommodation and food services . Information and communication services . Financial and insurance services . Real estate services . Professional scientific and technical services . Administrative and support services . Public administration, defence and compulsory social security services . Education . Human health and social work services . Arts entertainment and recreational services . Other repair and organisation membership services . Domestic services . Services for extra-territorial organisations and bodies 3.5.1.4 Pollution Load 3.5.1.4.1 Red – Highly Polluting . Isolated Storage of . Automobile Manufacturing . Lubricating Oils and Grease Hazardous Chemicals (integrated) Manufacturing . Hazardous Waste Recycling . DG Sets (>5MVA)

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. Carbon Black and allied . Cement . Oil and Gas Extraction . Lead Acid Battery . Chlorates, Perchlorate and . Metal Surface Treatment . Phosphate Rock Processing Peroxides . Tanneries . Power Generation Plant . Chlorine, Fluorine, . Port/harbour/jetties . Hazardous Waste Recyclers Bromine, Iodine . Synthetic Fibres . Chlorinated Hydrocarbons . Dye and Dye Intermediates . Thermal Power Plans . Sugar . Health care Establishments . Slaughter House . Fibre Glass Production . Hotels (Big) . Aluminium Smelter . Fire Crackers . Lead Acid Battery Recyclers . Copper Smelter . E-Waste Recyclers . Waste Electrical and . Fertilisers (basic) . Milk and Dairy Products Electronic . Integrated Iron and Steel . Phosphorous . Recyclers . Pulp and Paper (beaching) . Pulp and Paper . Glue and Gelatin . Zinc Smelter . Coke Making . Mining and Ore . Oil and Refinery . Explosives and Detonators Beneficiation . Petrochemicals . Paints Varnishes and . Nuclear Power Plan . Pharmaceutical Pigments . Pesticides . Pulp and Paper (large agro . Organic Chemicals . Photographic + wood) . Airports and Commercial Film/Chemicals . Distillery Air Strips . Yarn/Textile Processing . Railway Locomotive . Asbestos . Chlor Alkali workshop service centres . Basic Chemicals . Ship Breaking

3.5.1.4.2 Orange - Moderately Polluting . Almirah, Grill . Dairy and Dairy Products . Food and Food Processing Manufacturing (small scale) . Forging of Ferrous and . Aluminium and Copper . DG Set (1-5 MVA) Non Ferrous Extraction from Scrap . Dismantling of Rolling . Formulation/ Palletisation . Automobile Servicing and stocks of Camphor tablets etc. repairing . Dry Cell Battery . Glass Ceramics, earthen . Ayurvedic and . Dry Coal / Mineral potteries and tile homeopathic medicines Processing . Gravure printing, digital . Brickfields . Fermentation (Extra printing on flex . Building Construction > Neutral Alcohol) . Heat treatment using oil 20000sq.m. . Ferrous and Non Ferrous fired furnace . Cashew Nut Processing Metal Extraction . Hot mix plants . Ceramics and Refractories . Fertilisers (granulation / . Ice cream . Chanachur and Laddoo formulation /blending) . Foundry Operations using husk fired oven . Fish feed, poultry feed and . Iodised Salt from . Coal Waheries cattle feed crude/raw salt . Coated Electrode . Fish Processing and . Jute Processing and without . Coffee Seed Processing Packing dyeing . Compact Disk, computer . Flakes from rejected PET . Large Bakery and floppy bottles confectionary . Copper waste recyclers . Foam manufacturing

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. Transformer repairing/ . New Highway construction . Rolling Mill (oil or coal manufacturing Project fired) . Tyres and tubes . Non-Alcoholic Beverages . Silica Gel vulcanisation/hot retread . Paint Blending and Mixing . Silk / Saree Screen Printing . Vegetable oil . Paints and Varnishes . Spray Painting manufacturing . Parboiled Rice Mills . Steel and Steel Products . Wire drawing and wire . Pharmaceutical with Furnaces netting Formulation . Stone Crushers . Large cotton spinning and . Ply board Manufacturing . Surgical and Medical weaving . Potable Alcohol (IMFL) by products . Lime manufacturing blending . Synthetic detergents and . Liquid Floor Cleaner, black . Printing Ink Manufacturing soaps phenyl . Printing or etching of glass . Synthetic resins . Manufacturing of glass sheet . Synthetic rubber excluding . Manufacturing of mirror . Printing press moulding . Manufacturing of mosquito . Producer Gas Plant . Teflon based products repellent coil . Recyclers - Used Oil . Thermocol manufacturing . Manufacturing of Starch / . Recyclers - Waste Oil . Thermometer Sago . Recycling - Paint and ink . Tobacco Products . Mechanised laundry using sludge including cigarettes oil fired boiler . Reprocessing of waste . Tooth Powder, Toothpaste . Medium Scale Hotels Plastic / PVC and Talcum Powder . Modular Wooden Furniture

3.5.1.4.3 Green – Low Polluting . Aluminium Utensils . Small Cotton Spinning and . Pasted Veneers . Ayurvedic Medicines Weaving . Oil Mill Ghani . Small Bakery / . Dal Mills . Packing Materials Confectionery . Decoration of Ceramic . Phenyl/ Toilet Cleaners . PP Film Cups . Polythene/ Plastic Products . Biomass briquettes . Digital Printing on PVC . Poultry, Hatchery and . Melamine Resins Clothes Piggery . Brass and Bell Metal . Handling, storage of food . Power Looms (without Utensils grains dyeing and bleaching) . Candy . Flour Mills . Puffed Rice (muri) . Cardboard / Corrugated . Electrical Glass, ceramic, . Ready Mix Cement box earthen potteries Concrete . Carpentry and Wooden . Glue from starch . Reprocessing of Waste Furniture . Gold and Silver smithy Cotton . Cement Products . Non-polluting heat . Rice Mill (Rice Hullers only) . Ceramic Colour by mixing treatment . Rolling Mill (gas fired) and . Chilling Plan and Ice . Insulation / coated papers cold rolling mills Making . Leather footwear/products . Rubber goods (gas operated . Coke briquetting . Blending of lubricating oil, baby boiler) greases . Saw Mills

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. Soap Manufacturing . Distilled Water . Mineral Stack Yard . Spice Blending . Small Hotels . Oil and Gas Transportation . Spice Grinding . Optical Lenses . Pipeline . Steel Furniture . Mineralised Water . Seasoning of Wood . Grain Processing . Tamarind Powder . Synthetic Detergent . Tyre/tyre re-treading . Marble Stone . Tea Processing . Chilling / Ice Plant . Emery Powder . Pulverisation of Bamboo . Carbon Dioxide Recovery . Flyash Export

3.5.1.4.4 White – Non Polluting . Air Coolers / Conditioners . Engineering and . Organic Manure . Bicycles and Baby Carriages Fabrication Units . Packing of Powdered Milk . Bailing of Waste Papers . Flavoured betel nuts . Paper Pins and U clips . Bio Fertilisers / Bio . Flyash Bricks / Blocks . Repairing of electric motors Pesticides . Fountain Pen /generators . Biscuit Trays . Glass Ampules . Rope (plastic and cotton) . Blending / Pack of Tea . Glass Putty and Sealant . Scientific and Mathematical . Block Making of Printing . Ground Nut Decorticating instruments . Chalk Making . Handloom / Carpet . Solar Module non- . Compressed Oxygen Gas Weaving conventional energy . Cotton and Woollen . Leather Cutting & Stitching apparatus Hosiers . Coir Items from Coconut . Solar Power Generation . Diesel Pump Repairing Husks through Solar Photovoltaic . Electric Lamp (bulb) and . Metal Cap Containers Cell, wind power and mini CFL . Shoe Brush and Wire Brush hydel power (less than 25 . Electrical and Electronic . Medical Oxygen MW) Item . Organic and Inorganic . Surgical and Medical Nutrients Products Assembling

3.5.1.5 Miscellaneous 3.5.1.5.1 Village Located in villages and primarily cater to the needs of the rural people, usually employs local machinery such as oil extraction, grain grinding and agricultural implements 3.5.1.5.2 Cottage Setup in houses, work of wood, cane, brass, stone, handloom, khadi, leather work etc. 3.5.1.5.3 Consumer Convert raw material or primary products into commodities directly used by people (e.g. garments, bakeries, food processing units, electric appliances etc. 3.5.1.5.4 Ancillary Parts and components manufactures that are either downstream products or are further used by aggregator industries. (e.g. precision engineering, plastic products etc.)

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3.5.1.5.5 Basic Act as anchor / base for further downstream industries/production. (e.g. petroleum, iron, steel etc.) 3.5.1.5.6 Capital Intensive Require large investments in plants equipment machinery etc. (e.g. iron, steel cement etc.) 3.5.1.5.7 Labour Intensive Require large labour force (e.g. shoe making, bidi manufacturing etc.)

3.5.2.1 Industrial Corridors An industrial corridor is a package of infrastructure spending allocated to a specific geographical area, with the intent to stimulate industrial development. An industrial corridor aims to create clusters of manufacturing or other industries, often created in areas that have some pre-existing infrastructure such as ports, highways, railroads etc. 3.5.2.1.1 Chennai Bengaluru Industrial Corridor (CBIC) Covers the states of Tamil Nadu, Andhrapradesh and Karnataka. Three nodes (Ponneri (TN), Krishnapatnam (AP) and Tumakuru (Karnataka) identified during perspective planning. 3.5.2.1.2 East Coast Economic Corridor (ECEC) Covers the states of West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. Vizag to Chennai segment taken up as first phase. Vishakapatnam, Machilipatnam, Donakonda and Srikalahasti-Yeroedu in Andhra Pradesh identified for development. 3.5.2.2 Special Investment Regions An industrial infrastructure package allocated to a specific geographical area, with the intent to stimulate industrial development. An SIR may be part of an industrial corridor, and may contain one or more SEZs, Industrial Clusters, and Industrial Parks etc. 3.5.2.2.1 National Investment and Manufacturing Zones Integrated Industrial Investment region with land area of at least 5000ha (50sq.km) having a combination of production units (existing or new), public utilities logistics, other industrial infrastructure, environmental protection mechanisms, residential area and other administrative services. An NIMZ may have one or more SEZ, Industrial Parks, Logistics/Warehousing zones, EOUs, DTAs etc.) All benefits available under relevant existing legislations/policy continue to remain available). . Ramanathpuram District, Tamil Nadu . Ponneri, Thiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu 3.5.2.2.2 Petroleum Chemical and Petrochemical Investment Regions A PCPIR is a specifically delineated investment region with an area of about 250 sq. km planned for the establishment of manufacturing facilities for domestic and export led production in petroleum, chemical and petrochemicals along with the associated services and infrastructure as suitable for a combination of production units, logistics, other industrial processes, environmental protection mechanisms, residential areas and administrative services with a minimum processing area of 40 percent or 100 sq.km.(may or may

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page 47 of 178 Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline not be contiguous). A PCPIR may have one or more SEZ, Industrial Parks, Logistics/Warehousing zones, EOUs, DTAs etc.) All benefits available under relevant existing legislations /policy continue to remain available). 3.5.2.2.3 Information Technology Investment Region An ITIR is a specifically delineated investment region with a minimum area of about 40 sq. km planned for the establishment of Information Technology/Information Technology Enable Services and Electronic Hardware Manufacturing Units and facilities along with the associated services and infrastructure as suitable for a combination of production units, logistics, public utilities, environmental protection mechanisms, residential areas and administrative services with a minimum processing area of 40 percent (may or may not be contiguous). An ITIR may have one or more SEZ, Industrial Parks, Logistics/Warehousing zones, EOUs, DTAs etc.) All benefits available under relevant existing legislations/policy continue to remain available) 3.5.2.3 Special Economic Zones A specified demarcated duty free industrial territory, deemed to be considered outside customs territory of India for the purpose of trade and export promotion. The minimum contiguous area requirement for developing a SEZ for different categories is mentioned below: . Multiple Product SEZ: 500 ha . Sector Specific SEZ: 50 ha . Free Trade and Warehousing Zones: 40 ha . Gems and Jewellery / Agro based / Biotechnology / Handicrafts / Equipment manufacturing for non- conventional energy and solar energy: 10 ha . IT SEZ: no minimum land area (a minimum built up of 100000 sq.m., 50000 sq.m. and 25000 sq.m. is necessary based on city category). An upper limit of 5000 ha is also demarcated for Multi-Product SEZs. 3.5.2.3.1 Government Promoted SEZs Government plays the role of Developer and Co-Developer, land is responsibility of the Government. 3.5.2.3.2 Private SEZs Private sector player plays the role of Developer and Co-Developer, land is responsibility of the private sector player. 3.5.2.3.3 SEZs (Public Private Partnerships) Government plays the role of Developer and Private sector player plays the role of Co-Developer, land is responsibility of the government, generally private sector player invests in infrastructure 3.5.2.4 Industrial Clusters Industrial Clusters are a group of inter-related industries that drive wealth creation in a region through industrial production. An industrial cluster is different from a classic definition of industry sector as it represents the entire value chain of a broadly defined industry from suppliers to end products including all the support services and specialised infrastructure. Cluster industries tend to be geographically concentrated and inter-connected by the flow of goods and services which are stronger than the flow linking them to the rest of the economy.

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Transitioned to stabilised consortium approach adopted by MSMEs that were earlier facing difficulties in achieving economies of scale, specialisation and innovation due to their small size are being benefited by combining advantages of running a small unit with the benefits of scale and specialisation provided by large units There are more than 600 Industrial SME clusters and over 7000 artisan/micro enterprising clusters in India. There are about 2500 untapped/emerging rural clusters in India. Some of the clusters are so large that they account for almost about 80 percent of the production of select product within India. 3.5.2.5 Industrial Estates/Parks Industrial Estates/ Parks are specific areas zoned for industrial activity in which infrastructure such as roads, power, and other utility services is provided to facilitate growth of industries and minimise impact on the environment. Selection of location/sites for industrial areas ideally take economic, social as well as environmental issues into consideration. They may offer developed plots, or pre-built factories or plug and play units or standard design factories for industrial units. Integrated township/residential areas along with supporting social infrastructure may also be integrated as part of the same. 3.5.2.5.1 Government Promoted Industrial Estates/Parks Usually promoted by the State Industrial Development Corporation or such other government agency/statutory authority. Generally the projects are planned, approved, developed, managed and regulated by the government agency. The industrial parks may be promoted and developed under various government schemes like growth centre, export promotion/processing zone, free trade zones, software technology parks, electronics hardware technology parks etc. 3.5.2.5.2 Private Industrial Estates/Parks Promoted by the private sector players, few examples can be cited in India, with little/partial success that too primarily restricted to IT/ITES sectors. A few examples are: Information Technology Park in Bengaluru, Infocity in Hyderabad, Technopark in Thiruvananthapuram, etc. The Mahindra World city in Chennai was originally envisaged as an automobile park, however, over a period of time the concept changed to IT and ITES Park. With land acquisitions increasingly becoming trickier, some state governments are now bringing about policies on promoting small industrial parts (about 20 ha of land) wherein the government is willing to share cost of infrastructure up to a certain cost. 3.5.2.5.3 Industrial Estates/Parks (Public Private Partnerships) Promoted jointly by the government and the private sector, wherein the government agency generally tend to contribute in the form of land and private sector player invests in infrastructure and is also responsible to get anchor tenant and market, operate and maintain the project. The government as well as the private sector players get a stake in the equity of a special purpose company set up for developing the parks. 3.5.2.5.4 Cooperative Industrial Estates/Parks Promoted jointly by the small entrepreneurs through the formation of a cooperative society to provide themselves with developed industrial plots, factory sheds, basic facilities such as water, drainage, roads, and electricity, etc. The government may choose to offer assistance by offering land, subsidies or grants for promoting the same.

Mines is a contentious land use. Mineral deposits are naturally located, they can be extracted only at the locations where they are found. This results in frequent conflicts with almost all other land uses like forests and protected areas, waterbodies (due to pollution), agriculture due to impact on soil health, water pollution

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page 49 of 178 Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline and allocation, tourism and other service industries, settlements as they result in their formation and expansion and at the same time result in pollution. Generally mining is a specialised activity and mineral resources are limited and require high investments and require technology that can be acquired by either government or specialised firms. It is for this reason, that mining is a licenced activity. Mostly the mining licences are issued by a specialised department (Department of Mines in most states). However, the construction industry also requires a large amount of natural resources like sand, gypsum, stones, etc. which are relatively easy to extract and may not need specialised technology or large investments. Further, the abundant availability of the same means that many firms are undertaking operational mining activities at a smaller scale. Some states have vested the licencing authority for such low value minerals with the revenue departments of the state, as is the case with Tamil Nadu as well. The Department of Mines, however, remains responsible for identifying mineral deposits and study the commercial viability of extracting the same, and recommend the method/technology for extraction of the same. The Department of Mines are required to prepare and submit a mining operation plan as well as end of live mining closure plan with spatial aspects for approval from Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change as well as Ministry of Mines at national level. In view of above, to standardise the mining industry practices, India is accepts the United Nations Framework Classification on Fossil Energy, Mineral Reserves and Resources 2009. Following section provide a brief on the same.

3.6.1.1 E-Axis The degree of favourability of social and economic conditions in establishing commercial Viability of the project including consideration of market prices and relevant legal, regulatory, environmental and contractual conditions 3.6.1.1.1 Category E1 Extraction and sale has been confirmed to be economically viable - Extraction and sale is economic on the basis of current market conditions and realistic assumptions of future market conditions. All necessary approvals I contract have been confirmed or there are reasonable expectations that all such approvals/contracts would be obtained within a reasonable timeframe. Economic Viability is not affected by short term adverse market conditions provided that longer tern forecasts remain positive . Subcategory E1.1: Extraction and sale is economic on the basis of current market conditions and realistic assumptions of future market conditions. . Subcategory E1.2: Extraction and sale is not economic on the basis of current market conditions and realistic assumptions of future market conditions, but is made viable through government subsidies and/or other considerations. 3.6.1.1.2 Category E2 Extraction and sale is expected to become economically viable in foreseeable future - Extraction and sale is not yet confirmed to be economic, but on the basis of realistic assumptions of future market conditions, there are reasonable prospects for future economic extraction and sale in foreseeable future.

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3.6.1.1.3 Category E3 Extraction and sale is not expected to become economically viable in foreseeable future or evaluation is at too early a stage to determine economic viability - On the basis of realistic assumptions of future market conditions, it is currently considered that there are not reasonable prospects for economic extraction and sale in the foreseeable future; or, economic viability of extraction cannot yet be determined due to insufficient information. Also included are quantities that are forecast to be extracted, but which will not be available for sale. . Subcategory E3.1: Quantities that are forecast to be extracted, but which will not be available for sale. . Subcategory E3.2: Economic viability of extraction cannot yet be determined due to insufficient information. . Subcategory E3.3: On the basis of realistic assumptions of future market conditions. it is currently considered that there are not reasonable prospects for economic extraction and sale in foreseeable future. 3.6.1.2 F-Axis Designates maturity of studies and commitments necessary to implement mining plans or development projects. These extend from early exploration efforts before a deposit or accumulation has been confirmed to exist through a project that is extracting and selling a commodity and reflect the standard value chain management principles 3.6.1.2.1 Category F1 Feasibility of extraction by a defined development project or mining operation has been confirmed - Extraction is currently taking place; or, implementation of development project or mining operation is underway; or, sufficiently detailed studies have been completed to demonstrate the feasibility of extraction by implementing a defined development project or mining operation. . Subcategory F1.1: Extraction is currently taking place. . Subcategory F1.2: Capital funds have been committed and implementation of development project or mining operation is underway. . Subcategory F1.3: Sufficiently detailed studies have been completed to demonstrate the feasibility of extraction by implementing a defined development project or mining operation. 3.6.1.2.2 Category F2 Feasibility of extraction by a defined development project or mining operation is subject to further evaluation Preliminary studies demonstrate the existence of a deposit in such a form, quality and quantity that he feasibility of extraction by a defined (at least in broad terms) development project or mining operation can be evaluated. Further data acquisition and/or studies may be required to confirm the feasibility of extraction. . Subcategory F2.1: Project activities are ongoing to justify development in foreseeable future. . Subcategory F2.2: Project activities are on hold and/or where justification as a commercial development may be subject to significant delay. . Subcategory F2.3: There are no current plans to develop or to acquire additional date at the time due to limited potential. 3.6.1.2.3 Category F3 Feasibility of extraction by a defined development project or mining operation cannot be evaluated due to limited technical data - Very preliminary studies, which may be based on a conceptually defined terms of

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page 51 of 178 Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline development project or mining operation, indicate the need for further data acquisition in order to confirm the existence of a deposit in such form, quality and quantity that the feasibility of extraction can be evaluated. 3.6.1.2.4 Category F4 No development project or min ng operation has been identified - In situ quantities that will not be extracted by any currently defined development project or mining operations 3.6.1.3 G-Axis Designates the level of confidence in the geological knowledge and potential recoverability of quantities. 3.6.1.3.1 Category G1 Quantities associated with a known deposit that can be estimated with a high level of confidence - For in situ quantities, and for recoverable estimates of fossil energy and mineral resources that are extracted as solids, quantities are typically categorised discretely, where each estimate reflects the level of geological knowledge and confidence associated with a specific part of the deposit. 3.6.1.3.2 Category G2 Quantities associated with a known deposit that can be estimated with a moderate level of confidence - For in situ quantities, and for recoverable estimates of fossil energy and mineral resources that are extracted as solids, quantities are typically categorised discretely, where each estimate reflects the level of geological know edge and confidence associated with a specific part of the deposit. 3.6.1.3.3 Category G3 Quantities associated with a known deposit that can be estimated with a low level of confidence - For in situ quantities, and for recoverable estimates of fossil energy and mineral resources that are extracted as solids, quantities are typically categorised discretely, where each estimate reflects the level of geological knowledge and confidence associated with a specific part of the deposit. 3.6.1.3.4 Category G4 Estimated quantities associated with a potential deposit, based primarily on indirect evidence - Quantities that are estimated during the exploration phase are subject to a substantial range of uncertainty as well as a major risk that no development project or mining operation may subsequently be implemented to extract the estimated quantities. Where a single estimates is provided, it should be the expected outcome but where possible a full range of uncertainty in the size of potential deposit should be documented (e.g. in the form of a probability distribution). In addition, it is recommended that the probability that the potential deposit would become a deposit of any commercial significance is also documented.

3.6.2.1 Surface Mining 3.6.2.1.1 Strip Mining The practice of mining a seam of mineral, by first removing a long strip of overlying soil and rock (the overburden). Commonly used to mine coal and lignite. Practical when ore body to be excavated is relatively near the surface. This type of mining uses some of the largest machines on earth. . Area stripping (more common method) used on fairly flat terrain

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. Contour stripping used in hilly terrain, usually follows contour of the land. Commonly leaves behind terraces in mountainside 3.6.2.1.2 Open Pit Mining A surface mining technique of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by removal from an open pit or borrow. Mines that produce building materials and dimension stone are commonly referred to as quarries. Typically enlarged for extraction until mineral resources are exhausted/or increasing overburden ration make mining uneconomic. Sometimes exhausted mines are used for landfills. Water control required to keep mine from becoming lake. 3.6.2.1.3 Mountain Top Removal A form of coal mining that mines coal seams beneath mountaintops by first removing overlying mountaintop. Explosives used to break up rock layers above the seam, which are then removed. Excess mining waste (overburden) is dumped by large trucks into fills in nearby hollow or valley fills. Involves mass restructuring of earth in order to reach coal seams as deep as 120m. Replaces original steep landscape with a much flatter topography. Economic development may attempt to reclaim exhausted sites 3.6.2.1.4 Dredging A method for placer mining below the water table. Mostly associated with gold mining. Small dredges often use suction to bring the mined material up from the bottom of a water body. 3.6.2.1.5 High wall Mining An evolved form of auger mining that can produce thousands of tons of coal in contour strip operators - with narrow benches, previously mined areas, trench line applications etc. Recovery is higher and more environmentally friendly than that of auguring or other forms of surface mining at a lower cost. 3.6.2.2 Sub-Surface Mining (Hard Rock) 3.6.2.2.1 Cut and Fill A method of short-hole miring used in steeply dipping or irregular ore zones, in particular where hanging walls limit use of long-hole methods. The ore is mined in horizontal or slightly inclined slices, and then filled with waste rock, sand or tailings. Either fill option may be consolidated with concrete, or left unconsolidated. Cut and fill mining is an expensive but selective method, with low ore loss and dilution 3.6.2.2.2 Drift and Fill Similar to cut and fill, except it is used in ore zones which are wider than method of drifting will allow to be mined. First drift is developed in the ore, and is backfilled using consolidated fill, the second drift is driven adjacent to this drift. This carries on until the ore zone is mined out to its full width, at which time the second cut is started atop the first cut 3.6.2.2.3 Shrinkage Stoping A short-hole mining method suitable for steeply dipping orebodies. Similar to cut and fill mining with the exception that after being blasted, broken ore is left in the stope where it is used to support the surrounding rock and as a platform from which to work. Only enough ore is removed from the stope to allow for drilling and blasting the next slice. The stope is emptied when all of the ore has been blasted. Although it is very selective and allows for low dilution, since most of the ore stays in the stope until mining is completed there is a delayed return on capital investments

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3.6.2.2.4 Room and Pillar Mining Commonly done in flat or gently dipping bedded ore bodies. Pillars left in place in a regular pattern while the rooms are mined out. In many room and pillar nines, the pillars are taken out starting at the farthest point from the stope access, allowing the roof to collapse and fill in the stope. This allows for greater recover/as less ore is left behind in pillars 3.6.2.2.5 Vertical Retreat Mining/Vertical Crater Retreat Mining Mines is divided into vertical zones with depth of about 50 m using open stoping, bottom up mining. Long hole large diameter holes are drilled vertically from the top followed by blasting horizontal slices of the ore body into an undercut Primary stopes are mined in first stage and then backfilled with cemented fill to provide wall support for blasting of successive stopes. Side chambers are mined in a pre-planned sequence after the fill has solidified 3.6.2.2.6 Block Caving Used to mine massive steeply dipping orebodies (typically low grade) with high friability. An undercut with haulage access is driven under the orebody, with draw bells excavated between top of the haulage level and bottom of the undercut. The draw bells serve as a place for caving rock to fall into. The orebody is drilled and blasted above the undercut, and the ore s removed via the haulage access. Due to the friability of the orebody the ore above the first blast caves and falls into the draw bells. As ore is removed from the draw bells the orebody caves in, providing a steady stream of ore. If caving stops and removal of ore from the draw bells continues, a large void may form, resulting in the potential for a sudden and massive collapse and potentially catastrophic windblast throughout the mine. Where caving does continue, the ground surface may collapse into a surface depression 3.6.2.3 Sub-Surface Mining (Soft Rock) 3.6.2.3.1 Long Wall Mining To extract panels - rectangular blocks of coal as wide as the face the equipment is installed in, and as long as several kilometres. Powerful mechanical coal cutters (shearers) cut coal from the face, which falls onto an armoured face conveyor for removal. Longwalls car advance into an area of coal, or more commonly, retreat back between development tunnels. As a longwall miner retreats back along a panel, the roof behind the supports is allowed to collapse in a planned and controlled manner 3.6.2.3.2 Room and Pillar Mining (Continuous Mining) Commonly done in flat or gently dipping bedded ores. Pillars are left in place in a regular pattern while rooms are mined out. In many room and pillar nines, the pillars are taken out, starting at the farthest point from the mine haulage exit, retreating, and letting the roof come down upon the floor. Room and pillar methods are well adapted to mechanisation, and are used in deposits such as coal, potash, phosphate, salt, oil shale, and bedded uranium ores. 3.6.2.3.3 Blast Mining An older practice of coal mining that uses explosives such as dynamite to break up the coal seam, after which the coal is gathered and loaded onto shuttle cars or conveyors for removal to a central loading area. This process consists of a series of operations that begins with cutting the coalbed so it will break easily when blasted with explosives.

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3.6.2.3.4 Short Wall Mining Accounts for less than 1 percent of deep coal production, involves use of a continuous mining machine with moveable roof supports, similar to longwall. The continuous miner shears coal panels 150-200 feet wide and more than half a mile long, depending on other things like the strata of the Earth and the transverse waves. 3.6.2.3.5 Coal Skimming No longer in general use, because of massive amount of water needed and environmental damage thereof.

Infrastructure is one of the most important factors for development. Though it does find mention in specific plans in terms of transport network, power plants and transmission lines, industrial infrastructure, education and health infrastructure, it seldom gets a representation in land use plans at regional level. Infrastructure is broadly classified in terms of physical infrastructure (roads, railways, airports, power plants etc.) and social infrastructure (education, health, sports, recreation etc.). It is important to note that social infrastructure is predominantly a function within settlements, even though it has a hierarchy in regional terms. Whereas the regional hierarchy of physical infrastructure is visible at regional levels beyond settlements boundaries. It is with this understanding that this section focuses on infrastructure as a land use in terms of physical infrastructure, which has a greater potential of influencing development and direction of growth of settlements and economy. The social infrastructure aspects are captured as part of the settlements. For the purpose of this section, the infrastructure has been broadly subcategorised into seven parts as described in the subsections below.

3.7.1.1 Expressways Access controlled high speed motor-able corridors/roads. 3.7.1.2 National Highways High speed motor-able corridors/roads under control of National Government - generally links state capital cities and other major cities. 3.7.1.3 State Highways High speed motor-able corridors/roads under control of State Government - Generally links major cities and district headquarters. 3.7.1.4 Major District Roads All weather motor-able corridors/roads under control of State Government - Generally links major cities and district headquarters. 3.7.1.5 Other District Roads All weather motor-able corridors/roads under control of State Government - Generally links district headquarters and other urban centres.

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3.7.1.6 Urban Roads All internal roads in a city - may be connected to an expressway, national highway, state highway, major district road or other district roads. 3.7.1.7 Rural Roads All internal and access roads to a village - may be connect to a major district road or other district roads. 3.7.1.8 Project Roads Roads made specifically to connect a major project (for e.g. for forests/tourism/industry etc.). 3.7.1.9 Border Roads Roads along the border area of India to ensure strategic movement of defence establishments. 3.7.1.10 Bridges Bridges over waterbodies, railway lines, transmission lines, wetlands etc. 3.7.1.11 Interstate Bus Terminals Bus parking (origin and destination), workshop, maintenance, depots etc. 3.7.1.12 Interstate Bus Stations Bus parking {on the way), refuelling, temporary parking, night shelter etc.

3.7.2.1 International Airports Airports with flights originating and destined to domestic as well as international locations. 3.7.2.2 Domestic Airports Airports with flights originating and destined to domestic locations only. 3.7.2.3 Civil Enclave Airports Airports originally a defence establishment, with civil flights being allowed to operate during certain duration (domestic/international). 3.7.2.4 Airstrip Airstrip only, no airports/terminal infrastructure present. 3.7.2.5 Cargo Terminals Airstrip/airport terminals with air cargo facilities.

3.7.3.1 Major Ports Sea Ports under the control of National Government. 3.7.3.2 Minor Ports Sea Ports under the control of State Government.

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3.7.3.3 Private Ports Sea Ports under the control of Private Sector. 3.7.3.4 Other Ports Sea Ports under the control of Private Sector for captive purposes. 3.7.3.5 Jetties Jetties under the control of Private Sector for captive purposes that are not full-fledged ports. 3.7.3.6 Marinas Floating Jetties to facilitate passenger cruises/yatchs.

3.7.4.1 Port Terminals River Ports under the control of National/State Government. 3.7.4.2 Private Port Terminals River Ports under the control of Private Sector.

3.7.5.1 Railway Lines/Network The rail network of India - public/private/PPP. 3.7.5.2 Dedicated Freight Corridors Rail Corridors for goods/cargo transport only. 3.7.5.3 Cargo Terminals Terminals/yards/warehouses for rail based cargo/goods transport. 3.7.5.4 Passenger Stations Terminals, junctions, stations/maintenance yards for passenger rail services. 3.7.5.5 Bridges Bridges over waterbodies, roads, transmission lines, wetlands etc. 3.7.5.6 Rail Sidings Rail lines exiting/entering into main network linking a mine, power plant, logistics facility, industry etc.

3.7.6.1 Multi-Modal Logistics Parks Logistics facilities catering to multiple modes of transport (road, rail, water, marine, air etc.). 3.7.6.2 Inland Container Depots Inland zones for container movement with customs facilities (considered equivalent to a port for all export and import purposes.

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3.7.6.3 Container Freight Stations Inland zones for container consolidation, stuffing and de-stuffing and other movements with or without customs facilities. 3.7.6.4 Warehouse Inland zones for temporary storage and consolidation of goods with or without customs facilities. 3.7.6.5 Tank Farms/Terminals Ware housing for liquid cargo (generally built in the form of tanks) with additional facilities for value addition like, diluting, mixing etc. connected with transmission lines. 3.7.6.6 Truck Terminals Inland zones for temporary parking, service, overnight stay etc. for trucks and drivers. May or may not have warehousing facilities. 3.7.6.7 Granaries Special warehousing facilities for storing grains, pulses etc. 3.7.6.8 Coal Storage and Handling Terminals Special warehousing facilities for storing perishable materials like fruits, vegetables etc. 3.7.6.9 Agricultural Markets Markets for selling agricultural produce, may or may not have cold storage, warehousing and or granaries facilities. 3.7.6.10 Transmission Lines Transmission lines for (solids - powder/pellets, liquids or gases) water, petroleum, chemicals, petrochemical, gases and other products over long distances under gravity or pressure.

3.7.7.1 Power Generators Power plants may be captive or feeding into a grid 3.7.7.1.1 Solar Power Plants Solar power generating units, connected to a grid, needs large tracts of land. 3.7.7.1.2 Thermal (Coal) Power Plants Coal based thermal power generating units, connected to grid, needs large tracts of land, rail siding, storage facilities and water. 3.7.7.1.3 Thermal (Gas) Power Plants Gas based thermal power generating units, connected to a grid, needs large tracts of land, rail siding/transmission line, storage facilities and water. 3.7.7.1.4 Wind Farms Wind based power generating units, connected to a grid, needs large tracts of land for higher capacities, can coexist with other land uses.

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3.7.7.1.5 Tidal Power Farms Tidal energy based power generating units, connected to a grid, along coastlines and creeks (tidal). 3.7.7.1.6 Nuclear Power Plants Nuclear based power generating units, connected to a grid, needs large tracts of land, fuel enrichment & disposal units and lots of water. Have a lot of security and strategic concerns as well. 3.7.7.2 Power Grid/Substations Power grids {national/state) along with substations needs a network of transmission lines and are present in each taluka/tehsil. 3.7.7.3 Power Transmission Lines Power transmission lines to connect generators and grid as well as consumers needs contiguous long strips of land with buffer on both sides, may cross roads and other railway lines.

The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (Erstwhile Ministry of Urban Development), under multiple schemes of development as well as NIUS GIS platform, has recommended multiple land uses based on scales of planning for urban land use planning purposes. Traditionally, planning started in settlement areas, when the agrarian settlements started becoming larger and the broad basing of economy led to urbanisation of settlements. Hence, the definitions of the land uses within settlements are well accepted. The Urban and Regional Development Plan Formulation and Implementation Guidelines (URDPFI guidelines) provide for a detailed breakup of land use categories for urban areas, which is generally acceptable by all states with minor modification on case to case basis. This section emphasises on the fact that at regional level planning it is highly unlikely that the sub categories of urban or rural settlements are visible. Nonetheless, they would be important in terms of upward and downward linkages in terms of master plans and detailed local area plans. Hence, this section details out the subcategory and attempts to link each smaller land use as a function of larger aspect viz. . Rural Settlement: Simplest form of a settlement with least number of components . Urbanisable Settlements/Settlement Expansion: These settlements reflect rural character with certain traits of urban settlements. They are more complex than rural settlements but less complex than urban settlements . Urban Settlement: Most complex form of settlement, any component as reflected in the lower level hierarchy would be part of this level. All component as mentioned in the urban settlements may not be part of all urban settlements (smaller towns), however, as the town grows and start getting converted to important urban centres/cities, the list of components keeps increasing.

Settlements have been broadly categorised in eight components in terms of land uses at plot level.

This can be further understood in terms of following subcomponents: Subcomponents Rural Urbanisable Urban

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High Density Residential High Rise Apartment/Flat ■ Medium Density Medium Rise Apartment/Flat ■ ■ Residential Low Density Residential Low Rise Apartment/Flat ■ ■ Row House ■ ■ Plotted Development/Bungalow ■ ■ ■ Farmhouse ■ ■ ■ Other Residential EWS Housing ■ ■ ■ Township/Large Gated ■ ■ Communities Slum and Squatter ■ ■ ■

This can be further understood in terms of following subcomponents: Subcomponents Rural Urbanisable Urban Mall/Multiplex ■ Shopping Center/Arcade ■ ■ Individual Shop/Market ■ ■ Hotel/Resort/Inn/Lodging ■ ■ Restaurant/Eatery ■ ■ ■ Garden Restaurant/Marriage Hall/Garden ■ ■ Corporate Building ■ Large office Building ■ ■ Small office Building ■ ■ ■ Vehicle Servicing and Garage ■ ■ ■ Tuition/Training Centre ■ ■

This can be further understood in terms of following subcomponents: Subcomponents Rural Urbanisable Urban Commercial (Ground Floor Only) ■ ■ ■ Commercial (Upto First Floor) ■ ■ Commercial (Upto Second Floor) ■ ■ Commercial (Upto Third Floor) ■ Others ■

This can be further understood in terms of following subcomponents: Subcomponents Rural Urbanisable Urban Service Industry ■

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Light Industry ■ ■ ■ Medium Industry ■ ■ Heavy Industry ■ ■ Hazardous Industry ■ ■ Industrial Logistics ■ ■

This can be further understood in terms of following subcomponents: Subcomponents Rural Urbanisable Urban River Front ■

Lake Front ■ ■ ■ Beach Front ■ ■ ■ Amusement Park ■ ■ Playground ■ ■ ■ Stadium/Sports Facility ■ ■ Swimming Pool ■ Historical Monument ■ ■ ■ Museum ■ Cinema Hall ■ ■ Concert Hall/Amphitheatre ■ Exhibition Hall/Ground ■ ■ Art Gallery ■ Library ■ ■ ■ Community Hall ■ ■ ■ Food Bazzar/Haat ■ ■ ■

This can be further understood in terms of following subcomponents: Subcomponents Rural Urbanisable Urban Educational Aanganwadi/Kindergarten ■ ■ ■ Primary School ■ ■ ■ Secondary School ■ ■ ■ Higher Secondary School ■ ■ Madrasa ■ ■ ■ Skill Development Centre ■ ■ ■ Polytechnic ■ ■ College (General Streams) ■ ■ Technical College ■ Medical College ■ University ■ ■ Medical Primary Health Centre ■ ■ ■ Private Clinic ■ ■

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Community Health Centre ■ ■ Nursing Home ■ ■ Hospital ■ ■ Medical College ■ Multi-Speciality Hospital ■ Super Speciality Hospital ■ Primary Health Centre ■ Religious Temple ■ ■ ■ Derasar ■ ■ ■ Church ■ ■ ■ Mosque ■ ■ ■ Gurudwara ■ ■ ■ Monastry ■ ■ ■ Ashram ■ ■ ■ Missionary ■ ■ ■ Others ■ ■ ■ Defence/Security Army Cantonment ■ ○ Airforce Cantonment ■ ○ Border Security Force Establishment ■ ○ Other Para Military Establishment ■ ○ Police Headquarter ■ Police Barrack ■ ■ Police Station ■ ■ ■ Others ■ ■ ■ Institutions Central Government Office ○ ■ State Government Office ○ ■ Local Body Office ■ ■ ■ Civic Center ■ ○ ■ Research Institute ■ ■ ■ Bank/ATM/ Finance ■ ■ ■ Firefighting Station ■ Fuel Station ■ ■ ■ Others ■ ■ ■ Communications Post Office ■ Telephone Office ■ Telegraph Office ■ Radio/TV Station ■ ■ Others ■ ■

This can be further understood in terms of following subcomponents: Subcomponents Rural Urbanisable Urban Water Treatment Plant ○ ■

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Water and Water Reservoir (OHT/UGT) ○ ○ ■ Sanitation Public Stand Post ■ ■ ■ Utilities Water Harvesting Structure ○ ○ ■ Water ATM/Community RO ○ ○ ■ Public Toilet/Convenience ■ ■ ■ Sewage Treatment Pant ○ ○ ■ Solid Waste Waste Management Bin ■ ■ ■ Management Waste Transfer Station ■ ■ ■ Utilities Waste Processing Unit ○ ■ ■ Landfill/Waste Dumping Ground ○ ○ ■ Electric Power Generation Plant/Unit ○ ○ ○ Utilities Electric Sub-Station ○ ■ ■ Electric Tower ■ ■ ■ Transformer ■ ■ ■ Others ■ ■ ■ Transportation Bus Station/Stand/Stop ○ ■ ■ City Bus Terminal ■ City Bus Depot/Workshop ○ Intercity Bus Terminal/Depot ○ ○ Metro/Rapid Transit Station ○ ○ Railway Station ○ ○ ■ Railway Workshop ○ Airport/Airstrip/Heliport ○ ○ ○ Intermediate Public Transport Parking ○ ■ ■ Private Vehicle Parking ○ ■ ■ Cycle Stand/Hike a Ride ○ ■ ■ Others ○ ■ ■

This can be further understood in terms of following subcomponents: Subcomponents Rural Urbanisable Urban Ecosystem Service Forest/Tree Cover ■ ○ ■ Areas Water Body ■ ■ ■ Park and Garden ○ ○ ■ Pastures/Grazing (Grassland) ■ ○ ○ Disaster Buffer Zone ■ ○ ■ Others Waste Land ■ ○ ○ Agricultural Land ■ ■ ○ Mining Land ○ ■ ■ Vacant Plot/Layout ○ ■ ■

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Availability of a reliable database on the wastelands of the country is pre-requisite before embarking upon planning strategies for their development. Information on the extent, nature and location wastelands helps in designing interventions targeted at the resource-poor sections of the rural population. Department of Land Resources (DoLR), Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) has undertaken a study jointly with National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), a part of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) for carrying out the mapping of wastelands in entire country in phases, using remote sensing technology. The results of study were published in ‘Wastelands Atlas of India 2010’. As per this study, the spatial extent of wastelands was estimated at 47.22 million hectares, constituting 14.91 percent of total geographic area of the country. Classification system of 23 categories of wastelands and three-season satellite data was adopted in the Wasteland Atlas 2010. It is important to note that the categories as mentioned in this report can be easily categories into rest of the land uses as mentioned above. It is envisaged that once the planning of wastelands is undertaken, the entire areas categorised as wasteland as on date in the country would be allocated to a more relevant categorisation of land use. The following sections provide for the subcategories of wasteland as mentioned in the Wasteland Atlas of India 2010.

Ravines are an extensive system of gullies (perceptible channels formed due to surface run-off causing undulating terrains) developed along river courses and are commonly found in sloping lands. 3.9.1.1 Gullied and/or Ravine Land (Medium; They have a depth ranging from 2.5m to 5m. 3.9.1.2 Gullied and/or Ravine Land (Deep) They have a depth of more than 5m.

Possess shallow and skeletal soils, at times chemically degraded, extremes of slopes, severely eroded and lands subjected to excessive aridity with scrubs dominating the landscape. Tendency for intermixing with cropped areas. 3.9.2.1 Land with Dense Scrub Vegetal cover is often more than 15 percent. Associated with moderate slopes in plains and foothills and are generally surrounded by agricultural lands. 3.9.2.2 Land with Open Scrub Sparse Vegetation cover - generally less than 15 percent/devoid of scrub. Generally prone to deterioration due to erosion and has thin soil cover. Associated with moderate slopes in plains and foothills, generally surrounded by agricultural lands

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Waterlogged land is that land where the water is at/or near the surface and water stands for most of the year. Marsh is a land, which is permanently or periodically inundated by water and is characterised by vegetation, which includes water and reeds. 3.9.3.1 Waterlogged and Marshy Land (Permanent) The duration of water logging is for at least 6 months or more in a year. 3.9.3.2 Waterlogged and Marshy Land (Seasonal) The duration of water logging is less than 6 months in a year.

They have adverse effect on the growth of most plants due to action or presence of excess soluble salts (saline) or high exchangeable sodium. 3.9.4.1 Land Affected by Salinity/Alkalinity (Strong) These patches appear bright white in colour. These lands do not support any kind of vegetation during any season. Chemically, their Electrical Conductivity (EC) levels (dS/m) are more than 30, pH more than 9.8 and Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP) is more than 40. 3.9.4.2 Land Affected by Salinity/Alkalinity (Moderate) These patches appear dull white to light red in tone and are often associated with some scrub vegetation or salt resistant crop during kharif season. Chemically, their Electrical Conductivity (EC) levels (dS/m) are between 8 and 30, pH between 9 and 9.8 and Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP) is between 15 and 40.

Growing crops on forested/vegetated slash and burn method. Commonly observed practice in the North- Eastern states, parts of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and the tribal areas of Chhattisgarh. Small, scattered patches, irregular in shape, non-contiguous and dispersed and located on hill slopes. Associated with mountainous/hilly areas midst forest cover and forest cleared areas. 3.9.5.1 Shifting Cultivation (Current Jhum) Currently used for cultivation and are clearly perceptible on the current season satellite image that are in pre-burnt /post-burnt condition. 3.9.5.2 Shifting Cultivation (Abandoned Jhum) Areas that were under shifting cultivation, left idle for more than one year but less than 5 years thereby giving a scope for regeneration of secondary vegetation, especially bamboo or grasses. Has a tendency to get mixed with forested areas.

3.9.6.1 Underutilised/Degraded Forest (Scrub dominated) Lands within Notified Forest boundaries, with various types of forest cover, in which vegetative cover is less than 20 percent are classified as degraded/underutilised. These lands are generally confined to the fringe areas

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3.9.6.2 Underutilised/Degraded Forest (Agriculture) Areas within Notified Forest boundaries, where regular agricultural activities are practiced with Kharif, Rabi or Zaid seasonal crops. 3.9.6.3 Degraded Pastures/Grazing Land Areas in non-forest areas, (permanent pastures or meadows), which have become degraded due to lack of proper soil conservation and drainage measures. They are small in size, irregular in shape, scattered and associated with village fringes and flood plains. 3.9.6.4 Degraded Land under Plantation Crops Degraded areas that sustain the growth of plantation crops located outside -the notified forest areas. These are small in shape exhibiting a regular pattern and are scattered.

Areas with stabilised accumulation of sand, vary in size, with regular to irregular shapes with contiguous to linear pattern. 3.9.7.1 Sands (Coastal) Accumulated as a strip along the seacoast. 3.9.7.2 Sands (Riverine) Accumulations outside the river banks, usually in active flood plains as sheets, which are the resultant phenomena of river flooding. These are generally covered by either scrub or crops. 3.9.7.3 Sands (Desertic) Confined to arid environment where rainfall is scanty. These lands are characterised by accumulation of sand developed in situ or transported by Aeolian processes. 3.9.7.4 Sands (Semi Stabilised) Desertic sandy areas with stabilised to semi-stabilised dunes which are 15 - 40m high with presence of hardy and sparse vegetation. 3.9.7.5 Sands (Stabilised) Active sand dune areas with semi-stabilised to shifting sand dunes which are more than 40m high. Their shapes and sizes vary, depending upon prevailing wind conditions. These areas rarely support any vegetation.

Areas where large-scale mining operations bring about the degradation of land and resultant mine dumps and industrial wastelands, degraded due to large scale industrial effluent discharges. They are small to medium in size, depending on the extent of mining area, irregular in shape, located at or near active mining areas and industrial complexes. Generally associated with transportation lines especially railways and roads. It includes surface rocks, stone quarries, sand and gravel pits, brick kilns, etc. 3.9.8.1 Industrial Waste Land Stockpiles of storage dump of industrial raw materials or slag/effluents or waste material or quarried/mixed debris from earth's surface, generally found near urban areas and industrial areas.

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3.9.8.2 Mining Waste Land Areas where waste debris is accumulated after extraction of required mineral. Generally confined to surroundings of mining area.

3.9.9.1 Barren/Rocky/Stony Waste Rock exposures of varying lithology often barren and devoid of soil and vegetation cover. Occur amidst hill-forests as openings or isolated exposures on plateau and plains. Located in steep isolated hillocks/hill slopes, crests, plateau and eroded plains associated with barren and exposed rocky/ stony wastes, lateritic out-crops, mining and quarrying sites

Areas under snow cover confined to the Himalayan region. They possess irregular shape with a contiguous pattern, located in mountain peaks and slopes and high relief areas.

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Various ministries and departments at the National as well as the State Government maintain information on existing land use statistics for their own planning purposes. It is important to understand how these statistics look together at various levels of governance. Such a collation of land use statistics and envisaged/proposed plans is expected to give an interesting insight into the land use scenario for the state as well as the challenges ahead. Currently, it is difficult to collate all the information as maintained by different departments into a single unified structure. As we have seen different, departments have different definitions of land uses suitable for focussed and sectoral planning. Hence, this section does not attempt to converge the land use statistics as maintained by different departments.

Availability of timely and reliable statistics of land utilisation plays an important role in policy formulation. The Directorate of Economics and Statistics (DES), an attached office of the Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare (DAC&FW), is entrusted with the task of collecting and disseminating land use statistics by district and state. The DES receives land use statistics by state and district in three different parts, viz. classification of land, area under irrigation (by source and crop) and area under crops in the prescribed format from State Agricultural Statistics Authorities (SASA). The SASAs comprises the following bodies designated to collect land use statistics in each state and union territory in the country: . Directorate of Economics & Statistics/Bureau of Statistics/Planning (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Jammu & Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu and Puducherry (19); . Office of the Land Record & Revenues (Chhattisgarh, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh (7); and . Directorate of Agriculture (Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Gujarat, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, West Bengal, Delhi, Lakshadvveep 10). Land use statistics is presently available as per the nine-fold classification of land use, which includes . Forest area . Area under non-agricultural use . Barren and un-culturable land . Permanent pasture and other grazing land . Land under miscellaneous tree crops, etc. . Culturable waste land . Fallow lands other than current fallows . Current fallows . Net area sown Agricultural land consists of net area sown, current fallows, fallow lands other than current fallows, land under miscellaneous tree crops and culturable waste land. Non-agricultural land includes forest area, area under non-agricultural use, barren and unculturable land and permanent pasture and other grazing land.

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As per the nine fold classification of land use as maintained by the Ministry of Agriculture in India Tamil Nadu had the following land use classification:

Table 2: Land Use of Tamil Nadu All Figures are in Thousand Hectares Area (in thousands) Land Use Percentage (ha) Total geographical area 13006 NA Reporting area for land utilisation 13027 100.00 Forests 2106 16.17 Not available for cultivation 2665 20.46 Permanent pastures and other grazing 110 0.84 lands Land under misc. tree crops and groves 259 1.99 Culturable wasteland 333 2.56 Fallow lands other than current fallows 1498 11.50 Current fallows 1013 7.77 Net area sown 5043 38.71

This data was published on the Government of India Data Portal on February 13, 2014 and can be accessed at https://data.gov.in/catalog/land-use-pattern. According to the Chapter 8 - Agriculture in Statistical Year Book of India 2017, the trend in Land use Pattern from 2003 to 2014 is mentioned in the table below:

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Table 3: Trend in Land Use Pattern of Tamil Nadu (2003 – 2014) All figures are in Thousand Hectares Sr. Particular/Year 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 No. 1 Total Geographical Area 13006.00 13006.00 13006.00 13006.00 13006.00 13006.00 13006.00 13006.00 13006.00 13006.00 13006.00 2 Reporting Area for Land Utilisation Pattern 13026.65 13026.65 13026.65 13026.65 13026.65 13026.65 13033.07 13033.12 13033.12 13033.12 13033.00 (3+4+5+6+7) 3 Forests 2122.04 2122.07 2110.70 2106.11 2105.82 2105.91 2126.67 2125.48 2125.48 2125.48 2125.00 4 Not available for cultivation 2622.73 2633.84 2641.93 2662.19 2661.42 2664.51 2665.94 2666.29 2669.29 2672.42 2678.00 4 (a) Area under non-agricultural uses 2113.35 2124.56 2138.68 2159.78 2169.20 2172.60 2175.61 2177.03 2180.73 2183.90 2190.00 4 Barren & un-culturable land 509.38 509.28 503.26 502.40 492.23 491.91 490.34 489.25 488.56 488.51 488.00 (b) 5 Other uncultivated land 775.89 777.66 753.32 732.63 718.04 702.42 689.20 692.59 691.15 687.14 683.00 excluding Fallow Land 5 (a) Permanent pastures & other 113.47 113.56 110.31 110.29 110.13 110.01 109.92 109.57 109.57 109.57 110.00 grazing lands 5 Land under misc. tree crops & (b) groves (not included in net area 282.98 290.07 274.35 268.07 261.03 258.97 252.83 252.08 252.47 249.54 245.00 sown) 5 Culturable waste land 379.44 374.03 368.66 354.26 346.89 333.44 326.45 330.94 329.12 328.03 328.00 (c) 6 Fallow Lands 2816.82 2396.07 2276.85 2399.65 2479.44 2510.92 2659.12 2595.11 2561.34 3003.85 2833.00 6 (a) Fallow lands other than current 1862.86 1704.14 1518.01 1493.07 1498.72 1497.55 1542.14 1580.17 1594.31 1695.69 1718.00 fallows 6 Current fallows 953.96 691.93 758.84 906.58 980.72 1013.37 1116.98 1014.94 967.04 1308.16 1115.00 (b)

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Table 3: Trend in Land Use Pattern of Tamil Nadu (2003 – 2014) All figures are in Thousand Hectares Sr. Particular/Year 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 No. 7 Net area Sown 4689.16 5097.01 5243.84 5126.07 5061.92 5042.90 4892.14 4953.66 4985.86 4544.24 4714.00 8 Total Cropped Area 5316.03 5889.07 6032.72 5842.79 5815.17 5824.25 5571.72 5752.66 5889.67 5139.83 5897.00 9 Area sown more than once (8 – 626.87 792.06 788.88 716.72 753.26 781.35 679.58 799.01 903.82 595.59 1184.00 7) 10 Agri. Land/Cultivable land/Culturable land/Arable 8168.40 8157.17 8163.70 8148.05 8149.28 8146.23 8130.53 8131.79 8128.78 8125.66 8120.00 land (5b+5c+6+7) 11 Cultivated land (6b+7) 5643.12 5788.94 6002.68 6032.65 6042.64 6056.27 6009.12 5968.60 5952.89 5852.40 5829.00 12 Un-cultivable land (2 – 10) 4858.25 4869.47 4862.95 4878.59 4877.37 4880.42 4902.54 4901.33 4904.33 4907.46 4913.00 13 Un-cultivated land (2 – 11) 7383.53 7237.71 7023.97 6994.00 6984.00 6970.38 7023.95 7064.52 7080.22 7180.72 7204.00 Source: Chapter 8 - Agriculture in Statistical Year Book of India 2017 (http://mospi.nic.in/statistical-year-book-india/2017/177)

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The Cropping pattern for principal crops in Tamil Nadu is provided in the table below. It is interesting to observe the large variations without any significant trend in the cropping pattern in Tamil Nadu.

Table 4: Trend in Cropping Pattern of Tamil Nadu (2009 – 2016) All figures are in Thousand Hectares Particular/Year 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 Food Grains 3033 3174 3210 2625.1 3439.46 3538.1 3864.619 Cereals 2498.1 2539 2345 2117.5 2623.71 2654.24 2938.049 Rice 1846 1906 1904 1493.11 1725.73 1794.99 2037.2591 Jowar 239 244 193.86 347.13 347.52 351.57 Bajra 54 50 47 42.93 54.41 57.7 56.83 Maize 244 231 281 290.97 345.32 321.95 363.91 Ragi 82 76 83 70.31 118.70 104.43 92.81 Small Millets 33 32 30 26.3 32.42 27.65 35.67 Wheat ------Barley ------Pulses 535 637 669 507.62 815.75 883.86 926.57 Gram 7 7 9 7.04 8.91 6.82 4.88 Tur 27 36 36 39.63 59.64 72.39 60.1 Urad - - - - 365.13 373.79 416.47 Moong - - - - 195.28 229.56 250.3 Other Pulses 501 594 624 460.95 186.79 201.3 194.82 Oilseeds 495 449 449 388.53 408.17 415 412.22 Groundnut 413 386 386 338.32 336.63 336.52 351.46 Seasame 63 48 43 33.17 56.59 64.24 47.33 Rapeseed and Mustard - - - 0.61 0.58 - - Linseed ------Castor Seed 5 6 6 5.64 6.38 5.04 5.13 Sunflower - - - - 7.99 8.9 7.95 Cotton 104 122 133 128 152.00 187 142 Jute ------Mesta - - - 0.6 - - - Tea 9 80 - - 69.62 69.62 69.62 Coffee .. .. 31.3 32.00 32 35 Natural Rubber (Tapped 20 20 20 20.8 20.90 20.9 area) Banana 114 125 130 111.356 118.04 Sugarcane 293 316 346 347.22 313.34 263.07 257.26 Tobacco .. 5 3 0 3.73 Potato - 5 5 8.32 5.35 Black Pepper 3 3 4 0.24 4.29

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Table 4: Trend in Cropping Pattern of Tamil Nadu (2009 – 2016) All figures are in Thousand Hectares Particular/Year 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 Chillies 58 54 59 2.35 50.67 Ginger 0 1.8 0.73 Coconut 390 390 431 6.47 465.11 Turmeric 33 51 60 1.3 76.98 Source: Chapter 8 - Agriculture in Statistical Year Book of India 2017 (http://mospi.nic.in/statistical-year-book- india/2017/177)

According to the Pocket Book of Agriculture Statistics, 2016 published by Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer’s Welfare, Government of India, as on December 25, 2016 the total land area covered under micro- irrigation in Tamil Nadu is 363359 Hectares. Of this total area, 328411.3 Hectares is under drip irrigation whereas 34947.7 Hectares of area is under sprinkler type of irrigation.

According to the 19th Livestock Census of 2012 – All India Report, conducted by Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, the total livestock population in Tamil Nadu decreased from 30.75 million in 2007 to 22.72 million in 2012. Among the total livestock, about 38.79 percent are cattle, 35.84 percent are goats, 21.07 percent are sheep, 3.43 percent are buffalo and 0.81 percent are pig besides marginal contribution is attributed by other livestock species such as camel, donkeys, horses and ponies.

Table 5: Livestock in Tamil Nadu In thousands Category 2003 2007 2012 % Change from 2007 to 2012 Total Livestock 24942 30759 22723 -26.12 Cattle 9141 11189 8814 -21.22 Exotic/Crossbred 5140 7383 6355 -13.93 Male 993 1400 887 -36.66 Female 4147 5983 5468 -8.61 Indigenous 4001 3806 2460 -35.38 Male 1599 1348 737 -45.37 Female 2402 2458 1723 -29.89 Buffalo 1658 2009 780 -61.15 Male 268 495 100 -79-75 Female 1390 1514 680 -55.07 Bovine 10799 13198 9594 -27.30 Male 2860 3244 1724 -46.86 Female 7940 9954 7871 -20.93 Sheep 5593 7991 4787 -40.10 Exotic/Crossbred 769 755 498 -33.97

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Table 5: Livestock in Tamil Nadu In thousands Category 2003 2007 2012 % Change from 2007 to 2012 Male 226 294 177 -39.91 Female 543 460 321 -30.18 Indigenous 4825 7236 4288 -40.73 Male 1437 2469 1217 -50.71 Female 3388 4767 3071 -35.57 Goat 8177 9275 8143 -12.20 Male 2355 2902 2308 -20.48 Female 5823 6372 5835 -8.42 Horses & Ponies 25 7 5 -19.70 Male 21 4 3 -30,59 Female 4 2 2 1.90 Mules 0 0 0 Donkey 26 5 9 92.31 Male 9 2 7 166.64 Female 17 2 2 11.05 Camels 0.00 0.01 0.02 171.43 Male 0.00 0.00 0.01 250.00 Female 0.00 0.00 0.01 66.67 Pigs 321 284 184 -35.29 Exotic/Crossbred 49 22 31 37.90 Male 19 10 14 44.94 Female 30 12 16 32.36 Indigenous 271 262 153 -41.53 Male 124 107 70 -34.92 Female 148 155 83 -46.09 Dogs 2717 1840 1547 -15.90 Male 1966 1347 1180 -12.40 Female 750 492 367 -25.48 Rabbit 67 14 53 286.49 Male 30 7 25 269.07 Female 38 7 28 303.83 Elephants - 0.01 0.01 62.50 Male - 0.01 0.01 -28.57 Female - 0.00 0.01 700.00 POULTRY 86591 128108 117349 -8.40 Fowls 86120 126879 112954 -10.98 Ducks 247 1039 2290 120.38 Turkeys & Other Poultry 224 190 2105 1008.47 Source: 19th Livestock Census of 2012 – All India Report

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According to the land use statistics as maintained by the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, for 2013-14 the total area under forests in the state of Tamil Nadu is 2125 thousand hectare amounting to about 16.3 percent of the total geographic area of Tamil Nadu. However, The India State of Forest Report 2017 (released recently) indicates otherwise. According to the India State of Forest Report (2017), based on interpretation of satellite imagery data pertaining to October – December 2015, forest cover in the state of Tamil Nadu is 26,281 sq.km. amounting to about 20.21 percent of the State's geographical area. In terms of forest canopy density classes, the state has 3,672 sq.km. under very dense forest, 10,979 sq.km. under moderately dense forest and 11,630 sq.km. under open forest.

Figure 3: Forest Cover of Tamil Nadu

Source: India State of Forest Report 2017

The recorded forest area of the state is 22,877 sq.km. which is 17.59 percent of the State's geographic area. The Reserved, Protected and Unclassed Forests are 88.70 percent, 7.79 percent and 3.51 percent respectively of the recorded forest area. However, as the digitised boundary of recorded forest area from the State covers 21,870 sq km, the analysis of forest cover within and outside this area is depicted below:

Table 6: Forest Cover Within and Outside Recorded Forest Area Area in Sq. Km. Forest Cover within Recorded Forest Area Very Dense Forest (VDF) 3,386 Moderately Dense Forest (MDF) 8,544 Open Forest (OF) 5,651 Total 17,581

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Table 6: Forest Cover Within and Outside Recorded Forest Area Area in Sq. Km. Forest Cover within Recorded Forest Area Forest Cover outside Recorded Forest Area Very Dense Forest 286 Moderately Dense Forest 2,435 Open Forest 5,979 Total 8,700 Total Forest Cover 26,281 Tree Cover 4,671 Total Forest & Tree Cover 30,952 Of State's Geographical Area 23.80% Of India's Forest & Tree Cover 3.86% Per capita Forest & Tree Cover 0.04 ha Source: India State of Forest Report 2017

Table 7: Forest Cover in Different Patch Size Classes

Sr. No. Patch Size Range in sq. km. No. of Patches Area (Sq. Km.) Percentage 1 ≥ 0.01 ≤ 1.0 41,335 3,288 12.51 2 >1.0 ≤ 10 907 2,461 9.36 3 >10 ≤ 100 112 2,871 10.92 4 >100 ≤ 500 12 3,019 11.49 5 > 500 ≤ 1000 0 0 0.00 6 >1000 ≤ 5000 6 14,642 55.72 Total 42,372 26,281 100 Source: India State of Forest Report 2017

A net increase of 73 sq. km. in the forest cover of the State can be attributed to plantations and conservation efforts within Recorded forest areas. The negative change observed in some areas is mainly due to harvesting of trees outside forests and developmental activities. Furthermore, an increase of 279 sq. km. has been observed in the water body coverage within Forest compared to 2005.

The State of Tamil Nadu has Five National Parks, 21 Wild Life Sanctuaries and one Conservation Reserve covering a total area of 3829.82. There are no community reserves demarcated in the state of Tamil Nadu. A list of the protected area network, their year of notification and the total area covered by them is mentioned in the table below.

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Table 8: Protected Area Network in Tamil Nadu

Sr. Total Area Name of the PA Year of Notification No. (sq. km.) A National Parks 307.84 1 Guindy NP 1976 2.82 2 Gulf of Mannar Marine NP 1980 6.23 3 Indira Gandhi (Annamalai) NP 1989 117.1 4 Mudumalai NP 1990 103.23 5 Mukurthi NP 1990 78.46 B Wildlife Sanctuary 3521.95 1 Chitrangudi Bird WLS 1989 0.48 2 Indira Gandhi (Annamalai) WLS 1972 841.49 3 Kalakad WLS 1976 223.58 4 Kanjirankulam Bird WLS 1989 1.04 6 Karaivetti WLS 1999 4.54 7 KarikiliWLS 1989 0.61 8 Kilaselvanur-Melaselvanur WLS 1998 5.93 9 Kuthankulam-Kadankulam WLS 1994 1.29 10 Mudumalai WLS 1940 217.76 11 Mundanthurai WLS 1977 567.38 12 Point Calimere WLS 1967 17.26 13 Pulicat Lake WLS 1980 153.67 14 Satyamangalam WS 2008 524.35 15 Srivilliputhur Grizzled Squirrel WLS 1988 485.2 16 Udayamarthandapuram Lake WLS 1991 0.45 17 VaduvoorWLS 1991 1.28 18 Vedanthangal WLS 1936 0.3 19 Vellanadu(Blackbuck)WLS 1987 16.41 20 VellodeWLS 1997 0.77 21 Vettangudi WLS 1977 0.38 C Conservation Reserve 0.03 1 Thiruppudai- maruthur Birds 2005 0.03 Source: Protected Area Networks of India, ENVIS Centre on Wildlife & Protected Areas

There are three tiger reserves in Tamil Nadu . Kalakad-Mundanthurai created in 1988-89 with 895 sq.km. of core/critical tiger habitat area

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. Anamalai created in 2008-09 with 958 sq.km. of core/critical tiger habitat area . Mudumalai created in 2008-09 with 321 sq.km. of core/critical tiger habitat area

There are four elephant reserves that encompass areas of Tamil Nadu. These are: . Nilgiri – Eastern Ghat Elephant Range is spread over four states of Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra. On September 19, 2003, Tamil Nadu notified an area of 4663 sq.km. as Nilgiri Elephant Reserve of which 716 sq.km. is part of a protected area. . South Nilgiri Elephant Range is spread over states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. On September 19, 2003, Tamil Nadu notified an area of 566 sq.km. as Coimbatore Elephant Reserve of which 482 sq.km. is part of a protected area. . Western Ghat Elephant Range is spread over states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. On September 19, 2003, Tamil Nadu notified an area of 1457 sq.km. as Anamalai Elephant Reserve of which 300 sq.km. is part of a protected area. . Periyar Elephant Range is spread over states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. On September 19, 2003, Tamil Nadu notified an area of 1249 sq.km. as Srivilliputtur Elephant Reserve of which 568 sq.km. is part of a protected area.

It is estimated that there are more than 450 species of bird in Tamil Nadu. 15 out of 57 vulnerable species listed for India by Birdlife International (2001) are found in Tamil Nadu. For thirteen such species, the IBAs and protected areas of Tamil Nadu are highly important for survival. The wetlands of Tamil Nadu are known to be the major strongholds of the Spot billed Pelican. There are 34 Important Birding Areas in Tamil Nadu.

Table 9: Important Bird Areas in Tamil Nadu

Sr. Area IBA site names District Ownership Protection Status No. (ha) Nilgiris (South 1 Avalanche (Nilgiri) 7846 State Not Officially Protected Forest Division) 2 Berijam (Kodaikonal) Dindigul 62000 State Not Officially Protected Big Tank and Sakkarakotai State (Irrigation National Park (established in 3 Ramanathupuram 2541 Kanmai Department) September 1986) Nilgiris (South 4 Bison Swamp (Nilgiri) 12 State Not Officially Protected Forest Division) Cairn hill Reserve Forest Nilgiris (South 5 243 State Not Officially Protected (Nilgiri) Forest Division) Wildlife Sanctuaries Chitragudi and Kanjirankulam 6 Ramanathupuram 152 State (established in September Wildlife Sanctuaries 1989)

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Table 9: Important Bird Areas in Tamil Nadu

Sr. Area IBA site names District Ownership Protection Status No. (ha) Nilgiris (South 7 Governor's Shola NA State Not Officially Protected Forest Division) 8 Grass Hills Coimbatore 65700 State Not Officially Protected Gulf of Mannar Marine Ramanathapuram, National Park (established in 9 623 State National Park Tuticorin September 1986) Wildlife Sanctuaries (established in October 1976) 10 Indira Gandhi WLS Coimbatore 98700 State and National Park (established in September 1986) Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Tiger Reserve (established in 11 Tirunelveli 81800 State Reserve 1988-89) Kaliveli Tank and State (adjacent land 12 Cuddalore 7500 Not Officially Protected Yeduyanthittu Estuary is partially private) Wildlife Sanctuary (established 13 Karaivetti Bird Sanctuary Tiruchchirappalli 454 State in April 1989) Wildlife Sanctuary (established 14 Kunthangulain Bird Sanctuary Tirunelveli 129.3 Protected/Sanctuary in November 1994) Nilgiris (North 15 Longwood Shola-Kothagiri 116 State Not Officially Protected Forest Division) Public Works 16 Kullur Sandai Reservoir Virudunagar 1362 Not Officially Protected Department Nilgiris (Wildlife National Park (established in 17 Mudumalai National Park 32100 State Division) January 1990) Nilgiris (Wildlife National Park (established in 18 Mukurthi National Park 7846 State Division) October 1990) 19 Naduvattam Nilgiris 3538 State Not Officially Protected Point Calimere Wildlife Wildlife Sanctuary (established 20 Nagapattinam 37733 State Sanctuary in June 1967) Dindigul (Palni 21 Poomparai and Kukkal 6450 Forest Department Not Officially Protected Hills) 22 Sholas around Kodaikanal Dindigul 1600 State Not Officially Protected Shrivilliputhur Wildlife Wildlife Sanctuary (established 23 Virudunagar 48520 State Sanctuary in December 1988) 24 Suclundram Therur Kanyakumari NA State Not Officially Protected Nilgiris (South 25 Thaishola 603 State Not Officially Protected Forest Division) Kanyakumari and 26 Tirunelveli Reserve Forest NA State Not Officially Protected Tirunelveli

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Table 9: Important Bird Areas in Tamil Nadu

Sr. Area IBA site names District Ownership Protection Status No. (ha) Vandivoor and Kunnathur Municipal 27 Madurai 278 Not Officially Protected Tanks Corporation Wildlife Sanctuary (established 28 Vaduvoor Bird Sanctaury Tiruvarur 128 State in November 1991) Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary (established in 1925) and Vedanthangal and Karikili 29 Chengalpet 80 State Karikili Bird Sanctuary Bird Sanctuary (established in 1998) 30 Veeranain Lake Cuddalore 3885 State Not Officially Protected Wildlife Sanctuary (established 31 Vettangudi Bird Sanctuary Sivagangai 38 State in June 1997) Watrap Periakulam and State (Irrigation 32 Virudunagar 251 Not Officially Protected Virakasamuthrakulam Department) 33 Wellington Reservoir Cuddalore 650 State Not Officially Protected 34 Muthukuzhi Nagercoil NA NA Not Officially Protected Source: Important Bird Areas in India – Tamil Nadu, www.ibcn.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Tamil-Nadu.pdf

In addition to above, according to Bombay Natural History Society, there are five more potential important Bird Areas in Tamil Nadu9 . Megamalai . Melagiris . Pichoraman Mangrove . Odiyur Lagoon . Tiruppadaimarudur Conservation Reserve

The National Wetland Atlas: Tamil Nadu jointly prepared by Space Application Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad and Institute of Remote Sensing, Chennai (May 2010) estimates that the Tamil Nadu has about 42978 wetlands. The total wetland area is estimated to be 902534 ha. It is further estimated that there are 4609 inland natural wetlands and 19480 inland man-made wetlands accounting for approximately 50.64 percent and 33.78 per cent of the total area under wetlands respectively. Whereas 404 coastal natural wetlands account for about 9.83 per cent and 191 coastal man-made wetlands account for about 3.73 percent of total area under wetlands. In addition to these, it is estimated that there

9 http://wiienvis.nic.in/Database/IBA_8463.aspx

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are about 18294 small wetlands (< 2.25 ha) accounting for the balance 2.03 percent of the total area under wetlands. The table below provides an overview of the wetlands in Tamil Nadu.

Table 10: Wetlands in Tamil Nadu Total Open Post- Water Pre- Sr. Number of %of wetland Wetland Category wetland area monsoon area monsoon area No. wetlands area (ha) (ha) (ha) 1 Inland Wetlands - Natural 1.1 Lakes/Ponds 4369 316091 35.02 236456 45436 1.2 Ox-bow lakes/ Cut-off meanders - - - - - 1.3 High altitude wetlands - - - - - 1.4 Riverine wetlands 2 127 0.01 121 41 1.5 Waterlogged 44 3928 0.44 3382 2168 1.6 River/Stream 194 136878 15.17 131049 131479 2 Inland Wetlands -Man-made 2.1 Reservoirs/Barrages 99 56419 6.25 46443 31064 2.2 Tanks/Ponds 19343 237613 26.33 164346 23078 2.3 Waterlogged 38 10811 1.20 9353 5816 2.4 Saltpans - - - - - 3 Coastal Wetlands - Natural 3.1 Lagoons 74 25057 2.78 25041 22034 3.2 Creeks 17 3404 0.38 3339 3403 3.3 Sand/Beach 73 9798 1.09 - - 3.4 Intertidal mud flats 84 33164 3.67 - - 3.5 Salt Marsh 42 6108 0.68 5369 2596 3.6 Mangroves 78 7315 0.81 - - 3.7 Coral Reefs 36 3899 0.43 - - 4 Coastal Wetlands - Man-made 4.1 Saltpans 47 22889 2.54 22505 19733 4.2 Aquaculture ponds 144 10739 1.19 10457 9420 5 Wetlands (<2.25 ha) 18294 18294 2.03 - - 6 Total 42978 902534 100.00 657861 296268 Source: The National Wetland Atlas: Tamil Nadu, jointly prepared by Space Application Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad and Institute of Remote Sensing, Chennai (May 2010)

The site is located at the southern end of Nagappattinam district, Tamil Nadu. Point Calimere is a complex wetland composed of creek, forest, swamps, and intertidal mudflats. The sanctuary may be divided into

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page 81 of 178 Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline three divisions: the Point Calimere Forest; Great Vedaranyam Swamp (GVS), which includes the mangrove forests at Muthupet and the mangroves of Talaignayar Reserve Forest (TRF).10 It was declared as Ramsar site in 19/08/2002 owing to the compliance of criteria 2, 4 & 5 as described below: . Wetland supports globally threatened ecological communities. . Wetland provides refuge during adverse conditions to threatened species. . Wetland regularly supports 20,000 or more water birds. This site is rich in birds both waterfowls and forest birds. The sanctuary is an important staging and wintering ground for migratory birds like flamingos, ducks, gulls and terns. As high as 28,000 flamingos and 100,000 Garganey have been reported in this site. The swamps and saltpans harbour as many as 110 species of birds. The threatened Spot-billed Pelican also occur here. The wetland supports the vulnerable species like sandpiper and grey pelican listed in the IUCN Red List. The wetland is the breeding ground for many species of marine fishes which are vital to the fisheries of the coast. GVS is the spawning ground for commercially important prawns, crabs and harbours 23 fish species, whereas the Mullipalam Lagoon harbours 20 species marine species of fish. Mangroves are dominated by Avicennia marina. Twenty nine species of reptiles and eight species of amphibians are reported from here. Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary includes many of the coastal wetland types making it complex. Together the site has an aerial estimate of 44882 ha. The open water spread in post-monsoon is 23179 ha which was found to have increased marginally to 23300 ha in pre-monsoon. The vegetation comprising mangroves remained unchanged in both the seasons. The catchment including the 12 km buffer area extends over 200530 ha. The area under wetlands is estimated to be 61284 ha. The open-water spread in post-monsoon (36412 ha) was found to have reduced to 32369 ha in pre-monsoon which is about 11 percent. The vegetation has shown an increase of about 1.6 times from post-monsoon (6258 ha) to pre-monsoon (10426 ha).

Tamil Nadu constitutes approximately 4 percent of India's land area and is inhabited by 6 percent of India's population, but has only 2.5 percent of India's water resources. More than 95 percent of the surface water and 80 percent of ground water have already been put into use. Major uses of water include human/animal consumption, irrigation and industrial use. The demand for water in Tamil Nadu is increasing at a fast rate both due to increasing population and also due to larger per capita needs triggered by economic growth. The per capita availability of water resources however is just 900 cubic meters when compared to the national average of 2,200 cubic meters. Agriculture is the largest consumer of water in the State using 75 per cent of the State's water resources. The State is heavily dependent on monsoon rains. The annual average rainfall is about 930 mm (47 percent during the north east monsoon, 35 percent during the south west monsoon, 14 percent in the summer and 4 percent in the winter). Actual rainfall for the year 2010-11 is 1165.10 mm, out of which 48 percent is through the north east monsoon, 32 percent is through the south west monsoon and the remaining 20

10 National Wetland Atlas: Wetlands of International Importance under Ramsar Convention Sponsored by Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India Space Applications Centre, ISRO, Ahmedabad – 380 015 March

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page 82 of 178 Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline percent is through summer and winter rainfall. Since the State is entirely dependent on rains for recharging its water resources, monsoon failures lead to acute water scarcity and severe droughts.

Total surface water potential of the state is 36 km or 24864 M cum. There are 17 major river basins in the State with 61 reservoirs and about 41,948 tanks. Of the annual water potential of 46540 million cubic metres (MCM), surface flows account for about half. Most of the surface water has already been tapped, primarily for irrigation which is the largest user. 24 lakh hectares are irrigated by surface water through major, medium and minor schemes. The utilisation of surface water for irrigation is about 90 per cent.

The utilisable groundwater recharge is 22,423 MCM. The current level of utilisation expressed as net ground water draft of 13.558 MCM is about 60 per cent of the available recharge, while 8875 MCM (40 per cent) is the balance available for use. Over the last five years, the percentage of safe blocks has declined from 35.6 per cent to 25.2 per cent while the semi-critical blocks have gone up by a similar percentage. Over- exploitation has already occurred in more than a third of the blocks (35.8 per cent) while eight blocks (2 per cent) have turned saline. The water level data reveals that the depth of the wells ranges from an average of 0.93 metres in Pudukkottai district to 43.43 metres in Erode. According to the Central Groundwater Board, there has been a general decline in groundwater level in 2003 due to the complete desaturation of shallow aquifers. There has been a considerable failure of irrigation wells in Coimbatore District.

There are 17 river basins in Tamil Nadu. Cauvery is the only major basin. Of the others, 13 basins are medium and 3 are minor river basins. At 75 percent dependability, the annual surface water generated in the State is 692.78 TMC (19,619 MCM). The State depends on neighbouring States for considerable quantum of flows: which is about 261.70 TMC (7411 MCM) annually. Thus, the total surface water potential of the State at 75 percent dependability is 954.58 TMC (27,030 MCM). Following are the rivers which flow through this southernmost region of the Indian peninsula: . Bhavani River: Fed, mostly, by the southwestern monsoon, this is one of the main tributaries of the river Kaveri. . Cheyyar River: This tributary of River Palar is a major seasonal river that flows through the district of Tiruvannamalai. . Chittar River: The main river originates from the Courtallam Hills of the Shencottah Taluk and Tenkasi Taluk in the district of Tirunelveli. It flows through the state along with its 5 tributaries. . Ponniyar River: Flowing across the borders in between the taluks of Villupuram and Cuddalore, it finally drains into the Bay of Bengal. . Thamirabarani River: This River originates from the peaks named Agathimalai, Aduppukkal Mottai and Cherumunji Mottai in the Tirunelveli district. . Vaigai River: While flowing towards the Palk Strait, it changes its course towards the south east near Sholavandan and passes through the town of Madurai. . Gundar River: It mainly flows through the districts of Tirunelveli and Wudhunagar in Tamil Nadu. . Noyil River: This tributary of Kaveri flows through Dharapuram taluk and Palladam taluk in Erode district and Coimbatore district respectively. . Suruli River: This originates from the Suruli Waterfall, which is among the major tourist attractions in the Theni district.

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. Vaipar River: With its origination in the bordering hills of the Kerala state, the river runs through the Virudhunagar district as well as the Theni district. 4.6.3.1 Other Rivers in Tamil Nadu To name a few more south Indian rivers serving the inhabitants of the state are given below . Addapar River, Adyar River, Agaram Aru River, Aintharuviar River . Aiyaru River, Aluthakanniar River, Arasalar River, Arichandranathi River . Arjuna River Bambar River, Coonoor River, Gadananathi River . Gingee River, Goddar River, Gomukhi River, Hanumannathi River . Jambunathi River, Kaattar River, Kabini River, Kallar River . Kamandala River Karipottan River, Karunaiyar River, Karuppanathi River . Kedilam River, Kollidam River, Komugi River, Kothaiyaru River . Kottagudi River, Kottamalaiyaru River, Koundinya Nathi River, Kowsika River . Kudamurutti River, Kundar River, Kundha River, Malattar River . Manimuktha River Manimuthar River, Markanda River, Mayura River . Mottaiyar River, Mudikondan River, Mundhal Odai River, Mullaiyar River . Nandalar River, Naganathi River, Nanganjiyar River, Nattar River . Odampokki River, Pachaiyar River, Pahrali River, Pamaniyar River . Pambar River, Pandavaiar River, Parambikulam River, Pykara River . Rajasingiyaru River, Ramanathi River, Sankaraparani River, Sarabanga River . Sarugani River, Shanmuganadhi River, Sigur River, Siruvani River . South Pennar River, Suvetha River, Thennar River, Thenpennai River . Thirumalairajan River, Thirumanimutharu River, Tondiar River, Uppar River . Upper Gundar River, Valavaikkal River, Vanniyar River, Varaganathi River . Vashista River, Vedamaliyaru River, Veera Chozhan River, Vennaaru River . Vennar River, Vettar River

According to the Waste Land Atlas of India (2011) prepared by National Remote Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation on behalf of Department of Land Resources, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India, Tamil Nadu has a total waste land area of 8721.79 sq.km. amounting to approximately 6.71 percent of the total geographic area of the state. It is interesting to note that there has been a reduction of about 403.77 sq.km. of area from 9125.56 sq.km. in 2005-06 to 8721.79 sq.km. in 2008- 09 under wasteland categorisation as per the Waste Land Atlas of India (2011).

Table 11: Waste Land in Tamil Nadu All figures are in square kilometres WL Waste Land Classification 2005-06 2008-09 Change class 1 Gullied and/ or ravinous land (Medium) 107.97 125.29 17.32 2 Gullied and/ or ravinous land (Deep) 0.91 0.91 - 3 Land with Dense Scrub 2128.14 2082.87 -45.26 4 Land with Open Scrub 2027.41 1981.04 -46.38

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Table 11: Waste Land in Tamil Nadu All figures are in square kilometres WL Waste Land Classification 2005-06 2008-09 Change class 5 Waterlogged and Marshy land (Permanent) 55.31 54.06 -1.24 6 Waterlogged and Marshy land (Seasonal) 68.25 65.27 -2.98 7 Land affected by salinity/alkalinity (Medium) 296 239.59 -56.41 8 Land affected by salinity/alkalinity (Strong) 83.82 28.19 -55.64 9 Shifting Cultivation - Current Jhum - - - 10 Shifting Cultivation -Abandoned Jhum - - - 11 Under-utilised/degraded forest (Scrub domin) 2600.55 2519.76 -80.79 12 Under-utilised/degraded forest (Agriculture) 61.13 75.81 14.68 13 Degraded pastures/ grazing land 1041.74 934.07 -107.67 14 Degraded land under plantation crop 41.88 31.84 -10.04 15 Sands-Riverine 34.15 32.73 -1.42 16 Sands-Coastal 200.63 180.89 -19.75 17 Sands-Desertic - - - 18 Sands-Semi Stab.-Stab>40m - - - 19 Sands-Semi Stab.-Stab 15-40m - - - 20 Mining Wastelands 90.18 94.97 4.79 21 Industrial wastelands 3.94 4.07 0.13 22 Barren Rocky/Stony waste 283.56 270.43 -13.12 23 Snow covered /Glacial area - - - Total Waste Land 9125.56 8721.79 -40377

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The presence of the complex governance systems with multiple sectoral departments means that each of these departments is in-charge of various development measures. It is highly likely that the departments have specific policies or other forms of guiding documents for planning interventions. Some of these policies/guiding documents are expected to directly have an impact on land use, whereas some of them would result in planning processes that affect eventual land use (indirect impact on land use). As most of the departments have such policies in force and decisions are made abiding by these documents, it is important to understand and consider them during the formulation of the land use planning policy for the state. The government of Tamil Nadu firmly believe that Planning, Evaluation and Statistical Services are essential for planning growth and development. Hence, there is a specific focus on preparation of five year plans, monitoring and reviewing expenditure in State plan schemes for better governance of the State. These services are rendered by the department’s viz., State Planning Commission (SPC), Department of Evaluation and Applied Research (DEAR) and Department of Economic and Statistics (DOES). The Planning Development and Special Initiative Department effectively anchors this pivotal role in the State. The Tamil Nadu State Planning Commission is the nodal agency for planning in the State. It functions as an advisory body and recommends strategies and programs to the Government on various matters pertaining to the development aspects of the State. The State Planning Commission was lastly reconstituted on July 02, 2011. The SPC initiated preparation of the Twelfth Five Year Plan for the plan period of 2012-2017, by constituting 15 Steering Committees and 47 Working Groups. These working groups and steering committees conducted discussion about current situation, problems, constraints, possible solutions and strategies. Draft approach papers were prepared for eliciting views and suggestions from various stakeholders. Apart from this, five regional consultation meetings were also conducted in Coimbatore, Madurai, Tirunelveli, Trichy and Cuddalore. The views and suggestions obtained from all stakeholders and working group reports became a base for preparation of sectoral chapters for the Twelfth Five Year Plan. In addition, the services of consultants and professional institutions were also obtained to enhance the quality and content of the document. Total outlay of the Twelfth Five Year Plan document was INR 2,11,250 crores. The five year plan provides for a guiding document for the state government. Each department then prepares an annual policy note in line with the plan outlay to ascertain that the governance is in line with a long term vision. Additionally, the Asian Development Bank has assisted the government in identifying a compendium of projects that can be under taken over a ten year period, thereby translating to Vision 2023 – Strategic Plan for Infrastructure Development in Tamil Nadu.

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Many departments have also created their own set of policies that guide them over a longer term say ten years. Information of all policies was not available at the time of undertaking this assessment. Hence, a brief assessment of available documents (predominantly 12th five year plan and policy notes for different sectors, considering various land uses is presented in the sections below.

Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder Agriculture Policy Note: 2016-17 My Government accords the highest priority to the Primary Sector. The focus is on Page 1 . Tamil Nadu envisions a second Green Revolution in improving productivity by adopting scientific agronomic practices; popularising better India led by the state. water use efficiency; farm mechanisation and strengthening the post-harvest infrastructure . Emphasis on farm mechanisation and scientific agro- and agro based industries to give a fillip to the Agriculture Sector. The initiative taken by practices, improving water efficiency this Government in these areas will certainly ensure a Second Green Revolution. Agriculture is beleaguered by challenges like enigmatic weather, uncertainly in rainfall, Page 2 . Land Allocation, Water Resources and increasing slumping land area, plummeting water resources, deteriorating soil fertility, growing wasteland is a concern unrestrainable pests & diseases, increased costs of inputs, residual effects of chemicals, labour scarcity and vacillating market prices. Government of Tamil Nadu which has resolved to usher in a Second Green Revolution Page 3 . Twelfth Plan period (5 year plan of Tamil Nadu is has formulated multifarious policies and strategies to achieve equitable, competitive and considered as the policy. sustainable inclusive growth in agriculture. These include an array of initiatives such as . Q: Is there a separate policy that talks about a 15 years holistic approach for soil and water management, adoption of crop specific innovative on long term basis or is this medium term plan the only technologies to promote Hi-Tech agriculture, Quality Input Supply Management System, guiding document?! farm mechanization, integrated infrastructure development, strengthening farmer - . Q: the plan is for period 2012-2017, what about after extension system interface, promotion of market led agriculture & value chain that? management, extensive use of ICT tools and capacity building for better acumen which are being implemented during the Twelfth Plan period with an objective to increase the crop productivity and farmers' income.

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder The state has surpassed 100 L.MT of Food Grain production in 2011-2012, 2013-2014 Page 4 . The state focuses on increasing productivity of food and 2014-2015. Needless to say, the fourth advance estimates for the food grain grains - equates that to green revolution. production during 2015-2016 has also been pegged at 130.63 L.MT, which has never been . Q: How are other non-cereal crops considered when achieved before. considering green revolution? . Q: is the emphasis on land under agriculture or is it on per hectare productivity . Q: How are long term and sustainability aspects factored? Tamil Nadu received the Best Practices Innovative Award under the scheme IWMP for Page 5 . Q: Has the government considered sharing this best formulating parallel online MIS. practice/MIS with other relevant departments? Net Cropped Area is 48.19 Lakh Ha where as gross Cropped area is 59.95 L. Ha i.e. area Page 7 . Only 24.19 percent agricultural land is sown more than sown more than once is 11.75 L. Ha once . Q: Is it because of lack of irrigation facilities Tamil Nadu is one of the most water stressed States. The average annual rainfall of the Page 8 . Q: Is the Cropping pattern in Tamil Nadu water state is around 921 mm which is less than the National average of 1,200 mm. The per intensive? capita availability of water resources is 750 cubic meters per year as compared to the all . Q: What is the share of agriculture in water use? India average of 2,200 cubic meters. . Q: What is the per capita utilisation of water in agriculture and how does it compare to per capita utilisation of water viz.a.viz other sectors Tamil Nadu has a gross irrigated area of 33.94 Lakh ha, and a net irrigated area of 27.26 Page 8-9 . A large part of agriculture is still dependent on monsoon Lakh Ha. of which 61.8% of land is irrigated by wells and 13.5% by Tanks . Substantial part of irrigated agriculture is dependent on underground wells . Q: How does the state plan recharging aquifers . Q: What percentage is being tapped by confined and unconfined aquifers ... impetus to agriculture by bringing in various agrarian reforms in the last five years such Page 11- . Farm Mechanisation and average land holding size of 0.8 as - bringing fallow lands back to cultivation, Organisation of Integrated farming system 12 Ha and Farmer Centric Approach may need cooperative inclusive of rearing of Milch Cows/goats, consolidation of fragmented land holdings

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder through area saturation approach, augmenting water resources, Integrated Input Supply farming approaches to leverage agri-infrastructure being Management System (Establishment of Tamil Nadu State Seed Development Agency built by GoTN (TANSEDA) to ensure timely availability of high quality seeds of various crops), Mission . Focus on increasing productivity of water intensive mode approach to increase the food grain area and production ... Entrepreneurial cropping (rice etc.) seems to be a good idea, however, Empowerment of women in the whole gamut of agricultural activities, revival packages to alternative skill development and overall focus on farmers at time of distress, ICT based extension deliverance, farm mechanization, reducing share of water intensive crops in terms of integrated infrastructure development, promotion of market led agriculture & supply chain agricultural land area should be considered. management. Kuruvai Cultivation Page 16- . Farmers benifitted 17 . Over three times more area added under paddy cultivation . Long term sustainability aspects to be considered (if any) Machine transplantation of paddy ... considering drudgery involved in farm operations and Page 18- . Q: Mechanisation leads to reduction in labour to encourage machine transplantation... subsidy... an area of 5.76 L.Ac (2.30L.Ha) under 19 requirements, impact of such a scheme needs to be mechanical transplantation… explored in terms of reduced farm employment . Reduced primary sector employments leads to forced migration and unplanned urbanisation - Economic opportunities in urban areas would need focus Integrated Seed Plan Page 19 . Q: Is monsoon onset pattern considered? Soil test Based Nutrient Management Page 21 . Extremely important to ensure long term sustainability of agricultural land . Potential to reduce wastelands Integrated Farming System Page 22 . Disaster Resilience . Improved rural livelihood . Impact on pastures and grassland to be explored

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder Extending relief assistance to the tune of Rs.407.57 Crore to restore the livelihood of 7.62 Page 24 . Incidents of extreme weather events due to climate lakh farmers whose crops in an area of 3.51 L.Ha were affected by the unprecedented change needs to be considered during planning heavy rains during Nov- Dec, 2015. . Q: Does the agricultural department adhere to the state climate action plan? . Important to have a disaster vulnerability mapping and disaster resilience plan Ensure food and nutritional security by attaining self-sufficiency in food grains especially Page 27 . Q: Does a state have to be self-sufficient in terms of food in pulses. grains and agriculture? . Q: Are National and state vision on self-sufficiency of agricultural products coherent Stimulate Group farming, to promote interpersonal relationships for collective purchase of Page 28 . Group/Cooperative farming would need land use inputs; access to advisory services, technology & credit; production, marketing besides planning and management interventions at micro level empowering farmers especially farm women in the holistic activities of agriculture. Facilitation Centres of Agriculture Department Page 29- . Q: Does the state follow a hierarchy and penetrates to 49 panchayat/village cluster level . Is the data/ information generated used for research on increasing agriculture production only or are they available to other departments for planning water resources requirements, MSME requirements, logistics planning, roads and highway construction, market promotion, e-governance, planning and guiding urbanisation? Tamil Nadu State Seed Development Agency (TANSEDA) Page 50- . Q: Is the agency guiding cropping patterns in the state by 53 controlling price of seeds by promoting a gradual shift to a certain cropping pattern based on a plan

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder . Q: If yes, do the departments for SMEs promotion, environment, water resources and urbanisation consider the impact on their plans? The state draws fertiliser plan every year based on the soil type, fertility index, current Page 54- . Q: Does the state follow a long medium and short term fertility status, soil-plant relationship, cropping pattern, crop plan for the year and climatic 55 planning approach? conditions focusing on needs of the farmer, economic viability, long-term sustainability of . Q: Are the annual plans rolling plans of three, five or fertility of the soil and environment. seven years? . Q: Are these plans spatially represented? . Q: How are environmental factors and eutrophication of waterbodies integrated? . A rolling plan including spatial representation would enhance planning and prioritisation of agriculture as a land use thereby reducing land conflicts Plant Protection Page 56- . Q: How are environmental impacts especially on 62 waterbodies and lake eutrophication integrated? Schemes Page 62 . Primary focus on increasing production or yield per unit land/water National Agriculture Development Program Page 63- . Medium to Long term Program 64 . Impact assessment should be undertaken by state to ensure that better planning and spatial considerations can be factored in upcoming stages National Food Security Mission Page 65- . Q: Is spatial planning and micro planning undertaken to 73 focus on certain crops based on agro-climatic zones . Q: Has the state planned or demarcated micro-agro- climatic zones within the broad agro-climatic zones? . Primary focus of state on: 1. Rice

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder 2. Pulses 3. Coarse Cereals 4. Cotton 5. Sugarcane National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture Page 73- . Q: Are the outputs of NMSA being spatially represented 75 on a GIS governance platform for Tamil Nadu to improve the state's decision making capacity for other interventions . Representation on TNGIS would lead to better convergence, improved planning and decision making Coconut Development Board Assisted Schemes Page 87- . In coordination with NADP 88 . Intention to increase area under present cultivation (4.28 Lakh ha) and productivity levels (11655 nuts per hectare) Integrated Soil Fertility Management Page 88- . Q: Is it integrated and in convergence with Bio-diversity 92 Boards? If not, how can it be integrated? If yes, do we plan spatially? Tamil Nadu Cotton Cultivation Mission Page 92- . Expand Area under cotton cultivation over a period of 94 five years Tamil Nadu Irrigated Agriculture Modernisation and Waterbodies Restoration and Page 94-6 . Increased yield Management (TN-IAMWARM) Tamil Nadu is in the forefront at the National level in area, production and productivity of Page 99- . Tamil Nadu is a leader in Horticulture sector Horticultural crops due to implementation of various special schemes. Tamil Nadu 103 . Area under Horticulture increased from 14.49 Lakh ha to occupies first place in area under cultivation of Banana (1.18 Lakh ha), Tapioca (1.21 Lakh 14.93 Lakh ha within one year ha), Cocoa (24,000 ha) and flowers (55,000 ha). Also it stands first in the production of . Doubling the production and tripling Banana (56.50 Lakh MT), Tapioca (49.76 Lakh MT), Plantation crops (48.42 Lakh MT) the income of the farmers and Loose flowers (3.44 Lakh MT). . Focus on Post harvest Management - Cold Storage Among all the states, Tamil Nadu stands first in the productivity of Papaya (98.7 MT/ha), Facilities become important

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder Pomegranate (32.7 T/ha), Sapota (32.80 MT/ha), Vegetables (30.00 MT/ha) and Tapioca . Q: Is there a plan for Agri-Logistics in the state? If Yes, (41.30 MT/ha). does it have reference to spatial planning? Tamil Nadu ranks second in the production of Aromatic crops (1.62 Lakh MT) at . Does this mean that there is a large area under plantation National level. crops? Tamil Nadu ranks third in the area under cultivation of Grapes (3,000 ha), Plantation crops (6.35 Lakh ha) and Pepper (4,000 ha) at National level. National Horticulture Mission is being implemented in 22 districts of Tamil Nadu viz., Page 105 . Focus on area expansion and rejuvenation of old Ariyalur, Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Dharmapuri, Dindigul, Erode, Kanniyakumari, orchards Krishnagiri, Madurai, Perambalur, Pudukottai, Ramanathapuram, Salem, Sivagangai, . Green houses established in 8.87 lakh sq. km Thanjavur, The Nilgiris, Theni, Tirunelveli, Tirupur, Trichy, Vellore and Villupuram. The . Scope for integration with SMEs and agri-logistics main focus of National Horticulture Mission is to increase the production and productivity of horticultural crops through adoption of aforesaid technologies. Micro-Irrigation Scheme under Per Drop More Crop component of Pradhan Mantri Page 107- . Tamil Nadu is only state to extend 100 percent subsidy Krishi Sinchayee Yojan (PMKSY) to Small and Marginal Farmers and 75 percent subsidy to other category farmers irrespective to Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP) blocks . Promoting water use efficiency in agriculture

During the year 2016-2017, it is programmed to cover an area of 46,099 ha (Horticultural . Focus on Horticulture crops - 34,684 Ha, Agricultural crops - 11,415 Ha) with a financial outlay of Rs.319.55 Crore. Perimetro Vegetable Cluster Development Programme Page 111- . Promoting balance between urbanisation and agriculture The objective of the scheme is to encourage cultivation of vegetables in districts adjacent . Agri-logistics support being provided to cities to meet the demand for vegetables of Metropolitan cities. This scheme is being . How is the location of agri-market and other facilities implemented in 6 clusters namely, Chennai, Coimbatore, Trichy, Madurai, Salem and East decided and prioritised for investment? coastal districts. Cultivation of vegetables, formation of Farmer clusters/Farmer federation, construction of

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder vegetable collection centres, establishment of mobile/permanent vegetable outlets, etc., are supported under this programme. Tamil Nadu Irrigated Agriculture Modernisation and Waterbodies Restoration and Page 118- . Funded by World Bank Management (TN-IAMWARM) - Horticulture 120 . Accelerate diversification from water intensive to non- water intensive and high yield and high remunerative crops Agricultural Engineering Department is working for the Conservation, Development and Page 135 . Management of the Land and Water Resources of Tamil Nadu. Agricultural Mechanisation, Water management in Command Areas, Soil and Water Conservation in catchment areas and Rain Water Harvesting and Runoff Management, Artificial recharging of ground water and Promotion of Solar Pumping systems, Solar driers as a Green Energy Initiative are the schemes implemented by the Agricultural Engineering Department. Agricultural Mechanisation Page 135- . Focus on Agricultural mechanisation practices 136 . Claims lack of workforce . Custom hiring centres to be developed in all 385 blocks for hiring farm equipment Land Development Scheme Page 139 . Q: what is the maximum extent of land that is allowed to Undulated lands and Fallow lands in the rain-fed area are levelled, reclaimed and revived to be levelled using large equipment and machinery? cultivation by engaging bulldozers available in Agricultural Engineering Department. . Q: Is land levelling sustainable in the long run? Desilting of rivers and water bodies are also taken up using these machinery. To enable . Q: Is land levelling likely to impact the natural drainage farmers to reclaim their lands under nominal hire charges, 90 bulldozers are being hired patterns? through Agricultural Engineering Department. Also 163 tractors are available in the . Q: Is land levelling leading to increased flood frequencies Department and hired to farmers for taking up farming operations in agricultural lands. and intensities? . The focus of this scheme seems to be an increase in paddy cultivation for uniform irrigation, in view of overall water scarcity in Tamil Nadu and paddy being a

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder water intensive crop, more research may be required on this particular subject Minor Irrigation Scheme Page 140 . Focus on using ground water for irrigation purposes . Linked to subsidy and guarantee to provide electricity in 3 phases for 12 hours . Q: Is ground water irrigation a sustainable practice in India context? . The impact of aquifer depletion would also be felt by non-agricultural sectors especially urban areas . Scheme may also be resulting in excessive wastage of water – study may be required Solar Energy in Agriculture - New Initiatives in usage of Green Energy Page 141 . Lift irrigation consumes a substantial quantity of Government provides 80% subsidy to farmers for installation of solar powered pumping electrical energy in Tamil Nadu. A total of 20.47 lakh systems linked to micro-irrigation subsidy electrical agricultural pump sets are in operation in Tamil 50% subsidy on solar driers Nadu. . Q: Would solar powered pumping system result in uncontrolled pumping of water without micro-irrigation control? . Critical danger of over watering and excessive wastage of water without micro-irrigation techniques as water can be tapped at a virtually free cost. Ground realities need to be checked Farm Ponds in Ramanathpuram Page 153 . Convergence with MGNREGA . Promotes Water Harvesting Organic Certification Page 195- . Organic Certifications are expected to have a distinct Tamil Nadu Organic Certification Department (TNOCD) is accredited by APEDA 196 positive impact on other land uses like waterbodies, (Agricultural and Processed Food Products Exports Development Authority). forests, and wastelands

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder A sustained effort with successful performance by the Tamil Nadu Government has . If Tamil Nadu wants to focus on increasing organic ensured the continuation & extension of the accreditation status till 2018. This Organic certified areas, controlled development in terms of land Certification wing has the unique feature of having the largest number of individual use for industries and other economic and settlement farmers among the 25 organic certification bodies in the country. aspects would need to be planned for. During the year 2015-2016, 29,720 acres of land have been registered under Organic . Spatial planning would prove to be a strong tool to plan Certification. This includes 329 individual farmers possessing 9,199 acres of land, 12 development of organic agriculture groups containing 4,070 farmers having 19,598 acres of land and 13 corporate possessing 923 acres of land. The target for 2016-2017 has been fixed at 31,000 acres of land under Organic Certification. Agri Marketing and Agribusiness Page 197- . Primary focus on backward and forward linkages and logistics . Spatial planning would prove to be a strong tool to in rapid development of agri-marketing and agri-logistics 12th Five Year Plan - 2012-17 Agriculture is a critical sector in the Indian economy. Achieving a 8.2 percent of growth in Page 41 . GSDP target of 8.2 percent the overall GSDP may not deliver much in terms of poverty reduction unless agricultural . Agriculture results in inclusive growth growth accelerates. At the same time, 'growth with inclusiveness' can be achieved only . Reforms in Agriculture targeted for plan period when agricultural growth accelerates and is also distributed amongst the people and . Long term food security and poverty reduction key target regions. Agriculture has to be kept at the centre of any reform agenda or planning process, of reforms in order to make a significant dent on poverty and malnutrition and to ensure long-term food security of the people. Realizing agriculture sector's importance, the Government of Tamil Nadu is taking all out Page 41 . Livelihood to 40 percent of population efforts to usher in Second Green Revolution so as to enhance the farmers' income by 2 -3 . Enhance farmers income by 2-3 times times from the present level through appropriate land use, farm level planning through . Focus on Land use Planning, farm level planning, Farm Farm Crop Management System (FCMS), moisture harvesting, crop diversification, Crop Management System, moisture harvesting, crop supporting secondary agriculture, value addition and facilitated marketing. diversification, secondary agriculture, agri-marketing

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder . Direct implications of land use planning and management The issues and challenges of the agricultural sector is complex. The productivity has Page 42 . Issues of concern stagnated in the recent years due to: a) declining farm size and income, b) depleting water 1. Marginalizing land holding resources, c) escalating inputs costs, d) increased incidence of micro nutrient deficiency, e) 2. Water scarcity deteriorating soil health as a consequence of indiscriminate use of chemical inputs, f) low 3. Soil health level of post harvest technology, g) uncertain market prospects, and h) relatively higher 4. Post-harvest technology and agri-logistics incidence of indebtedness of farmers (Swaminathan, 2010). In addition to the above, 5. climate change marginalization of land holdings, high variability in rainfall distribution, pressure of expanding habitat intruding into farm space, inadequate capital formation by the public sector and declining public investment in agriculture affect the agricultural performance in the State. The salient features of Tamil Nadu's agriculture are: a) marked water scarcity, the need for Page 42 . Focus on:Shift and diversification from rice/sugarcane a shift and diversification from present concentration of cultivation from water intensive to other less water consuming crops crops like rice and sugarcane to more nutritious but less water consuming crops like pulses, millets, oilseeds and so on in terms of total irrigated land and b) predominance of small and marginal farmers in over all agriculture Production The reduction in land holding size in Tamil Nadu directly affects the productivity as the Page 42 . Promote Functional Consolidation of Land Holding farmer would not be able to afford the investments required for technological through improvements. Vision Tamil Nadu 2023 envisages functional consolidation of holdings 1. Cooperative Farming through cooperative farming, contract farming and other mechanisms such as farmer 2. Farmer Groups groups and joint liability groups and implies the urgent need to increase the penetration of 3. Join Liability groups modern agricultural technologies and improve output. 4. Contract Farming Declining Net Cultivated Area Page 43 . Non Agricultural use increased from 9.8 percent (1950) Rapid urbanization and related factors exert significant pressure on net cultivated area in to 14.56 percent (1990) to 16.17 percent (2000) the State. An analysis of time series data on net cultivated area and land put to non- . Pre-dominant non agriculture use is urban and industrial agricultural uses in the State clearly reveals the above fact. (Graph. 3.1.2) Land put to non- (other than forest and grasslands)

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder agricultural purposes increased from 9.8 percent in 1950s to 14.56 percent in 1990s and . Q: Is there a pattern observed in conversion of farmland reached 16.17 percent in 2000s, which is mainly due to urbanization and industrialization. to non-agricultural use? The trend in decrease in net area sown was analysed and the net area sown came down . Q: Is the conversion a distress change or an invited from 56.38 Lakh hectares (L.ha) in 1950s to 50.22 L.ha. in 2000s though it had registered change some increase during the mid 60s and 70s. The main challenges faced by agriculture are: . Q: Is the land use that has changed from agricultural to high pressure on land, deterioration in soil health due to depletion of top soil and decline non-agricultural use actually good for agriculture in organic content, marginalization of landholdings, dwindling ground water resources, . Q: Does the state have any index on rating quality of shortage of labour force, declining cropping intensity and poor adoption of crop agricultural land? management practices. The Twelfth Five Year Plan will make efforts to address these . Q: If yes, What are the parameters? issues by bringing back the fallow lands under cultivation of oilseeds, pulses and millets. . Q: If no, what could be the parameters Review of the Eleventh Five Year Plan Performance Page 43 . The actual expenditure is much more under Government of India and World Bank projects. . What is the scenario/assessment for Twelfth plan period? Area, Production and Productivity of Major Crops Page 44- . Area and Production under rice and millets is growing 47 . There was a sudden drop in area and production of rice between 2006-07 and 2007-08 . Q: Area and production of which food grain crops is reducing? Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-2017) - Strategy - Revitalizing Agriculture Page 49- . Vision Tamil Nadu 2023 envisages that infrastructure development in agriculture are to be 50 undertaken through three initiatives: a) improving the productivity in agriculture, b) assurance of year round irrigation and c) marketing extension. With this in view, the Twelfth Five Year Plan has focused on strategies to achieve an AAGR of 5.0 percent in agriculture and allied sector. The major strategies to spur SECOND GREEN REVOLUTION are…. Page 50 .

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder Land Page 50- . Focus on controlling land conversion The conversion of lands for various purposes has to be regulated and at the same time it 51 . Act prohibiting unnecessary conversion of land cannot be entirely dispensed with, as rapid growth is possible only if agriculture and other . Q: What is the minimum threshold for cultivable area as activities go hand in hand. The Union Planning Commission highlights the decline in net Tamil Nadu has net sown area less than 50 percent of area sown due to diversion of agricultural lands for urbanization and industrialization geographical area purposes. It has also suggested that reasonable restrictions on acquisition of multi-crop . Q: Has a decision support system with standardised irrigated land should be laid and wherever net area sown is less than 50 percent of total parameters created for land conversions? geographical area, the State concerned should necessarily set a cap on cultivable area to be acquired. The Government of Tamil Nadu has passed an Act prohibiting unnecessary and unwarranted diversion of agricultural lands to other purposes wherein District Collector has been authorised to impose restrictions in case there is no justification for such diversions. Similar to forest land conversions, strategies may be adopted to ensure optimal land usage to protect food and nutritional security. Farm Level Planning Page 51- . Q: Is the government undertaking spatial planning to 52 arrive at crop cultivation matrix for individual farmers? Farm Crop Management System (FCMS) Page 52- . Q: How is spatial planning and TN GIS being made use 1. Integrated Farming System (IFS) 60 of? 2. Soil Health Management - Farmer's Integrated Hand Book (FIHB) . Q: How is hierarchy of Agri-logistics and support centres 3. Ensuring Quality Inputs - Input Supply Management System (ISMS) being planned and catered to? . Q: As part of crop intensification by clustering approach, how are the villages being selected? How is the spatial planning approach being applied? . How can we integrate farm level planning with Farm Crop Management system Agricultural Engineering Page 66- . Q: For farm mechanisation, has the department mapped 69 locations for high value, medium sized and farmer group level interventions in terms of spatial distribution?

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder . Q: Is it being ensured that Solar Pumps are going hand in hand with micro-irrigation plans and techniques . Q: Interventions through over 4500 Primary Agricultural Cooperative Credit Society (PACCS) are likely to have spatial connotations, are the same being mapped and how is spatial intelligence being used in formation of PACCS? . The government needs to be sure that the interventions are balancing out socio-economically skewed aspects of agriculture in the state . Spatial Data may be utilised to dove tail Agricultural schemes with MGNREGA Purchase of Wetlands for SC/ST Farmers Page 71 . Q: Why Wetlands? Wetlands are of major importance in agricultural systems and are becoming even more . Conversion of Wetlands to Agricultures induces a risk of valuable components of agro-ecosystems. The general understanding was that SCs do not reduced biodiversity and conflict with environment and own contiguous areas and that their holdings are scattered in the midst of land held by important birding areas others. It may be observed that nearly two-thirds of the SCs and over 80 percent of the STs are engaged in agricultural activities. On the other hand, only about 53 percent of the 'Others' are involved in these activities. By and large, the SC & ST population depend on rain water and natural water resources for cultivating their fields and they are usually away from the existing irrigational facilities as available to other agricultural communities. Under this backdrop, it is imperative to provide wetlands to SC/ST farmers as it will be one of the viable livelihood to uplift the economic status of the farmers. The scheme may be implemented by the Revenue Department. Apart from the above, a separate provision of outlay in case of IFS, multiplication and distribution of seeds, distribution of inputs especially tractor and machinery, establishment of food processing units, cold storage units and coverage of crop/weather insurance scheme and other welfare schemes.

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder Land degradation in the State Page 75- . High risk of land degradation Land degradation has numerous environmental, economic, social and ecological 76 . Focus on planning for Watershed, sub-watershed and consequences. Every ecosystem on earth is affected by some form of land degradation. In micro-watershed with GIS based planning and Tamil Nadu, an area of 22.30 L.ha is subjected to various degrees of land degradation, monitoring of district and block level interventions which constitutes 17.16 percent of total area of the State (130.33 L.ha). Water erosion is the major source of land degradation (15.46 L.ha.) in the State. The other major causative agents are sodicity, acidity and salinity. Mining and dumping activities accounted for land degradation in 1.28 L.ha. The details of the affected areas in various land degradation type are given in the Graph 3.2.1. During the Eleventh Five Year Plan period, 10883 MT of bio-fertiliser was produced and Page 77 . Spatial mapping of such areas would help in prioritising distributed with a total financial outlay of INR 20.12 crore. The organic matter content in interventions and guided development works the soil has gone down from 1.20 percent in 1970 to 0.68 percent in 2008 in Tamil Nadu due to intensive cropping, indiscriminate use of chemical fertilisers and inadequate availability of organic manures. The decline in organic matter content has brought undesirable changes in the soils which affect soil fertility and productivity. In order to increase the availability of organic manure such as vermi-compost, municipal compost and bio-inputs such as bio-pesticides and bio-fertilisers, the government has implemented programmes for the promotion of organic farming and organic manure production in 18 focused districts. Twelfth Five Year Plan- (2012-2017) Objectives, Strategies and Thrust areas Page 78- . Q: what is the actual achievement? And why has it been Vision Tamil Nadu 2023 envisages the development of a large watershed and water 79 a success or a failure? management project (programme) all over Tamil Nadu that increases the storage capacity . Q: Is any GIS based spatial mapping undertaken to plan (including that of groundwater) by 100 percent and the Twelfth Five Year Plan has been interventions in terms of irrigation, cropping pattern, oriented to achieve the above vision for which the following objectives are envisaged: technology etc.? Creation of Farm Level Database and Monitoring Software Page 82 . Q: Does Watershed planning only account for agriculture i) Creation of Farm Level Database in 1:5000 Scale and water or for other aspects of development also? (like At present 1:50000 scale Survey of India maps and schematic maps derived from Survey of industries, infrastructure, mines, forests, grasslands, India (SOI) topo-sheets are used for watershed planning. These maps are useful for wetlands, disaster prone areas etc.)

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder planning at macro level, i.e. planning at district/taluk level. In agriculture, it is required to build the database at field level... Marketing Channels Page 88 . 1. Hierarchy of agri-markets is defined 1. Through Public Agencies and Cooperatives - Regulated Markets, Cooperative Marketing . Q: What are the parameters for such hierarchy? societies . Q: How has this helped (impact) in prioritising 2. Through Wholesalers and Retailers - Commodity Groups agriculture as an economic instrument? 3. Through Processors - Direct channel, Developmental issues . Q: What is the impact on urbanisation trends? Food Processing Parks, Agri Export Zones, Terminal Markets Page 94 . Q: Location and siting criteria? Cooperatives including agricultural credit Page 119 . Promotion of cooperative farming, farming groups, leveraging economies of scale through SHG initiatives for Farm Level Planning, agri-mechanisation, access to credit, improving access to logistics Opportunities and Threats Page 128 . Potential for social inclusion and economic The special feature of this sector is that the animal husbandry activity is an ancient empowerment of women avocation that has all along been practised by the rural people since time immemorial. With women contributing 75 percent of the total labour force in animal husbandry, it can play a greater role in empowerment of women. Animal husbandry is a sector with a high potential for growth. Shortage of feed & fodder: Adequate supply of feed and fodder is a critical factor affecting Page 128 . Q: How is Planning for Fodder and Grazing/Grasslands the performance of livestock. The availability of green fodder is extremely restricted to undertaken? selected areas and seasons. The State is estimated to have a 42.6 percent deficit in green . Q: Has the concept of Cooperative Animal Hostels been fodder availability. explored for leveraging economies of scale? Lack of basic Infrastructure: Basic infrastructure in veterinary institutions is essential to . Q: How are logistics planned? provide better veterinary services and breeding support. But most of the buildings are in a . Q: What is the spatial distribution of livestock? dilapidated condition and need replacement while some require renovation. Moreover, some of the institutions do not have basic amenities like water, electricity and sanitation.

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder Fodder Page 130 . There is an increase in fodder requirement, but the Under fodder development, it was observed that the target with respect to physical and agricultural plans do not seem to indicate the issue of financial was achieved fully during the Eleventh Five Year Plan. However, it is estimated fodder crops that the State still need 100.64 lakh tonnes of green fodder to become self-sufficient. With . The status of Grazing/pasture land and grasslands needs the introduction of free milch cow/sheep and goat schemes by the government with the to be correlated to this aspect anticipated population growth of milch cows/sheep and goats in the next five years, the . Q: What is the impact on carrying capacity of land in estimated green fodder requirement is bound to increase. terms of ACU/ha with government schemes on integrated farming and focus on increasing milch livestock . Q: What are Spatial connotations of above? Dairy Development: Page 142 . Urbanisation leads to increased milk demand Milk production and trade mainly operate as a cottage industry in the rural areas. A . Cooperative approach has been successful in Tamil Nadu majority of those involved in this activity are women, for whom it provides employment . Q: Is spatial planning integrated while planning for Milk and helps to supplement their family income. Traditionally, dairying and pasturing Cooperative hierarchy and network? activities were done to meet the domestic requirement. Urbanisation has increased the demand for milk in urban areas and this necessitated procuring, processing and distribution of milk in a scientific manner. Further, to eliminate the middlemen and to protect the interest of the producers in the villages, Milk Producers' Cooperative Societies (MPCS) have been formed. This has assured a remunerative price, market support to the producers and improved the rural economy, besides catering to the needs of the consumers. Tamil Nadu with its 1076 km of coastline, 1.90 lakh sq.km of Exclusive Economic Zone Page 152- . The state aspires to increase its fisheries production from (EEZ) and a continental shelf of about 41,412 sq.km is one of the leading producers of 153 both marine and freshwater resources both marine and inland fish and fish products. At present 6,728 mechanised boats and . Q: Is the state using sustainable fishing practices in 56,792 traditional crafts (24,160 Vallams and 32,632 catamarans) are engaged in the marine marine EEZs? fishing. The marine fish potential in Tamil Nadu is estimated at 7.00 lakh metric tonnes . Q: Does the state spatially plan and allocate inland (L.MT.). There are 591 marine fishing villages and 363 marine fish landing centres in the resources for fresh water aquaculture? State, with a population of 9.15 lakh fishermen of which, 2.60 lakh are actively engaged in . Q: If yes, what are the parameters?

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder fishing. There are three major fishing harbours and three medium fishing harbours. Apart . Q: if No, what could be the parameters and total from these harbours, other infrastructure facilities like jetties, fish landing centres, cold requirements in near future? storage, ice plants and link roads have also been created in the State. The inland fisheries sector has about 3.73 lakh ha. of water spread area (reservoirs, major irrigation and long seasonal tanks, short seasonal tanks and ponds). The inland fisherman population is about 2.23 lakh. About 5,000 ha. are being utilised for fresh water aquaculture. There are five fish seed production centres with an annual production potential of 402.5 million early fry and there are 33 fish seed rearing centres with capacity to produce 85 million fingerlings annually. The potential inland fish production is 4.50 L.MT. In Tamil Nadu, the total brackish water resource is 56,000 ha. of which 6019.21 ha. are actually under aquaculture production. Five Brackish Water Fish Farmers' Development Agencies (BFFDA| are functioning in the State covering all 12 coastal districts except Chennai district. 12 Fish Farmers Development Agencies (FFDA| have been established in Tamil Nadu to popularise fish culture activities and generate employment opportunities in rural areas. Problems and Constraints Page 153 . Explore how land use planning addresses these issues? The major issues in the fisheries and aquaculture sector in Tamil Nadu are: 1). . Policy Note of Agriculture doesn't mention fisheries Optimization of fish yield, 2). Stock enhancement in inland and marine waters, 3). Reduction in post harvest losses to promote deep sea fishing, 4). Development of adequate support infrastructure for modern fishing, 5). Adequate processing and pack houses and 6).Monitoring and e-governance practices etc., Monitor able Targets for the Twelfth Five Year Plan: Page 164 . Q: what is the actual achievement? And why has it been Marine fish production will be increased to (cumulative) 21.74 L.MT during the Twelfth a success or a failure? Five Year Plan as against the achievement of 20.42 L.MT during the Eleventh Five Year . Q: Is any GIS based spatial mapping undertaken to plan Plan. interventions in terms of locating and prioritising Inland fish production will be increased to (cumulative) 9.17 L.MT during the Twelfth projects and land requirements? Five Year Plan as against the achievement of 8.46 L.MT during the Eleventh Five Year Plan.

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder 5000 numbers fishing boats will be motorised during the Twelfth Five Year Plan. . Q: How are other departments involved for e.g. state Ten Fishing Harbours and 50 FLCs will be constructed. warehousing corporation, highways and ports, industries 13 Fish Processing Parks will be established. and MSME? An area of 10000 ha. will be developed under Fish Farmers' Development Agency (FFDA) and Brackish Water Fish Farmers' Development Agency (BFFDA). The major problem is the conservation of water received through rainfall. The runoff Page 165 . Q: Tamil Nadu is water scarce, how does its resources coefficient is found to vary between 0.40 and 0.55 in Tamil Nadu. The normal annual compare against water demand surface flow works out to 6.07 million hectare metre (MHM) but the utilisable runoff is . Over 60 percent of the administrative blocks are either calculated as 2.33 MHM. The non-utilisable flow is due to lack of storage, unsuitable overexploited or critical or soon to be critical distribution of supply, evaporation and other losses. The total utilisable water resources of the State i.e., both surface and groundwater works to about 5 MHM..... Out of the 386 blocks in the State (including Chennai), 139 blocks have been categorised as over exploited, 33 blocks as critical, 67 blocks as semi critical, 11 blocks as poor quality and balance 136 blocks as safe. Area Irrigated and Sources of Irrigation Page 166 . Over exploitation of ground water . Agriculture accounts for over 75 percent of state water resource consumption . Share of Canal Irrigation is less than 25 percent . Share of Surface water irrigation (excluding canals is 18 percent . Share of ground water for irrigation is 56 percent . Q: What impact would be there if the state substantially reduces focus from water intensive cropping pattern?

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder 12th 5 Year Plan - 2012-17 The focus of Rural development in Tamil Nadu is Economic Growth with Social Page 186 . Schemes focussing on Rural Development have potential Justice and improvement in the living standards of the rural population, by providing to balance urbanisation adequate and quality services efficiently. Basically there are three dimensions with which rural development programmes are designed to address various issues faced in the rural areas. The first dimension of rural development includes provision of employment Page 186 . Higher household income translates to lesser rural to opportunities for increasing the household income. Self-employment and wage urban migration employment programmes are two strategies which focus on this dimension. Self- employment programmes which emanated from IRDP and its other components has now grown into a movement as Self-Help Groups. The wage employment component has transited from the Jawahar Rojgar Yojana to the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme by which wage employment has been guaranteed under a Legislative Act The second dimension targets the problems of areas suffering from backwardness due Page 186 . All schemes mentioned essentially talk about land resource to harsh climatic conditions such as drought-prone areas, hills, flood-prone areas, ghats, planning and management coastal areas and waste lands. Schemes such as Drought Prone Area Programme . Q: Do these schemes involve application of spatial land (DPAP), Integrated Wasteland Development Programme (IWDP), Western Ghat use planning techniques? Development Programme (WGDP), Hill Area Development Programme (HADP) etc. . Q: If yes, how have they helped; if not, where all can they address this. be integrated to enhance scheme delivery? The third dimension aims at the provision of social amenities and services at subsidised Page 186 . These translate to substantially high financial outlays as costs or free to target groups. These include Housing, Roads, Water Supply, Primary part of budgetary allocation, it would be interesting to see Education, Health, Sanitation, Family Welfare, the National Social Assistance how it is impacting land use and spatial planning aspects. Programme, Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) and Rural Infrastructure. These are provided through schemes such as Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY), Prime

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder Minister Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), Bharat Nirman, Member of Parliament Local Area Development Programme (MPLADP), Member of Legislative Assembly Constituency Development Scheme (MLACDS), Anaithu Grama AnnaMarumalarchiThittam(AGAMT), Rural Infrastructure Scheme (RIS), Panchayat Union School Renovation Programme (PUSRP), Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) and funds devolved to local bodies such as State Finance Commission (SFC), Central Finance Commission (CFC), Pooled Assigned Revenue (PAR) etc. MGNEREGA - New Initiatives - Land Development Activities Page 192- . They talk about afforestation in village common lands 193 (grassland and grazing lands, conversion of fallow land to cultivable land, scrub clearance, land levelling and soil conservation works, water harvesting, irrigation and drainage facilities other plantation works, contour trenching, farm bunds, earthen dams, farm ponds etc. . Q: All these activities have a direct bearing on land use change and natural drainage patterns, is any GIS based spatial and land use planning guiding these activities? MGNEREGA - New Initiatives - Selection of works by using Satellite based Maps Page 193 . Q: What is the current status of resource mapping on GIS Platform? MGNEREGA - New Initiatives - Restoration of Rural Water bodies Page 193 . Q: What is the current status? Converging the resources under MGNREGS and other Rural Development schemes, . Q: What impact did it have on land use change and spatial the State would restore all the 25,503 rural water bodies including 21.609 Minor planning? Irrigation tanks during the Twelfth Plan period. The expenditure towards labour component for deepening and desilting would be met from MGNREGS and material component would be met from the Rural Infrastructure Scheme, the General funds of Panchayat Union and Village Panchayats etc. This will augment the capacity to meet the drinking water and irrigation purposes while improving the ground water potential. MGNEREGA - New Initiatives - Raising Plantations and Improving Tree cover Page 194 . Q: What is the current status?

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder Raising Karuvel plantations on the foreshore of Panchayal and Pandiayal Union tanks . Q: What impact did it have on land use change and spatial through Forest department and planting of trees in other areas has been included in the planning? MGNREGS activities. The labour component for raising the plantation would be met . Q: Did Forest Department make the plans? from MGNREGS funds. Similarly, raising plantations for all types of plants could be . Q: Were they spatial plans? covered under this scheme for improving tree cover in the State. Tamil Nadu Village Habitation Improvement Scheme (THAI) & Rural Infrastructure Page 201- . Q: Is similar to Rurban? Scheme 204 . Q: What is the current status? . Q: What impact did it have on land use change and spatial Planning? . Q: Did it have any impact on Urbanisation? A survey was conducted in the State in 2011, to assess the status of water supply Page 232 . 100 percent coverage in terms of access to water supply coverage in the habitations. As per the survey, out of total 94,614 habitations, 84,003 . Q: What is the breakup of sources and quality of water habitations (89%) were supplied 40 LPCD or more (fully covered) and 10,611 supply? habitations were provided 10 to 39 LPCD water (partially covered). There were no . Q: Are spatial representations of coverage available? uncovered habitations at the end of the Eleventh Plan. (Sec Table 6.1) Rural habitations are covered through Individual Power Pump Schemes and Combined Water Supply Schemes. District wise coverage data of drinking water supply is given in the Annexure 6.1. Twelfth Plan Strategies for Water Supply Page 240 . Q: Is the State Drinking water policy in place? . Q: is the state drinking water grid in Place, how were the spatial aspects such a grid planned? . Q: What were the outcomes of the extensive research and studies on river basin systems? How land use and spatial planning were integrated in the same? Efficient Water Management System Page 241 . It would go a long way in ensuring water sustainability . Q: Do these systems focus only on urban water supply?

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder . Q: do these systems take into account the water allocation for industries and agriculture sector? Sanitation Page 245- . Focus on recycling waste Water 262 . Focus on Sanitary Land Fills . Focus on Artificial Wetland systems as part of water conservation Tamil Nadu is at the forefront of the urbanization trend witnessed; yet a number of Page 265 . One of the most urbanised state in the country challenges relating to urban housing need to be tackled. 48.45 percent of Tamil Nadu's population lives in urban areas vis-a-vis the national average of 31 percent. The average density of population in 2011 of the State was 554 persons per sq.km and in urban areas; it was 3521 persons per sq.km. Urban population growth in the state (at 27 percent during 2001-11) outpaced rural population growth (6 percent during the same period) and overall urban population in Tamil Nadu could exceed rural population in the next few years. Tamil Nadu Housing Board Page 268 . Q: How were the land for housing identified? Since its inception, Tamil Nadu Housing Board (TNHB) has constructed about 4.01 . Q: How have the initiatives affected urban expanse and lakh dwelling units, out of which 2.91 lakh units have been constructed for land use change in urban periphery leading to urban Economically Weaker Sections (EWS), Low Income Group (LIG) and Middle Income sprawl? Group (MIG) Sections. As against a target of 81,100 units during the Eleventh Five year Plan, TNHB has developed 11,494 units by January 2012, of which 5130 units have been developed at a cost of ?396.70 crore and 6364 units at a cost of ?751.32 crore are in progress. Vision Tamil Nadu 2023 Page 269 . Focus on building permanent housing for all Vision Tamil Nadu 2023 sets the Plan for infrastructure development for the State to . Focus on slum free cities and affordable housing for all reach the desired outcome by 2023. It aims to provide among others, high quality . Q: Are the project interventions based on a spatial infrastructure all over the State comparable with the best in the world. Under planning approach or being built where ever land is Housing, available?

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder it is proposed to construct 25 lakh affordable houses to create hut free villages and slum free cities with an outlay of 775,000 crore thereby rehabilitating families living in slums. The Vision Tamil Nadu 2023 also envisages Poverty Free State by 2023 - there will be no starvation or destitution in the State. 12th Five Year Plan - Approach, Strategy, Thrust Areas and Specific Goals Page 270 . TNHB focus on developed plots for EWS and LIG can - Policy initiatives and steps lead to urban sprawl Land assembly using innovative measures such as land readjustment, land pooling, Page 271 . Q: Current Status and initiatives? guided development and neighbourhood developments by TNHB and TNSCB . Q: Quantifiable benefits? severally or jointly will be encouraged to minimise undesirable speculation and increase in land cost to ensure planned development to provide for the needs of the lower income groups. Identification of suitable land for urban renewal such as redevelopment and Page 271 . Q: Current Status and initiatives? rehabilitation taking into consideration the age and structural stability of buildings, land . Q: Quantifiable benefits? use and level of infrastructure, will be made by TNHB and TNSCB. . Q: How is DTCP and Planning Authorities involved? . Q: What has been the impact on Urban Sprawl? Department of Town and Country Planning interventions in land building etc. Page 272 . No mentions of spatial planning or creating parameters for land use based interventions at city/town or settlement level. Formulate Master Plans for all urban areas in the State along with effective land-use Page 276 . Identification of land banks for housing planning and creation of adequate land banks for housing. . Q: What were the parameters for identifying such land To facilitate planned and organised development of urban areas and pro-actively banks? promote balanced urbanization and availability of affordable housing, Government should initiate a focused and State-wide Urban Planning effort covering preparation of Regional Plans and Urban Master Plans that facilitate systematic identification and creation of land banks for housing with focus on EWS and LIG housing. Measures including land pooling and direct acquisition will be adopted to make adequate land available.

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder 12th 5 Year Plan - 2012-17 District Planning Committee (DPC) Page 215- . Concept of District Planning Committee exists In consonance with the 73rd Amendment of the Constitution, 'the Section 241 of the Tamil 216 . It is supported by District Planning Cells Nadu Panchayat's Act 1994 provides for the constitution of a District Planning Committee . Guidelines for preparing perspective plans and in each District. The main function of the District Planning Committee is to consolidate the district plans have been issued by SPC plans prepared by the District Panchayat, Panchayat Unions, Village Panchayats, Town Panchayats, Municipal councils and Municipal Corporations in the District and to prepare a draft development plan for the district as a whole. The District Planning Committee comprises of (a) The Chairman of the District Panchayat who is the Chairman of the Committee; (b) The District Collector - Vice-Chairman of the Committee; (c) The Mayor of the City/ Municipal Corporation in the District; (d) Such number of persons, not less than four fifth of the total number of members of the Committee as may be specified by the Government elected from among the members of the District Panchayats, Town Panchayats and Councillors of the Municipal Corporations and the Municipal councils in the District in proportion to the ratio between the population of the rural areas and of the urban areas in the District. In addition the following are permanent special Invitees of the Committee, (a) Members of Parliament (both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) (b) Members of Legislative Assembly (c) Chairman of all Panchayat Union Councils in the District (d) Chairman of all Municipal Councils: and (e) Chairman of all Town Panchayats in the District. District Planning Committee meetings are conducted once in three months to discuss various developmental issues relating to the district such as Water supply. Rural electrification, Education, Irrigation, etc. In order to assist the District Planning Committee, the Government has created a District Planning Cell in each district with District Panchayat

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder Secretary as the District Planning Officer with support staff. The State Planning Commission issued detailed guidelines for the preparation of plans by the Panchayats. The State Planning Commission has also developed a module for training in multilevel planning and conducted a training programme to all stakeholders. Guidelines for the preparation of perspective plan for the district have also been issued. Habitation based Planning through THAI scheme Page 217 . Q: Current Status? Equitable distribution of resources to all the habitations alone shall mark 'just & impartial . Q: Were spatial plans prepared? development' of the habitations and allay the disparities in development. Habitation based . Q: Were spatial Plans integrated to guide higher level planning is a paradigm shift in the development process of rural areas. The database created of decision making? on the basic infrastructure for the habitations provide better inputs for planning process. Further, the various parameters that are covered in the Census and the Socio-Economic Census data would provide high potential inputs for the planning process. To achieve this, the State Government has launched a special scheme called Tamil Nadu Village Habitation Improvement Scheme. (THAI) As part of the programme, mapping of all existing assets in each habitation is being collected by a team and the details are computerised, and hosted in the public domain. A model of such toposketch is given in Fig. 5.1. Further details about the scheme are given in the Rural Development Chapter of this plan document. The sketch depicts Sirukalathur habitation of Silavattam Panchayat of Kanchcpuram District Preparation of District Plans Page 220 . ? The District Planning Committees assisted by the District Planning Cells at the district level would be strengthened. Preparation of District Plans would be taken up during the Twelfth Five Year plan. The Planning exercise at the district, block and village level would be taken in a participatory manner involving all the stakeholders. In order to improve and strengthen the Planning process, the District Planning Cells which were henceforth functioning under Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Department have been brought back to the State Planning Commission. This initiative would not only

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder facilitate better coordination and interaction among the stakeholders in the plan preparation but also ensure sustained efforts in achieving planned development. Overcoming the integrating issues of village, block and district plans, a web based planning Page 220 . Q: Current Status? tool (PlanPlus) would be used to facilitate participative planning process by converging the . Q: Were spatial plans prepared as part of District flow of funds through different sources. Attempts would be made to prepare District Plans Plans? using PlanPlus Software.(i) Spatial Information System for Spatial Information System . Q: Were district plans essentially annual budget sheet Decentralised Planning (SIS-DP) aims at generating GIS based database on natural or actually a collection of district perspective plans resources and physical resources. This . Q: Were spatial Plans integrated to guide higher level information would be disseminated to the people at grassroots level through web enabled of decision making? information system, digital CD/DVD ROMs, Site specific interactive Decision Support . Q: Is Plan Plus In place? System (DSS) and analytical tools. . Q: Is DSS in place? This spatial depiction of information and making them available freely to the end user would be useful for local area planning and rural development. Committee for Metropolitan Planning Page 222- . Q: Current Status? The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act (CAA), apart from giving constitutional 223 recognition to Urban Local Bodies lays down that every State government should constitute two planning committees, a District Planning Committee (DPC) at a district level as under Article 243ZD and a Metropolitan Planning Committee in every metropolitan area as under Article 243ZE. Metropolitan Planning Committee has been constituted to prepare a draft development plan for the Metropolitan area as a whole, which will comprise of Members not less than two- thirds of the elected members of the Municipalities and Chairpersons of the Panchayats in the Metropolitan area in proportion to the ratio between the population of the Municipalities and of the Panchayats in that area. The Chairperson of every Metropolitan Planning Committee shall forward the development plan, as recommended by such Committee, to the State Government. District Planning Committees and Metropolitan Planning Committees Page 222- . DPC and MPC to facilitate interaction between An important role of the DPC is to facilitate an interaction between municipalities and 223 Municipalities and Village Panchayats

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder panchayats such that meaningful planning is undertaken for the district as a whole, . Q: Who undertakes analysis? Is spatial analysis part of integrating the needs and demands of the urban and rural areas. In this context, it is this assessment? necessary to improve the organic linkages between the different tiers of government so that . Q: What is the frequency of such assessments? coordinated planning for the district as a whole happens. Article 243Q of the Constitution of India mandates the delineation of a "transitional area" taking into account population densities of the area, local revenues generated, percentage of non-agricultural employment, etc. Analysis of this nature will serve as critical inputs into planning for infrastructure development and investments, especially in sub-urban areas surrounding mega-cities. The growing economic development and spatial planning requirements of urban areas as Page 222- . Q: What Capacity building initiatives have been well as the multiplicity of stakeholders underscore the importance of fostering a holistic 223 undertaken in terms of technical and planning aspects planning process, which draws upon the principles underlying integrated, participative of roles of ULBs and VPs? district and metropolitan level planning. The State must imbibe the spirit of participative district planning, as envisioned by the Centre, and ensure that they percolate to lower levels of governance, which arc entrusted with the responsibility of drawing up city development plans and district plans. In addition to empowering the Urban Local Bodies (ULB) with roles and functions, the state must simultaneously undertake measures to build the necessary technical and planning capacities within the ULBs. Both of the administrative staff as well as elected representatives. Currently, the planning and administrative staff involved in the planning process is equipped to handle routine exercises such as issuance of permits etc, but are technically ill-equipped to handle planning itself. This is especially true in smaller ULBs which typically seek out consultants to carry out their planning exercises for them. Approach to Urban Decentralised Planning - Urban Planning and Development Page 222- . Centralised planning as well as Decentralised Planning Urban Development has become a priority area for the government given the 223 have both merits and demerits, the government needs unprecedented urbanization and the consequent need for investments, reform and renewals to carefully understand the structure that would be in urban areas. The 74 Constitutional Amendment Act was milestone initiative to strengthen most appropriate for future developments. Urban decentralization, which aims to empower Urban Local Bodies with more powers and

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder functions and to function as independent levels of government. The decentralization . Q: What is the current status of devolution of powers initiatives proposed under this act not only allow for greater devolution of functions and and functions? resources to the Urban Local Bodies for the Centre and State, but place a significant thrust . Q: What are the factors that have affected success and towards participatory planning process, citizen-centric accountability of the government, failure of each function? and democratic control over public resources. The amendment attempts to strengthen governance at the local level by providing a basis for the State Governments in the assignment of various roles and responsibilities to Urban Local Bodies. Urban planning process Page 223- . Q: Are Regional Planning Authorities in place? Tamil Nadu has achieved considerable progress in the implementation of infrastructure 224 . Q: What has worked in the current structure so far? projects. Currently, the planning and enforcement authorities for urban areas include - the Has the current structure helped in improving Department of Town and Country Planning, Metropolitan Development Authority, ULBs planning and decision making in a sustainable and Local Planning Authorities, Directorate of Municipal Administration, Directorate of manner? Town Panchayats, and parastatal agencies such as Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage . Q: What are the benefits of having CLPAs/SLPAs Board, Tamil Nadu Housing Board, Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board etc. The various vis-à-vis devolution of planning functions to ULBs acts that govern the planning process include the Tamil Nadu Town & Country Planning and having the RPAs or Regional Planning Act, 1971, the Tamil Nadu District Municipalities Act, 1920, the Tamil Nadu Panchayats Offices/Units of DTCP undertake the integration at Act, 1994. regional level? The Tamil Nadu Town & Country Planning Act governs the planning process and guides . Q: What would be better, an authority at district level planning areas, planning authorities and the plans. The Town and Country Planning or a committee under exisiting governance structure? authorities include the regional planning authority, local planning authority and the new Why? town development authority. The regional planning authorities carry out surveys and prepare land use maps which serve as inputs for developing a regional plan. The local planning authorities prepare land use maps for the local planning area and prepare detailed development plans Every new town development authority is responsible for preparing a town development plan for its area. Likewise, Municipalities and Town Panchayats arc required to prepare annual development plans and submit them to the District Planning Committee constituted under section 241 of the Tamil Nadu Panchayats Act.

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder Urban Planning Page 287- . Constitute DPC and MPC . Incentivise strategic densification. 288 . Restructure role of MDAs (CMDA) . Fully implement the 74th Constitutional Amendment and constitute the District Planning . Establish State Planning Boards Committees (DPCs) and Metropolitan Planning Committees (MPCs). . Change Nomenclature - 'Master Plan to Spatial and . Restructure the role of Metropolitan Development Authorities (MDAs). Development Plan' . Establish State Planning Boards (SPBs). The State Town and Country Planning Department . Establish Greater Coimbatore Development (TCPD) could provide technical assistance to the State Planning Board to conduct its duties. Authority In addition to this, SPB may also avail of external expertise in the form of empanelled spatial planning experts. . Revise the nomenclature of "Master Plan' to 'Spatial and Development Plan'. . Establish /strengthen Unified Metropolitan Transport Authority (UMTA) duly supported by a technical secretariat comprising of urban transport experts. . Establish Greater Coimbatore Development Authority: Coimbatore is the second largest city in Tamil Nadu and also a nationally important centre for economic activity. Hence a planned development regulated by an empowered body is needed. Capacity Building Page 288 . Municipal Cadre . Create a Municipal Cadre. . TNIUS? . Create a separate division for capacity building. . Centre of Excellence on Planning . Address supply side constraints primarily by augmenting capacity and by reorientation of . GIS based spatial information and planning existing institutions. . Create a centre of excellence in each of the important areas of urbanization viz. housing, planning, water and sanitation, disaster management, urban finance and PPP, c-governance, urban governance related issues and urban poverty alleviation. . Information on infrastructure at ULBs. . e-governance . GIS and spatial information . Benchmarking on Service levels . Citizen centric sharing.

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder Strategies Page 288- . Focus on Regional Spatial Planning . Planning needs to be hierarchical and integrated-regional, urban, zonal and local for 290 . Focus on Sustainable Development effective land use and environmental sustainability. . Focus on Settlement Hierarchy . Environment and natural regions should ideally be the basis for regional and urban planning . GIS based spatial information and planning boundaries. For this, appropriate coordination/joint planning mechanisms may need to be evolved straddling administrative boundaries. . Urban and regional planning needs to become integrated, dynamic and flexible, to adjust to the changing realities and addressing present complexities. . New and proposed-New Towns, Special Investment Regions, and SEZs should be part of the larger Regional Plan. . Transport planning should be properly integrated with land use plans and considered as an integral component of urban and regional planning. . Regional and urban land development should be seen as spatial environmental planning exercises which will address development issues as well as environmental concerns. . Regional environmental Impact assessments should be initiated for each Regional Plan/Master Plan/ City Development Plan so that adverse Environmental Impacts are minimised. . Formulating and implementing local environmental codes/ bye-laws need to be given greater importance to account for city-specific environmental concerns. . Create an Urban Spatial Data Centre (SDC) Page 288- . Focus on Peri-urban areas . Internalizing climate change in land use planning and regulations, vulnerability assessment 290 etc. should be given priority under the present context of global warming and climate change to address the issue of sustainability of cities. . Convergence (as per the 74th /73rd CAA) in the State, district level and the metropolitan planning is still weak and should be improved through better coordination of different institutions at the State level. Convergence of different plans like Regional Plans and Master Plans, City Development Plan (CDP), RAY, City Sanitation Plan, Vulnerability Disaster/

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder Resilience Plan etc. needs to be ensured through better coordination among the concerned authorities. . Efforts should be made towards extending basic services widely covering all urban centres, rather than a few select cities. . Denning the size of the problem through Slum mapping and preparation of slum free Plan of Action for cities as envisaged under RAY. . Private sector and consultants now a days are very strong and technically sound. They should be involved more into development planning practice. . Provision of land through various schemes like JnNURM, Town Panchayats schemes etc. should be carried out to augment the supply of land resources for balanced development. . Preparation of State level land use Plan should be accomplished on an urgent basis. Page 288- . State Land Use Plan . Coastal urbanization is bound to increase along with the transport and rail corridors. The 290 . Coastal Urbanisation developments in these areas should be controlled and regulated in conformity with the . Urbanisation strategy for expansion/sprawl Coastal Zone Regulations under the Environment Protection Act. . Sustainable planning . Special land use strategy will have to be evolved to address urban expansion and outgrowth. . Regional and cluster based land use planning should be more practised for Special facilities like solid waste management sites or green building/ infrastructure development sites. . High density, low rise development should be emphasised more to reduce use of land and stress on urban environments. . Development plans and Master plans should focus more on Environment and resources like urban water bodies, forest and bio diversity etc. This can shape a city towards sustainable Environment creation. . Provision of night shelters to the pavement dwellers, street children and to homeless elders. . Provision for street hawkers/vendors in the spatial plans to minimise encroachment on the Page 288- . roads meant for urban transport. 290

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder . Adoption of green building concepts including focuses on water and energy efficiency, sustainable site development including Solid Waste Management (SWM) practices and waste water recycling and potential to tap solar energy. . To strengthen Research and Development (R&D) on cost effective environmentally friendly material and construction techniques . Urban farming/ terrace farming plus gardening as a way to enhance green cover should be promoted. . Common Access Standard for entire Chennai /UA: With the expansion of city limits, it may be necessary to re-work the demand estimates and plan/implement projects to enable equitable access/service levels throughout Chennai/UA. . Thrust should be made to recycle the waste water for re-use particularly for gardening, industrial use etc. . Access, Improvements, maintenance of Public Toilets. . Open defecation is a major issue and this has to be addressed with an Action Plan. There should be a thrust on Public Health and Hygiene, so that this practice shall be eradicated by the year 2015. . Certain schemes such as Construction of Public toilets, Repair of toilets and providing water supply and electricity have been launched in 2011-2012 and these will be continued during the Twelfth Five Year Plan period. . For the *Rest of Tamil Nadu' State level Master Plans for water supply, sewerage and sanitation would be prepared. . Building Capacity: The mandate of CMWSSB calls for a massive increase in capacity for Page 288- . GIS Based land records implementing projects and managing the O&M requirements. 290 . Address issues of vacant land . Framing of clear cut policy instrument for conservation of heritage buildings. . Need for a Comprehensive Urban Information System. . Mission Mode Approach for Integrated urban solid and liquid waste management. . To Map out linkages between different institutions /departments for creating an institutional mechanism for convergent decision making for the optimum use of resources

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder . To bridge the gap in financing land development and infrastructure projects, a supportive policy environment should be created to promote PPPs. Joint venture etc. . In order to increase revenue base of ULBs, GIS based land records should be prepared to update taxing method and increase coverage. Automatic indexation and revision should also be done to tap maximum resources available. . Innovative mechanisms should be adopted like betterment charges, levies etc., . Sale of unused land and assets held by ULBs implementing TDR mechanisms etc. can be adopted to help the local bodies to undertake infrastructure projects.

Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder 12th Five Year Plan Linking of Rivers within the State Page 168 . This is a strategic intervention and has the potential of The Government has taken the initiative to link the rivers within the State to primarily serve changing the spatial structure of the state settlements as flood carriers and to divert flood runoff to reach the drought prone areas. While and economic pattern interlinking the rivers, following points are to be emphasised: Adequate attention should be . Q: What impact does it have on agriculture, settlement given to the life of the river and existing irrigation and agricultural practices. Inter-basin patter, water utilisation, forest resources and industrial transfers should be done on the basis of equal contours and the Detailed Project Reports location in spatial terms? (DPRs) should be community oriented DPRs rather than on the contractual work based DPRs. In this direction, the following links have been identified Strategies Page 172- . Q: How many water bodies/tanks have disappeared 178 due to urbanisation? . Q: Is there a spatial pattern/prioritisation that is being considered for rejuvenating these waterbodies?

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder . Q: How is surplus flood water being utilised for waterbodies rejuvenation and aquifer replenishment? Water Quality Page 235 . Agriculture runoff, industrial waste and urban/rural Water quality issues arise due to chemical pollution through excessive fertiliser use and waste water entering surface and underground water reckless dumping of untreated waste into our rivers and water bodies. Increased and is a serious concern unscrupulous usage resulted in the disposal of waste water into the nearby water bodies without adopting safe disposal methods. Also most of the waste water and sewage water generated in the cities are partially let into the water bodies leading to major water quality problems of both the ground and surface water sources. Source Sustainability Page 236 . Severe concern on water source sustainability In Tamil Nadu more than 90 percent of the available surface water and 45 percent of the ground water has been utilised. But the demand for water is continuously on the rise with the growth of population, and increasing growth in Industrial and Agricultural sectors. But the availability of water remains constant. Under the above circumstances the present trend of consumption would not be sustainable. Hence, there must be a judicious mix of using not only the available water resources namely surface water and ground water, but also to use recycled waste water. In addition, conservation of available water resources and harvesting rain water can sustain us from a potential water crisis. Water sanctuaries Page 238 . There is no mention of any scheme or plan towards The mission of water Sanctuaries is to serve as the trustee for the nation's system of development of water sanctuaries protected areas of water catchment and storage to conserve, protect, and enhance their biodiversity, ecological integrity and cultural legacy. This concept is being mooted to protect the scarce freshwater sources on similar lines as Marine water sanctuaries. These fresh water sanctuaries however, will ensure drinking water sustainability with standard quality.

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder 12th Five Year Plan

Vision Tamil Nadu 2023 - Signature Projects Page 318 . Develop world class Centres of Excellence in at least 10 areas that act as nuclei of innovation . Set up two medical cities in southern and western Tamil Nadu . Double water storage capacity across the state . High speed broadband connectivity to be reached to every village . Two supercritical and other power projects of cumulative 20000 MW capacities . Gas grid connecting ten large cities . 2000 km of 6/8 lane highways . High speed rail connecting Chennai -Coimbatore -Madurai – Kanniyakumari . Development of industrial corridors between Chennai - Hosur, Chennai -Tiruchirapalli, Coimbatore -Madurai, Coimbatore - Salem and Madurai –Thoothukudi . Three greenfield ports and 5 minor ports with total cargo handling capacity of 150 million tonnes per annum . Greenfield airport near Chennai with an annual capacity of at least 40 million passengers. New Industrial Policy and Sectoral Specific Policies Page 318 . Industrial Policy made every 5 years? A new Industrial Policy will be unveiled to facilitate the realization of Vision 2023 and will . Land Policy to address industrial issues focus on growth with employment generation. The new policy will also ensure that the . Integrate Agriculture and MSME to Large industries manufacturing sector is linked to agriculture and allied sectors to ensure maximum value addition and to absorb the surplus workforce. Amongst several proactive measures, Government has initiated formulating other policies viz., Land Policy for industrial purposes and sector specific policies for Automobiles & Auto components, Aero Space, Bio-tech no logy, Pharmaceuticals and Nano-technology which are on the anvil. These policies will also include resolutions for addressing the infrastructure! gaps, skilled

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder manpower availability etc., so as to make the industrial sector vibrant for achieving better growth. State Public Undertakings: Page 327- . All of them focus on creating land banks and providing 1. Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation Limited 328 infrastructure for industries 2. Tamil nadu Industrial Guidance and Export Promotion Bureau . Q: How do these three organisation coordinate with 3. State Industries Promotion Corporation of Tamil Nadu Limited each other? Competition vs cooperation? . Q: How do the three organisation spatially plan their industrial areas? . Q: What are the guiding parameters for locating an industrial areas? . Q: Are the three organisations economically sustainable or dependent on budgetary resources? . Q: How are DPCs, MPCs and DTCP involved in the planning and land bank identification and transfer processes? . Q: What is the role of MAWS and H&UD department? Identification of New Industrial Projects Page 331- . Focus on creation of growth centres in backward areas? New industrial enterprises during the Twelfth Plan period aim to ensure that the new 332 . Aero Space Parks in focus by TIDCO - backward and ventures arc bound to generate emergence of growth poles and create positive forward linkages for fuel logistics and raw material externalities in industrially potential areas and that there is a distinct dispersal of industrial would result in substantial land use change units to backward regions. The new industrial units are aimed to be capable of generating . SIPCOT to focus on MSME industrial clusters and perceptible backward, forward and financial linkages and new units are to have parks in southern districts of Tamil Nadu considerable income and price elasticity of demand. The yardsticks set forth above are . Q: How does the strategy utilise spatial intelligence? intended to avoid severe production bottlenecks, equalizing perfect demand-supply, gains stabilizing the general price increases, reaping economies of scale, efficiency and productivity of gains and locating the niche in the market.

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder Triangular Six Lane Highway Corridor Page 334 . Highly likely that urban growth would follow these . Chennai - Madurai alignment of about 41 Okm length starting from Chennai city outskirts belts/corridors of industrial development and traversing eight districts viz., Kanchipuram, Vilhappuram, Cuddalorc, Pcrambalur, Tiruchirappalli, Pudukkottai.Sivagangai and Madurai. . Madurai - Coimbatore alignment of about 200 km length traversing four districts viz., Madurai, DindiguL Tiruppur and Coimbatore. . Coimbatore - Chennai alignment of about 420 km length traversing ten districts viz., Coimbatore, Tiruppur, Erode, Namakkal, Salem, Dharmapuri, Krishnagiri, Thiruvannamalai, Vellore and Kanchipuram. Along these highway corridors, prospective eight manufacturing industry nodes will Page 334 . Highly likely that urban growth would intensify in and be located for: around these nodes of industrial development . High technology equipment like telecom, power, ICT and electronics hardware, heavy . Likely to result in land use change in nearby regions and transport, earth moving and mining equipment villages . Food processing , leather and footwear . Capital goods like machine tools, aerospace industry, renewable energy, solar, wind etc., heavy electronic equipment and defence equipment IT - ITES Industry Page 337- . Focus on tier two cities of Coimbatore, Madurai, Trichy, 345 Tirunelveli, Hosur and Salem . Likely that these towns would witness rapid growth of population concentration due to improved employments opportunities and service industries . Q: How is DTCP involved in such planning and prioritisation? . Q: What are the steps taken to ensure planned urbanisation and controlling urban sprawl?

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder MSME Page 346- . Focus on Skill Development to strategize cluster 357 approach for MSME development across Tamil Nadu especially backward areas . Total planned outlay for MSME is extremely small as compared to Large Industries . Q: How are these plans/clusters integrated spatially? Village and Rural Industries Page 358- . Focus on Skill Development to strategize cluster . Handicrafts 368 approach . Khadi . Focus on Marketing . Sericulture . Total planned outlay for MSME is extremely small . Q: How are these plans integrated spatially? Handlooms and Textiles Page 369- . Focus on Skill development and cluster approach 388 . Interest Subsidy and rebate subsidy for promoting handloom cloth . Promoting SHG approach . Substantial budgetary outlays proposed . Focus on Textile Park development and upgradations

Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder 12th Five Year Plan

. Vision Tamil Nadu 2023 Page 392 Vision Tamil Nadu 2023 presents the growth strategies on various fronts. On the energy front, reforms will be implemented in a progressive manner, so that benefits of

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder competition and innovation arc delivered to the consumers. The total investment in the energy sector is estimated to be INR 4,50,000 crore. The major share of investments amounting to INR 2,30,000 crore will be utilised to augment the power generation capacity in the State. Generation projects of capacity 20,000 MW are expected to be added to the State grid. Of this, at least 5,000 MW will be added before the year 2017 to make good the shortage of peak power and energy shortage that the State faces at present. Significant investments to the tune of INR 2,00,000 crore will be made in the development of transmission and distribution sector and ?20,000 crore in Smart grid. The investment projects in Energy sector is shown in Table The following are the specific strategies for the Twelfth Plan period: Page 392 . Focus on Large Project . Two port based Ultra Mega Projects of 4.000 MW each arc to be set up. . Two LNG Terminals . Thrust for green power by maximising investments in Wind Power to create an . Focus on Solar Energy and Wind Energy indicates large incremental generation capacity of 5.000 MW and additional generation capacity of land requirements 5.000 MW in Solar Energy. . Increased investments are to be undertaken in the Transmission sector to create evacuation capacity for higher power generation capacity with adequate buffers . Two Greenfield LNG Terminals with 5 million tonnes per annum (MTPA) capacity each and city gas pipeline infrastructure for 10 towns are to be established. Transmission and Distribution Page 398- . Focus on upgrading and laying new transmission and 400 distribution lines . Large budgetary outlay required . Conversion of Overhead T&D lines to Underground Cables especially in coastal areas and cyclone prone zones Renewable Energy: Policy Initiatives Page 403- . Solar Parks to be set up with a capacity . Net Metering to Solar power systems installed in the commercial establishments and 411 of about 50 MW each in 24 districts individual homes connected to the grid with power credits

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder . Projects for Power evacuation at multiple voltage levels . Solar Power Plants in all industrial estates subject to . Wheeling and Banking of power Charges for wheeling of power generated from Solar land availability at reasonable cost Power Projects for captive use/ third party sale within the state . Exclusive Solar Manufacturing Parks . Exemption from payment of Electricity Tax to the extent of 100 percent for 5 years . Tax Concessions . Exemption of Demand cut Biomass Based Power - Energy Plantations for Biomass Page 412 . Translates to change in agriculture pattern, forest The installed capacity of biomass power plants of the State is 167 MW. The surplus pattern and grasslands biomass potential of the State has been assessed as 900 MW. Based on the Biomass Resource Assessment Study carried out by Institute of Energy studies (IES), Anna University during the year 2010. As Casuarina is grown in coastal area by forest department mainly as *Wind Shield', the possibility of carrying out dedicated energy plantations in locations other than forest area needs to be explored in coordination with Forest/ concerned departments. Of the total target of 1000 MW, generation of 10 MW is proposed under Government projects for an outlay of INR 50 crore in the Twelfth Plan period. Two lakh acres are required for energy plantation which needs to be achieved in partnership with Forest Department. Major Road Interventions Page 416- . Major Focus on widening and upgradation of roads to . Comprehensive Road Infrastructure Development Programme (CRIDP) 421 high-speed corridors . Chennai Metropolitan Development Plan . Focus on National and State Highways . NABARD assisted Schemes . Q: Is road hierarchy balanced with settlement hierarchy . Tamil Nadu Road Sector Project throughout the state? . National Highways - Central Projects . Q: Does spatial representation of roads hierarchy and settlement hierarchy indicate any pattern? . Q: How are projects prioritised? Is spatial intelligence and planning incorporated as part of the same?

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder Schemes proposed under Twelfth Five Year Plan under Minor Ports and Shipping Page 430- . Substantial Financial Outlay 433 . Focus on Private Sector Participation . Focus on Improving road connectivity

Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder 12th Five Year Plan Vision Tamil Nadu 2023 Page 680 . Focus on increasing forest cover . Biodiversity and genetic resource conservation by protection of forests and wildlife. . Focus on increasing tree cover outside forest area . Augmentation of water resources in forest areas. . Focus on Ecotourism . Rehabilitation and restoration of degraded forests for improvement of forest cover. . Enhancing tree cover outside forests for livelihood security and climate change mitigation. . Welfare of tribal and forest fringe communities to ensure economic prosperity and ecological stability. Thrust Areas . Biodiversity and| Genetic Resource Conservation . Establishment of permanent water storage structures in the forest and adjacent non-forest areas . Enhancing Climatic Resilience in moderately dense and open forests . Forest protection . Increasing Tree Cover Outside Forests . Socio-Economic Development of Forest fringe villages . Tribal Development . Eco-tourism

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder . Infrastructure Development . Research, Transfer of technology and Extension . Application and Development of GIS, MIS & e-Governance . Human Resource Development. Recommended Action Plan to be adopted to attain the objectives is as follows: Page 681 . Clear Go-no GO zones . Strict enforcement of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, Tamil Nadu Forest Act, 1882 . Reduce Man-Animal Conflict and Environment Protection Act, 1986. . Consensus building in relocation of settlements from . Habitat restoration and improvement measures including fire prevention and control in protected areas and around wildlife habitats. . Wildlife movement corridors . Eco development work in and around protected areas to provide essential benefits to the . Integrate with land use planning in spatial terms with occupants of enclosures and villages respectively to ensure their support and willing other sectors like agriculture, industries, settlements, etc. participation in wildlife conservation. . Protected Area Management Plan . Voluntary relocation of human settlements from inviolate and Protected Areas. . Ecotourism a subset of conservation and not the other . Prevention of outbreak of contagious diseases among wild animals by taking prophylactic way round measures among domestic animals entering wildlife habitats. . Identification and restoration of corridors to facilitate free movement of animals between and around Protected Areas. . Undertaking human- wildlife conflict prevention and mitigation measures. . Integrate the wildlife Protected Areas on a watershed or landscape basis with other sectors like Agriculture, Rural Development, Animal Husbandry, etc., for the sustained conservation and development of the area. . Conserve the medicinal plants in the Protected Area by creation and management of Medicinal Plants Conservation Area (MPCAs) . Creation of Education and Interpretation Centres to facilitate education and awareness creation on biodiversity conservation. . Ensure that each and every Protected Area has a Management Plan in place.

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder . Ensure that tourism demands are subservient to conservation and to the interest of the protected area and therefore wildlife tourism exists for the Parks and not Parks for tourism . Develop in-situ conservation centres like Zoological Parks and Gene gardens . Encourage appropriate monitoring and research works to develop programmes and thereby tackle the identified problems. Increasing tree cover outside forests Page 686- . Focus on increasing tree cover outside forests for timber Incentive for tree cultivation 688 production By providing an incentive of INR 3 per one year old seedling, INR 2 per 2 year old growing seedling and INR 12 per 3 year old grown seedling, it is proposed to plant about 10 crore of timber and Casuarina seedlings and also provide survival incentive. Green Village Programme: Homestead Planting in Villages There are about 64,434 villages and hamlets in the State. These village and hamlets are not presently with much tree cover and there is enormous scope to take up homestead planting. Even if 20 villages/ hamlets are selected for this programme in a district under this project, about 640 villages can be covered in the State in a year. The proposal involves planting of seedlings in 3200 villages during the plan period. Institutional Planting by Supplying Seedlings Page 688- . Low fund allocation for urban and village planning as part . Seedlings generally have to be supplied through Forest department or recognised Self 689 of overall fund allocation for trees outside forest areas Help Groups. This activity will facilitate the participation of the SHG members in raising seedlings and thus more people will participate in tree planting programme. . There are 125 Municipalities and 529 Town Panchayats. There are many vacant spaces available for greening viz., roadsides, parks, public places (including Government institutions) and in urban locations. It is therefore, proposed to plant tall (minimum of 1.50 m height) and sturdy saplings, which are of browsable height, in the available spaces. Thus, planting programme involves both avenue planting and block planting depending on the location. It is proposed to plant 5,000 seedlings/per year in each of the 10

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder Corporations. In each of the Municipalities, it is proposed to plant 1,000 seedlings per year, whereas 500 plants will be planted in each of the Town Panchayat every year. . Overall, 23.925 lakh seedlings will be planted at an outlay of INR 8.61 crore during the plan period. TCPL (Tree Cultivation in Private Lands) is usually practiced in fallow and marginal lands and also along the agricultural field bunds. By this practice, the tree growers meet their requirement for fuel wood, green manure, and fodder as direct benefit flow besides additional income. In addition, the productivity increase of their agricultural land will be an extra benefit for them. Thrust Areas - Key Issues and Major Interventions Page 700 . No direct mention of Disaster Risk Resilience Measures . Air Quality - local pollution hot spots and status of current actions. . Water Quality - domestic and industrial pollution flow into water bodies and status of various interventions. . Pollution abatement in rivers, lakes and water bodies. . Waste Management-municipal solid waste and status of adherence to MSW2000 (Municipal Solid Waste) rules; bio-medical waste; plastic waste; hazardous waste; electronic waste. . Noise pollution . Capacity Building. . Cross-Cutting Areas - Key Issues and Major Interventions . Climate Change. Environment and Health. . Policy Framework - New and Emerging Interventions. . Green Economy and Green Growth. . Integrated Coastal Zone Management. Critically Polluted Industrial Clusters/Areas Page 708- . Target Zero Liquid Discharge for Tirrupur 709 Special Area Development Programme Page 715- . Specific focus on Hills, western ghats, Coastal Areas, with priority to environmental considerations

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Policy Heading/Wordings Reference Observations/Points to Ponder 12th Five Year Plan Vision Tamil Nadu 2023 - New Initiatives for the Disaster Risk Reduction in the Page 753 . Bio Shield, underground cabling, shelters, wind brakes, State have direct implication on land and change in land use . It is proposed to revisit existing "Building By-laws" to make necessary amendments to ensure safe construction especially in disaster prone areas . Recommendations will be made to undertake disaster resistant constructions under IAY (Indira Awaas Yojana) scheme . Recommendations will be made to lay underground electric/communication cables in cyclone prone coastal areas . It is proposed to develop bio-shield along the coastal areas, which will serve as wind brakes/ shelterbelts to mitigate damages due to strong winds. Farmers will be encouraged to take up the said activity. . Special Insurance for cattle and crops in disaster prone areas will be provided. Establishment of a State Disaster Management Training Center is to be proposed.

The land acquisition and allocation process in the state of Tamil Nadu for various purposes has been described in images below. The same seems to be in line with the new Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act (Amendment) of 2015. A few questions have been highlighted in the subsequent images. The idea to ask these questions is to derive how the Land Use Planning is impacted or considered as part of the project development process in various sectors.

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Figure 4: Land Acquisition and Allocation Process

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The 12th Five year Plan observes that the population to land resource and water resource ratios are skewed negatively for Tamil Nadu as compared to rest of India. Despite declining share of agricultural sector in the State Domestic Product of Tamil Nadu, agriculture continues to be a major source of livelihood for rural people employing over 40 percent of the workforce in the state. Competition between agricultural and non- agricultural sectors for land is intensifying due to the increasing pressure on land for food production, housing and industrial expansion. Apart from agriculture, industries and urbanization, increasing demand for land is observed for afforestation purposes so as to maintain ecological balance. The plan observes that: . There is a marginal increase in area under forests while area under barren and uncultivable lands has declined between 1960 and 2000s. . Increasing land demand for industrial, housing and infrastructure development, land put to non- agricultural uses has shown a sharp increase of 42 percent. . There has been a sharp increase (more than twice) in land lying fallow for more than a year . Net sown and gross cropped area witness stagnation leaving cropping intensity constant around 120 percent till early 2000s. However, gross cropped area in the state in 2009-10 shows a dip leaving cropping intensity at 114 percent during 2009-2010. . Tamil Nadu's geographic area consists of 17 river basins, a majority of which are water-stressed. There are over 61 major reservoirs, 40 thousand tanks and 3 million wells that heavily utilise available surface water and ground water. . In-spite of consuming over 75 percent of the available water resources, agriculture sector faces major constraints due to water scarcity. There is growing demand for water from industry and domestic users and also interstate competition for surface water resources. . Priority is allocated to domestic use of water followed by irrigation and industry etc. indicating that agricultural sector has to manage the scarcity in the future. . The canal systems have poor water control and management with the share of surface irrigation sources on a continuous decline with tanks accounting for most of the decline, while the private well irrigation has gained a preeminent position. . The share of well irrigated area has steadily increased from about 35 percent to more than 50 percent in the last decade. Wells are increasingly becoming defunct in due to fast declining water table

The twelfth plan observes that Tamil Nadu’s land resources are under distress; with an increasing percentage of degraded land (over 17 percent). Conventional land-use planning has failed to produce a substantial improvement in land management, or to satisfy the priority objectives of the land users. As a result, rural development programmes have witnessed mixed success in meeting production and conservation aims. The twelfth plan observes that: . Development of sector specific policies in sync with land use policy would result in the best use and sustainable management of land . Strengthening of institutions, coordinating mechanisms and monitoring systems is required . Sustainability aspects in terms addressing economic, social and environmental concerns is required

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. A land-use classification system reflecting a balance in the three pillars of sustainability with increased focus on natural and ecological value of land needs to be evolved . Incorporate Spatial Planning as an integral part of economic and land use planning being undertaken by various departments of the state government.

The plan lays focus on the fact that: “A well-defined integrated land use policy should be developed” “A National/State Land Use Commission should be instituted to lay down and formulate polices, implementation strategies and monitoring guidelines.” “While preparing the Master Plans/Regional Plans/Detailed Development Plans. Wetlands, waterbodies, hillocks, coastal areas, historical and heritage sites and areas of natural scenic beauty may be protected.”

The twelfth plan observes that among other things, the future land use policy should be guided by: . Integrated approach for realization of sustainable land use . Improvement of agricultural productivity . Energy Saving Plan . Establishment of a fund raising mechanism to realize sustainable land use . Studies on issues and solutions in line with international framework for division of labour and cooperation . Address challenges of regional imbalances . Strengthening of land use control . Land use policy and planning to include the inter-regional aspects

The twelfth plan recommends following list of major policy measures for guiding land use planning and management in the state of Tamil Nadu . Strategies for Managing Problem Soil Areas o Reclamation of salt affected lands o Tannery effluent affected land o Degraded forest lands o Degraded pasture lands o Eco-restoration in swampy and marshy lands . Strategies for improving productivity of dry lands o Improving organic matter content o Location specific cropping system . Increasing water use efficiency by strategizing canal irrigation, tank irrigation and well irrigation . Development of grazing land by promoting fodder production in the farm holdings and main streaming conservation and management of common grazing lands as an integral part of land use planning and management strategy.

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. Control over land conversion by addressing indiscriminate conversion with stricter and clearer regulations and monitoring . Increasing forest and tree cover outside forests

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The presence of a complex governance system with multiple sectoral departments and the complex substructure of each indicates that different departments have different mandates functions and powers as far as land use and utilisation is concerned. Whereas some department may have powers and functions covering financial, planning, influencing land use outcomes, other departments may only be affected by decisions of other departments. Furthermore, the powers and functions vested with a department or the lack thereof, may or may not be restricted to a certain category of land use. Hence, it is important to evaluate the roles of various department’s viz. - a – viz. each category of land use.

Following is a list of key functions their explanation and examples that have been allotted to the department’s viz. – a – viz. each category of land use.

The department is in charge of and has the powers to undertake land acquisition. Example: Suppose an Industrial Area is to be developed in Coimbatore District, the department of Industries would identify land requirements, location, criteria etc. but the authority to acquire land would be in hands of Revenue Department. Hence, Revenue department would acquire land and allot it to department of Industries

The department is dependent on the said land use/resource for successful completion of its other activities . Example: Suppose an Industrial Area is to be developed in Coimbatore District, the department of Industries would identify land requirements, location, criteria etc. if the industrial development is water intensive then, the department of industries is dependent on Water Resources Department for allocation of Water, and identification of location to draw water, and hence the department’s plans are dependent on waterbodies.

The department undertakes activities that grow/or cause to grow and become more mature, advanced and elaborate a project, activity, intervention etc. so as to promote/strengthen a particular land use/resource. Example: Suppose the government has identified a particular region for promoting dairying as an economic proposition, the department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries would undertake activities to ensure that fodder plantations/projects are developed, necessary fodder is available for consumption, collection, storage, logistics and market facilities are in place in the said region.

The departments is in charge of planning and executing Disaster Risk Reduction Measures, Disaster Mitigation Measures, Disaster Management Post Disaster Rehabilitation and Resettlement.

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Example: Suppose an Industrial Area is to be developed in Coimbatore District, the department of Industries would identify land requirements, location, criteria etc. but if the industrial area is present in a vulnerable/ disaster prone zone, the possibility of Major Accident Hazard increases, this would need mitigation planning, risk reduction measures, disaster management plan etc. generally such measures, plans are prepared or approved by the State Disaster Management Authority (which in most cases is under revenue department).

The department is in charge of and has the powers to execute a National/State Government scheme/program that has the potential to impact a particular land use/ resource. Example: Suppose an area is identified for development as a Rurban cluster, then the Department of Rural Development, would undertake certain activities and implement certain plans under the Rurban scheme of Government of India. The implementation of the scheme would result in overall development in the area thereby leading to improvement of infrastructure, possibility of change in agricultural pattern with a shift to cash crops, or simply a change in land use from Agriculture to Settlements.

The success or failure of plans, investments, and scheme implementation being undertaken by a department are affected due to decisions taken by some other department for a particular land use/resource. Example: Suppose Energy Department has plans to promote, develop, invest in a thermal power plant in a coastal area, such a plan/investment would be directly impacted by the decision of environment and forest department if a part of the area/region as a whole is declared as eco-sensitive zone and environmental clearances are denied/conditionally granted.

The plans, investments, scheme implementation being undertaken by a department affects other departments in an area or a particular sector, possibly resulting in a change in a change in land use/resource utilisation. Example: Decision to develop/promote a port or a major logistics facility at a certain location would directly influence the decisions/plans of department of industries for locating and/or developing future industrial areas/ regions/corridors.

The plans, investments, decision making of a department are affected by change in land use/resource utilisation resulted in by decisions/plans/investments of other departments in an area or a particular sector. Example: Suppose Tourism Department has plans to promote, develop, invest in a circuit with five different locations/towns in vicinity to each other, such a decision would be influenced by the decision of highways department to/not to develop a highway/ good connectivity on the same or a different route.

The department is in-charge of and has the mandate to plan a budget, spend money, and finance a particular project or development of the land use/resources as a whole.

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Example: Suppose an area is an existing rain-fed agriculture zone with no irrigation facilities; the water resources department may decide to invest in developing a dam/barrage for irrigation purposes on request from the agricultural department that has decided to bring change the cropping pattern and soil health.

The department undertakes activities that enable or cause to continue the present condition/situation, at the same level or rate by keeping the said land use/resource in good condition by checking, repairing, servicing, rebuilding, conserving, preserving it regularly. Example: Suppose the government of Tamil Nadu is promoting a region for economic development and industries, settlement expansion, irrigated agriculture and tourism are being promoted. All these developmental activities would have certain impact on the freshwater sources as available in the region, the department of water resources would then be in charge of undertaking all activities that cause to continue the present status of the water resources (river/lake/underground water etc.) so as to ensure that the water level, quality, availability is the same or not reduced to non-replenish-able levels resulting in degradation.

The department is in charge of and has the mandate to put in place a system that feeds in, maintains, analyses a structured set of data that is easily accessible in various ways preferably on a computer for a particular land use/resource. Example: Each department maintains statistics/database of relevant details that are useful for decision making, planning, investment as well as day to day functioning. However, such details are maintained as a silo, the information captured in them may/may not be usable or useful by other departments that are impacted. It would therefore become important for one department to ensure that the statistics maintained by all other departments are in convergence with each other.

The department is in charge of and has the mandate to observe and check the progress or quality over a period of time by maintaining a systematic review and to officially agree to accept as satisfactory any interventions, plans, investment and influence there off by any other department with reference to a particular land use/resource. Example: Suppose the industries department is developing an industrial corridor, the area/region under the same would have components of all other land uses, there would be numerous schemes under (for e.g. Smart Cities, AMRUT, PMSGY, PMSKY, Rurban, Watershed development, etc.) it would become important to ensure that the developments being undertaken by industries department and those by all other departments are in sync with each other, hence the Planning Development and Special Initiatives Department would be in charge of observing, checking and approving interventions and the progress of all schemes and development proposals.

The plans, investments, scheme implementation being undertaken by a department affects other departments in an area or a particular sector, resulting in a change in current situation or scenario of land use/resource utilisation in a bad or unwelcome quality. Example: The decision of Housing and Urban Development departments to allow expansion of an urban area, or industries department to development a new industrial area, or the agricultural department to

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promote use of fertilisers and pesticides in a certain region may result in drying up, pollution and or eutrophication in a lake and/or wetland in vicinity.

The department is in charge of and has the mandate to conceptualise and prepare a detailed proposal for doing or achieving an intention or decision about what should be done to enable or cause itself or other departments to develop and/or maintain the said land use/resource in good condition. Example: Directorate of Mines in Industries Department is in charge of planning the mining licencing, rate of mining, end of life use of the mines, identifying potential mines etc. for ensuring sustainable utilisation of the limited resources.

The department is in charge of and has the mandate to support and/or actively encourage all stakeholders to enable or cause itself or other departments to develop and/or maintain the said land use/resource in good condition. Example: Suppose Tourism Department has plans to develop and invest in a circuit with five different locations/towns in vicinity to each other, then the tourism department would actively promote the said circuit so as to attract investments from private sector and encourage community participation in developing hotels, resorts, home stays, tours and guides, clean cities etc. and make the circuits attractive to tourists.

The department is in charge of and has the mandate to undertake adequate preparations so as to make available for use technical support and/or assistance for collaborating with other departments to develop and/or maintain the said land use/resource in good condition. Example: The Directorate of E-Governance has developed and maintains a GIS Platform that helps decision making, by utilising statistical as well as spatial database with spatio-temporal analysis along with satellite images and remote sensing. Such analytical support is being used by various departments like forests, agriculture, rural development, urban development etc. for the purpose of better planning, governance and maintenance of land use.

Some functions of almost all departments in the government of Tamil Nadu are linked to forests and protected areas as a land use. Functions of a few select departments are mentioned below in Table 15. A more detailed matrix is attached in Annexure 2.

Table 12 Land Use Governance Interaction Matrix for Forests and Protected Areas Areas of Ecological Government Conservation and Protected Areas Importance Department Community Reserves (Development Control) Environment and Plan, influence, develop, Plan, influence, develop, Plan, influence, develop, Forests invest maintain, execute invest, maintain, execute invest, maintain, execute schemes, provide schemes, provide schemes, provide technical

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Table 12 Land Use Governance Interaction Matrix for Forests and Protected Areas Areas of Ecological Government Conservation and Protected Areas Importance Department Community Reserves (Development Control) technical support, technical support, support, monitor and monitor and approve monitor and approve approve interventions interventions interventions Planning, Plan, influence, develop, Plan, influence, develop, Plan, influence, develop, Development and maintain, invest, execute maintain, invest, execute maintain, invest, execute Special Initiatives schemes, provide schemes, provide schemes, provide technical Department technical support, technical support, support, monitor and monitor and approve monitor and approve approve interventions, interventions, maintain interventions, maintain maintain statistics statistics statistics Public Works Influence, impacted by Influence, impacted by Influence, impacted by (Including Water decisions of other decisions of other decisions of other Resources) departments departments departments Rural - Plan, influence, develop, - Development and maintain, invest, execute Panchayati Raj schemes, provide technical support, monitor and approve interventions, impacted by decisions of other departments

Some functions of almost all departments in the government of Tamil Nadu are linked to grasslands, grazing lands and pastures as a land use. Functions of a few select departments are mentioned below in Table 13. A more detailed matrix is attached in Annexure 2.

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Table 13 Land Use Governance Interaction Matrix for Grasslands, Grazing Land and Pastures Government Revenue Pasture and Land Suitable for Grass Lands Department Grazing Lands Fodder Production support, impacted by technical support, support, impacted by decisions of other impacted by decisions decisions of other departments of other departments departments Environment and Plan, influence, develop, - Plan, influence, execute Forests maintain, invest, execute schemes, provide schemes, provide technical support, technical support, impacted by decisions of monitor and approve other departments interventions Revenue Plan, influence, develop, Plan, influence, Plan, influence, develop, maintain, invest, execute develop, maintain, maintain, invest, execute schemes, provide invest, execute schemes, provide technical support, schemes, provide technical support, monitor and approve technical support, monitor and approve interventions monitor and approve interventions interventions Rural Development Negative Influence Negative Influence Influence, develop, and Panchayati Raj maintain, invest, execute schemes, impacted by decisions of other departments

Some functions of almost all departments in the government of Tamil Nadu are linked to waterbodies as a land use. Functions of a few select departments are mentioned below in Table 14. A more detailed matrix is attached in Annexure 2.

Table 14 Land Use Governance Interaction Matrix for Waterbodies Government Saline Fresh (Flowing) Fresh (Stagnant) Wetlands Department Animal Influence, invest, Influence, invest, Influence, invest, Negative Influence Husbandary, execute schemes, execute schemes, execute schemes, Dairying and provide technical provide technical provide technical Fisheries support support support Environment Plan, influence, Influence, invest, Influence, invest, Influence, invest, and Forests develop, maintain, execute schemes, execute schemes, execute schemes, invest, execute provide technical provide technical provide technical schemes, provide support, monitor support, monitor and support, monitor and technical support, approve interventions

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Table 14 Land Use Governance Interaction Matrix for Waterbodies Government Saline Fresh (Flowing) Fresh (Stagnant) Wetlands Department monitor and and approve approve approve interventions interventions interventions Planning, Plan, influence, Plan, influence, Plan, influence, Plan, influence, Development develop, maintain, develop, maintain, develop, maintain, develop, maintain, and Special invest, execute invest, execute invest, execute invest, execute Initiatives schemes, provide schemes, provide schemes, provide schemes, provide Department technical support, technical support, technical support, technical support, monitor and monitor and monitor and approve monitor and approve approve approve interventions, interventions, interventions, interventions, maintain statistics maintain statistics maintain statistics maintain statistics Public Works Influence, impacted Plan, influence, Plan, influence, Plan, influence, (Including by decisions of develop, maintain, develop, maintain, develop, maintain, Water other departments invest, execute invest, execute invest, execute Resources) schemes, provide schemes, provide schemes, provide technical support, technical support, technical support, monitor and monitor and approve monitor and approve approve interventions, interventions, interventions, impacted by decisions impacted by impacted by of other departments decisions of other decisions of other departments departments Revenue Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted by decisions of by decisions of by decisions of other by decisions of other other departments other departments departments departments Rural - Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Negative Influence Development by decisions of by decisions of other and other departments departments Panchayati Raj

Some functions of almost all departments in the government of Tamil Nadu are linked to agriculture as a land use. Functions of a few select departments are mentioned below in Table 15. A more detailed matrix is attached in Annexure 2.

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Table 15 Land Use Governance Interaction Matrix for Agriculture Agro Government climatic Cultivated Cultivable Irrigated Irrigable Soil Health Department Zones Agriculture Plan, Influence, Plan, Plan, Plan, Plan, influence, influence, invest, promote, promote, promote, maintain develop, execute influence, develop, develop, statistics, maintain, schemes, invest, influence, influence, invest, execute invest, provide execute execute invest, schemes, execute technical schemes, schemes, execute provide schemes, support, provide provide schemes, technical provide and technical technical provide support, technical maintain support, and support, and technical monitor and support, statistics maintain maintain support, and approve monitor and statistics statistics maintain interventions, approve statistics impacted by interventions decisions of other departments Public Works Influence, Influence, Influence, Plan, Plan, Influence, (Including provide provide provide influence, influence, provide Water technical technical technical develop, develop, technical Resources) support support support maintain, maintain, support invest, invest, execute execute schemes, schemes, provide provide technical technical support, support, monitor and monitor and approve approve interventions, interventions, impacted by impacted by decisions of decisions of other other departments departments Rural Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Development impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by and decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of Panchayati other other other other other other Raj departments departments departments departments departments departments

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Some functions of almost all departments in the government of Tamil Nadu are linked to industries as a land use. Functions of a few select departments are mentioned below in Table 16. A more detailed matrix is attached in Annexure 2.

Table 16 Land Use Governance Interaction Matrix for Industries Special Special Individual Government Industrial Industrial Industrial Investment Economic Industrial Department Corridors Estates Clusters Regions Zones Units Handloom, Influence, Influence, Plan, Plan, Plan, Plan, Handicrafts, impacted by impacted by influence, influence, influence, influence, Textile and decisions of decisions of develop, develop, develop, develop, Khadi other other maintain, maintain, maintain, maintain, departments departments invest, invest, invest, invest, execute execute execute execute schemes, schemes, schemes, schemes, provide provide provide provide technical technical technical technical support, support, support, support, monitor and monitor and monitor and monitor and approve approve approve approve interventions, interventions, interventions, interventions, impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of other other other other departments departments departments departments Industries Plan, Plan, Plan, Plan, Plan, Plan, (includes promote, promote, promote, promote, promote, promote, Mines) influence, influence, influence, influence, influence, influence, develop, develop, develop, develop, develop, develop, maintain, maintain, maintain, maintain, maintain, maintain, invest, invest, invest, invest, invest, invest, execute execute execute execute execute execute schemes, schemes, schemes, schemes, schemes, schemes, provide provide provide provide provide provide technical technical technical technical technical technical support, support, support, support, support, support, monitor and monitor and monitor and monitor and monitor and monitor and approve approve approve approve approve approve interventions, interventions, interventions, interventions, interventions, interventions, impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of other other other other other other departments, departments, departments, departments, departments, departments, maintain maintain maintain maintain maintain maintain statistics statistics statistics statistics statistics statistics

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Table 16 Land Use Governance Interaction Matrix for Industries Special Special Individual Government Industrial Industrial Industrial Investment Economic Industrial Department Corridors Estates Clusters Regions Zones Units MSME Influence, Influence, Plan, Plan, Plan, Plan, impacted by impacted by influence, influence, influence, influence, decisions of decisions of develop, develop, develop, develop, other other maintain, maintain, maintain, maintain, departments departments invest, invest, invest, invest, execute execute execute execute schemes, schemes, schemes, schemes, provide provide provide provide technical technical technical technical support, support, support, support, monitor and monitor and monitor and monitor and approve approve approve approve interventions, interventions, interventions, interventions, impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of other other other other departments departments departments departments Planning, Plan, Plan, Influence, Influence, Influence, Maintain Development influence, influence, monitor and monitor and monitor and statistics and Special develop, develop, approve approve approve Initiatives maintain, maintain, interventions, interventions, interventions, Department invest, invest, maintain maintain maintain execute execute statistics statistics statistics schemes, schemes, provide provide technical technical support, support, monitor and monitor and approve approve interventions, interventions, maintain maintain statistics statistics Revenue Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Acquisition, Acquisition, Acquisition, Acquisition, Acquisition, Acquisition, impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of other other other other other other departments departments departments departments departments departments Tamil Nadu Impacted by Impacted by Impacted by Impacted by Impacted by Impacted by Skill decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of Development other other other other other other Corporation departments departments departments departments departments departments

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Some functions of few departments in the government of Tamil Nadu are linked to mines as a land use. Functions of a few select departments are mentioned below in Table 17. A more detailed matrix is attached in Annexure 2.

Table 17 Land Use Governance Interaction Matrix for Mines Government Ongoing Mining Mining Potential Mine Deposits Department Industries Plan, promote, Plan, promote, influence, Plan, promote, influence, (includes Mines) influence, develop, develop, maintain, invest, develop, maintain, invest, maintain, invest, execute schemes, provide execute schemes, provide execute schemes, technical support, monitor and technical support, monitor provide technical approve interventions, impacted and approve interventions, support, monitor and by decisions of other impacted by decisions of approve departments other departments interventions, impacted by decisions of other departments Revenue Plan, influence, Plan, influence, monitor and - monitor and approve approve interventions interventions

Some functions of many departments in the government of Tamil Nadu are linked to tourism as a land use theme. Functions of a few select departments are mentioned below in Table 18. A more detailed matrix is attached in Annexure 2.

Table 18 Land Use Governance Interaction Matrix for Tourism

Planning, Municipal Developme Housing and Administrati Tourism, Culture and Government Environment nt and Urban on and Revenue Religious Department and Forests Special Development Water Endowments Initiatives Supply Department Influence, Plan, influence, Influence, invest, Influence, develop, maintain, invest, execute Influence, execute Acquisition, invest, execute specific monitor and specific impacted by schemes, provide Religious schemes, approve - schemes, decisions of technical support, Tourism impacted by interventions impacted by other monitor and approve decisions of , maintain decisions of department interventions, other statistics other s impacted by decisions departments departments of other departments

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Table 18 Land Use Governance Interaction Matrix for Tourism Planning, Municipal Developme Housing and Administrati Tourism, Culture and Government Environment nt and Urban on and Revenue Religious Department and Forests Special Development Water Endowments Initiatives Supply Department Influence, Plan, influence, Influence, invest, Influence, develop, maintain, invest, execute Influence, Influence, execute Acquisition, invest, execute specific monitor and impacted by specific impacted by schemes, provide Beach schemes, approve decisions of schemes, decisions of technical support, Tourism impacted by interventions other impacted by other monitor and approve decisions of , maintain departments decisions of department interventions, other statistics other s impacted by decisions departments departments of other departments Plan, influence, develop, Influence, Plan, influence, Influence, maintain, invest, Influence, develop, maintain, invest, execute Influence, invest, execute Acquisition, invest, execute specific monitor and execute specific impacted by schemes, provide schemes, approve Eco-Tourism schemes, schemes, decisions of technical support, impacted by interventions provide impacted by other monitor and approve decisions of , maintain technical decisions of department interventions, other statistics support, other s impacted by decisions departments monitor and departments of other departments approve interventions Influence, Plan, influence, Influence, invest, Influence, develop, maintain, invest, execute Influence, execute Acquisition, invest, execute specific monitor and Business/Con specific impacted by schemes, provide schemes, approve ference - schemes, decisions of technical support, impacted by interventions Toursim impacted by other monitor and approve decisions of , maintain decisions of department interventions, other statistics other s impacted by decisions departments departments of other departments Influence, Plan, influence, Influence, invest, Influence, develop, maintain, invest, execute Influence, execute Acquisition, invest, execute specific monitor and Heritage/Arc specific impacted by schemes, provide schemes, approve haeology - schemes, decisions of technical support, impacted by interventions Tourism impacted by other monitor and approve decisions of , maintain decisions of department interventions, other statistics other s impacted by decisions departments departments of other departments Influence, Plan, influence, Influence, invest, Influence, develop, maintain, invest, execute Influence, execute Acquisition, invest, execute specific monitor and Festivals / specific impacted by schemes, provide schemes, approve Fairs - schemes, decisions of technical support, impacted by interventions Tourism impacted by other monitor and approve decisions of , maintain decisions of department interventions, other statistics other s impacted by decisions departments departments of other departments

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Some functions of almost all the departments in the government of Tamil Nadu are linked to infrastructure as a land use theme. Functions of a few select departments are mentioned below in Table 19. A more detailed matrix is attached in Annexure 2.

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Table 19 Land Use Governance Interaction Matrix for Infrastructure

anning, anning,

Supply

Energy

Initiatives Initiatives

and Water and Water

Municipal Municipal

Resources)

and Special and Special

Minor Ports Minor

Department Department

Government Government

Development Development Works Public

Highways and and Highways

Administration Administration

(Including Water Water (Including Impacted by Plan, influence, Influence, plan, Plan, influence, Influenced and decisions of develop, invest, execute develop, impacted other maintain, invest, specific schemes, maintain, invest, departments execute schemes, impacted by execute schemes, provide technical decisions of provide technical

support, monitor other support, monitor and approve departments and approve

Roads interventions, interventions, impacted by maintain decisions of statistics other departments Impacted by - Influence, plan, Plan, influence, Plan, influence, decisions of invest, execute develop, develop, other specific schemes, maintain, invest, maintain, invest, departments impacted by execute schemes, execute schemes,

decisions of provide technical provide technical other support, monitor support, monitor departments and approve and approve Airports interventions, interventions, maintain impacted by statistics decisions of other departments Impacted by Influence Influence, Plan, influence, Plan, influence, decisions of impacted by develop, develop, other decisions of maintain, invest, maintain, invest, departments other execute schemes, execute schemes,

departments provide technical provide technical support, monitor support, monitor and approve and approve

Railways interventions, interventions, maintain impacted by statistics decisions of other departments

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Table 19 Land Use Governance Interaction Matrix for Infrastructure

anning, anning,

Supply

Energy

Initiatives Initiatives

and Water and Water

Municipal Municipal

Resources)

and Special and Special

Minor Ports Minor

Department Department

Government Government

Development Development Works Public

Highways and and Highways

Administration Administration

(Including Water Water (Including Impacted by Plan, influence, Influence, Plan, influence, Plan, influence, decisions of develop, impacted by develop, develop, other maintain, invest, decisions of maintain, invest, maintain, invest, departments execute schemes, other execute schemes, execute schemes, provide technical departments provide technical provide technical support, monitor support, monitor support, monitor

Ports and approve and approve and approve interventions, interventions, interventions, impacted by maintain impacted by decisions of statistics decisions of other other departments departments - Plan, influence, Influence, Plan, influence, Plan, influence, develop, impacted by develop, develop, maintain, invest, decisions of maintain, invest, maintain, invest, execute schemes, other execute schemes, execute schemes, provide technical departments provide technical provide technical support, monitor support, monitor support, monitor and approve and approve and approve interventions, interventions, interventions,

Inland Waterways impacted by maintain impacted by decisions of statistics decisions of other other departments departments Impacted by Plan, influence, Influence, plan, Plan, influence, Plan, influence, decisions of develop, invest, execute develop, develop, other maintain, invest, specific schemes, maintain, invest, maintain, invest,

departments execute schemes, impacted by execute schemes, execute schemes, provide technical decisions of provide technical provide technical support, monitor other support, monitor support, monitor and approve departments and approve and approve interventions, interventions, interventions,

Other Logistics Other impacted by maintain impacted by decisions of statistics decisions of other other departments departments

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Table 19 Land Use Governance Interaction Matrix for Infrastructure

anning, anning,

Supply

Energy

Initiatives Initiatives

and Water and Water

Municipal Municipal

Resources)

and Special and Special

Minor Ports Minor

Department Department

Government Government

Development Development Works Public

Highways and and Highways

Administration Administration

(Including Water Water (Including Plan, influence, Influence Influence, Influence, Influence, develop, impacted by monitor and impacted by

maintain, invest, decisions of approve decisions of execute schemes, other interventions, other provide technical departments maintain departments support, monitor statistics

(Renewable) and approve

Power Generation Generation Power interventions

- Plan, influence, Influence Influence, Influence, - develop, impacted by monitor and maintain, invest, decisions of approve execute schemes, other interventions, provide technical departments maintain

Generation (Non Generation support, monitor statistics

Renewable) and approve interventions

Power Power Plan, influence, Influence Influence, Influence, - develop, impacted by monitor and

maintain, invest, decisions of approve execute schemes, other interventions, provide technical departments maintain

(Nuclear) support, monitor statistics

Power Generation Generation Power and approve interventions

Plan, influence, - Influence, Influence, - develop, impacted by monitor and maintain, invest, decisions of approve execute schemes, other interventions, provide technical departments maintain support, monitor statistics and approve interventions

Power Grid / Sub Station Sub / Grid Power

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Table 19 Land Use Governance Interaction Matrix for Infrastructure

anning, anning,

Supply

Energy

Initiatives Initiatives

and Water and Water

Municipal Municipal

Resources)

and Special and Special

Minor Ports Minor

Department Department

Government Government

Development Development Works Public

Highways and and Highways

Administration Administration

(Including Water Water (Including Plan, influence, Influence Influence, invest, Influence, - develop, execute specific monitor and maintain, invest, schemes, approve execute schemes, impacted by interventions, provide technical decisions of maintain

Lines support, monitor other statistics and approve departments Power Transmission Transmission Power interventions

Some functions of almost all the departments in the government of Tamil Nadu are linked to settlements as a land use theme. Functions of a few select departments are mentioned below in Table 20. A more detailed matrix is attached in Annexure 2.

Table 20 Land Use Governance Interaction Matrix for Settlements

Government Proposed upcoming Existing Settlement Settlement Expansion Department Settlements (Greenfield) Housing and Plan, influence, develop, Plan, influence, develop, Plan, influence, develop, Urban maintain, invest, execute maintain, invest, execute maintain, invest, execute Development schemes, provide schemes, provide technical schemes, provide technical technical support, support, monitor and support, monitor and monitor and approve approve interventions, approve interventions, interventions, impacted impacted by decisions of impacted by decisions of by decisions of other other departments other departments departments Industries Influence, develop, Influence, develop, Influence, develop, (includes maintain, invest, execute maintain, invest, execute maintain, invest, execute Mines) schemes, impacted by schemes, impacted by schemes, impacted by decisions of other decisions of other decisions of other departments departments departments MSME Influenced and impacted Influenced and impacted Influenced and impacted Municipal Plan, influence, develop, Plan, influence, develop, Plan, influence, develop, Administration maintain, invest, execute maintain, invest, execute maintain, invest, execute and Water schemes, provide schemes, provide technical schemes, provide technical Supply technical support, support, monitor and support, monitor and monitor and approve approve interventions, approve interventions,

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Table 20 Land Use Governance Interaction Matrix for Settlements

Government Proposed upcoming Existing Settlement Settlement Expansion Department Settlements (Greenfield) interventions, impacted impacted by decisions of impacted by decisions of by decisions of other other departments other departments departments Revenue Influence, Acquisition, Influence, Acquisition, Influence, Acquisition, impacted by decisions of impacted by decisions of impacted by decisions of other departments other departments other departments Rural Influenced and impacted Influenced and impacted Influenced and impacted Development and Panchayati Raj

Table 21 Land Use Governance Interaction Matrix for Settlements

Water Water

Animal

Revenue

Fisheries

(TNeGA) Planning,

Initiatives Initiatives

(Including (Including

Resources)

Agriculture

and Special and Special

and Forests and

Governance Governance

Department Department

Government Government

Husbandary, Husbandary,

Dairying and and Dairying

Environment Environment

Development Development Works Public

Directorate of Directorate - - Provide Plan, influence, Maintain Influence, Influence, technical execute statistics impacted by impacted by

support for schemes, decisions of decisions of Research & provide other other

Ravinous Development, technical departments departments Remote Sensing, support, Spatial Mapping impacted by and Data Base decisions of Gullied and and Gullied Management other departments

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Table 21 Land Use Governance Interaction Matrix for Settlements

Water Water

Animal

Revenue

Fisheries

(TNeGA) Planning,

Initiatives Initiatives

(Including (Including

Resources)

Agriculture

and Special and Special

and Forests and

Governance Governance

Department Department

Government Government

Husbandary, Husbandary,

Dairying and and Dairying

Environment Environment

Development Development Works Public

Directorate of Directorate - - Provide Plan, influence, Plan, Influence, Influence, technical execute influence, impacted by impacted by

support for schemes, develop, decisions of decisions of Research & provide maintain, other other Development, technical invest, departments departments Remote Sensing, support, execute Spatial Mapping impacted by schemes, and Data Base decisions of provide Management other technical departments support, monitor and approve interventions,

Land Affected with Salinity/Alkalinity with Affected Land maintain statistics Plan, Plan, Provide Plan, influence, Plan, - Influence, influence, influence, technical execute influence, impacted by execute execute support for schemes, develop, decisions of schemes, schemes, Research & provide maintain, other provide provide Development, technical invest, departments technical technical Remote Sensing, support, execute support, support, Spatial Mapping impacted by schemes, impacted impacted by and Data Base decisions of provide by decisions of Management other technical decisions other departments support, of other departments monitor and departmen approve

Degraded Agriculture & Forest Land & Forest Agriculture Degraded ts interventions, maintain statistics

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Table 21 Land Use Governance Interaction Matrix for Settlements

Water Water

Animal

Revenue

Fisheries

(TNeGA) Planning,

Initiatives Initiatives

(Including (Including

Resources)

Agriculture

and Special and Special

and Forests and

Governance Governance

Department Department

Government Government

Husbandary, Husbandary,

Dairying and and Dairying

Environment Environment

Development Development Works Public

Directorate of Directorate Plan, - Provide Plan, influence, Plan, - Influence, influence, technical execute influence, impacted by execute support for schemes, develop, decisions of schemes, Research & provide maintain, other provide Development, technical invest, departments technical Remote Sensing, support, execute support, Spatial Mapping impacted by schemes, impacted and Data Base decisions of provide by Management other technical decisions departments support, of other monitor and departmen approve ts interventions,

Degraded Pastures and Grazing Land Grazing and Pastures Degraded maintain statistics - - Provide Plan, influence, Plan, - Influence, technical execute influence, impacted by support for schemes, develop, decisions of Research & provide maintain, other Development, technical invest, departments Remote Sensing, support, execute

Spatial Mapping impacted by schemes, and Data Base decisions of provide

Sands Management other technical departments support, monitor and approve interventions, maintain statistics

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Table 21 Land Use Governance Interaction Matrix for Settlements

Water Water

Animal

Revenue

Fisheries

(TNeGA) Planning,

Initiatives Initiatives

(Including (Including

Resources)

Agriculture

and Special and Special

and Forests and

Governance Governance

Department Department

Government Government

Husbandary, Husbandary,

Dairying and and Dairying

Environment Environment

Development Development Works Public

Directorate of Directorate - impacted by Provide - Plan, - Influence, decisions of technical influence, impacted by other support for develop, decisions of departments Research & maintain, other

Development, invest, departments Remote Sensing, execute Spatial Mapping schemes, and Data Base provide Management technical support,

Industrial Waste Land Waste Industrial monitor and approve interventions, maintain statistics - - Provide Influence, Plan, - Influence, technical execute influence, impacted by

support for schemes, develop, decisions of Research & provide maintain, other Development, technical invest, departments Remote Sensing, support, execute Spatial Mapping impacted by schemes, and Data Base decisions of provide Management other technical departments, support, Monitor and monitor and Approve approve

Mining Waste Land / Closed Mines / Closed Land Mining Waste Interventions interventions, maintain statistics

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Table 21 Land Use Governance Interaction Matrix for Settlements

Water Water

Animal

Revenue

Fisheries

(TNeGA) Planning,

Initiatives Initiatives

(Including (Including

Resources)

Agriculture

and Special and Special

and Forests and

Governance Governance

Department Department

Government Government

Husbandary, Husbandary,

Dairying and and Dairying

Environment Environment

Development Development Works Public

Directorate of Directorate - - Provide - Plan, - Influence, technical influence, impacted by support for develop, decisions of Research & maintain, other Development, invest, departments Remote Sensing, execute Spatial Mapping schemes, and Data Base provide Management technical support, monitor and approve interventions,

Barren / Rocky / Stoney Waste Land Waste / Stoney / Rocky Barren maintain statistics

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The land use (planning) policy envisages to bridge this gap be bringing on board a multi-sectoral approach and ownership to ensure that the underlying themes/essence of various existing policies and guidelines of different sectors are captured and well represented in the proposed land use (planning) policy to ensure that synergy is achieved across various sectors. For the purpose of formulation of the land use (planning) policy and related guiding documents, formation of a multi-sectoral working group (involving multiple state sectoral departments) is envisaged. As part of the structure, an academic expert panel is also proposed for guiding and vetting the policies and other supporting/guiding documents. A working group has been envisaged for formulation of the draft policy. The group would essentially be responsible for coordination of the entire process including interaction with stakeholder departments on theme basis. The structure of working group, themes and sub-themes is indicated in the image below:

Figure 5: Working Group and Themes

GIZ team would provide technical support through the entire process.

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As part of the working group, a core group has been envisaged for formulation of the draft policy. The core group would essentially be responsible for coordination of the entire process. Inter alia, the functions of the core working group would include (not limited to): . Allocating time for meetings at regular intervals . Ensuring Inter-departmental coordination and cooperation across the governance structure in Tamil Nadu . Take lead in facilitating theme/sub theme based stakeholder consultations . Finalising the scope of policy with due guidance from panel of academic experts . Moderate each subtheme to assess gaps in existing provisions (policies, acts, rules and regulations) . Facilitate data and information collection as necessary for the purpose of drafting the policy . Enlist issues/concerns of land use practices, governance and management in Tamil Nadu based on gap assessment, stakeholder interactions and guidance from panel of academic experts . Record all stakeholder interaction and consultation meetings, workshops and circulate the same to attendees for inputs and finalisation . Close coordination with Department of Town and Country Planning to create a broad framework guideline for creating ‘Spatial Land Use Plans at Regional /District level’ that can be integrated into the governance structure for the state and build consensus with other sectoral departments for the same . Formulate policy drafts and the records and information as available with support from GIZ . Present and discuss draft policy to the State level Steering committee for review and inputs . Revise and update the draft policy incorporating feedback from all stakeholders, departments, and the panel of academic experts to achieve consensus and eventual submission to the State for approval.

It is envisaged that the heads of various divisions within the State Planning Commission undertake the above mentioned role. The list of working group representatives is mentioned below . Head of Division – Land Use, State Planning Commission . Commissioner, Town and Country Planning (or his/her representative) . Joint Commissioner, Land Administration Department . Joint/ Additional Secretary, Housing and Urban Development Department . Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Forest & Environment Department (or his/her representative)

In addition to above, below mentioned members would participating in the thematic consultations . Joint Commissioner, Revenue Administration Department . Commissioner, Disaster Management Department . Director, Rural Development and Panchayati Raj Department (or his/her representative) . Commissioner, Industries Department (or his/her representative) . Director, Agriculture Department (or his/her representative) . Commissioner, Highways and Minor Ports Department (or his/her representative) . Commissioner, Department of Industries (or his/her representative) . Commissioner, Tamil Nadu Infrastructure Development Board (or his/her representative) . Commissioner, Department of Transport (or his/her representative)

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GIZ team would provide all necessary technical support through the entire process. Among other things the support would be in the form of knowledge provision, research and information assessments, drafting of formats for data/information collection, usage and interpretation, drafting the policy, etc. The GIZ team would further ensure the following: . Allocating time for meetings with the core working group, panel of academic experts as well as other key stakeholders. . Support core working group in ensuring Inter-departmental coordination and cooperation across the governance structure in Tamil Nadu by providing out of box thinking, ideas and concepts . Support core working group with a baseline information assessment, moderation as well as collation of information for ensuring successful theme/sub theme based stakeholder consultations . Close interaction and follow-ups with panel of academic experts including identifying them and bringing them on board . Support core working group in assessing gaps in existing provisions (policies, acts, rules and regulations) . Analyse enlisted issues/concerns of land use practices, governance and management in Tamil Nadu based on gap assessment, stakeholder interactions and guidance from panel of academic experts . Support core working group with formats for recording stakeholder interactions, consultation meetings, workshops and circulate the same to attendees for inputs and finalisation . Support core working group in ensuring close coordination with Department of Town and Country Planning in creating a broad framework guideline for ‘Spatial Land Use Plans at Regional /District level’ that can be integrated into the governance structure for the state . Support core working group in formulation of policy drafts . Support core working group in presenting and discussing draft policy to the State level Steering committee for review and inputs . Support core working group (if necessary) in undertaking revision and updates to the draft policy incorporating feedback from all stakeholders, departments, and the panel of academic experts to achieve consensus and eventual submission to the State for approval.

Knowledge support from the academic advisory panel is expected in terms of observations and recommendations on baseline, scope of policy and the draft policy itself. The panel of academic experts has been targeted to garner representations from various planning colleges/universities located in different states across the country to ensure incorporation of as varied experiences as possible. The documents prepared by core working group through support of GIZ shall be shared with the academic expert panel for their inputs, review and recommendations on the notes and short reports on theme/fortnightly/monthly basis. It is suggested that the state consider organising a one/two day workshop on completion of the draft of the policy inviting the panel for knowledge sharing and dissemination purposes. The list of academic experts proposed to be part of the panel is mentioned below: . Dr. Satish K. Kulshreshtha, Senior Consultant, Land Use Planning & Management Project, GIZ India . Dr. Parthasarathy, Director and Professor, GIDR

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. Dr. Shravan Kumar Acharya, Professor, JNU . Dr. Sudeshna Mitra, Professor, IIHS . Dr. N. Sridharan, Professor SPA Delhi, Director, SPA Bhopal . Dr. Asha Rajvanshi, Senior Professor, WII, Dehradun . Dr. Sejal Patel, Professor, CEPT University . Dr. Ajay Katuri, GIS and Disaster Management Expert . Dr. Kiran Sandhu, Professor, GNDU . Prof. Sudhir Chella Rajan, IIT Madras . Dr. Avilash Roul, IIT Madras . Dr. M. Chinnadurai, Director, Tamil Nadu Agriculture University

1. Guidance and review of reports/working papers through e-mail/meetings 2. Allocating time for select thematic consultations based on availability to Tamil Nadu 3. Review, assess and suggest improvements in draft policy papers and existing inter-departmental coordination and cooperation across the governance structure in the state 4. Inputs for finalising the scope of policy in terms of outlining a. Gaps in existing provisions (policies) based on GIZ teams assessment b. Suitable assessment and analysis methodology for collected data/information c. Share experiences and expertise related to sector specific issues/concerns of land use practices for comparable inferences for state specific cases d. Share experiences and expertise related to spatial governance and land use management mechanisms in India and abroad for comparable inferences in the state 5. Review and provide inputs to formulating a draft policy and papers based on records and information as available in State departments with support from GIZ 7.3.1.1 Dr. S K Kulshrestha (Senior Consultant, LUPM, GIZ India) (Additional contributions) 1. Overall guidance and ensuring the running under the Working Group on Policies based on the four themes identified 2. Use the draft national land use policy as a guiding framework to draft the draft land use policy for Tamil Nadu 3. Take lead in facilitating theme/sub theme based stakeholder consultations with both other external experts as well as representatives from government departments 4. Guiding and reviewing thematic reports and working papers in a timely manner 5. Drafting of the position paper before each working group meeting 6. Soliciting and collating inputs from different departments as part of the working group meeting 7. Drafting policy statements and recommendations for each theme based on inputs compiled from different departments as part of the working group meetings 8. Framework for institutional and implementation mechanism for spatial planning and land use 9. Drafting the policy document by collating and balancing out outputs and outcomes from each theme based discussion

(Additional contributions)

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1. Take lead in facilitating select theme/sub theme based stakeholder consultations with Senior Consultant, GIZ India, as well as representatives from government departments 2. Specific focus on: a. Environmental Economics considering natural resource management, water allocation and security, integrating grassland from an economic standpoint with settlements b. Agricultural economics considering irrigation, precision agriculture, agro climatic zones, integrated farm livelihood management c. Industrial & Mining Sector from regional economics and planning perspective d. Settlement pattern in terms of hierarchy and future of settlements including spatio-economic linkages 3. Contribute to position papers relating to the above themes in coordination with GIZ 4. Bring in experiences from other parts of India (particularly Gujarat) as well as the world 5. Framework for institutional and implementation mechanism including multi-sectoral and regional integration approach for spatial planning and land use planning 6. Contribute in soliciting inputs from different departments as part of the working group meeting 7. Contribute in drafting policy statements and recommendations for relevant theme based on inputs compiled from different departments as part of the working group meetings 8. Contribute in drafting the policy document by consolidating theme based outputs and outcomes from relevant theme based discussion

(Additional contributions) 1. Take lead in facilitating select theme/sub theme based stakeholder consultations with Senior Consultant, GIZ India, as well as representatives from government departments 2. Specific focus on: a. Environmental Economics considering natural resource management, water allocation and security, integrating grassland from a geographer’s standpoint with settlements b. Regional Integration (Rural - Urban) from societal point of view by considering settlement patterns, hierarchy of settlements, shape, structure, growth and future of settlements in both urban as well as rural areas 3. Contribute to position papers relating to the above themes in coordination with GIZ 4. Bring in experiences from other parts of India as well as the world 5. Contribute to a framework for institutional and implementation mechanism including urban-rural linkages and regional integration approach for spatial planning and land use planning 6. Contribute in soliciting inputs from different departments as part of the working group meeting 7. Contribute in drafting policy statements and recommendations for relevant theme based on inputs compiled from different departments as part of the working group meetings 8. Contribute in drafting the policy document by consolidating theme based outputs and outcomes from relevant theme based discussion

(Additional contributions)

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1. Contribute to discussions on and perspectives in political economy of land, the role of real estate in urban and economic development and urban governance 2. Contribute from an institutional legal reforms and economic perspective to relevant theme/sub theme based stakeholder consultations with Senior Consultant, GIZ India, as well as representatives from government departments 3. Specific focus on: a. Peri-urban land dynamics b. imperatives and interventions in municipal financing c. Land Records Modernisation with a focus on land recording practices and institutional, legal and procedural reforms d. Integrating land use, land values, land based financing, tenure arrangements and land rights, in public- private development partnerships and across different scales of governance. 4. Contribute to position papers relating to the above themes in coordination with GIZ 5. Bring in experiences from other parts of India as well as the world 6. Contribute in drafting policy statements and recommendations for relevant theme based on inputs compiled from different departments as part of the working group meetings 7. Contribute in drafting the policy document by consolidating theme based outputs and outcomes from relevant theme based discussion

It is understood that a good Land Use (Planning) Policy would be a spatial governance tool that balances considerations to all sectors at all levels of governance. Some of the key consideration for formulation of the policy draft would include: . Linking of various tax policy incentives to proposed land use (planning) policy . Linking sub-national/state level fiscal systems, schemes, projects that directly impact efficiency of land use to the proposed land use (planning) policy . Integrating the demographic and economic trends as all settlements are interdependent . Integrating various sectors and levels of government to ensure smooth decision in multi-sectoral environment to overcome sectoral silos (if any) . Strengthening regional considerations as part of planning and project conceptualisation . Enhancing institutional/coordination mechanisms based on strengths of state This necessitate consultations and close interactions with multiple stakeholder (sectoral departments) that are experts in their respective fields. Such consultations are envisaged under three fundamental themes of sustainability, i.e. Environment, Economy and Society. Each of these fields may have one or more sub- themes. These sub themes, the proposed working group representatives, the proposed coordinator from the core working group as well as the envisaged scope of work is briefly mentioned below. In general, the representatives from the relevant sectoral departments are expected to: . Nominate relevant/knowledgeable personnel for representing the department . Allocate time for meetings at regular intervals . Enlist and share existing provisions (policies, acts, rules and regulations) for resolving conflicts with development projects . Assess gaps in existing provisions (policies, acts, rules and regulations) for resolving conflicts with development projects

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. Provide inputs and review the draft policy with suggestions for incorporation as part of sector specific land use considerations . Strive to arrive at consensus for enhancing the coordination mechanisms with other departments Theme/sub theme specific roles and scope are mentioned in the following sections

7.4.1.1 Sub Theme: Forests and Protected Areas The sub theme of forests and protected areas essentially revolves around the impact on as well as impact of protected areas, conservation and community reserves, and areas of ecological importance especially in terms of development control. 7.4.1.1.1 Stakeholder/Sectoral Departments The sub-group is expected to have representation/inputs from the following departments . Environment and Forest Department . Planning Development and Special Initiatives Department . Public Works Department . Rural Development and Panchayati Raj Department Head, State Land Use Board is expected to take up the role of coordination jointly with Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Forest & Environment Department. 7.4.1.1.2 Agenda for consultations on Forests and Protected Areas Among other things the stakeholders/sectoral departments would . Share necessary information regarding forests, protected areas, conservation and community reserves, and areas of ecological importance . Enlist and share issues/concerns of land use practices that conflict with forests as a land use . Formulate vision statement for forest as a land use

7.4.1.2 Sub Theme: Grasslands/Pastures and Grazing Land The sub theme of Grasslands/Pastures and Grazing Land essentially revolves around the impact on as well as impact of Grasslands, Revenue Pastures and Grazing land and land suitable for fodder production in terms of development of settlements, agriculture, industries, tourism and other land uses. 7.4.1.2.1 Stakeholder/Sectoral Departments The sub-group is expected to have representation/inputs from the following departments . Environment and Forest Department . Revenue Department . Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries . Agriculture Department . Rural Development and Panchayati Raj Department Head, State Land Use Board and Director, Rural Development and Panchayati Raj Department are expected to jointly take up the role of coordination.

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7.4.1.2.2 Agenda for consultations on Grasslands/Pastures and Grazing Land Among other things the stakeholders/sectoral departments would . Share necessary information regarding extent and expanse of grasslands, pastures, grazing lands, status of livestock and fodder production as well as the carrying capacity, stocking rates and environmental status of the same . Enlist and share issues/concerns of land use practices that conflict with grasslands, pastures and grazing land as a land use . Formulate vision statement for grasslands, pastures and grazing land as a land use

7.4.1.3 Sub Theme: Water Bodies The sub theme of Water Bodies shall focus on the impact of development activities on saline, fresh flowing, fresh stagnant water bodies as well as wetlands. 7.4.1.3.1 Stakeholder/Sectoral Departments The sub-group is expected to have representation from the following departments . Public Works Department . Environment and Forest Department . Revenue Department . Rural Development and Panchayati Raj Department . Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries Head, State Land Use Board and Director, Rural Development and Panchayati Raj Department are expected to jointly take up the role of coordination. 7.4.1.3.2 Agenda for consultations on Waterbodies Among other things the stakeholders/sectoral departments would . Share necessary information regarding extent and expanse of various categories of waterbodies and ground water aquifers in terms of size, capacity, catchment, seasonality, quality and environmental status of the same . Enlist and share issues/concerns of land use practices that either depend on or result in negative influence on waterbodies as a land use . Enlist and share policies, guiding documents, considerations, issues/concerns in competitive water resource allocation between various sectors including (but not limited) to irrigation, industries, settlements, environment, etc. . Formulate vision statement for waterbodies as a land use

7.4.2.1 Sub Theme: Agriculture The sub theme of Agriculture shall focus on the impact on as well as impact of agro-climatic zones, cultivates and cultivable areas, irrigated and irrigable areas, the soil health in general, fallow land and land use conversions with due consideration to development activities and environmental impacts across various sectors.

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7.4.2.1.1 Stakeholder/Sectoral Departments The sub-group is expected to have representation from the following departments . Agriculture Department . Agriculture Engineering Department . Public Works Department . Environment and Forest Department . Rural Development and Panchayati Raj Department Director, Agricultural Policy and Planning Division (State Planning Commission) under guidance from Director, Agriculture Department is expected to take up the role of coordination. 7.4.2.1.2 Agenda for consultations on Agriculture Among other things the stakeholders/sectoral departments would . Share necessary information regarding farm holdings, cropping patterns, cultivated and cultivable areas, irrigated and irrigable areas and other agriculture plans and practices with due consideration to micro- agro-climatic zones and agri-infrastructure . Enlist and share policies, guiding documents, considerations, issues/concerns that guide strengthening of agriculture as an economic prospect and/or result in conflicts or negative influence on sustainable agriculture and related project/investment prioritisation . Formulate vision statement for agriculture as a land use

7.4.2.2 Sub Theme: Industries The sub theme of Industries shall focus on industrial corridors, special investment regions, special economic zones, industrial estates, clusters and individual units along with land use conversions with due consideration to environmental, economic as well as other social impacts across various sectors and land uses. 7.4.2.2.1 Stakeholder/Sectoral Departments The sub-group is expected to have representation from the following departments . Industries Department . Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Department . Handlooms, Handicrafts, Textiles and Khadi Department . Cooperation Department and Food and Consumer Protection . Tamil Nadu Skill Development Cooperation . Revenue Department Head, Industries, Power and Transport Division (State Planning Commission) under guidance from Commissioner, Industries Department is expected to take up the role of coordination. 7.4.2.2.2 Agenda for consultations on Industries Among other things the stakeholders/sectoral departments would . Share necessary information regarding industrial development in the state with due consideration to total estimated area, earmarked land, land under possession, envisaged investments, production and employment generation, current status of development and future plans in short (3 years), medium (7 years) and long term (15 years)

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. Enlist and share policies, guiding documents, considerations, issues/concerns that guide strengthening of industrial development, cluster formation, promoting MSMEs, locating industries in the state and related project/investment prioritisation among various industrial sub-sectors, and positive as well as negative influence on other land uses and sectors . Enlist and detail out challenges in land acquisition, land valuation and land availability/banking at desired locations along with possible alternative mechanisms for resolving disputes and getting access to land resources with minimum conflict to environment, society etc. for enabling faster clearances . Formulate vision statement for industries as a land use . Formulate an industrial development strategy

7.4.2.3 Sub Theme: Mines The sub theme of Mines shall focus on ongoing mining area/zones, mining potential as well as mining deposits with due consideration to environmental, economic as well as other social impacts across various sectors and land uses. 7.4.2.3.1 Stakeholder/Sectoral Departments The sub-group is expected to have representation from the following departments . Industries Department . Revenue Department . Environment and Forest Department Head, Industries, Power and Transport Division (State Planning Commission) under guidance from Commissioner, Industries Department expected to take up the role of coordination. 7.4.2.3.2 Agenda for consultations on Mines Among other things the stakeholders/sectoral departments would . Share necessary information regarding mining area development in the state with due consideration to total mineral resources, estimated area distribution, their capacity, status, life, envisaged investments, production and employment generation, current status of development and future plans in short (3 years), medium (7 years) and long term (15 years) . Enlist and share policies, guiding documents, considerations, issues/concerns that guide development of mining areas in the state and related project/investment prioritisation along with the positive and negative influence on other land uses and sectors resulting in conflicts . Formulate vision statement for mines as a land use

7.4.2.4 Sub Theme: Tourism The sub theme of tourism is considered as an economic sector that has the maximum trickledown effect and can result in the maximum employment generation per unit investment. Hence the sub theme shall focus on multiple aspects of tourism including (but not limited to) religious tourism, beach tourism, ecotourism, business/conferences tourism, festivals/fairs, heritage/archaeology, rural/agricultural tourism, leisure/amusement/entertainment tourism as well as way side amenities for tourists with due consideration to environmental, economic as well as other social impacts across various sectors and land uses. 7.4.2.4.1 Stakeholder/Sectoral Departments The sub-group is expected to have representation from the following departments

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. Tourism Culture and Religious Endowments Department . Transport Department . Environment and Forest Department . Housing and Urban Development Department . Municipal Administration and Water Supply Department . Planning, Development and Special Initiatives Department Head, Industries, Power and Transport Division (State Planning Commission) under guidance from Additional Secretary, Housing and Urban Development Department is expected to take up the role of coordination. 7.4.2.4.2 Agenda for consultations on Tourism Among other things the stakeholders/sectoral departments would . Share necessary information regarding tourism categories in the state with due consideration to existing and upcoming projects, estimated footfalls, land earmarked, envisaged investments and tourism focus areas/zones, status of important tourist areas in terms of linkages, infrastructure and future plans in short (3 years), medium (7 years) and long term (15 years) . Enlist and share policies, guiding documents, considerations, issues/concerns that guide development of tourism areas/zones in the state and related project/investment prioritisation along with the positive and negative influence on other land uses and sectors resulting in conflicts . Formulate vision statement for tourism as a land use/land use influence . Formulate a tourism development strategy

7.4.2.5 Sub Theme: Infrastructure The sub theme of infrastructure forms the basis of all development activities. The sub theme shall focus on multiple aspects of infrastructure including (but not limited to) roads, airports, ports, railways, inland waterways, transmission lines, markets, other logistics, power generation (renewable, non-renewable, nuclear), power grids as well as transmission etc. with due consideration to environmental, economic as well as other social impacts across various sectors and land uses. 7.4.2.5.1 Stakeholder/Sectoral Departments The sub-group is expected to have representation from the following departments . Energy Department . Highways and Minor Ports Department . Municipal Administration and Water Supply Department . Public Works Department . Transport Department . Planning, Development and Special Initiatives Department Head, Industries, Power and Transport Division (State Planning Commission) and Head, Plan Coordination Division (State Planning Commission) are expected to jointly take up the role of coordination under guidance of Commissioner, Highways and Minor Ports Department. 7.4.2.5.2 Agenda for consultations on Infrastructure Among other things the stakeholders/sectoral departments would

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. Share necessary information regarding infrastructure development in the state with due consideration to its hierarchy, function, influence area, population covered, status of development, land requirements, total estimated area, earmarked land, land under possession, envisaged investments, and future plans in short (3 years), medium (7 years) and long term (15 years) . Enlist and share policies, guiding documents, considerations, issues/concerns that guide development and maintenance of infrastructure, investment prioritisation, and its positive as well as negative influence on other land uses and sectors . Enlist and detail out challenges in land acquisition, land valuation and land availability/banking at desired locations along with possible alternative mechanisms for resolving disputes and getting access to land resources with minimum conflict to environment, society etc. for enabling faster clearances . Formulate vision statement for infrastructure as a land use

7.4.3.1 Sub Theme: Settlements – Urban and Rural The sub theme of settlements is fundamental to development activities. All development activities lead to and follow the settlement pattern in any region. This sub theme shall focus on multiple aspects of settlements that existing, expanding, shrinking or proposed green field development. Whether urban or rural, the settlements theme would give due consideration to environmental, economic as well as other social impacts across various sectors and land uses. 7.4.3.1.1 Stakeholder/Sectoral Departments The sub-group is expected to have representation from the following departments . Housing and Urban Development Department . Municipal Administration and Water Supply Department . Rural Development and Panchayati Raj Department . Industries Department . MSME Department . Revenue Department . Department of Town and Country Planning The Heads of Rural Development Division (State Planning Commission), Plan Coordination Division (State Planning Commission) and State Land Use Board are expected to jointly take up the role of coordination under joint guidance of Additional Secretary Housing and Urban Development Department, Director Rural Development and Panchayati Raj Department and Commissioner, Town and Country Planning. 7.4.3.1.2 Agenda for consultations on Settlements Among other things the stakeholders/sectoral departments would . Share necessary information regarding settlements in urban, peri-urban, rural as well as Rurban context with due consideration to its hierarchy, structure, function, influence area, population, status of development, land requirements, envisaged investments, financial resources, and future plans in short (3 years), medium (7 years) and long term (15 years)

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. Enlist and share policies, guiding documents, considerations, issues/concerns that guide development and maintenance of settlements, investment prioritisation, budgetary allocation, financial resources, scheme implementations and its positive as well as negative influence on other land uses and sectors . Enlist and detail out challenges in balancing growth pattern, creating network linkages, stress on natural resources including access to land for infrastructure development, land acquisition, land valuation and land availability/banking at desired locations along with possible alternative mechanisms for resolving disputes and getting access to land resources with minimum conflict to environment, economy and society in general etc. for enabling regional balance . Enlist and share existing provisions (policies, acts, rules and regulations) for resolving conflicts with other land uses and sectors especially when expanding or undertaking greenfield projects . Formulate vision statement for settlements as a land use . Formulate an urbanisation strategy

7.4.3.2 Sub Theme: Disaster Prone Areas The sub theme of disaster prone areas cuts across all sectors and land uses. Though not category in land use, it is important to be addressed as an integral part of all land uses. This sub theme shall focus on impact and vulnerability of all sectors and land uses as affected/to be affected in disaster prone areas including those affected by cyclones, floods, tsunami, landslides, fire earthquake, water scarcity, extreme temperatures, major accident hazards etc. 7.4.3.2.1 Stakeholder/Sectoral Departments The sub-group is expected to have representation from the following departments . Revenue Department . Directorate of E-Governance (TNeGA) . Environment and Forest Department . Planning Development and Special Initiatives Department . Public Works Department . Municipal Administration and Water Supply Department . Housing and Urban Development Department . Rural Development and Panchayati Raj Department . Industries Department The Heads of GIS Lab Division (State Planning Commission), Plan Coordination Division (State Planning Commission) are expected to jointly take up the role of coordination under guidance of Commissioner, Disaster Management Department and Commissioner, Town and Country Planning and Head, State Land Use Board. 7.4.3.2.2 Agenda for consultations on Disaster Prone Areas Among other things the stakeholders/sectoral departments would . Share necessary information regarding disaster prone/vulnerable areas in terms of major hazards and their influence zones, vulnerable population, adaptation mitigation measures at regional scale, land requirements, envisaged investments, financial resources, and future plans in short (3 years), medium (7 years) and long term (15 years) . Enlist and share policies, guiding documents, considerations, issues/concerns that guide medium to long term mitigation measures, planning, investment prioritisation, budgetary allocation, financial

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resources, scheme implementations and their positive as well as negative influence on other land uses and sectors . Enlist and share existing provisions (policies, acts, rules and regulations) for resolving conflicts with other land uses and sectors leading to sustainable planning and development measures . Formulate vision statement for Disaster prone and vulnerable areas . Formulate a disaster resilience strategy

7.4.3.3 Sub Theme: Socially Vulnerable The sub theme of socially vulnerable cuts across all sectors and land uses. Though not category in land use, it is important to be addressed as an integral part of all land uses. This sub theme shall focus on access of opportunities, social infrastructure (health and education) and land resource/use balance in context of socially vulnerable population (especially in terms of tribal, backward, other marginalised sections of society all sectors and land uses). 7.4.3.3.1 Stakeholder/Sectoral Departments The sub-group is expected to have representation from the following departments . Adi Dravidar and Tribal Welfare Department . Backward Classes, MBS, and Minorities Welfare Department . Municipal Administration and Water Supply Department . Housing and Urban Development Department . Rural Development and Panchayati Raj Department . Planning Development and Special Initiatives Department . Public Works Department . Agriculture Engineering Department The Head of Plan Coordination Division (State Planning Commission) under the guidance of Joint Commissioner, Land Administration Department and Head, State Land Use Board are expected to jointly take up the role of coordination. 7.4.3.3.2 Agenda for consultations on Socially Vulnerable Among other things the stakeholders/sectoral departments would . Share necessary information regarding socially vulnerable areas in terms of tribal areas, forest rights areas, other backward areas, their nutritional requirements, access to education and health facilities, economic opportunities, planned development/upliftment initiatives, allocated financial, land and other resources, and future plans in short (3 years), medium (7 years) and long term (15 years) . Enlist and share policies, guiding documents, considerations, issues/concerns that guide medium to long term measures, planning, investment prioritisation, budgetary allocation, financial resources, scheme implementations and their positive as well as negative influence on other land uses and sectors . Enlist and share existing provisions (policies, acts, rules and regulations) for resolving conflicts with other land uses and sectors leading to sustainable planning and development measures . Formulate vision statement for socially vulnerable . Formulate an inclusion strategy

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7.4.4.1 Waste Lands The sub theme of Waste land is considered as a land use in India. This sub theme shall focus on re- categorization/reclassification based on appropriate uses of existing and demarcated gullied/ravenous land, wetlands, scrubs, degraded forest and agricultural lands and sands. 7.4.4.1.1 Stakeholder/Sectoral Departments The sub-group is expected to have representation from the following departments . Directorate of E-Governance (TNeGA) . Revenue Department . Agriculture Department . Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries . Environment and Forest Department . Planning Development and Special Initiatives Department Head, State Land Use Board, Joint Commissioner, Land Administration Department and Joint Commissioner, Revenue Administration Department are expected to jointly take up the role of coordination. 7.4.4.1.2 Agenda for consultations Sub-group on Waste Lands Among other things the stakeholders/sectoral departments would . Share necessary information regarding wastelands as categorised by National Wasteland Atlas of India, Revenue department and forest . Enlist and share issues/concerns of land use practices that conflict with wastelands as a land use . Formulate vision statement for re-categorization/reclassification of wasteland as a land use

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The following structure (contents) are proposed to be addressed as part of the State Land Use (Planning) Policy . Section 1: Introduction o Importance/Significance of Land use Policy o Spatial Governance  Departments and their roles/functions  Shortlisted land uses to be represented on District level . Section 2: Land use at State/District Level: (theme wise details would be addressed) o Statistics: existing scenario, change in land use o Key challenges/issues o Departments responsible for various land uses o Policies/vision of departments considering the specific land uses o Vision statements for each land use . Section 3: District Level Spatial Land Use Plans o Objectives of District Level Spatial Land Use Plans o Purpose/Need o Components/Contents o Broad Guidelines – Framework  Interaction between two land uses  Consultations with Stakeholders – Coordination between Departments o Interpretation o Responsible Departments o Integration in Governance . Section 4: Implementation Mechanism o Appreciate Existing Institutional Structure o Scope of Improvement – Reference to Department Land Use Matrix o Proposed Institutional Structure – Coordination Mechanism o Resources  Staffing Structure  Funding Sources o Timelines o Review and monitoring . Compendium of References o Compendium of Documents supporting each chapter  Learning from international experiences  Land use statistics (land use change, challenges)  Department vs Land Use Matrix – Roles and Mandate

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 Interaction matrix (conflict between land uses)  Interdepartmental Coordination o Compendium of Record of discussions  Inputs/comments of each stakeholder  Action taken/revision done for each chapter - building arguments

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List of Departments of Tamil Nadu, respective sub-departments, Agencies, Institutes with related policies, schemes, programmes

. Adi Dravidar and Tribal Welfare Department Sub Department, Agencies, Institutes, Policies, Schemes, Programmes, Committees PSU . Directorate of Adi Dravidar Welfare . Abolition of Bonded Labour System

. Directorate of Tribal Welfare . Adi Dravidar and Tribal Welfare Department - . Puthiraivannar Welfare Board Hostels - Special Guides . Social Justice and Human Rights wing . Animal Husbandry . State Level High Power Vigilance and . Annal Gandhi Memorial Award Monitoring Committee . Assistance to Lawyers for Starting their . Tamil Nadu Adi Dravidar Housing and Practice Development Corporation . Burial Ground - Provision of Burial Grounds . Tamil Nadu Scavenger’s Welfare Board and pathway to Burial Grounds . Tamil Nadu Tribal Welfare Board . Community Halls . Construction of free houses for tribals . Development of Agricultural lands . Hill area development programme. . Housing Scheme . Land Development Scheme . Land Purchase Scheme . Provision of link road facilities to the tribal village connecting with plains or main villages . Provision of Minor Irrigation . Sericulture scheme . Subamathi Self Help Group . Vocational Training Programme

. Agriculture Department Sub Department, Agencies, Institutes, Policies, Schemes, Programmes, Committees PSU . Agricultural Research, Education, and . Agricultural Cluster Development

Extension Department (Tamil Nadu . Agricultural Mechanisation Programme Agriculture University) . Agriculture Technology Management Agency . Agriculture Department . Coconut Palm Insurance Scheme . Agriculture Engineering Department . Command Area Development and Water . Agriculture Marketing and Agri Business Management Programme Department . Farmers Hub (Kisan Bhavan) . Department of Sugar . Farmers Training Centres . Domestic and Export Market Intelligence . High Level Technical Committee Cell . Integrated Horticulture Development Scheme

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. Horticulture And Plantation Crops . Land Development Scheme Department . Mini Mission II – Technology Mission on . Organic Certification Department Cotton . Seed Certification Department . Minor Irrigation Scheme . State Bamboo Steering Committee . National Agricultural Insurance Scheme - Crop . State Cotton Council Insurance . State Micro Irrigation Committee . National Agriculture Development Programme . State Seed Sub-Committee For . National Bamboo Mission Agriculture Crops . National Horticulture Mission . Tamil Nadu Agricultural University . Rain Water Harvesting and Runoff . Tamil Nadu Horticultural Producers Management Programme Cooperative Enterprises Limited . Reclamation of Saline and Alkaline soil . Tamil Nadu Horticulture Development . Scheme for Artificial Recharge to Ground Agency water . Tamil Nadu State Agricultural Marketing . Seed Village Programme Board . Soil and Water Conservation under Hill Area . Tamil Nadu Watershed Development Development Programme Agency . State Level Coordination Committee On Crop Insurance . State Level Implementation Committee . State Level Monitoring Committee . State Variety Release Committee . Tamil Nadu - Irrigated Agriculture Modernization and Water Bodies Restoration and Management . Tamil Nadu Farmers Development and Welfare Scheme . Unemployed Youth Employment Generation Programme . Vermicomposting of Agricultural Waste . Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme

. Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries Department Sub Department, Agencies, Institutes, Policies, Schemes, Programmes, Committees PSU . Department and Tamil Nadu Cooperative . Animal Disease Intelligence Unit

Milk Producers’ Federation . Cattle Breeding and Fodder Development . Department of Animal Husbandry Units . Department of Audit for Milk . Embryo Transfer Technology Cooperatives . Field Performance Recording Programme . Department of Dairy Development . Fisheries Information and Service Centers . Department of Fisheries . Group Accident Insurance Scheme for . Institute of Veterinary Preventive Fisherfolk Medicine . Institute of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ranipet

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. Tamil Nadu Cooperative Milk Producers’ . Livestock Insurance Scheme Federation Limited . National Savings-cum-Relief Scheme for . Tamil Nadu Fish Farmers Development Marine Fishermen Agency . Poultry Disease Diagnostic Laboratory . Tamil Nadu Fisheries Development . Scheme For Poultry Development Corporation Limited . Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals . Tamil Nadu Fisheries University . State Fodder Development Scheme . Tamil Nadu Fishermen Welfare Board . The World Bank Assisted Coastal Disaster . Tamil Nadu Fishermen Welfare Board Risk Reduction Project . Tamil Nadu Livestock Development Agency . Tamil Nadu Livestock Development Agency . Tamil Nadu State Apex Fisheries Cooperative Federation Limited . Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University

. BC, MBC & Minorities Welfare Department Sub Department, Agencies, Institutes, Policies, Schemes, Programmes, Committees PSU . De-notified Communities Welfare Board . Backward Classes Commission

. Mahila Samridhi Yojana . Distribution of Free House Site Patta . Tamil Nadu Backward Classes Economic . Economic Development Corporation Development Corporation . Food Grant . Tamil Nadu Minorities Economic . Free Education Scheme Development Corporation . Free education scholarship for Professional . Tamil Nadu Narikoravar Welfare Board Courses (Engineering, Medical, Agriculture, . Ulema Pension Scheme Veterinary and Law) . Vanniyar Public Property Welfare Board . Free supply of Bicycles . Grant-cum-loan scheme for small and medium farmers . Grants to perform Funeral Rites . Hajj Committee . IAS/IPS Civil Service Examination Training . Incentives scheme for rural girl students . Individual Term Loan Scheme . Loans for Transport Sector . Merit-cum-Means Scholarships to minority students . Milch animal loan schemes . Minorities Commission . Policy Note of Backward Classes, Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare Department - 2016-2017

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. Post matric scholarships to minority students . Pre Matric Scholarships . Pre-Matric Scholarship Scheme . Schemes of BC, MBC, Dept. - Stationery - Free supply of Text Books . Supply of Free Bicycles . Supply of Iron Box . Supply of Sewing Machines . TAMCO . Tamil Nadu State Hajj Committee . Tamil Nadu State Minorities Commission . Wakf Board

. Commercial Taxes and Registration Department Sub Department, Agencies, Institutes, Policies, Schemes, Programmes, Committees PSU . Department of Commercial Taxes . Policy Note of Commercial Taxes Department

. Department of Registration - 2016-2017 . Tamil Nadu Sales Tax Appellate Tribunal . Policy Note of Commercial Taxes Department . Tamil Nadu Traders Welfare Board 2015-2016 . Taxation Special Tribunal . Policy Note of Stamps and Registration Department - 2016-17

. Cooperation, Food and Consumer Protection Department Sub Department, Agencies, Institutes, Policies, Schemes, Programmes, Committees PSU . Aavin Corporate Office . Agricultural producers Cooperative Marketing

. AIDS Control Society society . Consumers' Cooperative Federation . Construction of House . Department of Civil Supplies and . Consumer durables Consumer Protection Commissionerate . Crop loans Sugarcane . Department of Cooperation . District central Cooperative Banks and . District Consumer Disputes Redressal through its branches - For Housing, House Forum construction, repair extension loan . Tamil Nadu Consumer Cooperative . District central Cooperative Banks and Federation through its branches - For Revamped Micro . Tamil Nadu Consumers Cooperative credit loan for women vendors of flower, Federation Limited vegetable, fruit etc., . Tamil Nadu Cooperative Marketing . District central Cooperative Banks and Federation through its branches - For Small Road . Tamil Nadu Cooperative State Agriculture Transport Operators loan (SRTO loan) & Rural Development Bank . District central Cooperative Banks and . Tamil Nadu Cooperative Union through its branches - For SSI unit loan and . Tamil Nadu Cooperative Union other NFS activities . Tamil Nadu State Apex Cooperative Bank . Employees Cooperative societies Surety loan

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. Tamil Nadu State Apex Cooperative Bank . For Registered medical practitioners and - TNSC Bank Engineering graduates . Tamil Nadu State Cooperative Agriculture . For two wheelers and Rural Development Bank . House extension, renovation . Tamil Nadu Warehousing Corporation . Integrated Cooperative Development Project . Thanjavur Cooperative Marketing . Large sized multipurpose cooperative society Federation Limited for interest free loan . The Nilgiris Cooperative Marketing . Large sized multipurpose cooperative society Society jewel loan (interest free) . The Tamil Nadu Civil Supplies . Large sized multipurpose cooperative society Corporation medium term loan to tribal members . The Tamil Nadu Cooperative Marketing . Loan on title deeds Federation Limited . Policy Note of Cooperation Department 2016- . Tudiyalur Cooperative Agricultural 2017 Services Limited . Policy Note of Food and Consumer Protection . Water Supply and Drainage Board 2015-2016 . Policy Note of Food and Consumer Protection 2016-2017 . Primary Cooperative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank - For Animal Husbandry . Primary Cooperative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank - For Fishing Boats (Catamarans) . Primary Cooperative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank - For Handloom and other non-farm sector activities . Primary Cooperative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank - For Horticulture . Primary Cooperative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank - For Inland fishing . Primary Cooperative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank - For Minor irrigation . Primary Cooperative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank - For Plantation (Tea) . Primary Cooperative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank - For Poultry development . Primary Cooperative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank - For Power tiller . Primary Cooperative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank - For Sericulture In irrigated area. . Primary Cooperative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank - For Tractor Purchase . Produce pledge loan . Purchase of passenger bus, Mini lorry, Car, Jeep

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. Revamped Micro Credit . Salary loan for government employee . Self Help Group . Site Purchase . Sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation, Laying pipe lines . SSI unit . State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission . Urban Cooperative Banks - House construction . Urban Cooperative Banks - Jewel loans . Urban Cooperative Banks - Loan for economically backward class citizen TABCEDCO/TAMCO, loan given to public belonging to backward class, MBC and minorities at lower rate of interest. . Urban Cooperative Banks - Loan for Maternity Loan through Self-help groups . Urban Cooperative Banks - Loan For professional like Doctors, Engineering, Xerox operators . Urban Cooperative Banks - Loan for surety loan, loan on N.S.C. . Urban Cooperative Banks - Purchase of two wheelers, T.V., Fridge, House hold articles . Urban Cooperative Banks - Renovation and repairs

. Energy Department Sub Department, Agencies, Institutes, Policies, Schemes, Programmes, Committees PSU . Association of Renewable Energy . Chief Minister’s Solar Powered Green House

Agencies of States Scheme . Electrical Inspectorate Department . Chief Minister’s Solar Rooftop Capital . Tamil Nadu Electrical Licensing Board Incentive Scheme . Tamil Nadu Electricity Regulatory . Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana Commission . Green Energy Corridor Intra State . Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency Transmission Schemes . Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution . Integrated Power Development Scheme Corporation Limited . International Renewable Energy Conference . Tamil Nadu Power Finance and . JICA schemes Infrastructure Development Corporation . Solar Power Evacuation schemes Limited . Solar Powered Pumping system

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page vi Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

. Tamil Nadu Transmission Corporation . Transmission schemes for Wind Power Limited evacuation . Waste Heat Recovery Policy for the State and Sector Specific Energy Savings Plan for the State

. Environment and Forests Department Sub Department, Agencies, Institutes, Policies, Schemes, Programmes, Committees PSU . Arasu Rubber Corporation Limited . E-Waste Policy of Tamil Nadu 2010

. Tamil Nadu Biodiversity Conservation . Policy Note of Environment Department - And Greening Society 2016-2017 . Tamil Nadu Environment Department . Policy Note of Forests Department - 2016- . Tamil Nadu Forest Department 2017 . Tamil Nadu Forest Plantation . Preparation of Integrated Coastal Zone Corporation Limited Management Plan (ICZMP) . Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board . Tamil Nadu Tea Plantation Corporation Limited

. Finance Department Sub Department, Agencies, Institutes, Policies, Schemes, Programmes, Committees PSU . Cooperative Audit Department . Health Insurance Scheme

. Debts Recovery Tribunal . Directorate of Pension . District Treasury Office . General Stamp Office, Treasuries and Accounts . Government Data Centre . Internal Audit and Statutory Boards Audit Department . Local Fund Audit Department . Small Savings Department . Treasuries and Accounts Department

. Handlooms, Handicrafts, Textiles and Khadi Department Sub Department, Agencies, Institutes, Policies, Schemes, Programmes, Committees PSU . Department of Handlooms and Textiles . Mahathma Gandhi Bunkar Bima Yojana

. Department of Sericulture Scheme (Insurance Scheme for Handloom . Handlooms, Handicrafts, Textiles and Weavers) Khadi Department . Cooperative Handloom Weavers’ Family . Indian Institute of Handloom Technology Pension Scheme

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page vii Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

. Tamil Nadu Cooperative Silk Producers . Cooperative Spinning Mills Federation Limited . Integrated Handlooms Development Scheme . Tamil Nadu Cooperative Spinning Mills . Scheme for integrated textile parks Federation Limited . Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme . Tamil Nadu Cooperative Textile . Catalytic Development Programme Processing Mills Limited, Erode . Hill Area Development Programme . Tamil Nadu Government Anna Silk . Western Ghats Development Programme Exchange . Development Schemes - Free Power Supply to . Tamil Nadu Government Sericulture Handloom and Power loom Weavers Training Institute . Tamil Nadu Handloom Development Corporation Limited . Tamil Nadu Palm Products Development Board . Tamil Nadu State Palmgur and Fibre Marketing Cooperative Federation . Tamil Nadu Textile Corporation Limited . Tamil Nadu Zari Limited . The Tamil Nadu Handicrafts Development Corporation Limited . The Tamil Nadu Handicrafts Development Corporation Limited . The Tamil Nadu Handloom Weavers’ Cooperative Society Limited (Cooptex)

. Health and Family Welfare Department Sub Department, Agencies, Institutes, Policies, Schemes, Programmes, Committees PSU . DANIDA Health Care Project .

. Department of Food Safety & Drug Administration (Food Safety Division) . Directorate of Drugs Control . Directorate of Family Welfare . Directorate of Indian Medicine and Homeopathy . Directorate of Medical and Rural Health Services . Directorate of Medical Education - List of Tamil Nadu Government's Medical Colleges . Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine . National Rural Health Mission Tamil Nadu . Tamil Nadu Health System Project

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page viii Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

. Tamil Nadu Medical Services Corporation Limited . Tamil Nadu State AIDS Control Society . Tamil Nadu State Blindness Control Society . Tamil Nadu State Health Transport Department

. Higher Education Department Sub Department, Agencies, Institutes, Policies, Schemes, Programmes, Committees PSU . Department of Archives and Historical . Policy Note of Higher Education Department

Research - 2016-2017 . Department of Collegiate Education . Special Rules for Tamil Nadu Government . Department of Technical Education Servants - Tamil Nadu Archives Department . Science City Chennai . Special Rules for the Tamil Nadu Collegiate . Tamil Nadu Science and Technology Educational Service Centre . Special Rules for the Tamil Nadu Collegiate . Tamil Nadu State Council for Higher Educational Service Education . Tamil Nadu State Council for Science and Technology . Tamil Nadu State Council for Technical Education . Tamil Nadu Urdu Academy

. Highways and Minor Ports Department Sub Department, Agencies, Institutes, Policies, Schemes, Programmes, Committees PSU . Poompuhar Shipping Corporation . Minor Ports Development Policy of Tamil

Limited Nadu . Tamil Nadu Highways Department . Policy Note of Highways and Minor Ports . Tamil Nadu Maritime Board Department - 2016-17 . Tamil Nadu Road Development Company . Road Safety Policy Limited . Tamil Nadu Road Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited . Tamil Nadu Road Sector Project . Tamil Nadu State Construction Corporation Limited

. Home, Prohibition and Excise Department Sub Department, Agencies, Institutes, Policies, Schemes, Programmes, Committees PSU

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page ix Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

. Cinemas . Policy Note of Home - Police Department -

. Citizenship 2016-2017 . Court Sections (8) . Policy Note of Home - Prisons Department - . Department of Forensic Sciences 2016-2017 . Department of Home . Policy Note of Tamil Nadu Home, Prohibition . Department of Prison and Excise Department . Directorate of Prosecution . Policy Note on Tamil Nadu fire and rescue . Motor Vehicles Acts Administration services by Home, Prohibition and Excise . Police Sections (19) Department . Prosecution . Tamil Nadu Chief Minister's Special Cell . Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services Department . Tamil Nadu State Marketing Corporation . Tamil Nadu State Transport Authority . Tamil Nadu Uniformed Services Recruitment Board . Tamil Police Housing Corporation Limited . The Commissionerate of Prohibition and Excise . The Prohibition Enforcement Wing of the Police . The Tamil Nadu Narcotics Intelligence Bureau . Transport Sections (8)

. Housing and Urban Development Department Sub Department, Agencies, Institutes, Policies, Schemes, Programmes, Committees PSU . Chennai Metropolitan Development . Housing Policy

Authority . Directorate of Town and Country Planning . Tamil Nadu Cooperative Housing Federation . Tamil Nadu Housing Board . Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board

. Industries Department Sub Department, Agencies, Institutes, Policies, Schemes, Programmes, Committees PSU . Department of Geology & Mining .

. Department of Sugar . Directorate of Industries & Commerce

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page x Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

. Southern Structurals Limited . Tamil Nadu Cement Corporation Limited . Tamil Nadu Cooperative Sugar Federation . Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation . Tamil Nadu Industrial Explosives Limited . Tamil Nadu Magnesite Limited . Tamil Nadu Minerals Limited . Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Limited . Tamil Nadu Salt Corporation Limited . Tamil Nadu Sugar Corporation Limited

. Information Technology Department Sub Department, Agencies, Institutes, Policies, Schemes, Programmes, Committees PSU . Arasu Cable TV Corporation Ltd . Policy Note of Information Technology

. Electronics Corporation of Tamilnadu Department - 2016-2017 Limited . ICT Academy of Tamil Nadu . Tamilnadu e-Governance Agency (TNeGA)

. Labour and Employment Department Sub Department, Agencies, Institutes, Policies, Schemes, Programmes, Committees PSU . Commissionerate of Labour .

. Department of Employment and Training . Inspectorate of Factories . Overseas Manpower Corporation Limited . Tamil Nadu Artists Welfare Board . Tamil Nadu Auto Rickshaw and Taxi Drivers Welfare Board . Tamil Nadu Construction Workers Welfare Board Labour . Tamil Nadu Domestic Workers Welfare Board . Tamil Nadu Footwear, Leathers Goods Manufactory and Tannery Workers Welfare Board . Tamil Nadu Goldsmiths Welfare Board . Tamil Nadu Hairdressers Welfare Board . Tamil Nadu Handicrafts Workers Welfare Board

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page xi Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

. Tamil Nadu Handlooms and Handloom Silk Weavers Welfare Board . Tamil Nadu Institute of Labour Studies . Tamil Nadu Labour Welfare Board Transport . Tamil Nadu Manual Workers Social Security and Welfare Board . Tamil Nadu Plantation Labour Housing Advisory Board . Tamil Nadu Pottery Workers Welfare Board . Tamil Nadu Power loom Weaving Workers Welfare Board . Tamil Nadu State Contract Labour Advisory Board . Tamil Nadu State Labour Advisory Board . Tamil Nadu Tailoring Workers Welfare Board . Tamil Nadu Washermen Welfare Board

. Law Department Sub Department, Agencies, Institutes, Policies, Schemes, Programmes, Committees PSU . Directorate of Legal Studies . Policy Note of Law Department - 2016-2017

. State Official Language Department . Tamil Nadu State Legal Services Authority . The Tamil Nadu Dr.Ambedkar Law University . The Tamil Nadu National Law School

. Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises Department Sub Department, Agencies, Institutes, Policies, Schemes, Programmes, Committees PSU . Commissionerate of Industries & . Application for sanction of subsidy for the

Commerce purchase of Generator Set . District Industries Centee . Application for Special Capital (Investment) . Entrepreneur Development Institute Subsidy . Small Industries Corporation . Application for State Capital Subsidy . Small Industries Development . District Enterprises Development Corporation Consultative Committee . State Industries Promotion Corporation . New Entrepreneur-Cum- Enterprise of Tamil Nadu Development Scheme . Tamil Nadu Small Industries Technology . Policy Note of Micro, Small and Medium Mission Enterprises Dept. - 2016-2017

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page xii Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

. Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Programme . Single Window Clearance Committee . Unemployed Youth Employment Generation Programme

. Municipal Administration and Water Supply Department Sub Department, Agencies, Institutes, Policies, Schemes, Programmes, Committees PSU . Chennai Corporation .

. Chennai Metro Water Supply and Sewerage Board . Commissionerate of Municipal Administration . Directorate of Town Panchayats . Tamil Nadu Water Supply And Drainage (TWAD) Board

. Personnel and Administrative Reforms Department Sub Department, Agencies, Institutes, Policies, Schemes, Programmes, Committees PSU . Anna Institute Of Management . Tamil Nadu Innovation Initiatives (TANII)

. Inspection Wing . State Vigilance Commission . Tamil Nadu Information Commission . Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission . Tribunals For Disciplinary Proceedings

. Planning, Development and Special Initiatives Department Sub Department, Agencies, Institutes, Policies, Schemes, Programmes, Committees PSU . Department of Economics and Statistics . Chennai Metro Rail Project

. Department of Evaluation and Applied . Hill Area Development Programme Research . Rashtriya Sam Vikas Yojana . State Planning Commission . Twenty Point Programme . Tamil Nadu State Land Use Board . Western Ghats Development Programme . The Human Development Research and Coordination Unit

. Public Department Sub Department, Agencies, Institutes, Policies, Schemes, Programmes, Committees PSU . Tamil Nadu State Election Commission . Artificial Limbs

. Advisory Board COFEPOSA . Braille Watches

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page xiii Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

. Advisory Board NSA . Calipers And Crutches . Commissionate of Rehabilitation and . Free Supply Of Braille Books Welfare of Non Resident Tamils . Goggles And Folding Sticks . Cooperation Food and Consumer . Hearing Aids And Solar Re-Chargeable Protection Batteries . Ex-Servicemen's Welfare . Loan Assistance From National Handicapped . Guest House(Chepauk-Chennai) Finance And Development Corporation . Marriage Assistance To Normal Persons Marrying Visually Handicapped Persons . Modular Functional Artificial Limbs (Modular Transtibial Prosthesis) . Motorised Cycles (Invalid Carriage) . Physiotherapy Exercise . Policy Note of Public Department - 2016-2017 . Rehabilitation Of The Disabled -Reservation Of Teaching Posts In Educational Institutions For Visually Handicapped . Reservation of Jobs in Government Departments/Government Undertakings . Reservation of Non-Teaching Posts in Educational Institutions for Speech and Hearing Impaired Persons . Tricycles . Wheel Chairs

. Public Works Department Sub Department, Agencies, Institutes, Policies, Schemes, Programmes, Committees PSU . Building Organisation .

. Dam Safety Directorate . Institute of Hydraulics & Hydrology, Poondi, Thiruvallur . Institute of Water Studies, Taramani, Chennai . Irrigation Management Training Institute . State Ground & Surface Water Resources Data Centre . State Water Resources Management Agency . Tamil Nadu Boiler Inspectorate . Water Resources Organisation

. Revenue Department Sub Department, Agencies, Institutes, Policies, Schemes, Programmes, Committees PSU

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page xiv Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

. Department of Land Administration . Destitute Agricultural Labourers Pension

Department Scheme (G.O(Ms)164, S.W. and N.M.P. . Department of Land Reforms Department . Department of Revenue Administration, . farmer (Social security and welfare) scheme, Disaster Management and Mitigation 2006 . Department of Survey and Settlement . Schemes of Revenue Dept. Accident Relief (Department of Survey and Land Records) Scheme (G.O. 471, Finance (CMPRF) dt. . Department of Urban Land Ceiling & 23.5.1989 - For Agricultural labour and Urban Land Tax Former . Schemes of Revenue Dept. Assignment of land to landless poor - house site assignment . Schemes of Revenue Dept. Assignment of land to landless poor. . Schemes of Revenue Dept. Issue of extract of Village Account. . Schemes of Revenue Dept. Relief of insurance agency through revenue - severe injuries through insurance company . Schemes of Revenue Dept. Relief to damaged huts due to natural calamities like cyclone, flood and fire(G.O(Ms)No. 388, revenue, dated 04.10.2001) . Schemes of Revenue Dept. Relief to loss of cattle due to natural calamities like flood, cyclone and fire (G.O. (Ms)No. 515 dated 25.10.1996) . Schemes of Revenue Dept. Relief to loss of crops due to natural calamities during monsoon season (Government of India LR. No. 23.3.2003/NDM . Schemes of Revenue Dept. Relief to Loss of human lives occurred due to natural calamities like food, cyclone and fire during seasonal and unseasonal periods . Schemes of Revenue Dept. Tamil Nadu Agriculture Labourers – farmer (Social security and welfare) scheme, 2006 . Schemes of Revenue Dept. The scheme of distribution of 2 acres of waste lands to the families of landless poor agriculturalists . Schemes of Revenue Dept. Track Rent . Schemes of Revenue Dept. Transfer of land . Tamil Nadu Agriculture Labourers – farmer (Social security and welfare) scheme, 2006

. Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Department

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page xv Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

Sub Department, Agencies, Institutes, Policies, Schemes, Programmes, Committees PSU . Commissionerate of Rural Development . Tamil Nadu Pudhu Vaazhvu Project

and Panchayat Raj . Directorate of Pudu Vazhvu . Directorate of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj . Directorate of Tsunami Project Implementation Unit . Tamil Nadu Corporation for Development of women Limited . Tamil Nadu State Institute of Rural Development

. School Education Department Sub Department, Agencies, Institutes, Policies, Schemes, Programmes, Committees PSU . Directorate of Elementary Education . The Right of Children to Free and

. Directorate of Government Examination Compulsory Education Act, 2009 . Directorate of Matriculation Schools . Directorate of Non-formal and Adult Education . Directorate of Public Libraries . Directorate of School Education . Directorate of Teacher Education, Research and Training . State Project Directorate, Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan . State Project Directorate, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan . Tamil Nadu Text-book Corporation . Teachers Recruitment Board

. Social Welfare and Nutritious Meal Programme Department Sub Department, Agencies, Institutes, Policies, Schemes, Programmes, Committees PSU . Directorate of Social Defence . Girl Child Protection Scheme

. State Commission for Women . Government Care Camp, Melpakkam . State Social Welfare Board . Government Institute For The Mentally Challenged . Government Rehabilitation Homes . Government Service Home . Homes For The Mentally Retarded Above The Age Of 14 Years

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page xvi Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

. Integrated Child Development Services scheme . National Programme of Mid-Day Meal in Schools . Policy Note of Social Welfare and Nutritious Meal Programme Dept. - 2016-2017 . Schemes of social welfare and nutritious meal programme. Annapurna Scheme . Self-Employment . Sivagami Ammaiyar Memorial Girl Child Protection Scheme . social Security Pension Schemes . Special Education . Training To The Adult Blind Women . Training To The Speech and Hearing Impaired (Male) . Training To The Visually Handicapped (Male) . Unemployment Allowance To The Visually Handicapped . Working Women’s Hostel

. Tamil Devlopment and Information Department Sub Department, Agencies, Institutes, Policies, Schemes, Programmes, Committees PSU . Film Development Corporation Ltd . Journalists Family Benefit Fund

. Government Branch Press . Journalists Family Pension . Government Publication Depot . Journalists Medical Fund . Government Stationery Stores . Journalists Pension . Tamil University . Policy Note of Information and Publicity Department - 2016-2017

. Tourism, Culture and Religious Endowments Department Sub Department, Agencies, Institutes, Policies, Schemes, Programmes, Committees PSU . Archaeology Department . Policy Note of Archaeology and Museums -

. Art and Culture Department 2016-2017 . Arts and Crafts College . Policy Note of Hindu Religious and Charitable . Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Endowments Department - 2016-2017 Corporation Limited . Policy Note of Tourism Department - 2016- 2017

. Transport Department Sub Department, Agencies, Institutes, Policies, Schemes, Programmes, Committees PSU

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page xvii Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

. Chennai Mono Rail Transport Authority . Policy Note of Transport Department- 2016-

. Chennai Unified Metropolitan Transport 2017 Authority . Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai Division) Ltd . Pallavan Transport Consultancy Services Limited . State Express Transport Corporation (Tamil Nadu) . State Transport Authority . Tamil Nadu Motor Vehicles Maintenance Department . Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation . Tamil Nadu Transport Development Finance Corporation Limited . The Institute of Road Transport

. Welfare of Differently Abled Persons Sub Department, Agencies, Institutes, Policies, Schemes, Programmes, Committees PSU . State Blindness Control Society . “Vazhikattum Thittam” For Differently Abled

. Tamil Nadu Welfare Board For The Persons Differently Abled Person . Self-Employment Schemes . Policy note of Welfare of the Differently Abled Persons Department - 2016-17

. Youth Welfare and Sports Development Department Sub Department, Agencies, Institutes, Policies, Schemes, Programmes, Committees PSU . National Cadet Corps . National Service Scheme

. Sports Development Authority of Tamil . Panchayat Yuva Krida Aur Khel Abhiyan Nadu Scheme . Tamil Nadu Physical Education and . Policy Note of Youth Welfare and Sports Sports University Development Department - 2016-2017 . Sdat Sports Scholarship Scheme . Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu - Government of Tamil Nadu For participation in Republic Day Camp and RD oriented camps

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page xviii Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page xix Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

Land Use Governance Interaction Matrix

Forests and Protected Areas

Conservation and Community Areas of Ecological Importance Government Department Protected Areas Reserves (Development Control) Adi Dravidar and Tribal Influence, impacted by decisions of Influence, impacted by decisions of Influence, impacted by decisions of Welfare other departments other departments other departments Agriculture - - - Animal Husbandry, Dairying Impacted by decisions of other Impacted by decisions of other Impacted by decisions of other and Fisheries departments departments departments Backward Classes, MBCs - - - and Minorities Welfare Cooperation Department and - Influence - Food and Consumer Protection Directorate of E-Governance Provide technical support for Provide technical support for Provide technical support for (TNeGA) Research & Development, Remote Research & Development, Remote Research & Development, Remote Sensing, Spatial Mapping and Data Sensing, Spatial Mapping and Data Sensing, Spatial Mapping and Data Base Management Base Management Base Management Energy Impacted by decisions of other Impacted by decisions of other Impacted by decisions of other departments departments departments Environment and Forests Plan, influence, develop, invest Plan, influence, develop, invest, Plan, influence, develop, invest, maintain, execute schemes, provide maintain, execute schemes, provide maintain, execute schemes, provide technical support, monitor and technical support, monitor and technical support, monitor and approve interventions approve interventions approve interventions Handloom, Handicrafts, - - - Textile and Khadi Highways and Minor Ports Negative Influence Negative Influence Negative Influence Housing and Urban Negative Influence Negative Influence Negative Influence Development Industries (includes Mines) Influence, impacted by decisions of Influence, impacted by decisions of Influence, impacted by decisions of other departments, Negative other departments, Negative other departments, Negative Influence Influence Influence MSME Influence, impacted by decisions of Influence, impacted by decisions of Influence, impacted by decisions of other departments other departments other departments Municipal Administration Negative Influence Negative Influence Negative Influence and Water Supply Planning, Development and Plan, influence, develop, maintain, Plan, influence, develop, maintain, Plan, influence, develop, maintain, Special Initiatives invest, execute schemes, provide invest, execute schemes, provide invest, execute schemes, provide Department technical support, monitor and technical support, monitor and technical support, monitor and approve interventions, maintain approve interventions, maintain approve interventions, maintain statistics statistics statistics Public Works (Including Influence, impacted by decisions of Influence, impacted by decisions of Influence, impacted by decisions of Water Resources) other departments other departments other departments Revenue Influence, impacted by decisions of Influence, impacted by decisions of Influence, impacted by decisions of other departments other departments other departments Rural Development and - Plan, influence, develop, maintain, - Panchayati Raj invest, execute schemes, provide technical support, monitor and approve interventions, impacted by decisions of other departments Tamil Nadu Skill - Impacted by decisions of other - Development Corporation departments Tourism, Culture and Negative Influence Negative Influence Negative Influence Religious Endowments Transport Impacted by decisions of other Impacted by decisions of other Impacted by decisions of other departments departments departments

Grasslands, Grazing Land and Pastures

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page xx Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

Conservation and Community Areas of Ecological Importance Government Department Protected Areas Reserves (Development Control) Agriculture - - - Animal Husbandry, Dairying Impacted by decisions of other Impacted by decisions of other Impacted by decisions of other and Fisheries departments departments departments Backward Classes, MBCs - - - and Minorities Welfare Cooperation Department and - Influence - Food and Consumer Protection Directorate of E-Governance Provide technical support for Provide technical support for Provide technical support for (TNeGA) Research & Development, Remote Research & Development, Remote Research & Development, Remote Sensing, Spatial Mapping and Data Sensing, Spatial Mapping and Data Sensing, Spatial Mapping and Data Base Management Base Management Base Management Energy Impacted by decisions of other Impacted by decisions of other Impacted by decisions of other departments departments departments Environment and Forests Plan, influence, develop, invest Plan, influence, develop, invest, Plan, influence, develop, invest, maintain, execute schemes, provide maintain, execute schemes, provide maintain, execute schemes, provide technical support, monitor and technical support, monitor and technical support, monitor and approve interventions approve interventions approve interventions Handloom, Handicrafts, - - - Textile and Khadi Highways and Minor Ports Negative Influence Negative Influence Negative Influence Housing and Urban Negative Influence Negative Influence Negative Influence Development Industries (includes Mines) Influence, impacted by decisions of Influence, impacted by decisions of Influence, impacted by decisions of other departments, Negative other departments, Negative other departments, Negative Influence Influence Influence MSME Influence, impacted by decisions of Influence, impacted by decisions of Influence, impacted by decisions of other departments other departments other departments Municipal Administration Negative Influence Negative Influence Negative Influence and Water Supply Planning, Development and Plan, influence, develop, maintain, Plan, influence, develop, maintain, Plan, influence, develop, maintain, Special Initiatives invest, execute schemes, provide invest, execute schemes, provide invest, execute schemes, provide Department technical support, monitor and technical support, monitor and technical support, monitor and approve interventions, maintain approve interventions, maintain approve interventions, maintain statistics statistics statistics Public Works (Including Influence, impacted by decisions of Influence, impacted by decisions of Influence, impacted by decisions of Water Resources) other departments other departments other departments Revenue Influence, impacted by decisions of Influence, impacted by decisions of Influence, impacted by decisions of other departments other departments other departments Rural Development and - Plan, influence, develop, maintain, - Panchayati Raj invest, execute schemes, provide technical support, monitor and approve interventions, impacted by decisions of other departments Tamil Nadu Skill - Impacted by decisions of other - Development Corporation departments Tourism, Culture and Negative Influence Negative Influence Negative Influence Religious Endowments Transport Impacted by decisions of other Impacted by decisions of other Impacted by decisions of other departments departments departments

Waterbodies

Government Saline Fresh (Flowing) Fresh (Stagnant) Wetlands Department Adi Dravidar and - Influenced and impacted Influenced and impacted Negative Influence Tribal Welfare Agriculture Negative Influence Dependency and Negative Dependency and Negative Negative Influence Influence Influence Animal Influence, invest, execute Influence, invest, execute Influence, invest, execute Negative Influence Husbandry, schemes, provide technical schemes, provide technical schemes, provide technical Dairying and support support support Fisheries Backward - Influenced and impacted Influenced and impacted Negative Influence Classes, MBCs

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page xxi Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

Government Saline Fresh (Flowing) Fresh (Stagnant) Wetlands Department and Minorities Welfare Cooperation - - - - Department and Food and Consumer Protection Directorate of E- Provide technical support for Provide technical support for Provide technical support for Provide technical support for Governance Research & Development, Research & Development, Research & Development, Research & Development, (TNeGA) Remote Sensing, Spatial Remote Sensing, Spatial Remote Sensing, Spatial Remote Sensing, Spatial Mapping and Data Base Mapping and Data Base Mapping and Data Base Mapping and Data Base Management Management Management Management Energy - Dependency and Negative Dependency and Negative Negative Influence Influence Influence Environment and Plan, influence, develop, Influence, invest, execute Influence, invest, execute Influence, invest, execute Forests maintain, invest, execute schemes, provide technical schemes, provide technical schemes, provide technical schemes, provide technical support, monitor and approve support, monitor and approve support, monitor and approve support, monitor and approve interventions interventions interventions interventions Handloom, - - - - Handicrafts, Textile and Khadi Highways and - Negative Influence Negative Influence Negative Influence Minor Ports Housing and Influence, impacted by decisions Dependency and Negative Dependency and Negative Negative Influence Urban of other departments, Negative Influence Influence Development Influence Industries - Dependency, Influence, Dependency, Influence, Negative Influence (includes Mines) impacted by decisions of other impacted by decisions of other departments, Negative Influence departments, Negative Influence MSME - Influence, impacted by decisions Influence, impacted by decisions Negative Influence of other departments of other departments Municipal Influence, impacted by decisions Dependency and Negative Dependency and Negative Negative Influence Administration of other departments, Negative Influence Influence and Water Supply Influence Planning, Plan, influence, develop, Plan, influence, develop, Plan, influence, develop, Plan, influence, develop, Development and maintain, invest, execute maintain, invest, execute maintain, invest, execute maintain, invest, execute Special Initiatives schemes, provide technical schemes, provide technical schemes, provide technical schemes, provide technical Department support, monitor and approve support, monitor and approve support, monitor and approve support, monitor and approve interventions, maintain statistics interventions, maintain statistics interventions, maintain statistics interventions, maintain statistics Public Works Influence, impacted by decisions Plan, influence, develop, Plan, influence, develop, Plan, influence, develop, (Including Water of other departments maintain, invest, execute maintain, invest, execute maintain, invest, execute Resources) schemes, provide technical schemes, provide technical schemes, provide technical support, monitor and approve support, monitor and approve support, monitor and approve interventions, impacted by interventions, impacted by interventions, impacted by decisions of other departments decisions of other departments decisions of other departments Revenue Influence, impacted by decisions Influence, impacted by decisions Influence, impacted by decisions Influence, impacted by decisions of other departments of other departments of other departments of other departments Rural - Influence, impacted by decisions Influence, impacted by decisions Negative Influence Development and of other departments of other departments Panchayati Raj Tamil Nadu Skill - - - - Development Corporation Tourism, Culture Negative Influence Negative Influence Negative Influence Negative Influence and Religious Endowments Transport - - - -

Agriculture

Government Agroclimatic Zones Cultivated Cultivable Irrigated Irrigable Soil Health Department Adi Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted - Dravidar by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other departments departments departments departments departments

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page xxii Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

Government Agroclimatic Zones Cultivated Cultivable Irrigated Irrigable Soil Health Department and Tribal Welfare Agriculture Plan, influence, Influence, invest, Plan, promote, Plan, promote, Plan, promote, Plan, influence, develop, maintain, execute schemes, influence, invest, develop, influence, develop, influence, maintain statistics, invest, execute provide technical execute schemes, execute schemes, invest, execute invest, execute schemes, provide support, and maintain provide technical provide technical schemes, provide schemes, provide technical support, statistics support, and maintain support, and maintain technical support, and technical support, monitor and approve statistics statistics maintain statistics monitor and approve interventions interventions, impacted by decisions of other departments Animal - Impacted by decisions Impacted by decisions Impacted by decisions Impacted by decisions - Husbandry, of other departments of other departments of other departments of other departments Dairying and Fisheries Backward Influenced and - Influenced and - Influenced and - Classes, impacted impacted impacted MBCs and Minorities Welfare Cooperation Influence Influence Influence Influence Influence Influence Department and Food and Consumer Protection Directorate Provide technical Provide technical Provide technical Provide technical Provide technical Provide technical of E- support for Research support for Research support for Research support for Research support for Research support for Research Governance & Development, & Development, & Development, & Development, & Development, & Development, (TNeGA) Remote Sensing, Remote Sensing, Remote Sensing, Remote Sensing, Remote Sensing, Remote Sensing, Spatial Mapping and Spatial Mapping and Spatial Mapping and Spatial Mapping and Spatial Mapping and Spatial Mapping and Data Base Data Base Data Base Data Base Data Base Data Base Management Management Management Management Management Management Energy ------Environmen Influence, provide - - - - - t and technical support Forests Handloom, ------Handicrafts, Textile and Khadi Highways ------and Minor Ports Housing Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted and Urban by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other Developmen departments, Negative departments, Negative departments, Negative departments, Negative departments, Negative departments, Negative t Influence Influence Influence Influence Influence Influence Industries Negative Influence Negative Influence Negative Influence Negative Influence Negative Influence Negative Influence (includes Mines) MSME Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted - - - by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other departments departments departments Municipal ------Administrati on and Water Supply Planning, Plan, influence, maintain statistics Plan, influence, maintain statistics Plan, influence, maintain statistics Developmen develop, maintain, develop, maintain, develop, maintain, t and invest, execute invest, execute invest, execute Special schemes, provide schemes, provide schemes, provide Initiatives technical support, technical support, technical support, Department monitor and approve monitor and approve monitor and approve

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page xxiii Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

Government Agroclimatic Zones Cultivated Cultivable Irrigated Irrigable Soil Health Department interventions, interventions, interventions, maintain statistics maintain statistics maintain statistics Public Influence, provide Influence, provide Influence, provide Plan, influence, Plan, influence, Influence, provide Works technical support technical support technical support develop, maintain, develop, maintain, technical support (Including invest, execute invest, execute Water schemes, provide schemes, provide Resources) technical support, technical support, monitor and approve monitor and approve interventions, interventions, impacted by decisions impacted by decisions of other departments of other departments Revenue Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other departments departments departments departments departments departments Rural Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Developmen by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other t and departments departments departments departments departments departments Panchayati Raj Tamil Nadu - Impacted by decisions - - Impacted by decisions Impacted by decisions Skill of other departments of other departments of other departments Developmen t Corporation Tourism, ------Culture and Religious Endowment s Transport ------

Industries

Government Special Investment Special Economic Individual Industrial Corridors Industrial Estates Industrial Clusters Department Regions Zones Industrial Units Adi Dravidar - Impacted by Impacted by Impacted by Impacted by Impacted by and Tribal decisions of other decisions of other decisions of other decisions of other decisions of other Welfare departments departments departments departments departments Agriculture impacted by decisions impacted by decisions impacted by decisions impacted by decisions impacted by decisions impacted by decisions of other departments of other departments of other departments of other departments of other departments of other departments Animal impacted by decisions impacted by decisions impacted by decisions impacted by decisions impacted by decisions impacted by decisions Husbandry, of other departments of other departments of other departments of other departments of other departments of other departments Dairying and Fisheries Backward - Impacted by Impacted by Impacted by Impacted by Incluence and Classes, MBCs decisions of other decisions of other decisions of other decisions of other Impacted by and Minorities departments departments departments departments decisions of other Welfare departments Cooperation Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Department by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other and Food and departments departments departments departments departments departments Consumer Protection Directorate of Provide technical Provide technical Provide technical Provide technical Provide technical Provide technical E-Governance support for Research support for Research support for Research support for Research support for Research support for Research (TNeGA) & Development, & Development, & Development, & Development, & Development, & Development, Remote Sensing, Remote Sensing, Remote Sensing, Remote Sensing, Remote Sensing, Remote Sensing, Spatial Mapping and Spatial Mapping and Spatial Mapping and Spatial Mapping and Spatial Mapping and Spatial Mapping and Data Base Data Base Data Base Data Base Data Base Data Base Management Management Management Management Management Management Energy Influence, invest, Influence, invest, Influence, invest, Influence, invest, Influence, invest, Influence, invest, execute specific execute specific execute specific execute specific execute specific execute specific schemes, provide schemes, provide schemes, provide schemes, provide schemes, provide schemes, provide technical support technical support technical support technical support technical support technical support Environment Influence Influence Influence Influence Influence Influence and Forests

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page xxiv Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

Government Special Investment Special Economic Individual Industrial Corridors Industrial Estates Industrial Clusters Department Regions Zones Industrial Units Handloom, Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Plan, influence, Plan, influence, Plan, influence, Plan, influence, Handicrafts, by decisions of other by decisions of other develop, maintain, develop, maintain, develop, maintain, develop, maintain, Textile and departments departments invest, execute invest, execute invest, execute invest, execute Khadi schemes, provide schemes, provide schemes, provide schemes, provide technical support, technical support, technical support, technical support, monitor and approve monitor and approve monitor and approve monitor and approve interventions, interventions, interventions, interventions, impacted by decisions impacted by decisions impacted by decisions impacted by decisions of other departments of other departments of other departments of other departments Highways and Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Minor Ports by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other departments departments departments departments departments departments Housing and Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Urban by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other Development departments departments departments departments departments departments Industries Plan, promote, Plan, promote, Plan, promote, Plan, promote, Plan, promote, Plan, promote, (includes influence, develop, influence, develop, influence, develop, influence, develop, influence, develop, influence, develop, Mines) maintain, invest, maintain, invest, maintain, invest, maintain, invest, maintain, invest, maintain, invest, execute schemes, execute schemes, execute schemes, execute schemes, execute schemes, execute schemes, provide technical provide technical provide technical provide technical provide technical provide technical support, monitor and support, monitor and support, monitor and support, monitor and support, monitor and support, monitor and approve approve approve approve approve approve interventions, interventions, interventions, interventions, interventions, interventions, impacted by decisions impacted by decisions impacted by decisions impacted by decisions impacted by decisions impacted by decisions of other departments, of other departments, of other departments, of other departments, of other departments, of other departments, maintain statistics maintain statistics maintain statistics maintain statistics maintain statistics maintain statistics MSME Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Plan, influence, Plan, influence, Plan, influence, Plan, influence, by decisions of other by decisions of other develop, maintain, develop, maintain, develop, maintain, develop, maintain, departments departments invest, execute invest, execute invest, execute invest, execute schemes, provide schemes, provide schemes, provide schemes, provide technical support, technical support, technical support, technical support, monitor and approve monitor and approve monitor and approve monitor and approve interventions, interventions, interventions, interventions, impacted by decisions impacted by decisions impacted by decisions impacted by decisions of other departments of other departments of other departments of other departments Municipal Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Administration by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other and Water departments departments departments departments departments departments Supply Planning, Plan, influence, Plan, influence, Influence, monitor Influence, monitor Influence, monitor Maintain statistics Development develop, maintain, develop, maintain, and approve and approve and approve and Special invest, execute invest, execute interventions, interventions, interventions, Initiatives schemes, provide schemes, provide maintain statistics maintain statistics maintain statistics Department technical support, technical support, monitor and approve monitor and approve interventions, interventions, maintain statistics maintain statistics Public Works Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted Influence, impacted (Including by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other Water departments departments departments departments departments departments Resources) Revenue Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Acquisition, impacted Acquisition, impacted Acquisition, impacted Acquisition, impacted Acquisition, impacted Acquisition, impacted by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other by decisions of other departments departments departments departments departments departments Rural ------Development and Panchayati Raj Tamil Nadu Impacted by Impacted by Impacted by Impacted by Impacted by Impacted by Skill decisions of other decisions of other decisions of other decisions of other decisions of other decisions of other Development departments departments departments departments departments departments Corporation Tourism, - - - - impacted by decisions - Culture and of other departments Religious Endowments

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page xxv Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

Government Special Investment Special Economic Individual Industrial Corridors Industrial Estates Industrial Clusters Department Regions Zones Industrial Units Transport Influence Influence Influence Influence Influence Influence

Mines

Government Department Ongoing Mining Mining Potential Mine Deposits Adi Dravidar and Tribal - Impacted by decisions of other - Welfare departments Agriculture - - - Animal Husbandry, Dairying - - - and Fisheries Backward Classes, MBCs and - - - Minorities Welfare Cooperation Department and - - - Food and Consumer Protection Directorate of E-Governance Provide technical support for Research Provide technical support for Research Provide technical support for Research (TNeGA) & Development, Remote Sensing, & Development, Remote Sensing, & Development, Remote Sensing, Spatial Mapping and Data Base Spatial Mapping and Data Base Spatial Mapping and Data Base Management Management Management Energy - - - Environment and Forests Influence Influence Influence Handloom, Handicrafts, - - - Textile and Khadi Highways and Minor Ports Influence, impacted by decisions of Influence, impacted by decisions of - other departments other departments Housing and Urban - - - Development Industries (includes Mines) Plan, promote, influence, develop, Plan, promote, influence, develop, Plan, promote, influence, develop, maintain, invest, execute schemes, maintain, invest, execute schemes, maintain, invest, execute schemes, provide technical support, monitor and provide technical support, monitor and provide technical support, monitor and approve interventions, impacted by approve interventions, impacted by approve interventions, impacted by decisions of other departments decisions of other departments decisions of other departments MSME - - - Municipal Administration and - - - Water Supply Planning, Development and maintain statistics Influence, monitor and approve maintain statistics Special Initiatives Department interventions, maintain statistics Public Works (Including Influence, impacted by decisions of Influence, impacted by decisions of - Water Resources) other departments other departments Revenue Plan, influence, monitor and approve Plan, influence, monitor and approve - interventions interventions Rural Development and - - - Panchayati Raj Tamil Nadu Skill Impacted by decisions of other - - Development Corporation departments Tourism, Culture and - - - Religious Endowments Transport - - -

Tourism

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page xxvi Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

Leisure / Business / Heritage / Festivals / Rural / Government Religious Beach Eco- Amusement / Way Side Conference Archaeology Fairs Agricultural Department Tourism Tourism Tourism Entertainment Amenities Tourism Tourism Tourism Tourism Tourism Dairying and decisions of decisions of decisions of Fisheries other other other departments departments departments Backward Impacted by - - - Impacted by Impacted by Impacted by Impacted by - Classes, MBCs decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of and Minorities other other other other other Welfare departments departments departments departments departments Cooperation Influence Influence Influence Influence Influence Influence Influence Influence Influence Department and Food and Consumer Protection Directorate of Provide Provide Provide Provide Provide Provide Provide Provide Provide E-Governance technical technical technical technical technical technical technical technical technical (TNeGA) support for support for support for support for support for support for support for support for support for Research & Research & Research & Research & Research & Research & Research & Research & Research & Development, Development, Development, Development, Development, Development, Development, Development, Development, Remote Remote Remote Remote Remote Remote Remote Remote Remote Sensing, Sensing, Sensing, Sensing, Sensing, Sensing, Sensing, Sensing, Spatial Sensing, Spatial Spatial Spatial Spatial Spatial Spatial Spatial Mapping and Spatial Mapping and Mapping and Mapping and Mapping and Mapping and Mapping and Mapping and Data Base Mapping and Data Base Data Base Data Base Data Base Data Base Data Base Data Base Management Data Base Management Management Management Management Management Management Management Management Energy - - - Influence - Influence - - - Environment - Influence, Plan, ------and Forests impacted by influence, decisions of develop, other maintain, departments invest, execute schemes, provide technical support, monitor and approve interventions Handloom, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Handicrafts, impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by Textile and decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of Khadi other other other other other other other other other departments departments departments departments departments departments departments departments departments Highways and Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Plan, Minor Ports influence, develop, maintain, invest, execute schemes, provide technical support, monitor and approve interventions, impacted by decisions of other departments Housing and Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, - Influence, Influence, Urban invest, invest, execute invest, invest, execute invest, invest, invest, execute invest, execute Development execute specific execute specific execute execute specific specific specific schemes, specific schemes, specific specific schemes, schemes, schemes, impacted by schemes, impacted by schemes, schemes, impacted by impacted by impacted by decisions of impacted by decisions of impacted by impacted by decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page xxvii Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

Leisure / Business / Heritage / Festivals / Rural / Government Religious Beach Eco- Amusement / Way Side Conference Archaeology Fairs Agricultural Department Tourism Tourism Tourism Entertainment Amenities Tourism Tourism Tourism Tourism Tourism other other other other other other other other departments departments departments departments departments departments departments departments Industries - - - Influence, - - - - - (includes impacted by Mines) decisions of other departments MSME - - - Influence, - - - - - impacted by decisions of other departments Municipal Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, - Influence, Influence, Administration invest, invest, execute invest, invest, execute invest, invest, invest, execute invest, execute and Water execute specific execute specific execute execute specific specific Supply specific schemes, specific schemes, specific specific schemes, schemes, schemes, impacted by schemes, impacted by schemes, schemes, impacted by impacted by impacted by decisions of impacted by decisions of impacted by impacted by decisions of decisions of decisions of other decisions of other decisions of decisions of other other other departments other departments other other departments departments departments departments departments departments Planning, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Maintain Development monitor and monitor and monitor and monitor and monitor and monitor and monitor and monitor and statistics and Special approve approve approve approve approve approve approve approve Initiatives interventions, interventions, interventions, interventions, interventions, interventions, interventions, interventions, Department maintain maintain maintain maintain maintain maintain maintain maintain statistics statistics statistics statistics statistics statistics statistics statistics Public Works Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, - (Including impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by Water decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of Resources) other other other other other other other other departments departments departments departments departments departments departments departments Revenue Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Acquisition, Acquisition, Acquisition, Acquisition, Acquisition, Acquisition, Acquisition, Acquisition, Acquisition, impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of other other other other other other other other other departments departments departments departments departments departments departments departments departments Rural - - - - - Influence, Influence, - - Development invest, invest, execute and execute specific Panchayati Raj specific schemes, schemes, impacted by impacted by decisions of decisions of other other departments departments Tamil Nadu Impacted by Impacted by Impacted by Impacted by Impacted by Impacted by Impacted by Impacted by - Skill decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of Development other other other other other other other other Corporation departments departments departments departments departments departments departments departments Tourism, Plan, Plan, Plan, Plan, Plan, Plan, Plan, Plan, influence, Plan, Culture and influence, influence, influence, influence, influence, influence, influence, develop, influence, Religious develop, develop, develop, develop, develop, develop, develop, maintain, develop, Endowments maintain, maintain, maintain, maintain, maintain, maintain, maintain, invest, execute maintain, invest, invest, execute invest, invest, execute invest, invest, invest, execute schemes, invest, execute execute schemes, execute schemes, execute execute schemes, provide schemes, schemes, provide schemes, provide schemes, schemes, provide technical provide provide technical provide technical provide provide technical support, technical technical support, technical support, technical technical support, monitor and support, support, monitor and support, monitor and support, support, monitor and approve monitor and monitor and approve monitor and approve monitor and monitor and approve interventions, approve approve interventions, approve interventions, approve approve interventions, impacted by interventions, interventions, impacted by interventions, impacted by interventions, interventions, impacted by decisions of impacted by impacted by decisions of impacted by decisions of impacted by impacted by decisions of decisions of

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page xxviii Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

Infrastructure

Power Govern Power Generation Power Power Grid Power ment Inland Other Generation Roads Airports Railways Ports (Non- Generation / Sub Transmissi Depart Waterways Logistics (Renewabl Renewable (Nuclear) Station on Lines ment e) ) Adi ------Dravida r and Tribal Welfare Agricult Impacted by Impacted by Impacted by Impacted by Impacted by Influences Impacted by Impacted by Impacted by Impacted by Impacted by ure decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of and invests decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of other other other other other in other other other other other departments departments departments departments departments agriculture departments departments departments departments departments oriented logistics like markets, granaries, cold storage etc. Animal impacted by - - - - impacted by - - - - - Husban decisions of decisions of dry, other other Dairyin departments departments g and Fisherie s Backwa ------rd Classes, MBCs and Minoriti es Welfare Cooper Influence - Influence Influence Influence Plan, - - - - - ation and and and and influence, Depart impacted impacted impacted impacted develop, ment maintain, and invest, Food execute and schemes, Consu provide mer technical Protecti support, on monitor and approve intervention s Director Provide Provide Provide Provide Provide Provide Provide Provide Provide Provide Provide ate of technical technical technical technical technical technical technical technical technical technical technical E- support for support for support for support for support for support for support for support for support for support for support for Govern Research & Research & Research & Research & Research & Research & Research & Research & Research & Research & Research & ance Developme Developme Developme Developme Developme Developme Developme Developme Developme Developme Developme (TNeG nt, Remote nt, Remote nt, Remote nt, Remote nt, Remote nt, Remote nt, Remote nt, Remote nt, Remote nt, Remote nt, Remote A) Sensing, Sensing, Sensing, Sensing, Sensing, Sensing, Sensing, Sensing, Sensing, Sensing, Sensing, Spatial Spatial Spatial Spatial Spatial Spatial Spatial Spatial Spatial Spatial Spatial

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page xxix Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

Power Govern Power Generation Power Power Grid Power ment Inland Other Generation Roads Airports Railways Ports (Non- Generation / Sub Transmissi Depart Waterways Logistics (Renewabl Renewable (Nuclear) Station on Lines ment e) ) Mapping Mapping Mapping Mapping Mapping Mapping Mapping Mapping Mapping Mapping Mapping and Data and Data and Data and Data and Data and Data and Data and Data and Data and Data and Data Base Base Base Base Base Base Base Base Base Base Base Managemen Managemen Managemen Managemen Managemen Managemen Managemen Managemen Managemen Managemen Managemen t t t t t t t t t t t Energy Impacted by Impacted by Impacted by Impacted by - Impacted by Plan, Plan, Plan, Plan, Plan, decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of influence, influence, influence, influence, influence, other other other other other develop, develop, develop, develop, develop, departments departments departments departments departments maintain, maintain, maintain, maintain, maintain, invest, invest, invest, invest, invest, execute execute execute execute execute schemes, schemes, schemes, schemes, schemes, provide provide provide provide provide technical technical technical technical technical support, support, support, support, support, monitor and monitor and monitor and monitor and monitor and approve approve approve approve approve intervention intervention intervention intervention intervention s s s s s Environ Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, ment impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by and decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of Forests other other other other other other other other other other other departments departments departments departments departments departments departments departments departments departments departments Handlo Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced - Influenced - - - - - om, and and and and and Handic impacted impacted impacted impacted impacted rafts, Textile and Khadi Highwa Plan, - Influence Plan, Plan, Plan, Influence Influence Influence - Influence ys and influence, influence, influence, influence, Minor develop, develop, develop, develop, Ports maintain, maintain, maintain, maintain, invest, invest, invest, invest, execute execute execute execute schemes, schemes, schemes, schemes, provide provide provide provide technical technical technical technical support, support, support, support, monitor and monitor and monitor and monitor and approve approve approve approve intervention intervention intervention intervention s, impacted s, impacted s, impacted s, impacted by decisions by decisions by decisions by decisions of other of other of other of other departments departments departments departments Housin Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, g and plan, invest, plan, invest, impacted by impacted by impacted by plan, invest, impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by invest, Urban execute execute decisions of decisions of decisions of execute decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of execute Develop specific specific other other other specific other other other other specific ment schemes, schemes, departments departments departments schemes, departments departments departments departments schemes, impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of other other other other departments departments departments departments Industri Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, es invest, impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by invest, impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by (include execute decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of execute decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of s specific other other other other specific other other other other other Mines) schemes, departments departments departments departments schemes, departments departments departments departments departments impacted by impacted by decisions of decisions of

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page xxx Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

Power Govern Power Generation Power Power Grid Power ment Inland Other Generation Roads Airports Railways Ports (Non- Generation / Sub Transmissi Depart Waterways Logistics (Renewabl Renewable (Nuclear) Station on Lines ment e) ) other other departments departments MSME Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced - Influenced - - - Influenced - and and and and and and impacted impacted impacted impacted impacted impacted Munici Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, pal plan, invest, plan, invest, impacted by impacted by impacted by plan, invest, impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by invest, Admini execute execute decisions of decisions of decisions of execute decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of execute stration specific specific other other other specific other other other other specific and schemes, schemes, departments departments departments schemes, departments departments departments departments schemes, Water impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by Supply decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of other other other other departments departments departments departments Plannin Plan, Plan, Plan, Plan, Plan, Plan, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, g, influence, influence, influence, influence, influence, influence, monitor and monitor and monitor and monitor and monitor and Develop develop, develop, develop, develop, develop, develop, approve approve approve approve approve ment maintain, maintain, maintain, maintain, maintain, maintain, intervention intervention intervention intervention intervention and invest, invest, invest, invest, invest, invest, s, maintain s, maintain s, maintain s, maintain s, maintain Special execute execute execute execute execute execute statistics statistics statistics statistics statistics Initiativ schemes, schemes, schemes, schemes, schemes, schemes, es provide provide provide provide provide provide Depart technical technical technical technical technical technical ment support, support, support, support, support, support, monitor and monitor and monitor and monitor and monitor and monitor and approve approve approve approve approve approve intervention intervention intervention intervention intervention intervention s, maintain s, maintain s, maintain s, maintain s, maintain s, maintain statistics statistics statistics statistics statistics statistics Public Influenced Plan, Plan, Plan, Plan, Plan, Influence, - - - - Works and influence, influence, influence, influence, influence, impacted by (Includi impacted develop, develop, develop, develop, develop, decisions of ng maintain, maintain, maintain, maintain, maintain, other Water invest, invest, invest, invest, invest, departments Resourc execute execute execute execute execute es) schemes, schemes, schemes, schemes, schemes, provide provide provide provide provide technical technical technical technical technical support, support, support, support, support, monitor and monitor and monitor and monitor and monitor and approve approve approve approve approve intervention intervention intervention intervention intervention s, impacted s, impacted s, impacted s, impacted s, impacted by decisions by decisions by decisions by decisions by decisions of other of other of other of other of other departments departments departments departments departments Revenu Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, e Acquisition, Acquisition, Acquisition, Acquisition, Acquisition, Acquisition, Acquisition, Acquisition, Acquisition, Acquisition, Acquisition, impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of other other other other other other other other other other other departments departments departments departments departments departments departments departments departments departments departments Rural Influenced - Influenced ------Develop and and ment impacted impacted and Pancha yati Raj Tamil ------Nadu Skill Develop ment

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page xxxi Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

Power Govern Power Generation Power Power Grid Power ment Inland Other Generation Roads Airports Railways Ports (Non- Generation / Sub Transmissi Depart Waterways Logistics (Renewabl Renewable (Nuclear) Station on Lines ment e) ) Corpora tion Touris Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced - Influenced - - - - - m, and and and and and Culture impacted impacted impacted impacted impacted and Religio us Endow ments Transp - Plan, ------ort influence, develop, maintain, invest

Settlements

Proposed upcoming Settlements Government Department Existing Settlement Settlement Expansion (Greenfield) Adi Dravidar and Tribal Influenced and impacted Influenced and impacted Influenced and impacted Welfare Agriculture - Impacted by decisions of other Impacted by decisions of other departments departments Animal Husbandry, Dairying impacted by decisions of other impacted by decisions of other impacted by decisions of other and Fisheries departments departments departments Backward Classes, MBCs Influenced and impacted Influenced and impacted Influenced and impacted and Minorities Welfare Cooperation Department and Influenced and impacted Influenced and impacted Influenced and impacted Food and Consumer Protection Directorate of E-Governance Provide technical support for Research & Provide technical support for Research & Provide technical support for Research & (TNeGA) Development, Remote Sensing, Spatial Development, Remote Sensing, Spatial Development, Remote Sensing, Spatial Mapping and Data Base Management Mapping and Data Base Management Mapping and Data Base Management Energy Influence, invest, execute specific schemes, Influence, invest, execute specific schemes, Influence, invest, execute specific schemes, provide technical support provide technical support provide technical support Environment and Forests impacted by decisions of other Influence, impacted by decisions of other Influence, impacted by decisions of other departments departments departments Handloom, Handicrafts, Influenced and impacted Influenced and impacted Influenced and impacted Textile and Khadi Highways and Minor Ports Influence, impacted by decisions of other Influence, impacted by decisions of other Influence, impacted by decisions of other departments departments departments Housing and Urban Plan, influence, develop, maintain, invest, Plan, influence, develop, maintain, invest, Plan, influence, develop, maintain, invest, Development execute schemes, provide technical execute schemes, provide technical execute schemes, provide technical support, monitor and approve support, monitor and approve support, monitor and approve interventions, impacted by decisions of interventions, impacted by decisions of interventions, impacted by decisions of other departments other departments other departments Industries (includes Mines) Influence, develop, maintain, invest, Influence, develop, maintain, invest, Influence, develop, maintain, invest, execute schemes, impacted by decisions of execute schemes, impacted by decisions of execute schemes, impacted by decisions of other departments other departments other departments MSME Influenced and impacted Influenced and impacted Influenced and impacted Municipal Administration Plan, influence, develop, maintain, invest, Plan, influence, develop, maintain, invest, Plan, influence, develop, maintain, invest, and Water Supply execute schemes, provide technical execute schemes, provide technical execute schemes, provide technical support, monitor and approve support, monitor and approve support, monitor and approve interventions, impacted by decisions of interventions, impacted by decisions of interventions, impacted by decisions of other departments other departments other departments Planning, Development and Influence, monitor and approve Influence, monitor and approve Influence, monitor and approve Special Initiatives interventions, maintain statistics interventions, maintain statistics interventions, maintain statistics Department Public Works (Including Influence, impacted by decisions of other Influence, impacted by decisions of other Influence, impacted by decisions of other Water Resources) departments departments departments Revenue Influence, Acquisition, impacted by Influence, Acquisition, impacted by Influence, Acquisition, impacted by decisions of other departments decisions of other departments decisions of other departments

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page xxxii Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

Proposed upcoming Settlements Government Department Existing Settlement Settlement Expansion (Greenfield) Rural Development and Influenced and impacted Influenced and impacted Influenced and impacted Panchayati Raj Tamil Nadu Skill Impacted by decisions of other Impacted by decisions of other Impacted by decisions of other Development Corporation departments departments departments Tourism, Culture and Influence, impacted by decisions of other Influence, impacted by decisions of other Influence, impacted by decisions of other Religious Endowments departments departments departments Transport Influence Influence Influence

Wastelands

Barren / Land Affected Degraded Degraded Mining Waste Government Gullied and Industrial Rocky / with Salinity Agriculture & Pastures and Sands Land / Closed Department Ravinous Waste Land Stoney Waste /Alkalinity Forest Land Grazing Land Mines Land Adi Dravidar ------and Tribal Welfare Agriculture - - Plan, influence, - - impacted by - - execute decisions of schemes, other provide departments technical support, impacted by decisions of other departments Animal - - Plan, influence, Plan, influence, - - - - Husbandry, execute execute Dairying and schemes, schemes, Fisheries provide provide technical technical support, support, impacted by impacted by decisions of decisions of other other departments departments Backward ------Classes, MBCs and Minorities Welfare Cooperation ------Department and Food and Consumer Protection Directorate Provide Provide Provide Provide Provide Provide Provide Provide of E- technical technical technical technical technical technical technical technical Governance support for support for support for support for support for support for support for support for (TNeGA) Research & Research & Research & Research & Research & Research & Research & Research & Development, Development, Development, Development, Development, Development, Development, Development, Remote Remote Remote Remote Remote Remote Remote Remote Sensing, Spatial Sensing, Spatial Sensing, Spatial Sensing, Spatial Sensing, Spatial Sensing, Spatial Sensing, Spatial Sensing, Spatial Mapping and Mapping and Mapping and Mapping and Mapping and Mapping and Mapping and Mapping and Data Base Data Base Data Base Data Base Data Base Data Base Data Base Data Base Management Management Management Management Management Management Management Management Energy Negative ------Influence Environmen Plan, influence, Plan, influence, Plan, influence, Plan, influence, Plan, influence, - Influence, - t and Forests execute execute execute execute execute execute schemes, schemes, schemes, schemes, schemes, schemes, provide provide provide provide provide provide technical technical technical technical technical technical support, support, support, support, support, support,

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page xxxiii Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

Barren / Land Affected Degraded Degraded Mining Waste Government Gullied and Industrial Rocky / with Salinity Agriculture & Pastures and Sands Land / Closed Department Ravinous Waste Land Stoney Waste /Alkalinity Forest Land Grazing Land Mines Land impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of other other other other other other departments departments departments departments departments departments, Monitor and Approve Interventions Handloom, ------Handicrafts, Textile and Khadi Highways Negative ------and Minor Influence Ports Housing and Negative - Negative Negative Negative - - - Urban Influence Influence Influence Influence Developmen t Industries Negative Negative - - Negative Negative Negative - (includes Influence Influence Influence Influence Influence Mines) MSME - - - - - Negative - - Influence Municipal Negative - Negative Negative Negative - - - Administrati Influence Influence Influence Influence on and Water Supply Planning, Maintain Plan, influence, Plan, influence, Plan, influence, Plan, influence, Plan, influence, Plan, influence, Plan, influence, Developmen statistics develop, develop, develop, develop, develop, develop, develop, t and Special maintain, maintain, maintain, maintain, maintain, maintain, maintain, Initiatives invest, execute invest, execute invest, execute invest, execute invest, execute invest, execute invest, execute Department schemes, schemes, schemes, schemes, schemes, schemes, schemes, provide provide provide provide provide provide provide technical technical technical technical technical technical technical support, support, support, support, support, support, support, monitor and monitor and monitor and monitor and monitor and monitor and monitor and approve approve approve approve approve approve approve interventions, interventions, interventions, interventions, interventions, interventions, interventions, maintain maintain maintain maintain maintain maintain maintain statistics statistics statistics statistics statistics statistics statistics Public Influence, Influence, ------Works impacted by impacted by (Including decisions of decisions of Water other other Resources) departments departments Revenue Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of other other other other other other other other departments departments departments departments departments departments departments departments Rural - - Influence, Influence, Influence, - Influence, - Developmen impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by t and decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of Panchayati other other other other Raj departments departments departments departments Tamil Nadu ------Skill Developmen t Corporation Tourism, ------Influence, Culture and impacted by Religious decisions of

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page xxxiv Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

Socially Vulnerable

Government Tribal Areas (PESA) Forest Rights Protection Areas Department Adi Dravidar and Plan, influence, develop, maintain, invest, execute schemes, provide Plan, influence, develop, maintain, invest, execute schemes, provide Tribal Welfare technical support, monitor and approve interventions, impacted by technical support, monitor and approve interventions, impacted by decisions of other departments decisions of other departments Agriculture Plans and gets Impacted by decisions of other departments Plans, influences and gets Impacted by decisions of other departments Animal Impacted by decisions of other departments Impacted by decisions of other departments Husbandary, Dairying and Fisheries Backward Classes, Plan, influence, develop, maintain, invest, execute schemes, provide Plan, influence, develop, maintain, invest, execute schemes, provide MBCs and technical support, monitor and approve interventions, impacted by technical support, monitor and approve interventions, impacted by Minorities Welfare decisions of other departments decisions of other departments Cooperation Influenced and impacted Influenced and impacted Department and Food and Consumer Protection Directorate of E- Provide technical support for Research & Development, Remote Provide technical support for Research & Development, Remote Governance Sensing, Spatial Mapping and Data Base Management Sensing, Spatial Mapping and Data Base Management (TNeGA) Energy - - Environment and - Plan, influence, develop, maintain, invest, execute schemes, provide Forests technical support, monitor and approve interventions Handloom, Influenced and impacted Influenced and impacted Handicrafts, Textile and Khadi Highways and Influence and Impacted Influence and Impacted Minor Ports Housing and Plan, influence, develop, maintain, invest, execute schemes, provide - Urban technical support, monitor and approve interventions, impacted by Development decisions of other departments Industries Influenced, impacted, Negative Influence Negative Influence (includes Mines) MSME Influenced and impacted - Municipal Plan, influence, develop, maintain, invest, execute schemes, provide - Administration technical support, monitor and approve interventions, impacted by and Water Supply decisions of other departments Planning, Plan, influence, develop, maintain, invest, execute schemes, provide Influence, monitor and approve interventions, maintain statistics Development and technical support, monitor and approve interventions, maintain Special Initiatives statistics Department Public Works Plan, influence, develop, maintain, invest, execute schemes, provide Plan, influence, develop, maintain, invest, execute schemes, provide (Including Water technical support, monitor and approve interventions, impacted by technical support, monitor and approve interventions, impacted by Resources) decisions of other departments decisions of other departments Revenue Influence, Acquisition, impacted by decisions of other departments Influence, Acquisition, impacted by decisions of other departments Rural Plan, influence, develop, maintain, invest, execute schemes, provide - Development and technical support, monitor and approve interventions, impacted by Panchayati Raj decisions of other departments Tamil Nadu Skill Impacted by decisions of other departments Impacted by decisions of other departments Development Corporation Tourism, Culture Influenced and impacted Influenced and impacted and Religious Endowments Transport Influence and Impacted Influence and Impacted

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page xxxv Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

Disaster Prone Areas

Water Extreme Major Gas Leaks / Cyclone Tsunami Land Slide Natural Fire Earthquake Nuclear and Water Biological Government Flood Prone Scarcity Temperatur Accident Air Prone Prone Prone Prone Prone Radiologica Blasts Contaminati Contaminatio Fire Department Zones Prone e Risk Hazzard Contaminatio Zones Zones Zones Zones Zones l Disasters on n Zones Zones Projects n Adi Dravidar ------and Tribal Welfare Agriculture Plans and Plans and Plans and Plans and ------Plans and gets Plans and gets - gets gets gets gets Impacted by Impacted by Impacted Impacted by Impacted by Impacted by decisions of decisions of by decisions decisions of decisions of decisions of other other of other other other other departments departments departments departments departments departments Animal Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced - Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced and - Influenced Influenced and - Husbandary, and and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted impacted and impacted impacted Dairying and impacted Fisheries Backward Influenced Influenced Influenced - - - Influenced Influenced - - Influenced and - Influenced Influenced and - Classes, and and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted impacted and impacted impacted MBCs and impacted Minorities Welfare Cooperation Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced and Influenced Influenced Influenced and Influenced Department and and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted impacted and and impacted impacted and and Food and impacted impacted impacted Consumer Protection Directorate of Provide Provide Provide Provide Provide Provide Provide Provide Provide Provide Provide Provide Provide Provide Provide E- technical technical technical technical technical technical technical technical technical technical technical technical technical technical technical Governance support for support for support for support for support for support for support for support for support for support for support for support for support for support for support for (TNeGA) Research & Research & Research & Research & Research & Research & Research & Research & Research & Research & Research & Research & Research & Research & Research & Developme Development Development Development Development Development Development Development Development Development Development, Developme Development, Development, Developme nt, Remote , Remote , Remote , Remote , Remote , Remote , Remote , Remote , Remote , Remote Remote nt, Remote Remote Remote nt, Remote Sensing, Sensing, Sensing, Sensing, Sensing, Sensing, Sensing, Sensing, Sensing, Sensing, Sensing, Spatial Sensing, Sensing, Sensing, Spatial Sensing, Spatial Spatial Spatial Spatial Spatial Spatial Spatial Spatial Spatial Spatial Mapping and Spatial Spatial Mapping and Spatial Mapping Mapping and Mapping and Mapping and Mapping and Mapping and Mapping and Mapping and Mapping and Mapping and Data Base Mapping Mapping and Data Base Mapping and Data Data Base Data Base Data Base Data Base Data Base Data Base Data Base Data Base Data Base Management and Data Data Base Management and Data Base Management Management Management Management Management Management Management Management Management Base Management Base Managemen Manageme Managemen t nt t

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page xxxvi Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

Water Extreme Major Gas Leaks / Cyclone Tsunami Land Slide Natural Fire Earthquake Nuclear and Water Biological Government Flood Prone Scarcity Temperatur Accident Air Prone Prone Prone Prone Prone Radiologica Blasts Contaminati Contaminatio Fire Department Zones Prone e Risk Hazzard Contaminatio Zones Zones Zones Zones Zones l Disasters on n Zones Zones Projects n Energy Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced - Influenced Influenced Influenced Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative and and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted Influence Influence Influence Influence Influence Influence Influence impacted Environment Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, - Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, - Influence, Influence, - and Forests impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by impacted by decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of decisions of other other other other other other other other other other other other departments departments departments departments departments departments departments departments departments departments departments departments Handloom, ------Handicrafts, Textile and Khadi Highways Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced - Influenced ------and Minor and and and and and Ports Impacted Impacted Impacted Impacted Impacted Housing and Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced and Influenced Influenced Influenced and Influenced Urban and and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted impacted and and impacted impacted and Development impacted impacted impacted Industries Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Influenced and Negative (includes and and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted Influence Influence Influence Influence Influence impacted Influence Mines) impacted MSME Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Influenced and Negative and and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted Influence Influence Influence Influence Influence impacted Influence impacted Municipal Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced and Influenced Influenced Influenced and Influenced Administratio and and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted impacted and and impacted impacted and n and Water impacted impacted impacted Supply Planning, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Influence, Development monitor and monitor and monitor and monitor and monitor and monitor and monitor and monitor and monitor and monitor and monitor and monitor monitor and monitor and monitor and Special approve approve approve approve approve approve approve approve approve approve approve and approve approve and Initiatives intervention interventions, interventions, interventions, interventions, interventions, interventions, interventions, interventions, interventions, interventions, approve interventions, interventions, approve Department s, maintain maintain maintain maintain maintain maintain maintain maintain maintain maintain maintain interventio maintain maintain intervention statistics statistics statistics statistics statistics statistics statistics statistics statistics statistics statistics ns, statistics statistics s, maintain maintain statistics statistics Public Works Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced - Influenced Plan, Influenced Influenced - - - Plan, Plan, influence, - (Including and and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted influence, and impacted and impacted influence, develop, Water impacted develop, develop, maintain, Resources) maintain, maintain, invest, execute invest, invest, execute schemes, execute schemes, provide

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page xxxvii Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

Water Extreme Major Gas Leaks / Cyclone Tsunami Land Slide Natural Fire Earthquake Nuclear and Water Biological Government Flood Prone Scarcity Temperatur Accident Air Prone Prone Prone Prone Prone Radiologica Blasts Contaminati Contaminatio Fire Department Zones Prone e Risk Hazzard Contaminatio Zones Zones Zones Zones Zones l Disasters on n Zones Zones Projects n schemes, provide technical provide technical support, technical support, monitor and support, monitor and approve monitor and approve interventions, approve interventions, impacted by interventions, impacted by decisions of impacted by decisions of other decisions of other departments other departments departments Revenue Disaster Disaster Risk Disaster Risk Disaster Risk Disaster Risk Disaster Risk Disaster Risk Disaster Risk Disaster Risk Disaster Risk Disaster Risk Disaster Disaster Risk Disaster Risk Disaster Risk Reduction Reduction Reduction Reduction Reduction Reduction Reduction Reduction Reduction Reduction Risk Reduction Reduction Risk Reduction Measures, Measures, Measures, Measures, Measures, Measures, Measures, Measures, Measures, Measures, Reduction Measures, Measures, Reduction Measures, Disaster Disaster Disaster Disaster Disaster Disaster Disaster Disaster Disaster Disaster Measures, Disaster Disaster Measures, Disaster Mitigation Mitigation Mitigation Mitigation Mitigation Mitigation Mitigation Mitigation Mitigation Mitigation Disaster Mitigation Mitigation Disaster Mitigation Measures, Measures, Measures, Measures, Measures, Measures, Measures, Measures, Measures, Measures, Mitigation Measures, Measures, Mitigation Measures, Disaster Disaster Disaster Disaster Disaster Disaster Disaster Disaster Disaster Disaster Measures, Disaster Disaster Measures, Disaster Management Management Management Management Management Management Management Management Management Management Disaster Management Management Disaster Managemen Post Disaster Post Disaster Post Disaster Post Disaster Post Disaster Post Disaster Post Disaster Post Disaster Post Disaster Post Disaster Manageme Post Disaster Post Disaster Managemen t Post Rehabilitatio Rehabilitatio Rehabilitatio Rehabilitatio Rehabilitatio Rehabilitatio Rehabilitatio Rehabilitatio Rehabilitatio Rehabilitation nt Post Rehabilitation Rehabilitation t Post Disaster n and n and n and n and n and n and n and n and n and and Disaster and and Disaster Rehabilitati Resettlement Resettlement Resettlement Resettlement Resettlement Resettlement Resettlement Resettlement Resettlement Resettlement Rehabilitati Resettlement Resettlement Rehabilitati on and on and on and Resettlemen Resettleme Resettlemen t nt t Rural Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced and Influenced Influenced Influenced and Influenced Development and and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted impacted and and impacted impacted and and impacted impacted impacted Panchayati Raj Tamil Nadu ------Skill Development Corporation Tourism, Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced - Influenced Influenced Influenced - - - Influenced Influenced and - Culture and and and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted and impacted impacted Religious impacted Endowments Transport Influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced ------and and impacted and impacted and impacted impacted

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page xxxviii Approach to Draft State Land Use (Planning) Policy - Baseline

GIZ - Land Use Planning and Management Project Page xxxix

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Land Use Planning and Management (LUPM) 3rd Floor, B-5/2 Safdarjung Enclave New Delhi 110029 India T: +91 11 4949 5353 F: +91 11 4949 5391 E: [email protected] W: www.giz.de/india; lupm.urban-industrial.in