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Introduction De La Bionomie Dans La Gestion Des Forets Tropicales Denses Humides /A.P

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Introduction De La Bionomie Dans La Gestion Des Forets Tropicales Denses Humides /A.P INTRODUCTION DEL ABIONOMI E DANSL A GESTION DESFORET STROPICALE S DENSES HUMIDES Photographies en couverture Couverture de face : contreforts de Piptadeniastrum africanum (Hook f.) Brenan sur sol indure en sommet de colline (photographic :Danie l Delacotte) Couverture arriere: envoi de l'avion ULM «Eagle» (photographie: Daniel Delacotte) systeme racinaire de Piptadeniastrum africanum en bordure de ravine (photographie : Fred Vooren) Promotor: Dr. ir. R.A.A. Oldeman Hoogleraar bosteelt& bosoecologie, Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen Co-promotor: Dr. J. L. Guillaumet Directeur de recherche emerite, botaniste a 1'I.R.D. ERRATA p. 55 : ... dans le paragraphe 6.6 . Lire : paragraphe 6.7 p. 58 : ... (voir § 4.1.1). Lire : § 4.1.2 p. 63 : ... voir plan figure 5.2 .Lir e : plan figure 5.1 p. 73 : ... (voir § 6.7.2) .Lir e : § 6.7.1 p. 75 :... (voir § 6.5). Lire : § 6.6.1 et figure 6.8 p. 77 : ... (voir § 4.1.1) .Lir e : § 4.1.2 p. 87 : ... (voir § 6.7.2) .Lir e : § 6.8.2 dans texte et note bas de page pUo*«". ^ Stellingen 1. Voord eontwikkelin gva nee nevenwichti gbeheersystee mvoo r natuurbossendient ,o pbasi sva nd ebionomisch ebeginselen ,d ecentral e stellingnamevoo rd emen se nzij nbehoeftenbevredigin g uiteconomisch e overwegingen,vervange nt eworde ndoo ree ncentral estellingnam evoo rhe t biosysteembo se nd ezic hdaari nvoltrekkend espontan eprocessen . [dit proefschrift] 2. Bijoogstbeheersin g opbionomisch egrondsla gka nvoldaa nworde naa n deeise nva ninstandhoudin gva nd eontwikkeld ebosmatri xe nva nd e aanwezigesoortensamenstellin g doord ehoutoogs tt elate nplaatsvinde n volgensd eoptredend esterftepatrone n ent ebeperke nto taftakelend ebomen . [dit proefechrift] 3. Sterfteverschijnselen intropisch eregenbosse ntrede nop ,i ne nbi j bomenui the tkronendak ,volgen see npatroo nva n«local eimpulze n» . [Putz, F. & K. Milton (1982). Treemortalit y rates on Barro Colorado Island. In: E.G. Leigh, A.S. Rand & D.M. Windsor (Eds.). The ecology ofa tropica l forest Seasonalrhythm s and long-term changes,p . 93-100. Smithsonian Institution Press,Washington ,D.C. ; dit proefschrift] 4. Dedynamie kva nbossen ,uitgedruk t alshe tsterftepercentag e vanee n totaleboompopulatie ,zou ,voo rtropisch eregenbossen ,uitgesplits tmoete n wordeni nd eoptredend esterftepercentage s bijd eboompopulatie sdi edee l uitmakenva nd everschillend ekronenda kcompartimente no mee njuist e vergelijkingsbasis teverkrijgen . [dit proefschrift] 5. Vanboomsoorte ndi egee ndifferentiati e tussenkernhou te nspinthou t vertonenka nme nnie talgemee nveronderstelle nda tz edaaro mee nkorter e levensverwachtinghebben . [Ng,FS.P. (1986).Tropica l sapwood trees.Natnrali a monspeliensia,no . horsserie ,Colloqu e international surl'arbr eII : 61-67.] 6. Groeimetingen aanee nboo mvi aopnam eva nd ediamete ro pborst - hoogtegeve nee nonvoldoen dbetrouwbaa rbeel dva nd egroeiverrichtingen . [dit proefschrift] 7. Een bij verouderingbinne n een boom optredende «afdalin g van loof », aangeduid met de Franse bosbouwterm « descente de time », kan gepaard gaan met het« opklimmen van wortels », oftewel een «remonte e des ratines » . [dit proefschrift] 8. Heteffec t van «crown-shynes s », zoals gedefinieerd door Jacobs (1955)te raanduidin g van afstandelijke boomkruinen bij exemplaren van eenzelfde soort en uitgebreid door Ng (1977) ter aanduiding van afstande­ lijke deelkronen binnen eenvolgroeid e boom, wordt waarschijnlijk in eerste instantie veroorzaakt door een optredende waterstress en een verminderde zuigspanning van bladeren die zichbinne n de optredende «ademruimte n » van andere bladeren enbladmassa' s ontwikkelen. [Jacobs,MR - (1955). Growth habits ofth e Eucalypts. Government Printer, Canberra.; Ng, F.S.P. (1977). Shynessi ntrees .Natur eMalaysian a 2 (2): 34-37.; dit proefschrift] 9. Omdatdoo r menig onderzoek in «natuurlijk e »bosse n overduidelijk is aangetoond dat eenbosecosystee m niet geteeld kanworden , maar een spontane ontwikkelingdoormaakt , zou een universitaire vakgroep die deze processen bestudeert ook een overeenkomstige naam moeten dragen. 10. Elkevor m van samenwerking waarbinnen informatieuitwisseling optreedt, dus ook ontwikkelingssamenwerking, wordt gekenmerkt door het cybernetisch basisprincipe, dat aangeeft dat de organisatievorm die de meeste informatie heeft weten op tebouwe n alsmaar rijker wordt van een dergelijke samenwerking. [Abasi cPrincipl eo f Organization.I n : Margalef,R .(1968) .Perspective si necologica ltheory .Th e University ofChicag oPress ,Chicago. ] 11. Denederlands e bosbouwterm «overstaande r », gebruikt ter aanduiding van bomendi e gehandhaafd zijn voor zaadproduktie na een bezaaiingskap, vormt tevens een goede benaming voor in tropische regenbossen voor- komende « emergenten », omdat die zich zeer lang inee n dominante positie in het kronendak kunnen handhaven en daar eenzelfde functie vervullen. 12. Eenproefschrif t waarin deproev e van het geschrift nog voldoende aandacht krijgt behoort men pas teverdedige n op een leeftijd waarop de secundaire diktegroei zijn intrede heeft gedaan. Stellingen behorend bij hetproefschrif t vanA.P .Voore n :Introductio n del a bionomie dansl a gestion desforet s tropicales denseshumides . Postulats 1. Pourl edeveloppemen td'u n systemed egestio nequilibre ede s forets naturelles,o ndevrait ,su rl abas ede sprincipe sbionomiques ,remplace rl a prioritepou rl'homm ee tl'assouvissemen td ese sconvoitise sselo nde s considerationseconomiques ,pa run epriorit epou rl ebiosystem eforestie r et lesprocessu sspontane s quis' y deroulent. [cetteThese ] 2. Avecun emaitris ed el arecolt eselo nde sprincipe sbionomiques ,le s exigencesd'un econservatio nd el amatric evegetal ee td el a composition existantee nespece speuven tetr eassuree spa run erecolt ed eboi s s'effectuant selonl ecour sde sprocessu sd emortalit ee ts erestreignan tau x arbresmoribonds . [cetteThese ] 3. Dansle sforet s tropicalesdense shumides ,l amortalit eapparait , parmi lesarbre sd el avout eforestier ee ta usei nd echacu nd'entr eeux ,e n «pulsion slocalisee s» . [Putz,F .& K .Milto n(1982) . Tree mortality rateso n Barro Colorado Island.In :EG . Leigh,A.S . Rand& D.M. Windsor(Eds.) .Th eecolog y of a tropical forest Seasonal rhythms and long-term changes, p. 95- 100.Smithsonia nInstitutio nPress ,Washington ,D.C. ; cette These] 4. Ladynamiqu eforestiere ,exprime epa rl epourcentag ed emortalit ed e touteun epopulatio narborescente ,devrait ,pou rde sforet s tropicalesdense s humides,etr especifie e enpourcentag ed emortalit epou rchacun ede s populationsd 'arbre sconstituan tle sdifferent s compartimentsd el avout e forestiere, afind'obteni run ebas ed ecomparaiso nappropriee . [cetteThese ] 5. Onn epeu tsupposer ,d emanier egenerate ,qu ele sespece sd'arbre sn e montrantpa sd edifferentiatio n enboi sd'aubie re te nboi sd ecoeur , aientd e cefai tun eplu sfaibl eesperanc ed evie . [Ng,F 5J . (1986).Tropica lsapwoo dtrees .Natnrali amonspeliensi a no.hor ssen e Colloqneinternationa l surl'arbr eII :61-67. ] 6. Lesmesure sd ecroissanc ed'u n arbre,obtenue spa rrelev ed ediametr ea 1,30 metresd ehauteur ,representen tu nindic einsuffisammen t fiable des prestationsd ecroissance . [cetteThese ] 7. La regression de la frondaison d'un arbrelor sd uprocessu s de senescence, designee par le terme «descent e de cime »dan s le lexique forestier francais, peut s'accompagner d'une «remonte e des racines ». [cette These] 8. L'effet de «crow n shyness », ainsi qu'il a etedefin i parJacob s (1955) pour indiquer 1'espacementde s cimesd'arbre s d'une memeespec e et etendu par Ng (1977) pour indiquer 1'espacement des «cimette s »a usei n de la cime d'un arbre enphas e deplein e expansion, estprobablemen t en premiere instance provoque par un stress hydrique et une reduction del a force de succion foliaire des feuilles se developpant dans les «volume s de haletement »qu i entourent lesautre s feuilles et feuillages. [Jacobs,MR . (1955).Growt h habitso f the Eucalypts. Government Printer, Canberra; Ng,F.S.P .(1977) . Shyness in trees.Natur e Malaysiana2 (2):34-37 ; cette These] 9. Puisque maintes etudes dans les sylves «naturelle s »on t clairement demontre qu'un ecosysteme forestier ne peut etrecultive , mais evolue de manierespontanee , une unite de recherche universitaire etudiant ces processus devrait porter un nom approprie. 10. Pour chaque forme de cooperation impliquant un echange d'informa- tions, doneegalemen t pour une cooperation en developpement entre pays, le principe de base de la cybernetiques'applique , stipulant que la forme d'organisationayan t reussi a accumuler leplu s d'informations s'enrichit davantage par une telle cooperation. [Abasi cPrincipl e of Organization. In : Margalef, R.(1968) .Perspective si necologica ltheory .Th e Universityo fChicag oPress , Chicago] 11. Le terme «overstaande r »d u lexique forestier neerlandais, qui designe les arbres maintenus commesemencier s apres coupe d'ensemencement, peut egalement etre utilise pour designer les «emergent s » caracterisant les forets tropicales denses humides et occupant longtemps une position dominante dans la voiite,puisqu'il s s'y acquittent d'une fonction similaire. 12. Une These de Doctorat accordant reellement de 1'attentiona Pepreuve d'ecriture devrait par ailleurs etre soutenue a unag eo u la croissance secondaire a fait son apparition. Postulateaccompagnan tl aThes ed eDoctora t deA.P .Voore n :Introductio n del a bionomiedan sl agestio nde sforet s tropicalesdense shumides . zL'i-. Introduction del abionomi e dansl a gestion desforet s tropicales denseshumide
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