DOCSLIB.ORG

Causes of Death by Occupation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Causes of Death by Occupation UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR JAMES J. DAVIS, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS ETHELBERT STEWART, Commissioner BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES \ lkT r- A7 BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS/........... NO. DU# INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS AND HYGIENE SERIES CAUSES OF DEATH BY OCCUPATION OCCUPATIONAL MORTALITY EXPERIENCE OF THE METROPOLITAN LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, INDUSTRIAL DEPARTMENT 1922-1924 : BY LOUIS I. DUBLIN, PH. D. AND ROBERT J . VANE, JR. [• Tf 38 I I oiX FEBRUARY, 1930 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE r WASHINGTON : 1930 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. - - Price 25 cents Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Contents Page Introduction___________________________________________________________________ 1 C hapter 1.— The group as a whole_________________________________________ 3 C hapter 2.— Mortality according to occupation___________________________ 15 Bakers____________________________________________________________________ 20 Blacksmiths_______________________________________________________________ 22 Carpenters________________________________________________________________ 24 Chauffeurs__________________________________________ ___________________ 25 Cigar makers and tobacco workers_____________________________________ 27 Clerks, bookkeepers, and office assistants_____ _______________________ 29 Coal miners (underground)______________________________________________ 32 Compositors, printers, and pressmen___________________________________ 35 Electricians_________________ , ___________________________ ________________ 37 Farmers and farm laborers______________________________________________ 39 Fishermen, oystermen, sailors, and marine workers___________________ 42 Furniture and other wood workers_____________________________________ 44 Iron and steel mill workers______________________________________________ 46 Iron foundry workers______________________ __________________ 48 Janitors and building employees______ ___________________ 51 Laborers______________________________ ________________ 52 Longshoremen and stevedores___________________________________________ 55 Machinists___________________________________ ___________________________ 57 Masons and bricklayers____________________________ _____________________ 59 Merchants and storekeepers________________________ ____________________ 61 Painters, paper hangers, and varnishers__ ------------------------------------ 63 Plumbers, gas fitters, and steam fitters___ ___________________ 66 Policemen___________________________________ ___________________ 68 Railway enginemen and trainmen_________ _ ________ _____________ 71 Railway track and yard workers________________________________________ 75 Saloon keepers and bartenders__________________________________________ 77 Shoe factory workers_________________________________________________ — 78 Stationary engineers and firemen---------------- ------------------------------------------- 79 Store clerks and salesmen________________________________________________ 81 Tailors and other clothing workers_____________________________________ 83 Teamsters and drivers___________________________________________________ 86 Textile mill workers______________________________________________________ 88 Watchmen and guards___________________________________________________ 91 Chapter 3.— Principal causes of death______________________________________ 93 Typhoid fever____________________________________________________________ 93 Influenza___________________________________________- — *--------------------------- 95 Pneumonia (all forms)___________________________________________________ 97 Other diseases of the respiratory system_______________________________ 99 Tuberculosis of the respiratory system_________________________________ 101 Cancer (all forms)________________________________________________________ 107 Diabetes__________________________________________________________________ 108 Cirrhosis of the liver_____________________________________________________ 110 in Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis IV CONTENTS C h a p t e r 3 .— Principal causes of death— Continued. Page Cerebral hemorrhage, apoplexy, and paralysis_________________________ 112 Other diseases of the heart______________________________________________ 114 Nephritis (acute and chronic)________________________ ___________________ 116 Accidental or undefined violence________________________________________ 118 Homicide (all forms)____________________________________________________ 122 Occupational diseases____________________________________________________ 123 C h a p t e r 4.— Concluding statement________________________________________ 127 List of references______________________________________________________________ 129 Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis BULLETIN OF THE U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS No. 507 WASHINGTON F e b r u a r y , 1930 CAUSES OF DEATH, BY OCCUPATION INTRODUCTION UR first monograph entitled “ Causes of Death, by Occupation,” O which was based on the occupational mortality experience of in­ dustrial policyholders insured with the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., was published by the United States Department of Labor. This pamphlet, known as Bulletin No. 207 of the Bureau of Labor Statis­ tics, analyzed the causes of death (among the 2,000,000 then insured) of 94,269 white males 15 years of age and older who died during the three years 1911 to 1913. The data contained in this bulletin have been favorably received, widely reprinted, and extensively used by agencies engaged in the practical improvement of industrial con­ ditions. Highly gratifying has been the influence this publication has exerted in the settlement of labor difficulties and in the general improvement in industrial hygiene. It has been quoted in labor arbitrations in various industries, especially in the printing and publishing trades and in the clothing and textile industries; and it has been employed in the solution of problems of industrial relations in the railroad field. Such favorable response has been coupled with an insistent demand for more recent statistics. Our mortality data are illustrative of the changing health of the wage earners of the Nation. Improve­ ments in machinery, changes in industrial processes, new findings regarding the sanitation of factories, reductions in the hours of labor, increases in wages, and the extensive welfare activities characteristic of modern industry have profoundly influenced the health of workers. The betterment of living conditions and improved standards of living have made their impress very definitely upon the longevity and vitality of wage earners and have been immediately reflected in lower' death rates. To-day workers 20 years of age may expect to live, on the average, five years longer than similar workers could in 1912. It is for these reasons that we have thought it desirable to bring our report up to date; for only by the widespread dissemination of such facts can we arrive at a sound means of bettering working con­ ditions and raising still further the level of industry. Tuberculosis has always been the predominating scourge of the American workman; but since 1912 tuberculosis of the respiratory system alone has declined over 50 per cent. Other causes of death 1 Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 CAUSES OF DEATH, BY OCCUPATION have decreased in varying amounts. Only a few conditions, like cancer, have shown a rising death rate. Consequently, it now seems desirable to extend our previous analysis of occupational mortality. The present bulletin is based upon a far larger experience than the earlier one. It now covers 3,250,000 white male policyholders insured in the industrial department of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. Of this exposure, 112,364 died during the years 1922, 1923, and 1924. Our aim is to provide reliable, recent, and useful information regarding a typical cross section of the wTage- earning population. Industrial physicians, health officers, and pri­ vate practitioners will be in a position to discover from what diseases these workers died and at what ages. Labor arbitrators and others interested in the improvement of working conditions will learn about some of the less satisfactory aspects of the present indus­ trial situation and, having this knowledge, will be in a far better position to find a solution for their problems. The method of analysis has been in general the same as that used in the previous study. As we do not know the number of insured persons in each occupation, we have been compelled to use the method of proportionate mortality; that is, to find out for each occupation the part that any cause of death has played in the total mortality, taking into account the factor of age. There can no longer be any doubt as to the utility of this method in working out practical problems of industrial hygiene. Certain safeguards,, to be sure, have to be thrown around our discussion, since we lack accurate knowledge of the occupational status of living policyholders; but we are espe­ cially fortunate in having at our disposal the actual death rates for the group as a whole and in the light of this information, differences in the proportionate mortality take on added significance.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Textile Industry Needs Christopher D
    The Journal of Cotton Science 21:210–219 (2017) 210 http://journal.cotton.org, © The Cotton Foundation 2017 ENGINEERING & GINNING Textile Industry Needs Christopher D. Delhom, Vikki B. Martin, and Martin K. Schreiner ABSTRACT lthough the immediate customer of the gin is Athe cotton producer, the end user of the ginned The immediate customers of cotton gins are lint is the textile mill, retailers, and eventually the the producers; however, the ultimate customers consumer. Thus, it is essential for the ginner to are textile mills and consumers. The ginner has satisfy both the producers and the textile industry. the challenging task to satisfy both producers and Consequently, the ginner needs to be aware of the the textile industry. Classing and grading systems needs of the textile industry. are intended to assign an economic value to the The intent of the cotton classing and grading bales that relates to textile mill demands and the system is to assign an economic value to the bale that quality of the end product. International textile documents its properties as it relates to the quality of mills currently are the primary consumers of U.S. the end product. Since the last edition of the Cotton cotton lint where it must compete against foreign Ginners Handbook in 1994, the customers of U.S. origins. International textile mills manufacture cotton have changed radically, shifting from primar- primarily ring-spun yarns, whereas domestic mills ily domestic to international mills. International mills manufacture predominantly rotor spun yarns. Pro- have been accustomed primarily to hand-harvested ducers and ginners must produce cottons to satisfy cotton that has been processed at slow ginning all segments of the industry, i.e., domestic and in- rates.
    [Show full text]
  • An Approach to Super High-Speed Ring Spinning Frame
    An Approach to Super High-speed Ring Spinning Frame By Keishi Fujisawa, Member, TMSJ Nihon Spindle Mfg. Ca., Ltd., Amagasaki, Hyogo Prefecture Basedon the Journalof the TextileMachinery Society of Japan,Proceedings, Vol. 23, No. 11, P773-781(1970) Abstract This articlesummarizes our studymade to obtaina superhigh-speed of 20,000rpm in spindle revolutionsof a ring frame,by improvingthe mechanismsof rotation parts such as spindle and ring, and by developingan advancedspeed controllerand speed regulator. Our study for speedingup the spindlerevolutions up to 20,000rpm is as follows: 1) We havesucceeded in developinga newspindle for ringframe, whichcan attain a speed of 20,000rpm, puttingthe spindlevibration underrestrain of the same level as in the con- ventionaloperation at 15 000 rpm. 2) All the bottlenecksof the ringsand travellersusually encountered during the high-speed operation of spindle have been broken by imporvingtheir mechanisms. 3) We have developeda speedregulators provided with wider rangesof speedand also a speedcontroller with lemientpitches to causeno suddenchanges in speed. The new equip- ment thus developedincreases the efficiencyof spindleand is effectivein eliminatingyarn ends-down. KEY WORDS: RINGFRAMES, OPEN-END SPINNING, SPINDLES, SPINNING RINGS, SPINNING TRAVELERS,SPINDLE VIBRATION, HIGH SPEED, SPINDLE SPEED, TENSION CON- TROL,SPEED CONTROL 1. Introduction (1) The spindle vibration taken place atthe speed of 20,000 Many trials have been carried out in many countries to rpm can be lowered down to that at the speed of 15,000 rpm increase the spindle speed (spindle revolutions) during by aid of the spindles trially developed by us. spinning without increasing ends-down. Now the spindle (2) Though the rings have been supposed to be the most speeds up to 17,000 rpm are available on the ring spinning obstinate opposition to high speed, the spindle speed of system.
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamics of Rotating Superconducting Magnetic Bearings in Ring Spinning
    IEEE/CSC & ESAS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (global edition), January 2016. EUCAS 2015 preprint 3A-LS-P-07.09. Submitted to IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. for possible publication. 3A-LS-P-07.09 1 Dynamics of rotating Superconducting Magnetic Bearings in Ring Spinning M. Sparing, A. Berger, F. Wall, V. Lux, S. Hameister, D. Berger, M. Hossain, A. Abdkader, G. Fuchs, C. Cherif, L. Schultz Abstract — A superconducting magnetic bearing (SMB) during spinning and winding. This procedure twists the fibers consisting of a stationary superconductor in a ring-shaped flow- thereby form sand strengthens the yarn. Details of the spinning through cryostat and a rotating permeant magnetic (PM) ring is process and various concepts to improve or replace the ring- investigated as potential twist element in the textile technological process of ring spinning. Since the dynamic behavior of the traveler system are described in the literature [5], [6]. The rotating PM influences the yarn as well as the stability of replacement of the ring-traveler system by an SMB eliminates spinning process, these factors are studied in this paper the problem of frictional heat in the existing system. A considering the acting forces of the yarn on the PM-ring, its detailed description of this process can be found in references vibration modes and the resulting oscillation amplitudes. [7]-[9]. For the assessment of a safe field cooling distance during the operation of the rotating SMB in a rings spinning machine, a II. RING SPINNING WITH AN SMB TWIST ELEMENT correct calculation of the resonance magnification is particularly important. Therefore, the decay constant δ of the damped A.
    [Show full text]
  • Current and Future Trends in Yarn Production1
    Volume 2, Issue 2, Spring 2002 CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS IN YARN PRODUCTION1 William Oxenham, Ph.D. College of Textiles, North Carolina State University ABSTRACT While developments in yarn manufacturing continue to be promoted by machinery makers, spinners are challenged to produce the best quality yarn at an acceptable price. This often results in a compromise, since improved yarn quality can usually only be achieved at a higher processing cost (including raw material selection). An additional difficulty is that the significance of the various attributes of quality change for different yarn’s end uses. While the solution to lowering yarn costs, that has been adopted in recent years has been to create large, almost fully automated spinning mills, this philosophy is presently being questioned, since this significantly reduces flexibility with respect to the fiber and yarn type that can be processed. This is obviously at odds with the current paradigm of customer driven, quick response manufacturing, since this demands inherent flexibility in the successful supplier. This paper reviews the current state of technological innovation in yarn production and examines the relative merits and disadvantages of each system. Some insight will also be given concerning those factors that limit further development of some of these systems. Historical trends in US yarn production have also been surveyed, and the combined information obtained is used as an indicator of the future directions in this key industry. KEYWORDS: Yarn Production, Spinning, Vortex Spinning, Centrifugal Spinning 1. INTRODUCTION shortcomings in certain aspects of yarn and fabric quality (Figure 2). This aspect Research into new technology for yarn cannot be over stressed since while ring formation peaked in the 60’s & 70’s.
    [Show full text]
  • Inventions in the Cotton Industry
    Inventions in the Cotton Industry Paisley Thread Mill Museum A Family of Threads John Kay: The Flying Shuttle 1733 • For centuries handloom weaving had been carried out by the shuttle with the yarn on being passed slowly and awkwardly from one hand to the other. • In 1733 John Kay patented his flying shuttle which dramatically increased the speed of this process. • Kay placed shuttle boxes at each side of the loom connected by a long board, known as a shuttle race. • With cords, a single weaver, using one hand, could knock the shuttle back and forth across the loom from one shuttle box to the other. • A weaver using Kay's flying shuttle could produce much wider cloth at much faster speeds than before. James Hargreaves: The Spinning Jenny 1764 • In 1764 Hargreaves built what became known as the Spinning- Jenny. • The machine used eight spindles onto which the thread was spun. • By turning a single wheel, the operator could now spin eight threads at once. • Later, improvements were made that enabled the number to be increased to eighty. • However, the thread that the machine produced was coarse and lacked strength. Richard Arkwright: The Water Frame 1771 • Richard Arkwright: The Water Frame 1771 • In 1762 Richard Arkwright met John Kay and Thomas Highs, who were trying to produce a new spinning- machine, to improve on the Spinning-Jenny. • Kay and Highs had run out of money and Arkwright offered to employ John Kay to make the new machine, with other, local craftsman to help. • It was not long before the team produced the Spinning-Frame.
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview of Spinning Technologies: Possibilities, Applications and Limitations
    Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research Vol. 17 , December 1992, pp. 255-262 An overview of spinning technologies: Possibilities, applications and limitations K R Salhotra Department of Textile Technology. Indian Institute of Technology. Hauz Khas. New Delhi 110016. India Received 12 August 1992 The new spinning technologies such as rotor, air jet and friction spinning have tremendous potential for hi gher productivity. However. at present these technologies not o nl y suffer from the problem of imparting some undesirable properties to the fabric but a lso have limited applicability due to the restricted choice of fibres and counts which can be successfully spun on them. Ring-spinning system, though having lower productivity, does not have these drawbacks. This system, therefore, with the incorporation of some recent improvements is likely to occupy the centre stage for the next few years. Keywords: Air jet spinning, Fabric hand, Friction spinning, Jet spin-assembly wind, Open-end spinning, Ring spinning, Rotor spinning, Twin spinner, Wrap spinning, Yarn properties 1 Introduction 'moire' effect in the fabric despite many modifications The ring-spinning system had remained made to the original yarn. This situation was entirely unchallenged since its introduction in the middle of different from the earlier developments from hand last century till the late 1960s. However, the spinners spinning to ring spinning when the product were becoming increasingly aware of the fact that low characteristics did not undergo any basic change in its productivity was inherent to the basic principle of structure. The systems such as hand wheel, flyer ring spinning. The system had reached a plateau in spinning, cap spinning, spinning jenny, mule regard to maximum production speeds.
    [Show full text]
  • The Textile Machinery Collection at the American Textile History Museum a Historic Mechanical Engineering Heritage Collection
    THE TEXTILE MACHINERY COLLECTION AT THE AMERICAN TEXTILE HISTORY MUSEUM A HISTORIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING HERITAGE COLLECTION Textiles are an important part of our everyday lives. They clothe and comfort us, protect our first-responders, Introduction filter the air in our automobiles, and form the core of the fuselage in our newest aircraft. We enjoy their bright colors, wrap up in their warmth, and seldom give a second thought to how they make bicycles stronger and lighter or how they might be used to repair our vital organs. As textiles have changed from the first simple twisted fibers to high-tech smart fabrics, the tools and machinery used to make them have evolved as well. Drop spindles and spinning wheels have given way to long lines of spinning frames. And looms now use puffs of air instead of the human hand to insert the weft thread in a growing length of fabric. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, textile manufacture was the catalyst for the Industrial Revolution in America. It was the leading edge in the transformation from an agricultural to a manufacturing economy and started the move of significant numbers of people from rural areas to urban centers. With industrialization came a change in the way people worked. No longer controlled by natural rhythms, the workday demanded a life governed by the factory bell. On the consumer side, industrialization transformed textiles from one of a person’s most valuable possessions to a product widely available at incredibly low prices. For more than a century, textile mills in Great Britain and the United States dominated textile production and led the industrial revolution in both Europe and North America.
    [Show full text]
  • Spinning Jenny
    Spinning Jenny There were other inventors before and around the time of Richard Arkwright. The first was probably James Hargreaves from Lancashire. He invented the “Spinning Jenny” in 1864-1865 with eight and later even more spindles, which was enough to spin enough yarn to match the modern fly- shuttle. The yarn which could be produced with the Spinning Jenny, however, was not very strong. This only changed when Richard Spinning Jenny Arkwright invented the water-powered spinning frame or water frame. This was also the moment when the water from streams and rivers became essential to drive the new machines. The true origin of these inventions and the identity of the inventors is not quite clear. Especially a Mr Thomas Highs claimed that he built the Spinning Jenny and that Richard Arkwright just copied some of his ideas. Others say that John Kay, a mechanic who had worked for both, Highs and Arkwright, was the the improved Spinning Jenny rightful creator of the machines. Richard Arkwright even lost the right on his exclusive patent, which would have given him a huge advantage over every- body else. Richard Arkwright became a very impor- tant and very rich entrepreneur. If you travel around Derbyshire today you can still witness his achievements and his wealth: many of the mills, factories, workshops and houses which he owned can still be seen today. It is said, however, that he was not a very nice man and it was difficult to get along with him. Spinning frame by R. Arkwright [compiled by from information from wikipedia, some English museums and others] Spinning Jenny – Vocabulary achievement Erfolg advantage Vorteil claim behaupten, angeben entrepreneur Unternehmer especially inbesondere exclusive exklusiv get along with sb.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies on the Properties of Dref-Spun Acrylic Yams
    Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research Vol.23, March1998, pp. 8-12 -~ Studies on the properties of dref-spun acrylic yams A Chaudhuri InstituteofJuteTechnology,35 BallygungeCircularRoad,Calcutta700 019, India and G Basu NationalInstituteof ResearchonJuteandAlliedFibreTechnology,12 RegentPark,Calcutta700 040, India Received22 May 1996; revisedreceived9 May 1997; accepted10 June 1997 The properties of dref-spun acrylic yarns having polyester, nylon and polypropylene multifilament yarns as core and of 100% acrylic yarn without core have been studied. It is observed that the tenacity and work of rupture of core-spun acrylic yarns are higher than that of 100 % acrylic yarn, whereas the breaking elongation of all the yarns is more or less same. Nylon core yarn apparently exhibits slippage between sheath fibres and core during the application of tensile load. Packing coefficient values indicate that the structures of core - spun acrylic yarns are less compact than that of acrylic yarn. Introduction of core filament improves the regularity of friction - spun yarns. Keywords: Acrylic yarn, Dref spinning, Flexural rigidity, Multifilament yarn, Nylon, Packing coefficient, Polyester, Polypropylene, Tenacity 1 Introduction properties of dref-3 spun multi component Since its advent the friction spinning has polyester (Trevira) yarns where Trevira i attracted, to a great extent, the textile engineers multifilament and monofilament yams were used due to its very high delivery speed and soft as core. They observed that monofilament does not handling of the yarn. The friction-spun yarns are serve any purpose for improving the strength of the bulkierl than the ring- and rotor-spun yarns and the yarn. system is suitable for spinning of coarse yarns.
    [Show full text]
  • Patent Model Index
    Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press smithsonian contributions to history and technology • n u m b e r 5 4 Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press PatentA Chronology Models Index of MiddleGuide to Missouri the Collections of Plains the NationalVillage Museum of AmericanSites History, Smithsonian Institution Volume 1: Listings by Patent NumberBy Craig and M. InventionJohnson Name with contributions by Stanley A. Ahler, Herbert Haas, and Georges Bonani Barbara Suit Janssen SerieS PublicationS of the SmithSonian inStitution Emphasis upon publication as a means of “diffusing knowledge” was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: “It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge.” This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, com- mencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to History and Technology Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Museum Conservation Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers
    [Show full text]
  • An Examination of How the Textile Industry Affected the Lives of The
    An examination of how the textile industry affected the lives of the people of Preston Picture on Cover: Courtaulds site in its heyday (Picture courtesy of Preston Harris Museum) TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4 1.0 INTRODUCTION 5 1.1 Background to the project 5 1.2 Textile industry in Britain 6 1.3 Textile industry and the Minority Ethnic Communities 7 2.0 TEXTILE INDUSTRY IN PRESTON 9 2.1 Arrival of textiles 9 2.2 Courtauld family 11 2.3 Decline of the textile industry 15 3.0 RESEARCH FINDINGS 18 3.1 Research methods 18 3.2 First thoughts 20 3.3 Getting started 20 3.4 Life in textiles 21 3.5 Young peoples responses 22 3.6 Responses from children of textile workers 23 4.0 LIFE AFTER THE TEXTILE FACTORIES 24 4.1 Closure of textile factories 24 5.0 LOOKING BACK AND FORWARD 26 5.1 Looking back 26 5.2 Looking forward 27 BIBLIOGRAPHY 28 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The textile industry has played a central role in the history of Britain for over 500 years. The starting point was centred around wool and later cotton became the major commodity that was influencing the economy. Through the inventions of people like Richard Arkwright and James Hargreaves, the textile industry received the technological advance that it needed and this in turn pushed Britain into the world’s major proponent in the textile industry. Further expansions continued until the mid 18th century, when the difficulty in obtaining raw cotton and competition from other countries began to mark the decline for the cotton industry in Britain.
    [Show full text]
  • 14. Ring Spinning Systems
    14. Ring Spinning Systems Errol Wood Learning objectives On completion of this topic you should be able to: • Explain the principles of ring spinning and the roles of the components of a spindle assembly in all three machinery versions Key terms and concepts Ring spinning, slubbing, sliver, roving, singles and folded yarns, gilling, drafting, combing, noils, ring frame, spindle, traveller, balloon, end break, package build, false twist device, drafting rollers, apron. Introduction to the topic This topic covers the most widely used means of producing a wool yarn, the ring spinning technique, which is common to all three wool processing routes. 14.1 The principles of ring spinning The input into a ring frame can be any of the following: • Twisted (flyer) rovings – worsted and semiworsted system • Twistless (rubbed) rovings – worsted and semiworsted system • Sliver – semiworsted system • Slubbings – woollen system. Figure 14.1 shows the essential features of a single spindle assembly, which is one production unit of a ring spinning frame. Figure 14.1 A single spindle of a ring spinning frame. Source: Wood, 2006. WOOL482/582 Wool Processing 14 - 1 ©2009 The Australian Wool Education Trust licensee for educational activities University of New England The spindle is driven by a tape or belt, making the bobbin rotate at high speed. Surrounding each spindle is a flanged metal ring fastened in a ring rail. During the operation of the frame the ring rail traverses up and down to distribute the yarn on the bobbin. Attached to each ring is a small metal or synthetic clip called a traveller (Figure 14.2), which is free to rotate around the ring.
    [Show full text]