Appendices APPENDIX 1

Reserved forest in the forest zone of

la. List of Forest Reserves, including former Forest Reserves which have been converted to Wildlife Reserves

Reserve Lat. Long. Area Area Forest- Date of (sq- km) (sq. miles) type first reser- vation

I. Abasumba 538 N 031 W 1.0 0.4 SM 1927 2. Abisu 637 N 032 W 9.1 3.5 DSIZ 1939 3. Aboben Hill 617 N 000 W 7.3 2.8 SM 1962 4. Aboma 7 II N 129 W 45.6 17.6 DSFZ 1932 5. Aboniyere Shelterbelt 635 N 235 W 41.2 15.9 MSNW 1940 6. Abrimasu 717 N 127 W 26.2 10.1 DSFZ 1940 7. Afao Hills 614 N 219 W 34.7 13.4 MSSE 8. Afia Shelter belt 609 N 117 W 21.0 8.1 MSSE 1940 9. Afram Headwaters 710N 140 W 201.2 77.7 DSFZ 1928 10. Afrensu-Brohuma 722 N 153 W 72.5 28.0 DSFZ 1934 II. Ahirasu 737 N 032 W 1.0 0.4 SM 1927 12. Aiyaola 609 N 057 W 34.7 13.4 MSSE 1929 13. Ajenjua Bepo 623 N 102 W 5.7 2.2 MSSE 1930 14. Ajuesu 530 N 117 W 9.6 3.7 ME 1943 15. Akrobong 538 N 033 W 2.6 1.0 SM 1930 16. Amama Shelter belt 712 N 223 W 44.0 17.0 MSNW 1940 17. Angoben Shelterbelt 550 N 214 W 34.7 13.4 ME 1948 18. Anhwiaso East 618 N 210W 124.3 48.0 MSSE 1926 19. Anhwiaso North 619 N 216 W 3.6 1.4 MSSE 1926 20. Anhwiaso South 612 N 223 W 22.3 8.6 ME 1926 21. Ankaful Fuelwood 509 N 119 W 2.1 0.8 SM 1954 22. Ankasa River 517 N 235 W 518.0 200.0 WE 1934 23. Anum Su 649 N 113 W 43.8 16.9 MSSE 1928 24. Anum Su Southern Sect. 648 N 109 W 12.7 4.9 MSSE 1950 25. Apamprama 619 N 153 W 34.7 13.4 MSSE 1952 26. Aparapi Shelterbelt 708 N 209 W 19.2 7.4 MSNW 1939 27. Apedwa 608 N 033 W 4.1 1.6 MS-UE 1926 28. Apepesu 750 N 035 E 60.6 23.4 DSFZ 1954 29. Asenanyo River 627 N 207 W 227.9 88.0 MSNW 1938 30. Asin Apimanim 531 N 114 W 11.4 4.4 ME 1927 31. Asin A tandaso 534 N 120 W 153.6 59.3 ME 1937 32. Asonari 651 N 119 W 1.6 0.6 DSIZ 1928 33. Asubima 727 N 152 W 78.7 30.4 DSFZ 1945 34. Asufu Shelter belt East 705 N 140 W 11.4 4.4 DSIZ 1950

324 APPENDIX I (Con!.) la. List of Forest Reserves, including former Forest Reserves which have been converted to Wildlife Reserves

Reserve La!. Long. Area Area Forest• Date of (sq- km) (sq. miles) type first reser• vation

35. Asufu Shelterbelt West 705 N 148 W 13.5 5.2 MS-DS 1951 36. Asukese 710 N 232 W 265.0 102.3 MSNW 1934 37. Asuokoko River 747 N 025 E 116.0 44.8 DSFZ 1939 38. Atewa Range 610 N 036 W 232.3 89.7 UE-MS 1926 39. Atewa Range Extension 559 N 040 W 26.4 10.2 UE-MS 1951 40. Auro River 618 N 107 W 8.5 3.3 MSSE 1948 41. Awura 720 N 122 W 133.9 '51.7 DSFZ 1940 42. Ayum 645 N 241 W 112.9 43.6 MSNW 1940 43. Baku 533 N 104 W 13.0 5.0 MSSE 1929 44. Bandai Hills 648 N 055 W 160.8 62.1 DSFZ 1928 45. Bediako 610N 058 W 7.0 2.7 MSSE 46. Bemu 545 N 105 W 43.8 16.9 ME 1950 47. Ben East 535 N 143 W 25.4 9.8 ME 1954 48. Ben West 533 N 151 W 55.7 21.5 ME 1954 49." Bia Shelterbelt 703 N 242 W 29.5 11.4 MSNW 1940 50. Bia Tano 700 N 237 W 194.3 75.0 MSNW 1937 51. Bia Tawya 615 N 304 W 678.6 262.0 ME 1965 52. Bia Tributaries North 645 N 300 W 356.1 137.5 MSNW 1940 53. Bia Tributaries South 630 N 305 W 305.6 118.0 ME-MS 1940 54. Bimpong 543 N 128 W 104.1 40.2 ME 1937 55. Birim 555 N 109 W 39.1 15.1 MSSE 1927 56. Birim Extension 558 N 108 W 21.8 8.4 MSSE 1940 57. Bobiri 638 N 117W 54.6 21.1 MSSE 1939 58. Bodi 609 N 252 W 175.3 67.7 ME 1967 59. Boi Tano 529 N 239 W 128.5 49.6 WE 1968 60. Boin River 544 N 256 W 277.6 107.2 WE-ME 1932 61. Bomfoum 701 N IIOW 294.7 113.8 DS 1928 62. Bonkoni 652 N 238 W 75.1 29.0 MSNW 1934 63. Bonsa Ben 540 N 145 W 155.4 60.0 ME 1939 64. Bonsa River 520 N 151 W 160.6 62.0 ME 1932 65. Bonsam Bepo 640 N 237 W 124.3 48.0 MSNW 1934 66. Bosomoa 755 N 149 W 170.9 66.0 DSFZ 1930 67. Bosumkese 706 N 215 W 138.3 53.4 MSNW 1937 68. Bosumtwi Range 630 N 125 W 78.7 30.4 MSSE 1931 69. Boti Falls 612 N 014 W I.3 0.5 MSSE 1969 70. Bowiye Range 543 N 203 W 120.2 46.4 ME 1930 71. Brimso 512 N 118 W 10.6 4.1 SM-DS 1951 72. Bura River 550 N 218 W 103.1 39.8 ME 1932 73. Cape Three Points 450 N 203 W 51.0 19.7 ME 1950 74. Chai River 802 N 026 E 182.3 70.4 DSFZ 1962 75. Chiremoasi Bepo 614 N 128 W 6.0 2.3 MSSE 1931 76. Chirimfa 707 N 117 W 114.0 44.0 DSFZ 1932 77. Dadiaso 558 N 302 W 171.2 66.1 ME-WE 1977 78. Dampia Range 600 N 140 W 80.3 31.0 MS-ME 1937 79. Dede 634 N 016 W 51.0 19.7 DSFZ 1955 80. Denyau Shelter belt 602 N 147 W 12.4 4.8 ME 1939 81. Desiri 640 N 220 W 151.0 58.3 MSNW 1954 82. Disue River 554 N 259 W 23.6 9.1 WE-ME 1943 83. Dome River 632 N 112 W 80.5 31.1 MSSE 1929 84. Draw River 512 N 220 W 235.4 90.9 WE 1937 85. Ebi River Shelterbelt 507 N 222 W 25.9 10.0 WE 1941

325 APPENDIX I (ConL)

la. List of Forest Reserves, including former Forest Reserves which have been converted to Wildlife Reserves

Reserve LaL Long. Area Area Forest- Date of (sq- km) (sq. miles) type first reser• vation

86. Esen Epam 549 N 052 W 46.1 17.8 MSSE 1936 87. Esuboni 550 N 048 W 28.5 11.0 MSSE 1927 88. Esukawkaw 622 N 048 W 122.2 47.2 MSSE 1929 89. Fum Headwaters 615 N 121 W 72.5 28.0 MSSE 1932 90. Fure 522 N 217W 158.2 61.1 WE 1939 91. Fure Headwaters 532 N 223 W 169.6 65.5 WE 1940 92. Gianima 704 N 135 W 17.1 6.6 DSIZ 1939 93. Goa Shelterbelt 658 N 228 W 23.8 9.2 MSNW 1940 94. Jade Bepo 628 N 051 W 5.2 2.0 MSSE 1932 95. Jade Bepo Extension 627 N 051 W 0.8 0.3 MSSE 1932 96. Jema Assamkrom 526 N 244 W 66.0 25.5 WE >1977 97. Jeni River 630 N 155 W 21.5 8.3 MSNW 1937 98. Jimira 635 N 155 W 62.9 24.3 MSNW 1932 99. Kabakaba Hills East 639 N 029 E 7.3 2.8 DSFZ 1947 100. Kabakaba Hills North 642 N 030 E 1.3 0.5 DSFZ 1947 10 I. Kabakaba Hills West 640 N 027 E 5.4 2.1 DSFZ 1947 102. Kabo River 737 N 026 E 136.0 52.5 DSFZ 1931 103. Kade Bepo 629 N 048 W 16.8 6.5 MSSE 1930 104. Kajeasi 624 N 057 W 26.7 10.3 MSSE 1932 105. Kakum 526 N 119 W 212.4 82.1 ME 1931 106. Klemu Headwaters 646 N 031 E 10.9 4.2 DSFZ 1947 107. Kokotintin Shelterbelt 600 N 116W 9.1 3.5 MSSE 1940 108. Komenda Fuelwood 504 N 130 W 2.1 0.8 SM 1946 109. Kpandu Range Dayi Block 545 N 017 E 30.3 11.7 DSFZ 1951 110. Kpandu Range West 650 N 014 E 35.5 13.7 DSFZ 1947 III. Kroch ua 541 N IIIW 10.6 4.1 ME 1932 112. Krokosua Hills 630 N 249 W 481.7 186.0 MSNW 1935 113. Kronwam 655 N 119W 5.7 2.2 DSIZ 1928 114. Kunda 750 N 023 E 0.5 0.2 DSFZ 115. Kunsimua Bepo 6 II N 126 W 10.1 3.9 MSSE 1937 116. K wamisa 708 N 154 W 82.9 32.0 DS-MS 1928 117. Kwekaru 627 N 059 W 11.7 4.5 MSSE 1929 118. Kwesi Anyinima 627 N 054 W 1.8 0.7 MSSE 1930 119. Mamang River 616 N 103 W 54.4 21.0 MSSE 1938 120. Mamiri 540 N 222 W 45.3 17.5 ME-WE 121. Mankrang 721 N 204 W 85.5 33.0 DSFZ 1933 122. Manzan 650 N 309 W 305.6 118.0 MSNW 1972 123. Minta 548 N 140 W 21.8 8.4 ME 1938 124. Mirasa Hills 622 N 110 W 67.3 26.0 MSSE 1937 125. Mpameso 705 N 253 W 322.5 124.5 MSNW 1937 126. Muro 629 N 238 W 63.5 24.5 MSNW 1951 127. Ndumfri 510 N 209 W 72.5 28.0 WE 1937 128. Neung 507 N 202 W 157.7 60.9 WE-ME 1954 129. Nkawanda 629 N 043 W 8.0 3.1 MSSE 1939 130. Nkonto Ben 537 N 154 W 14.5 5.6 ME 1950 131. Nkrabia 600 N 135 W 100.2 38.7 ME-MS 1940 132. North Bandai Hills 652 N 053 W 72.8 28.1 DSFZ 1928 133. North Fomangsu 641N 059 W 42.7 16.5 MSSE 1925 134. Northern Scarp East 640 N 033 W 49.2 19.0 OS 1935 135. Northern Scarp West 642 N 045 W 64.8 25.0 OS 1935 136. Nsemre 732 N 212 W 18.1 7.0 DSFZ 1939

326 APPENDIX I (ConL)

la. List of Forest Reserves, including former Forest Reserves which have been converted to Wildlife Reserves

Reserve LaL Long. Area Area Forest• Date of (sq- km) (sq. miles) type first reser• vation

137. Nsuensa 609 N 059 W 62.7 24.2 MSSE 1929 138. Numia 602 N 124 W 50.2 19.4 MSSE 1938 139. Nyamibe Bepo 6 10 N 122 W 22.3 8.6 MSSE 1933 140. Obotumfo 536 N 034 W 1.6 0.6 SM 1930 141. Oboyow 546 N 055 W 63.7 24.6 MSSE 1927 142. Ochi Headwaters I 543 N 117 W 3.4 1.3 ME 1940 143. Ochi Headwaters II 542 N 113 W 9.3 3.6 ME 1940 144. Oda River 608 N 156 W 164.2 63.4 MS-ME 1939 145. Odomi River 7 19 N 029 E 16.1 6.2 DSFZ 1931 146. Ofin Headwaters 701 N 128 W 13.0 5.0 DSIZ 1927 147. Ofin Shelterbelt 640 N 203 W 60.3 23.3 MSNW 1951 148. Ongwam I, II & III 657 N 123 W 31.3 12.1 DSIZ 1951 149. Onuem Bepo 603 N 118 W 34.4 13.3 MSSE 1930 150. Onuem Nyamibe Shelterbelt 607 N 121 W 24.9 9.6 MSSE 1936 151. Onyimsu 643 N 101 W 8.5 3.3 MSSE 152. Opimbo I & II 540 N 032 W 1.0 0.4 DSIZ 1927 153. Opon Mansi 545 N 153 W 116.6 45.0 ME 1930 154. Opro River 7 II N 148 W 129.2 49.9 OS 1929 155. Pamu 725 N 256 W 189.1 73.0 DS-MS 1932 156. Pompo Headwaters 615 N 134 W 12.2 4.7 MSSE 1930 157. Pra Anum 615 N llOW 123.3 47.6 MSSE 1908 158. Pra Birim 558 N 113 W 23.6 9.1 MSSE 1937 159. Pra Suhien I 516 N 132 W 82.1 31.7 ME 1928 160. Pra Suhien II 5 19 N 128 W 104.1 40.2 ME 1933 161. Prakaw 629 N 103 W 9.8 3.8 MSSE 1942 162. Santomang 600 N 242 W 21.2 8.2 ME 1944 163. Sapawsu 616 N 001 E 15.3 5.9 SM 1957 164. Sawsaw 736 N 210 W 62.9 24.3 DSFZ 1976 165. Sekondi Waterworks II & III 501 N 145 W 10.1 3.9 MSSE 1938 166. South Fomangsu 635 N 057 W 41.4 16.0 MSSE 1925 167. Southern Scarp 633 N 040 W 154.6 59.7 MSSE 1935 168. Subin 647 N 247 W 238.3 92.0 MSNW 1956 169. Subin Shelterbelt 603 N 152 W 22.5 8.7 ME 1940 170. Subri River 5 17 N 143 W 587.9 227.0 ME 1949 171. Suhuma 558 N 229 W 358.5 138.4 ME-MS 1935 172. Sukusuku 633 N 3 II W 147.6 57.0 ME 1972 173. Sui River 610N 244 W 333.9 128.9 ME-MS 1930 174. Sumtwitwi 620 N 210 W 3.6 1.4 MSSE 1939 175. Supong 536 N 107 W 35.7 13.8 MSSE 1954 176. Supuma Shelterbelt 600 N 142 W 25.0 9.7 ME 1938 177. Tain Tributaries I 725 N 214 W 30.6 11.8 DSFZ 1932 178. Tain Tributaries II 735 N 230 W 509.2 196.6 DSFZ 1934 179. Tano Anwia 550 N 235 W 153.1 59.1 ME 1935 180. Tano Ehuro 558 N 237 W 176.1 68.0 ME 1967 181. Tano Nimri 538 N 237 W 205.9 79.5 WE-ME 1935 182. Tano Of in 640 N 210 W 402.2 155.3 MS-UE 1929 183. Tano Suhien 620 N 228 W 84.4 32.6 MS 1934 184. Tano Suraw 615 N 225 W 28.5 11.0 MSSE 1934 185. Tano Suraw Extension 621 N 223 W 75.1 29.0 MS 1935 186. Tinte Bepo 658 N 200 W 115.5 44.6 MSNW 1928 187. Plateau 714 N 025 E 150.0 57.9 DSFZ 1929

327 APPENDIX I (Cont.)

la. List of Forest Reserves, including former Forest Reserves which have been converted to Wildlife Reserves

Reserve Lat. Long. Area Area Forest- Date of (sq- km) (sq. miles) type first reser- vation

188. Tonton 600 N 205 W 146.3 56.5 ME 1936 189. Totua Shelterbelt 555 N 223 W 63.5 24.5 ME 1941 190. Upper Wasaw 607 N 213 W 100.8 38.9 ME 1925 191. Volta River 6 II N 001 E 50.5 19.5 DS-SM 1928 192. Wawahi 540 N 106 W 138.9 15.0 MS-ME 1929 193. Worobong Kwahu 631 N 033 W 55.2 21.3 MS-DS 1930 194. Worobong North 637 N 026 W 13.2 5.1 DS 1927 195. Worobong South 628 N 028 W 106.2 41.0 MS-DS 1929 196. Yaya 727 N 208 W 51.3 19.8 DSFZ 1930 197. Yenku 524 N 043 W 21.2 8.2 SM 1937 198. Yogaga 6 II N 003 E 0.8 0.3 SM 199. Yongwa 613 N 003 W 7.8 3.0 SO 1957 200. Yoyo 555 N 248 W 235.7 91.0 ME 1932

Several former reserves which were abandoned when they were flooded by the Volta Lake have been omitted from the list. Areas given are total areas enclosed by the reserve boundary; no allowance has been made for permitted farms within the reserve. Some reserves or parts of reserves are now administered by the Department of Game and Wildlife (see Appendix Ib).

lb. National Parks (N.P.), Game Production Reserves (G.P.R.) and Wildlife Sanctuaries (W.S.) within the forest zone administered by the Department of Game and Wildlife

Wildlife reserve Forest Lat Long. Area Forest. Date of first reserve· (sq. km) type assignation to Dept. of Game & Wildlife

1. Ankasa G.P.R. 22 515 N 236 W 348.7 WE 1976 2. Bia G.P.R. 53 629 N 306 W 227.9 ME 1974 3. Bia N.P. 53 633 N 305 W 77.7 MSNW 1974 4. Bomfobiri W.S. 61 657 N 110 W 50.0 DSIZ 1976 5. Nini-Suhien N.P. 22 519 N 234 W 174.5 WE 1976 6. Owabi W.S. 644 N 142 W 14.5 MSNW 1971 7. Shai Hills G.P.R. 554 N 004 E 54.4 SO 1971

• The number is that of the forest reserve in Appendix I(a) from which the Wildlife reserve has been formed.

Abbreviations for forest-types in Appendix la and Ib: WE = Wet Evergreen; ME = Moist Evergreen; UE = Upland Evergreen; MS = Moist Semi-deciduous; MSNW = Moist Semi-deciduous North-west subtype; MSSE = Moist Semi-deciduous South-east subtype: DS = Dry Semi-deciduous; DSFZ = Dry Semi-deciduous Fire Zone subtype; DSIZ = Dry Semi-deciduous Inner Zone subtype; SM = Southern Marginal; SO = South-east Outlier.

328 APPENDIX 2

Plots sampled in our survey of Ghana forest (Hall & Swaine 1976)

2a. Locations of A-sample plots (see Fig. 2.2)

Plot Latitude Longitude Notes number

Al 60830 N 05550 W Kade A.R.S.; Botany Department sample plot A (Lawson et 01. 1970 Fig. 3). A2 60830 N 05550 W Kade A.R.S.; sample plot G (Lawson et 01. 1970 Fig. 3). A3 55340 N 00340 E Shai Hills G.P.R., central valley. A4 63530 N 057 10 W South Fomangsu F.R.; c. I km from main Kumasi road just E of road to Kade. A5 64210 N 11830 W N side of Bobiri F.R., near nature reserve. A6 613 50 N 03240 W Atewa Range F.R. just off bauxite survey road from Sagyimase; 540 mas!. A7 61440 N 00230 E , just south of the communications mast on hill. A8 61410 N 03440W Atewa Range F.R., on summit at 760 m asl, on left-hand branch of Sagyimase survey road. A9 605 10 N 00320 E Krobo Mountain, north slope near Akuse road. AIO 60950 N 00020W Volta River F.R.; just north of highest point on road from Odumase to Oterkpolu. All 52400 N 04340 W Hill summit on W boundary of Yenku F.R. AI2 53630 N 03450 W Obotumfo F.R. On steep slope above Asebu. AI3 53300 N 03240 W On wooded slope of Osimpo Hill just W of Awutu to Obrachere road. AI4 613 50 N 00410 W Afram Bukunaw F.R. (dereserved). Just E of Pawmpawm arm of Volta Lake, near canoe landing to Yongwase. AI5 613 30 N 00300 W Yongwa F.R. On ridge at 450 mas!. AI6 613 20 N 00330 W Near NW boundary of Yongwa F.R. AI7 60940N 057 10 W Beside logging road from Kade A.R.S. into Aiyaola F.R. about 2 km beyond boundary. AI8 60840 N 05630 W Just off path from Kade A.R.S. dam into Aiyaola F.R. AI9 45330 N 14830 W Grove N of road just E of Apowa. A20 54030 N 01600 W Sacred grove by main road, c. 2 km SE of Pokoase. A21 63930 N 05050 W Where Akwaseho to Abene road crosses the southern boundary of the Southern Scarp F.R. A22 63730 N 21OIOW Tano Ofin F.R. On W side of road from to Geological Survey Camp. A23 62410 N 24910 W Krokosua Hills F.R., by road about half way from Asanwinso to Antobia. A24 62230 N 25540 W Extreme SW corner of Krokosua Hills F.R. 8 km W of Krokosua village. A25 63010 N 253 10 W Krokosua Hills F.R. on hillside just N of Asempaneye. A26 62630 N 23320 W Just W of road N from Buaku, half way through Muro River F.R. A27 63010 N 21250 W N side of main road where it crosses SW boundary of Asenanyo F.R. A28 63940 N 2 II 50 W Tano Ofin F.R. On summit plateau c. 3 km N of Geological Survey Camp. A29 55040 N 02450W Steep NW slope of Koran Hill above Otoase. A30 55020 N 05010 W Just SW of Manso to Swedru road, along a path going into Esen Epam F.R. near NW boundary.

329 APPENDIX 2 (Cont.)

2a. Locations of A-sample plots (see Fig. 2.2)

Plot Latitude Longitude Notes number

A31 62940 N 02940 E Adaklu Mt.; on summit ridge at 570 m asl where path comes up from Kawdiabe village. A32 63820 N 02750 E About I km along NW boundary of Kabakaba Hills East F.R. SE of point where Ho to Have road cuts it. A33 63830 N 02840 E Kabakaba Hills East F.R. On very steep slope above Deme village. A34 64340 N o 1550 E On W boundary of Kpandu Range Dayi Block F.R. to E of road 3 km S from Dzani. A35 70820 N 02040 E Togo Plateau F.R. about 2.5 km NE of Tayi on slope. A36 70850 N 02100 E Togo Plateau F. R. About 5 km NE of Tayi at 450 m asl, on steep slope. A37 70850 N 021 20 E Togo Plateau F.R. About 5 km NE of Tayi at 630 m asl, in slight valley of summit plateau. A38 7 1850 N 02840 E Odomi River F.R.; steep slope at 480 m asl, near top of ridge. A39 740 N 023 E Kabo River F.R. 6 km NNW of Apesokubi; near reserve boundary. A40 741 N 023 E Kabo River F.R. 8 km NNW of Apesokubi; near reserve boundary. A41 735 N 026 E Kabo River F.R. 2 km E of Apesokubi, on slope. A42 52010 N 045 10 W Grove on S side of main road, 2 km E of junction. A43 5 1900 N 05000 W On N side of Amoawa Hill E of Legu Junction. A44 5 21 10 N 12350 W Beside N boundary of Pra Suhien II F.R. just W of main Cape Coast to Dunkwa road. A45 5 1440 N 12030 W Grove c. 2 km S of Jukwa on W side of road. A46 50610 N 13010 W Konkondua grove; 1.5 km NE of Kissi. A47 50950 N 126 10 W 2 km W of Eguafo; summit of Dumpow Hil!. A48 50940 N 12010 W About I km NNE of Ankaful Prison to the E of road to Simiw. A49 50330 N 11820 W K wagya grove I km S of Ankaful village. A50 5 16 10 N 10150 W 2 km W of Mankesim on Kurum Hill S of road to Krofu. A51 610 30 N 02140 W Nana Buo Powmu; sacred grove about 2 km SE of , near main road from . A52 61830 N 02230 W Southern Scarp F.R. 4 km NE of Bosuso, to E of road to , just below cliff at 480 mas!. A53 62630 N 02630 W 10 km NW of Begoro, about 1.5 km across boundary of Worobong South F.R. on road to Enyobiesua; level ground to N of road, at 510 mas!.; A54 63820 N 02450 W Rocky slope just W of Worobong R c. 8 km W of Ampam. A55 63950 N 03410 W Northern Scarp East F.R. on path to Nkyenenkyene about 2 km NNE of Takwa; plateau near ridge crest at 450 mas!. A56 639 10 N 03440 W About 0.5 km N of Takwa, steep slope near S boundary of Northern Scarp East F.R. A57 64150 N 04650 W About 5 km NW of in Northern Scarp West F.R., on N side of road to Abene. A58 65020 N 10240 W About 7 km NE of Agogo on road to Ejan, in Bandai Hills F.R. A59 55630 N 00700 W In a sacred grove just N of Mamfe on road to Koforidua. A60 6 1840 N 003 10 E In forest on S slope of Obotumfo Hill, 2 km WNW of Akosombo dam near road to Akosombo Port. A61 617 50 N 00250 E Sapawsu F.R. In dry valley on W side of road from Akosombo to Port. A62 61920 N 05120 W Level ground at SW corner of Esukawkaw F.R. just inside boundary. A63 621 50 N 10110 W NE corner of Ajenjua Bepo F.R. A64 6 1840 N 10430 W By road from Ntronang to where it crosses N boundary of Auro River F.R. A65 6 16 10 N I 10 40 W 8 km N of Amentia, on E side of road through Pra Anum F.R. to Banka. A66 6 1830 N 11500 W Summit ridge of Gyedemoa Hill in NW corner of Pra Anum F.R. A67 6 1820 N 11500 W Gyedemoa Hil!. Just S of A66. A68 633 30 N 10850 W Just inside NE boundary of Dome River F.R. c. 3 km SW of . A69 54450 N 01410 W Sacred grove just S. of Berekuso. A70 52120 N 11740 W By boundary of Kakum F.R. 2 km WSW of Krua.

330 APPENDIX 2 (Cont.)

2a. Locations of A-sample plots (see Fig. 2.2)

Plot Latitude Longitude Notes number

A71 52320 N 10920 W On a hilly grove just W of Katakyiasi N of Fante Nyankomase. An 54320 N I 1730 W Ochi Headwaters I F.R. About 2 km N of Asin Foso on W side of road to Praso. A73 6 1240 N 12300 W Fum Headwaters F.R., c. 2 km WNW of Aboabo No. I, on hillside near S boundary. A74 62520 N I 2500 W Bosumtwi Range F.R. Near Dakabuoso c. 5 km from Kokobin, where road meets boundary. A75 62900 N I 5340 W N of Manso on SE corner of Jeni River F.R. A76 62940 N I 10 30 W On S boundary of Dome River F.R. c. 7 km SW of Obogu. A77 60940 N 03640 W Atewa Range F.R. On summit ridge about 2 km NW of Apapam; 540 mas!. A78 55040 N 02500 W Foot of Koran Hill just W of A29. A79 54020 N 03300 W Obimpo F.R., c. I km S of Bawjiasi. A80 531 10 N 04150 W About 2 km S of Agona Swedru; sacred grove on E side of road. A81 44620 N 20220 W Cape Three Points F.R. In SE corner of reserve c. 2.5 km NW of Akwida. A82 45140 N 20320 W Cape Three Points F.R. 150 m E from BP43. About 5 km S of Abra. A83 446 10 N I 5830 W Small hill just W of Achowa 2.5 km SW of Dixcove. A84 65750 N 11220 W Bomfoum F.R. 8 km E of Kwamang on road from . A85 70650 N I 1750 W Chirimfa F.R. 5 km NNE of Amoamang; E side of road. A86 70940 N 14500 W Opro River F. R. SE corner of reserve; c. 200 m along the boundary to NW of road c. 3 km from Abofuo. A87 7 19 10 N 14830 W Opro River F.R. About 40 m W of road near N end of reserve, c. 2.5 km S of Asuasu. A88 70550 N 15150 W Asufu Shelterbelt West F.R. About half way along common boundary between Asufu F. R. and Kwamisa F.R., c. 2.5. km from Sabronomu. A89 61520 N 03330 W On summit plateau of Atewa Range F.R., alt. 770 mas!. A90 55100 N 003 10 E Patch of forest on SE side of Mampong Hill, just S of Shai Hills G.P.R. A91 60330 N 01120 E By road from Asutsuare, just below summit of Osudoku Mountain. A92 6 10 30 N 00300 E Yogaga Mountain. About 100 m up slope from where the road from Kpong Water- works reaches the forest. A93 65640 N I 5640 W Tinte Bepo F.R. 2 km along timber road off Sunyani road 1.5 km S of Fawumang. A94 72920 N 20950 W Yaya F.R. At Buokujunction on N side of Techiman road. A95 731 10 N I 10 00 W Just inside NE corner of Nsemre F.R. c. 4 km from Buoku. A96 725 10 N 21250 W At E boundary of Tain Tributaries Block I F.R. c. 5 km NW of Chiraa. A97 71OION 2 1230 W Bosumkese F.R. On NE side of hill. A98 70950 N 227 30 W About I km inside E edge of Asukese F.R. c. 5 km W of Atronie. A99 72630 N 23005 W At SW corner of Tain Tributaries Block II F.R. c. 2 km NNW of Suatre Amanfoso. AlOO 73500 N 23600 W About 15 km N of Berekum, just inside boundary of Tain Tributaries Block II F.R. AIOI 70800 N 255 10 W 3 km S of Mpameso F.R. boundary, Dormaa to Diabakrom road. AlO2 72140 N 25140 W 3 km NNW of S boundary of Pamu-Berekum F.R. on Dormaa to Asunso road. AlO3 65725 N 23930 W Bia-Tano F.R. 6 km W of Bediakukrom. A 104 655 10 N 30200 W Bia Tributaries North F.R. 1.5 km S of reserve boundary on Okirakrom to Adowkrom road. A 105 65420 N 239 15 W Bia-Tano F.R. 9 km WNW of Mim. AI06 64330 N 221 40 W Desiri F.R. 5 km NE from Sienchem where road meets boundary. A 107 641 40 N 23735 W Bonsam Bepo F.R. 1.5 km inside reserve on road 9 km W of Akrodie. A 108 64250 N 24430 W 22 km E of Akrodie just inside Subin F.R. boundary. A 109 65220 N 202 15 W Tano Ofin F.R. 2.5 km E of Domiabra, near BP 27. AIIO 65920 N 12640 W Ofin Headwaters F. R. Half way up scarp, just E of the road. Alii 528 10 N 05830 W Grove c. 2.5 km N of Biseasi on E side of road to Asikuma. AI12 54530 N 10330 W About I km inside Bemu River F.R. on road from Amanfopon to Aperade. AII3 55440 N 10740 W Birim F.R. About 9 km on Aduasa to Apoli road. AI14 55650 N I II 10 W About I km inside Pra-Birim F.R. on path from Apoli to Praso.

331 APPENDIX 2 (Con!.)

2a. Locations of A-sample plots (see Fig. 2.2)

Plot Latitude Longitude Notes number

AI15 550 IO N 100 IO W Grove on rock at Achiasi village. AI16 53840 N 05250 W 3 km N of Odoben just E of road to Brakwa. AI17 50900 N 14430 W S corner of Subri River F.R. c. IO km NW of Dompim. AIl8 5 16 IO N I 3750 W About 5 km NW of Krobo on small hill to the E side of Ateiku road, in Subri River F.R. AI19 52530 N 138 IO W Grove on outskirts of Mampanso village on Krobo to Ateiku road. AI20 534 IO N 14240 W About 2 km NW of Ateiku station, just inside Ben East F.R. AI21 54530 N 13650 W SE corner of Minta F.R. AI22 54920 N I 50 IO W About 2.5 km N of Atobiase just W of new road through Opon Mansi F. R.; foot of hill. AI23 60200 N 14730 W Denyau Shelterbelt F. R. About 7 km NNW of Dunkwa on W side of road. AI24 60350 N 20520 W Tonton F.R. About 2 km inside N edge of the reserve near Feiakobo. AI25 54540 N 20120 W Bowiye Range F. R. On new road from Moseaso, just at foot of main hill inside W reserve boundary. AI26 53430 N 15430 W 4 km SE of Insu Junction on road to Ben West F.R.; steep hillside. AI27 5 1930 N 15130 W About I km inside W boundary of Bonsa River F.R. on road from . AI28 50950 N 20140 W Neung F. R. Just inside reserve boundary to S. of road from just S of Bonsaso to Benso; I km from junction. AI29 60850 N 23340 W About 2 km SE of Anokokrom, c. I km inside boundary of Suhuma F.R. Al30 6 18 IO N 22800 W Tano Suhien F.R. About 5 km from Datano near SE boundary road. AI31 6 15 30 N 217 20 W Afao Hills F. R. Hill summit just to N of road to new mine. Al32 61240 N 2 II 30 W Anwhiaso South F. R. On road from Anhwiaso to Dunkwa c. half way through reserve. Al33 60700 N 21600 W Upper Wasaw F.R. About 3 km S of Humjibre on slope of small hill to W of road. . Al34 61400 N 24220 W Sui River F.R. About 6 km SW of Shi on S side of highest point of road to Atabuka. Al35 64100 N 25730 W Bia Tributaries North F.R. About I km inside E boundary of reserve near Kutukrom. AI36 63020 N 30240 W Near BP 19 on E boundary of Bia G.P.R. AI37 62320 N 25820 W On Gliksten timber road about 7 km W of Abrokwofi about 1.5 km outside E boundary of Bia G.P.R. AI38 554 IO N 22040 W Totua Shelterbelt F.R. 6 km SSW of Aguna, just inside N boundary just NW of road. AI39 5 43 15 N 222 IO W Mamiri F.R. Just inside NE boundary to S of Asankrangwa to Bawdia road. AI40 55000 N 232 IO W Tano Anwia F.R. 3 km WSW across river from Moseaso, on hill slope just inside E boundary. AI41 53010 N 24350 W 5 km S of Boinso along road to Hintimbo, just W of road at foot of slope. AI42 54350 N 25440 W Boin River F.R. On old timber road c. 3 km W of Akunso; flat ground. AI43 555 IO N 25740 W Disue River F.R. On N edge of reserve to W of road from to Dadiaso. AI44 50440 N 20520 W Neung F. R. About 3 km E of Nkroful junction on Takoradi to Tarkwa road; beside track through forest. AI45 52430 N 21400 W Fure F.R. About 3 km inside E boundary of reserve to S side of Prestea to Samreboi road. AI46 527ION 22635 W About 37 km from Prestea on S side of road to Samreboi. AI47 52225 N 22840 W Bronikrom; on W side of old timber road running S from Pres tea to Samreboi road towards Draw River F.R. AI48 5 1735 N 22540W Kissikrom; c. IO km S of plot 147. AI49 53640 N 23530 W Tano Nimri F.R. 2.5 km NW of Samreboi, on top of small hill just S of road to Enchi. Al50 5 1320 N 23925 W Ankasa River F.R. Just inside SW boundary 100 m W from old bridge over Ankasa R. AI5l 5 1640 N 24050 W Ankasa River F.R. Just N of road through reserve c. IO km E of Elubo.

332 APPENDIX 2 (Cont.)

2a. Locations of A-sample plots (see Fig. 2.2)

Plot Latitude Longitude Notes number

AI52 50330 N 2 1800 W Ebi Shelterbelt F. R. Just W of road c. 10 km N of Nkrofro just within SE boundary of reserve. AI53 459 10 N 2 15 10 W Small hill just S of Nkroful to Bamiankaw road near Salman, c. 8 km from Nkrofu!' AI54 5 10 00 N 2 13 10 W Draw River F.R. SE corner of reserve where it approaches R. Ancobra; side of hill near BP 37. AI55 558 10 N 041 30 W Atewa Range Extension F.R. 8 km ENE of Osenasi; on path from Awaham at 480 mas!.

2b. Locations of mapped B-sample plots (see Fig. 2.2)

Plot Latitude Longitude Notes number

BI 63400 N 04440W Southern Scarp F.R. below Atibie. B8 50850 N 11840 W Hillside E of Ankaful village. B9 5 16 10 N 10820 W Otsiabo and Efefipow hills 9 km SSE of Abura Dunkwa. BIO 52900 N 03220 W Granite hill near Ojobi. BII 5 1240 N 10820 W Fupow Hill 5 km NNW of Anomabu. BI2 5 15 40 N 10010 W Grove 2 km E of Ekumfi Swedru on S of main road. BI3 5 1630 N 05740 W Hill by deep cutting in main road W of Nakwa junction. BI4 50930 N I 1350 W Sacred grove just S of Amosima. BI5 50800 N I 1630 W Grove just E of Aburankwanta. B17 54200 N 01310 W Sacred grove on flat ground W of Ashonman. BI8 541 30 N 01450 W Sacred grove just N of K wabenya. BI9 6 16 10 N o 1700 E Forest patch on grassy plain S W of Zondo hil!. B20 6 17 10 N o 1800 E Summit of Zondo Hil!. B22 631 10 N 25220 W Krokosua Hills F.R., NE of Asempaneye. B24 5 1650 N 10240 W Secondary forest at Nkwanta 5 km WNW of Mankesim. B25 52030 N 10520 W Secondary forest at Opafi 12 km NW of Mankesim. B26 53020 N 10950 W Roadside thicket I km S of Manso. B27 53740 N 11410 W Abandoned cocoa farm at roadside I km NW of Nsuta. B28 54950 N I 1900 W Secondary forest just NW of Akonfudi on roadside. B29 60220 N I 2330 W Numia F.R., near main road. B30 6 1240 N I 2250 W Fum Headwaters F. R. on roadside below A 73. B31 6 1520 N 12710 W Steep slope in disturbed forest, Chiremoasi Bepo F.R. B32 6 16 10 N I 2840 W Secondary forest on hillside NE of Brofoyedru. B33 62740 N 13800 W Old secondary forest at Kumasi--Obuasi road junction. B34 62650 N 14800W Sacred grove at Antoakrom. B35 63450 N 14730 W Good forest near road I km NE of Eduyaokrom. B36 63950 N 14240 W Abandoned cocoa farm ENE of Twedie. B37 62920 N 04140 W Good forest in Nkawanda F.R. S of Wawasi. B38 60240 N 027 10 W Sacred grove at Neefio village just NW of Suhum. B39 6 1650 N 03340 W Near summit ridge of Atewa Range F.R.; 720 mas!. B40 601 00 N 04620 W Old secondary forest by road II km SE of Kade. B41 54800 N 03000 W Old secondary forest just W of . B42 5 33 30 N 02040 W Rocky slope above small lake SW of . B43 60930 N 03520 W Just outside Atewa Range F.R.by Takyiman road above Apapam. B44 54700 N 01130 W Rocky valley W of road from Ayimensa to Peduase.

333 APPENDIX 2 (Cont.)

2b. Locations of mapped B-sample plots (see Fig. 2.2)

Plot Latitude Longitude Notes number

B45 55120 N 010 30 W Old secondary forest just W of Gardens. B46 55000 N o 10 30 W Sacred grove on SW outskirts of Aburi. B47 61240 N 03440 W Summit plateau of Atewa Range F.R.; 750 m asl. B48 52920 N 03330 W Granite slope to N of road 7 km W of Obutu towards Winneba. B49 448 10 N I 5700 W Slope near road 2 km N of Dixcove. B50 451 00 N 15430 W Slope near road just E of Sese Oilmill. B51 50040 N 13940 W Hill just SE of Shama Junction. B52 65620 N 11810 W Secondary forest between Kronwam and Ongwam III forest reserves. B53 65620 N 11820 W Near B52. B54 70450 N 11320 W Fringing forest close to Jadiako in Chirimfa F. R. B55 65220 N 12240 W Secondary forest on roadside between Dadiase and Oyoko. B56 648 10 N 12610 W Secondary forest 3 km SW of Juaben. B57 64550 N 13020 W Secondary forest near road just E of Antoa. B58 64430 N I 3320 W Sacred grove at ; good forest. B59 65350 N 14430 W Secondary forest just SW of Ebira. B60 70530 N 14940 W Flat ground by road from Abofuo to Sabronumu. B61 60330 N I 38 10 W Dampia F.R. by road from Akrofuom to Mensonso. B62 73620 N 207 10 W Sawsaw F.R. by road from Tromiso to Nkunsia. B63 70900 N 21230 W Area in Bosumkese F.R. burnt 16 years earlier. B64 73840 N 23320 W Broken forest in Tain Tributaries Block II F.R. by road from Berekum to Sekwa. B65 721 40 N 240 10 W Old secondary forest by road 1.5 km SW of Amomaso. B66 7 1400 N 25300 W Secondary forest by road at Maso. B67 709 10 N 24500 W By road from Kwamiesua to Tronang. B68 65630 N 25520 W Old secondary forest 13 km W of R. Bia by Bediakukrom to Okirakrom road. B69 65620 N 25040 W Good forest 1.5 km E of R. Bia by Bediakukrom to Okirakrom road. B70 65520 N 23650 W Ebaw Rock: granite outcrop 8 km NW Of Mim. B71 646 10 N 24830 W Subin F. R.; good forest. B72 64450 N 25200 W Cut-over forest 3 km NW of Kojofosukrom. B73 65820 N 21900 W Poor secondary forest 1.5 km ENE of R. Tano by Hwidiem to Tepa road. B74 64010 N 04440W Sacred grove at Abetifi. B75 64200 N 038 OC W Secondary forest around Buruku rock. B76 5 33 10 N 05050 W Secondary forest just E of Bobikuma. B77 52600 N 05820 W Secondary forest 2 km NNW of Ajumako. B78 55750 N 10020 W Abandoned cocoa farm near Oda Secondary School. B79 60250 N 10600W Broken forest by road from Ayirebi to Abenasi. B80 537 10 N 10020 W Old secondary forest by road from to Jamra. B81 50540 N 14340 W Rocky hill just S of R. Nhwini. B82 531 00 N 13940 W Near Adasi, SE of Ateiku. B83 53320 N I 33 10 W Rocky hillside just S of Ntafrewaso. B84 55300 N 1 3240 W By road from Twifu Praso to Dunkwa, 5 km NW Ewisam. B85 556 10 N 14300 W Secondary forest on steep hillside by road from Kyekyewere to Dunkwa. B86 6 1240 N 14520 W Secondary forest just E of Hia. B87 55200 N 20000W Abandoned cocoa farm on hillside 6 km NE of Tapa. B88 54000 N 20700 W S end of Bowiye Range F.R. by Dunkwa to road. B89 52850 N 20020 W Poor secondary forest on steep hillside by road from Bogoso to Tarkwa. B90 50150 N 14050 W Grove on hill 2 km NW of Shama Junction. B91 62040 N 21650 W Secondary forest by road from to Anwiawso. B92 6 1420 N 21700 W S boundary of Afao Hills F.R. near Awaso. B93 6 1200 N 23700 W 5 km W of Jojokrom on to Atabuka road. B94 61710 N 24700 W Steep slope by road from Suiano to Antobia. B95 623 50 N 24920 W Krokosua Hills F.R., by road from Asanwinso to Antobia, near A23. B96 54620 N 23320 W Steep hillside by road 2 km E of R. Tano on Asankragwa to Enchi road.

334 APPENDIX 2 (Cont.)

2b. Locations of mapped B-sample plots (see Fig. 2.2)

Plot Latitude Longitude Notes number

B97 54540 N 24500 W Sacred grove by road from Asankragwa to Enchi. B98 53840 N 24330 W Steep slope just S of Kwawu by Enchi to Boinso road. B99 60400 N 301 20 W Good forest 6 km S of Dadiaso by road to Enchi. BIOO 53720 N 2 1230 W Good forest on small hill near road 6 km ESE of Manso Amenfi. BIOI 45400 N I 5800 W Grove I km N of Agona Junction. BI02 45850 N I 5340 W Abandoned cocoa farm by road from Mpoho to Domenase. BI03 50250 N I 5530 W Old secondary forest on small hill 1.5 km NNW of Edum Domenase. BI04 50350 N 20520 W Neung F.R. BI05 52430 N 22020 W Flat ground near main road at Fure Nkwanta. BI06 53640 N 23520 W Good forest on level ground near road side below A149. BlO7 53430 N 23100 W Old secondary forest on small hill by main road at 'Woman-no-good' village. BI08 50630 N 23630 W Good forest c. 2 km from Mpataba by main road to Elubo. BIIO 50240 N 22820 W Near stream in Crops Research Institute, Aiyinasi. Bill 50020 N 22020 W Old secondary forest on small hill 1.5 km SE of Ebowu by Axim road. BI12 5 5740 N o 1300 W Secondary forest near road c. I km NW of Adawso. BII3 6 II 00 N o 13 10 W Steep slope in river gorge of Boti Falls F.R. B1l4 62350 N 00830 W Disturbed forest near stream bed just N of . B1l5 631 30 N 01420 W By road through Dede F.R. B1l6 62440 N 02030 W Poor secondary forest by road NE of Begoro; 450 m asl. B1l7 62440 N OlOlOE Poor secondary forest at Asikuma, by main road junction. BI18 62740 N 00930 E Poor secondary forest by roadside SSE of Anum. B1l9 62920 N o 10 50 E Rocky slope on Adansi Hill between Anum and Dzake. BI20 63320 N o 1520 E Secondary forest in valley near road NE of Peki Wudome. BI21 63430 N 04540 W Secondary forest near summit of Mt. Ejuanema; 750 m asl. BI22 64650 N 108 lO W Boundary of Anum Su Southern Section F.R. just N of Amantama. BI23 721 20 N 15410 W Afrensu-Brohuma F. R. BI24 75050 N 231 30 W Forest along small seasonal stream at foot of hills W of Hani. BI25 74940 N 23020 W Poor secondary forest near Chekru R. SW of Hani. BI26 74800 N 22650 W Steep hillside above marsh NW of Degedege. BI27 748 10 N 22620 W Forest on level upland N of Degedege. BI28 5 1000 N 14240 W Subri River F.R., by timber road from . BI29 527 50 N 04040 W Near stream by road I km N of Abasa. BI30 529 10 N 04100 W Sacred grove on S edge of Asamkrom.

Altitudes given only for plots ~450 m asl, (Appendix 2 (a) and 2 (b)). asl - above sea level.

335 APPENDIX 3

Ordination scores of found four or more times during our survey

Species ordination values for plot identification

Species name Axis I Axis 6 Species name Axis I Axis 6

Abrus pulchellus* 57 18 Albizia glaberrima 50 35 Acacia kamerunensis 36 44 Albizia zygia 34 43 Acacia pentagona 39 43 Alchornea floribunda 18 100 Acalypha neptunica 71 44 Allanblackia parviflora II 35 Acridocarpus alternifolius 60 49 Allophylus africanus forma chrysothrix 43 46 Acridocarpus macrocalyx* 22 56 Alsodeiopsis staudtii 13 32 Acridocarpus smeathmannii 18 26 Alstonia boonei 30 36 Adenia cissampeloides* 39 26 Amorphophallus johnsonii 46 40 Adenia lobata* 53 47 Amphimas pterocarpoides 24 40 Adenia mannii* 21 44 Anchomanes difformis 62 29 (= A. tenuispira) Ancistrophyllum opacum 18 33 Adenia rumicifolia* 37 25 Androsiphonia adenostegia 7 59 (= A. lobata p.p.) Angylocalyx oligophyllus 18 27 Adiantum vogelii 26 38 Aningeria altissima 38 57 Aeglopsis cbevalieri 54 40 Aningeria robusta 27 38 Aframomun1 chrysanthum 21 63 Anogeissus leiocarpus 64 8 Aframomum geocarpum 39 50 Anopyxis klaineana 14 44 Aframomum stanfieldii 44 47 Anthonotha fragrans 13 51 Afrobrunnichia erecta 25 35 Anthonotha macrophylla 21 37 Afrosersalisia afzelii 15 78 Antiaris toxicaria 39 40 Afzelia africana 56 34 Antidesma laciniatum 25 57 Afzelia bella 20 19 Antidesma membranaceum 60 26 Aganope leucobotrya 16 40 Aphanostylis mannii 21 43 Agelaea sp. aff. duchesnei 4 66 Aporrhiza urophylla 19 22 Agelaea nitida 17 34 Aptandra zenkeri 27 37 Agelaea obliqua 19 51 Argomuellera macrophylla 31 53 Agelaea cf. pilosa 25 37 Artabotrys insignis* 34 41 Agelaea trifolia 3 62 Artabotrys oliganthus 26 35 Aidia genipiflora 32 38 Artabotrys stenopetalus 35 36 Airyantha schweinfurthii 15 7 Artabotrys velutinus 62 48 Alafia barteri 36 48 Arthropteris palisotii 25 35 Alafia multiflora* 35 51 Asparagus warneckei 84 45 Alafia scandens 73 30 Asplenium africanum 18 44 Albertisia cuneata 70 54 Asplenium barteri 18 68 Albertisia scandens 22 42 Asplenium emarginatum 57 55 Albizia adianthifolia 37 39 Asplenium varia bile 19 38 Albizia ferruguinea 45 37 Ataenidia conferta 21 51

336 APPENDIX 3 (Cont.)

~pecies ordination values for plot identification

Species name Axis I Axis 6 Species name Axis I Axis 6

Atroxima liberica II 38 Celtis wightii 51 49 Aubrevillea platycarpa 20 44 Celtis zenkeri 46 51 Aulacocalyx jasminiflora 20 45 Cercestis afzelii 19 39 Baissea breviloba 26 37 Cercestis ivorensis 5 58 Baissea leonensis* 28 42 Cercestis stigmaticus 15 47 Baissea multiflora 24 36 Chaetacme aristata 69 39 Baissea zygodioides 57 40 Chasmanthera dependens* 58 49 Baphia nitida 34 43 Chassalia afzelii * 3 60 Baphia pubescens 29 34 Chassalia corallifera 19 31 Beilschmiedia mannii 12 46 Chassalia kolly 54 40 Bequaertiodendron oblanceolatum 49 59 Chassalia subherbacea 8 52 confusa 16 41 Chazaliella sciadephora (form i) 23 56 Berlinia tomentella 16 41 Chazaliella sciadephora (form ii) 10 35 Bersama abyssinica 25 41 Chidlowia sanguinea 22 80 Bertiera breviflora 28 45 Chlamydocarya macrocarpa 24 31 Bertiera racemosa * 14 46 Chlamydocarya thomsoniana 38 51 Blighia sapid a 32 42 Chlorophora excels a 46 18 Blighia unijugata 38 45 Chlorophora regia 46 18 Blighia welwitschii 32 42 Chlorophytum orchidastrum* 22 60 Bolbitis acrostichoides 38 52 Chrysophyllum giganteu'm 32 54 Bolbitis auriculata 23 42 Chrysophyllum perpulchrum 29 49 Bolbitis gemmifera 23 37 Chrysophyllum pruniforme 12 34 Bombax brevicuspe 12 20 Chrysophyllum subnudum 19 44 Bombax buonopozense 39 45 Chrysophyllum welwitschii 37 40 Bowringia mildbraedii 28 49 Chytranthus atroviolaceus* 21 25 Buchholzia coriacea 24 43 Chytranthus carneus 21 34 Bussea octidentalis 25 51 Chytranthus cauliflorus 9 33 Byrsocarpus coccineus 51 33 Chytranthus macrobotrys 29 39 Calamus deerratus 21 37 Chytranthus verecundus 13 27 Callichilia subsessilis 27 47 Cissus aralioides 35 38 Caloncoba echinata 13 37 Cissus petiolata 63 50 Caloncoba giIgiana 56 32 Cissus producta 23 35 Calpocalyx brevibracteatus 15 41 Clausena anisata 53 39 Calycobolus africanus 28 41 Cleidion gabonicum 33 60 Calycobolus heudelotii 52 46 Cleistopholis patens 40 50 Campylostemon angolense 50 41 Clerodendrum capitatum 42 30 Campylostemon mucronatum 31 53 Clerodendrum volubile* 36 36 Canarium schweinfurthii 27 31 Cnestis ferruginea 38 42 Canthium hispidum 48 43 Cnestis longiflora 16 18 Canthium horizontale 57 24 Cnestis racemosa 20 59 Canthium setosum 17 63 Coccinia barteri* 45 32 Canthium venosum 38 16 Coffea afzelii 27 45 Canthium vulgare 58 33 Coffea ebracteolata 41 41 Cap paris erythrocarpos 74 66 Coffea rupestris 39 I Carapa procera 17 36 Coffea spathicalyx* 32 59 Carpolobia lutea 35 36 Coffea togoensis 68 46 Cassipourea congoensis (form i) 78 28 Cola caricifolia 25 36 Cassipourea congoensis (form ii) 26 45 Cola chlamydantha 13 33 Cassipourea hiotou 82 Cola digitata* 6 78 Castanola paradoxa 24 41 Cola gigantea var. glabrescens 28 37 Ceiba pentandra 49 38 Cola heterophylla II 29 Celtis adolfi-friderici 31 49 Cola lateritia var. maclaudii 28 37 Celtis mildbraedii 36 45 Cola millenii 53 44

337 APPENDIX 3 (Cont.)

Species ordination values for plot identification

Species name Axis I Axis 6 Species name Axis I Axis 6

Cola nitida 20 37 Dennettia tripetala 71 38 Cola reticulata 27 69 Desplatsia chrysochlamys 16 29 Cola umbratilis I 79 Desplatsia subericarpa 29 42 Cola verticillata 20 37 Dialium aubrevillei 14 43 Combretum aphanopetalum* 20 19 Dialium dinklagei 23 32 Combretum dolichopetalum* 44 20 Dialium guineense 63 35 Combretum mucronatum 57 40 Diaphananthe pellucida* 36 48 Combretum oyemense 25 36 Dichapetalum albidum 22 37 Combretum paniculatum* 39 29 Dichapetalum angolense 9 40 Combretum platypterum* 27 49 Dichapetalum barteri 61 62 Combretum racemosum* 34 48 Dichapetalum crassifolium 28 42 Commelina capitata* 24 33 Dichapetalum filicaule 19 7 Commelina macrosperma 53 58 Dichapetalum guineense 49 46 Commelinidium gabunense 61 34 Dichapetalum heudelotii Connarus africanus 10 52 (sparsely hairy variety) 13 33 salikounda 21 40 (tomentose variety) 9 37 Corymborkis corymbis 28 39 Dichapetalum pallidum 22 37 Corynanthe pachyceras 29 35 Dichapetalum toxicarium 15 27 Costus afer* 33 36 Dicranolepis grandiflora 43 27 Costus engleranus 19 53 Dicranolepis persei 21 49 Coula edulis 5 55 Dictyophleba leonensis 6 50 Craterispermum caudatum 19 44 Dioscorea minutiflora * 40 38 Craterispermum cerinanthum 25 35 Dioscorea praehensilis 44 40 Craterosiphon scandens* 24 40 Dioscorea smilacifolia 31 37 Cremaspora triflora 40 42 Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii 47 32 Croton penduliflorus* 44 50 Diospyros abyssinica 72 48 Crotonogyne manniana 12 39 Diospyros canaliculata 26 36 Crudia gabonensis 18 14 Diospyros chevalieri 5 57 Ctenitis jenseniae II 40 Diospyros cooperi 19 29 Ctenitis lanigera * 20 46 Diospyros ferrea 36 47 Ctenitis pilosissima 18 30 Diospyros gabunensis 17 17 Ctenitis protensa 17 31 Diospyros heudelotii 27 40 Culcasia angolensis 23 39 Diospyros kamerunensis 16 39 Culcasia parviflora 23 39 Diospyros mannii 19 37 Culcasia scandens 19 41 Diospyros mespiliformis 59 44 Culcasia striolata 45 53 Diospyros monbuttensis 45 44 Cussonia bancoensis* 41 52 Diospyros piscatoria 22 22 Cylicodiscus gabunensis 22 26 Diospyros sanza-minika 14 42 Cynometra ananta 4 66 Diospyros soubreana 33 44 Cynometra megalophylla 62 63 Diospyros vignei 12 39 Cyphostemma adenopodum* 67 32 Diospyros viridicans 26 35 Dacryodes klaineana 18 36 Diphasia angolensis 34 49 afzeliana 31 38 Discoclaoxylon hexandrum* 20 54 Dalbergia hostilis 31 38 Distemonanthus benthamianus 25 35 Dalbergia oblongifolia 25 41 Dracaena arborea 55 53 Dalbergia saxatilis* 25 53 Dracaena camerooniana 21 37 Dalbergiella welwitschii 41 47 Dracaena elliotii 19 81 Daniellia 0 gea 17 39 Dracaena f ragrans 39 45 Daniellia th urifera 17 39 Dracaena perrottetii 46 48 Dasylepis brevipedicellata 28 58 Dracaena phrynioides 23 42 Deinbollia grandifolia 22 32 Dracaena scoparia 6 46 Deinbollia pinnata 61 26 Dracaena surculosa 33 43 Delpydora gracilis 3 61 Dregea crinita* 39 28

338 APPENDIX 3 (Cont.)

Species ordination values for plot identification

Species name Axis 1 Axis 6 Species name Axis I Axis 6

Drypetes aframensis 34 54 Grewia malacocarpa 21 39 Drypetes aubrevillei 7 73 Griffonia simplicifolia 41 40 Drypetes aylmeri 12 36 Grossera vignei* 25 72 Drypetes chevalieri 27 42 Guaduella macrostachys 4 59 Drypetes floribunda 78 34 Guarea cedrata 23 36 Drypetes gilgiana 35 49 Guarea thompsonii 24 38 Drypetes i vorensis II 36 Guibourtia ehie 25 43 Drypetes leonensis 27 62 Hannoa klaineana 22 33 Drypetes parvifolia 84 39 Heisteria parvifolia 15 28 Drypetes pellegrinii 24 44 Heritiera utilis 7 46 Drypetes principum 24 66 Hexalobus crispiflorus 21 53 Drypetes singroboensis 55 73 Hildegardia barteri 62 42 Ehretia trachyphylla 20 13 Hippocratea africana 48 43 43 36 Hippocratea clematoides 38 67 Elaeophorbia grandifolia 63 53 Hippocratea dewildemaniana 42 46 Enantia polycarpa 21 38 Hippocratea ectypetala* 49 43 Entandrophragma angolense 27 41 Hippocratea apocynoides (H. guineensis)* 23 36 Entandrophragma candollei 24 49 Hippocratea indica* 38 26 Entandrophragma cylindricum 28 47 Hippocratea macrophylla 23 35 Entandrophragma utile 28 53 Hippocratea pallens* 26 43 Eremospatha macrocarpa 23 38 Hippocratea plumbea 36 46 Eriocoelum pungens* 19 44 Hippocratea rowlandii 48 43 Eriocoelum racemosum 7 45 Hippocratea welwitschii 39 43 Erythrococca africana* 29 43 Holarrhena floribunda 57 44 Erythrococca anomala* 37 34 Holoptelea grandis 50 49 Erythroxylum emarginatum 85 54 Homalium letestui* 24 19 Euadenia eminens 23 41 Homalium stipulaceum 17 21 Euclinia I~ngiflora 24 38 Hugonia planchonii 44 35 Eugenia calophylloides 3 79 Hugonia platysepala 17 47 Eugenia obanensis 50 46 Hugonia rufipilis 19 0 guineensis 60 24 Hunteria eburnea 32 41 Farquharia elliptica 28 33 Hunteria ghanensis 32 41 Ficus exasperata 54 43 32 41 Ficus sagittifolia 47 55 Hymenocoleus hirsutus 10 46 Flabellaria paniculata* 62 24 Hymenocoleus neurodictyon Flagellaria guineensis 37 35 var. neurodictyon 15 47 Friesodielsia enghiana II 71 var. orientalis 18 95 Friesodielsia velutina 16 44 Hymenostegia afzelii 43 56 Funtumia africana 24 32 Hypolytrum poecilolepis 12 35 Funtumia elastica 32 38 Hypselodelphys violacea 39 40 Gaertnera cooperi 79 Icacina mannii 15 29 Garcinia afzelii 65 28 IIIigera pentaphylla 19 46 Garcinia epunctata 2 76 lodes africana * 24 24 Garcinia gnetoides IO 49 lodes liberica 22 35 Garcinia smeathmannii 13 43 Irvingia gabonensis 27 36 Geophila afzelii 13 48 Isolona campanulata 21 30 Geophila obvallata subsp. obvallata 21 42 Isolona cooperi 17 20 Geophila repens 41 48 Isolona deightonii 15 11 Glyphaea brevis 26 37 Ixora laxiflora 19 49 Gongronema latifolium* 19 42 Jasminum pauciflorum 43 54 Greenwayodendron oliveri 50 38 Jaundea pinnata 23 33 Grewia carpinifolia 80 69 Justicia extensa 49 36 Grewia hookerana 16 34 Khaya anthotheca 32 55

339 APPENDIX 3 (Cont.)

Species ordination values for plot identification

Species name Axis I Axis 6 Species name Axis I Axis 6

Khaya grandifoliola 49 50 Markhamia lutea 55 17 Khaya ivorensis 19 27 Massularia acuminata 15 42 Klainedoxa gabonensis 19 35 Memecylon afzelii 42 36 Kolobopetalum leonense 17 24 Memecylon aylmeri 21 30 Landolphia calabarica 41 27 Memecylon blakeoides 0 87 Landolphia duJcis var. barteri 20 42 Memecylon cinnamomoides 56 37 Landolphia hirsuta 42 33 Memecylon guineense 13 59 Landolphia micrantha II 61 Memecylon lateriflorum 10 50 Landolphia owariensis var. owariensis 25 38 Memecylon membranifolium 29 44 Landolphia togolana 64 46 Memecylon normandii 18 53 Lankesteria brevior 15 39 Microdesmis puberula 28 39 Lankesteria elegans 37 52 Microsorium.punctatum 26 40 Lannea nigritana 65 28 Mikaniopsis tedliei 19 24 Lannea welwitschii 37 51 Millettia barteri 25 45 Lasianthus batangensis 5 53 MilJettia chrysophylla 24 52 Lasiodiscus mannii var. chevalieri 56 66 Millettia rhodantha 26 41 Lecaniodiscus cupanioides 52 44 Millettia thonningii 100 70 Leea guineensis * 20 45 Millettia zechiana 30 36 Leptactina densiflora 46 32 Mischogyne elliotiana * 26 49 Leptaspis cochleata 29 43 Momordica cabraei* 34 37 Leptaulus daphnoides 21 46 Momordica multiflora* 45 33 Leptoderris brachyptera 27 41 Monanthotaxis laurentii Leptoderris fasciculata 29 44 (Popowia congensis)* 35 41 Leptonychia pubescens 43 48 Monanthotaxis whytei 17 32 Lomariopsis guineensis 20 36 Monodora myristica 28 35 Lomariopsis rossii II 37 Monodora tenuifolia 31 31 Lonchocarpus cyanescens 50 27 Morinda longiflora 26 47 Lophira alata 6 68 Morinda lucida* 52 35 Lovoa trichilioides 14 48 Morinda morindoides 25 28 Lychnodiscus dananensis 29 52 Morus meso zygia 39 52 Lychnodiscus reticulatus 25 44 Motandra guineensis 41 46 Macaranga heterophylla* 24 33 Myrianthus arboreus 26 31 Macrosphyra longistyla 57 31 Myrianthus libericus 21 29 Maerua duchesnei 62 58 Maesobotrya barteri var. sparsiflora 13 33 (large-leaved variety) 53 44 Majidea fosteri 42 55 (small-leaved variety) 22 37 Malacantha alnifolia 63 24 Neostenanthera gabonensis II 36 Mallotus oppositifolius 50 50 Nephthytis afzelii 16 40 Mammea africana 16 39 Nesogordonia papaverifera 38 48 Mangenotia eburnea 51 46 Neuropeltis acuminata 26 41 Manilkara obovata 32 44 Neuropeltis prevosteoides 9 41 Manniophyton fulvum 19 30 Neuropeltis velutina 24 28 Manotes longiflora 16 27 Newbouldia laevis 45 36 Mansonia altissima 45 61 Newtonia duparquetiana 10 99 Mapania baldwinii 8 54 Nichallea soyauxii (Tarenna soyauxii) 18 38 Maranthes aubrevillei 6 49 Ochna staudtii 41 54 Maranthes glabra 16 27 Octoknema borealis* 18 46 Maranthes robusta 28 47 Octolobus spectabilis 46 69 Marantochloa congensis 22 44 Oeceoclades maculata 59 51 Marantochloa cuspidata 42 52 Oeceoclades saundersiana 37 50 Marantochloa leucantha* 28 43 Olax gambecola 32 39 Maranthochloa purpurea* 42 54 Olax subscorpioidea 58 29 Mareya micrantha 24 54 Olyra latifolia 51 40

340 APPENDIX 3 (Cont.)

Species ordination values for plot identification

Species name Axis 1 Axis 6 Species name Axis 1 Axis 6

Oncinotis glabrata 26 38 Platysepalum hirsutum 35 45 Oncinotis gracilis* 46 38 Pleiocarpa mutica 20 45 Oncinotis pontyi 31 42 Pneumatopteris afra (Cyclosorus afer)* 23 46 Ongokea gore 33 28 Pollia condensata* 27 53 Oplismenus hirtellus 60 31 Polyspatha paniculata 30 47 Ostryocarpus riparius 23 28 Polysphaeria macrophylla 27 44 Ouratea affinis 26 39 Premna quadrifolia 93 80 Ouratea amplectens 5 56 Pseuderanthem\Jm tunicatum 29 58 Ouratea calophylla 12 64 Psilanthus mannii 48 54 Ouratea duparquetiana 7 43 Psycho tria sp. all calceata 12 40 Ouratea reticulata 10 56 Psychotria calva 62 31 Ouratea sulcata 21 72 Psychotria ivorensis 13 33 Oxyanthus formosus 23 44 Psychotria liberica 16 33 Oxyanthus pallidus 25 50 Psychotria longituba 5 59 Oxyanthus racemosus 78 19 Psychotria mangenotii 16 47 Oxyanthus speciosus 41 38 Psychotria peduncularis 22 50 Oxyanthus unilocularis 39 50 Psychotria schweinfurthii 60 41 Pachypodanthium staudtii 19 28 Psychotria subobliqua 23 42 Pachystela brevi pes 37 59 Pteris acanthoneura 33 39 Palisota barteri 27 54 Pteris atrovirens 33 43 Palisota hirsuta 33 34 Pteris burtonii 17 37 Pancovia bijuga 76 28 Pteris togoensis 32 44 Pancovia sessiliflora 45 52 Pterocarpus mildbraedii* 37 53 Pancovia turbinata 13 50 Pterygota bequaertii 26 54 Panda oleosa 26 43 Pterygota niacrocarpa 41 53 Pararistolochia goldieana 56 31 Ptychopetalum anceps 14 46 Pararistolochia macrocarpa 30 65 Pycnanthus angolensis 24 36 Parinari excelsa 12 44 Pycnocoma com uta 61 22 Parkia bicolor 22 34 Pycnocoma macrophylla 19 47 Parquetina nigrescens* 51 39 Pyrenacantha acuminata 44 43 Paullinia pin nata 53 32 Pyrenacantha cordicula 16 12 Pauridiantha sylvicola 13 62 Pyrenacantha vogeliana 19 20 Pavetta corymbosa* 56 35 Raphia hookeri 23 34 Pavetta genipifolia 58 40 Rauvolfia cumminsii 10 29 Pavetta ixorifolia 19 39 Rauvolfia vomitoria* 32 31 Pellaea doniana 73 22 Rhaphidophora africana 23 43 Penianthus zenkeri 18 30 Rhaphiostylis beninensis 26 36 Pentaclethra macrophylla 24 39 Rhaphiostylis cordifolia II 42 Pentadesma butyracea 6 44 Rhaphiostylis ferruginea 19 38 macrocarpus 22 24 Rhaphiostylis preussii 26 36 Phyllocosmus african us 23 29 Ricinodendron heudelotii 42 42 Phyllocosmus sessiliflorus 9 52 Rinorea brachypetala 25 34 Phymatodes scolopendria* 24 30 Rinorea breviracemosa 19 8 Piper guineense 23 34 Rinorea dentata 25 23 Piptadeniastrum africanum 25 36 Rinorea ilicifolia 30 45 Piptostigma fasciculatum 22 53 Rinorea kibbiensis 54 52 Piptostigma fugax 17 82 Rinorea oblongifolia 22 34 Pisonia aculeata* 35 48 Rinorea prasina 5 63 Placodiscus attenuatus 37 34 Rinorea subintegrifolia 18 22 Placodiscus bancoensis 22 0 Rinorea welwitschii 15 66 Placodiscus oblongifolius 7 38 Ritchiea capparoides· 14 18 Platycerium elephantotis (P. angolense)* 29 53 Ritchiea reflexa 91 7 Platycerium stemaria* 32 43 Rothmannia hispida 29 50

341 APPENDIX 3 (Cont.)

Species ordination values for plot identification

Species name Axis I Axis 6 Species name Axis I Axis 6

Rothmannia longiflora 38 35 Strephonema pseudocola 8 47 Rothmannia urcelliformis 49 59 Streptogyna crinita 45 36 Rothmannia whitfieldii 26 38 Strombosia glaucescens var. lucida 22 41 Rutidea dupuisii* 14 48 Strophanthus barteri 49 41 Rutidea parviflora* 19 41 Strophanthus gratus 29 35 Rytigynia canthioides* 43 55 Strophanthus hispidus 75 17 Saba thompsonii 46 49 Strophanthus preussii 49 41 Salacia alata var. alata 21 77 aculeata 18 16 Salacia camerunensis 26 52 Strychnos afzelii 19 26 Salacia cerasifera 32 38 Strychnos asterantha 18 60 Salacia columna var. akeassii 8 51 Strychnos camptoneura 16 38 Salacia columna var. columna 5 55 Strychnos cuminodora 25 66 Salacia cornifolia 15 10 Strychnos floribunda 26 40 Salacia debilis 13 45 10 66 Salacia elegans 50 43 Strychnos johnsonii 23 17 Salacia erecta 32 34 Strychnos malacoclados 17 47 Salacia sp. aff. gabunensis 25 59 Strychnos nigritana 67 22 Salacia howesii 22 34 Strychnos phaeotricha 17 22 Salacia ituriensis 32 46 Strychnos soubrensis 36 40 Salacia leptoclada 76 29 Strychnos splendens 36 40 Salacia nitida 13 21 Strychnos usambarensis (form i) 76 22 Salacia pallescens 46 55 Strychnos usambarensis (form ii) 21 45 Salacia pyriformis 32 31 occidentalis Salacia staudtiana var. leonensis 16 36 (Gelonium occidentale)* 34 65 Salacia togoica 70 31 Syzygium guineense subsp. occidentale 9 50 Salacia uregaensis var. aurantiaca 24 36 Tabernaemontana chippii 25 33 Santaloides afzelii* 23 68 Tabernaemontana crassa 15 25 Sarcophrynium brachystachys 29 42 Tabernaemontana glandulosa 23 35 Sarcophrynium prionogonium 16 96 Tabernaemontana pachysiphon 27 56 Scadoxus cinnabarinus 28 47 Talbotiella gentii 87 7 Scadoxus multiflorus subsp. longitubus 57 61 Tarenna bipindensis 24 32 Scaphopetal)lm amoenum 3 63 Tarenna eketensis 12 81 Scottellia klaineana 27 38 Tarenna fusco-flava 18 25 Scytopetalum tieghemii 7 50 Teclea verdoorniana 65 48 Secamone afzelii 62 33 Tectaria angelicifolia* 27 27 Sherbournia bignoniiflora* 44 41 Tectaria fernandensis* 27 69 Sioetiopsis usambarensis 61 66 Terminalia superba 33 40 Smeathmannia pubescens* 25 28 Tetracera potato ria 20 38 Smilax kraussiana* 50 20 Tetrapleura tetraptera 30 55 Solenangis scandens* 16 24 didymostemon* 32 37 Sorindeia warneckei 61 35 Thecacoris stenopetala 10 45 Soyauxia grandifolia 4 59 Thonningia sanguinea 38 34 Soyauxia velutina 10 48 heckelii 18 47 Sphenocentrum jollyanum 29 40 Tiliacora dinklagei 22 37 Spiropetalum heterophyllum 17 35 Tiliacora funifera 84 27 Spiropetalum solanderi 8 43 Tragia cf. mildbraediana* 39 56 Spondias mombin 64 10 Tragia spathulata* 57 8 Stachyanthus occidentalis 56 50 Treculia africana* 21 19 Stanfieldiella imperforata* 35 39 Tricalysia discolor* 22 49 Sterculia oblonga 28 40 Tricalysia oligoneura* 24 33 Sterculia rhinopetala 32 43 Tricalysia pallens 31 46 Sterculia tragacantha 48 42 Tricalysia reflexa 37 46 Stereospermum acuminatissimum 44 38 Tricalysia reticulata 17 64

342 APPENDIX 3 (ConL)

Species ordination values for plot identification Species ordination values for plot identification

Species name Axis I Axis 6 Species name Axis I Axis 6

Trichilia megalantha 49 55 Uvaria afzelii * 19 43 Trichilia monadelpha 29 39 Uvaria doeringii 63 35 T richilia prieuriana 36 42 Uvaria mocoli 29 42 Trichilia tessmannii 27 33 Uvaria ovata subsp. ovata 95 20 Trichomanes guineense 4 64 Uvariastrum pierreanum 23 39 Trichomanes liberiense* 23 43 Uvariodendron angustifolium 36 54 Trichoscypha arborea 9 25 Uvariodendron calophyllum 24 38 Trichostachys aurea 9 46 Uvariodendron occidentale 35 68 Tric1isia dictyophylla 25 50 Uvariopsis globiflora 24 63 Triclisia patens 35 44 Ventilago africana 27 32 Tric1isia subcordata 63 43 Vitex ferruginea 33 43 Trilepisium madagascariense 40 47 Vitex micrantha 33 43 Triplochiton sc1eroxylon 41 45 Vitex rivularis 8 40 Turraea heterophylla 62 55 Xylia evansii 28 52 Turraeanthus africanus 21 37 Xylopia acutiflora 15 30 Tylophora copspicua 59 29 Xylopia quintasii 19 35 Uapaca corbisieri II 54 Xylopia staudtii 12 62 Uapaca guineensis II 54 Xylopia villosa 21 37 Urera keayi (Urera repens)* 37 52 Zanthoxylum gilletii* 22 33 Urera oblongifolia* 27 48 Zanthoxylum leprieurii 54 53 Usteria guineensis* 34 18

Species marked with an asterisk (*) are not mapped. FWT A names of unmapped species not listed in Appendix 5 given in brackets.

343 APPENDIX 4

Worked example of plot identification from ordination scores of species present

Identification of plot B 119 from mean ordination values· of recorded species

Species Species ordination values Species Species ordination values Axis I Axis 6 Axis I Axis 6

Acacia kamerunensis 36 44 Griffonia simplicifolia 41 40 Adenia lobata 53 47 Hildegardia barteri 62 42 Adiantum confine Hugonia planchonii 44 35 Afzelia africana 56 34 Hunteria ghanensis 32 41 Artabotrys velutinus 62 48 Hymenostegia afzelii 43 56 Asparagus warneckei 84 45 Hypselodelphys violacea 39 40 Asplenium africanum 18 44 Maerua duchesnei 62 58 A. buettneri Millettia thonningii 100 70 Baissea zygodioides 57 40 Nesogordonia papaverifera 38 48 Calycobolus heudelotii 52 46 Oeceoclades maculata 59 51 Calyptrochilum emarginatum Pavetta genipifolia 58 40 Cassipourea congoensis (form i) 78 28 Pellaea doniana 73 22 Ceiba pentandra 49 38 Psycho tria albicaulis Ceropegia.yoru bana Rinorea kibbiensis 54 52 Coffea ebracteolata 41 41 Salacia camerunensis 26 52 Cola millenii 53 44 Sansevieria Ii berica Commelinidium gabunense 61 34 Secamone afzelii 62 33 Diospyros abyssinica 72 48 Sterculia tragacantha 48 42 Dracaena arborea 55 53 Strophanthus hispidus 75 17 D. surculosa 33 43 Strychnos usambarensis (form i) 76 22 Drypetes parvifolia 84 39 Trichilia prieuriana 36 42 Elaeophorbia grandifolia 63 53 Triplochiton scleroxylon 41 45 Erythroxylum emarginatum 85 54 Uvaria ovata 95 20 Ficus polita Mean values+ 56.4 42.3

• Species ordination values are listed in Appendix 3 (p. 336). Of + Reference to Fig. 2.3 shows that mean species values of 56.4 the 47 species recorded in BI19, ordination values are available (axis I) and 42.3 (axis 6) place plot B 119 (see Appendix 2 for for 40. location) in the Southern Marginal type.

344 APPENDIX 5

Unmapped Ghanaian forest

List of Ghanaian forest trees species for which distribution maps are not included in the present book +

ACANTHA.CEAE V. thouarsii Roem. & Schult.* Adhatoda robusta e. B. C!. ARALIACEAE ANACARDIACEAE Cussonia bancoensis Aubrev. & Pellegr. Antrocaryon micraster A. Chev. & Guillaum. Polyscias fulva (Hiern) Harms Pseudospondias microcarpa (A. Rich.) Eng!. Schefflera barteri (Seem.) Harms' Rhus longipes Eng!.' Sorindeia zenkeri Eng!. * BALANITACEAE (not ZYGOPHYLLACEAE) Trichoscypha albiflora Eng!. Balanites wilsoniana Dawe & Sprague T. atropurpurea Eng!. T. baldwinii Keay BIGNONIACEAE T. beguei Aubrev. & Pellegr.' Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. T. cavalliensis Aubrev. & Pellegr. Markhamia tomentosa (Benth.) K. Schum. ex Eng!. T. chevalieri Aubrev. & Pellegr. Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. T. oba Aubrev. & Pellegr.' BORAGINACEAE Cordia millenii Bak. Anonidium mannii (Oliv.) Eng!. & Diels e. platythyrsa Bak. Isolona hexaloba (Pierre) Eng!. & Diels' (= I. pleurocarpa e. senegalensis Juss. Diels subsp. nigerica Keay) C. vignei Hutch. & Dalz. Mischogyne elliotiana (Eng!. & Diels) R.E. Fries var. glabra Ehretia cymosa Thonn. Keay (= Uvariastrum elliotianum) Monocyclanthus vignei Keay CAESALPINIACEAE Monodora brevi pes Benth. Anthonotha vignei (Hoyle) J. Leonard Neostenanthera hamata (Benth.) Exell Berlinia occidentalis Keay Polyceratocarpus parviflorus (BakJ.) Ghesq., Crudia senegalensis Planch. ex Benth. Uvariastrum insculptum (Eng!. & Diels) Sprague Cryptosepalum tetraphyllum (HookJ.) Benth. * Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich. Detarium senegalense J.F. Gme!.* Xylopia elliotii Eng!. & Diels' Didelotia idae Oldeman De Wit & Leonard' X. rubescens Oliv.' D. unifoliolata J. Leonard' X. sp. aff. villosa Chipp' Erythrophleum ivorense A. Chev. E. suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) Brenan (= E. guineense) Gilbertiodendron bilineatum (Hutch. & Dalz.) J. Leonard Picralima nitida (Stapf) Th. & H. Dur. G. limba (Sc. Elliot) J. Leonard Pleiocarpa pycnantha (K. Schum.) Stapf. G. preussii (Harms) J. Leonard Rauvolfia vomitoria Afze!. G. splendidum (A. Chev. ex Hutch. & Dalz.) J. Leonard Voacanga africana Stapf Hymenostegia aubrevillei Pellegr.

345 APPENDIX 5 (Cont.)

List of Ghanaian forest trees species for which distribution maps are not included in the present book +

H. gracilipes Hutch. & Dalz. bracteosa Planch. * Mildbraediodendron excelsum Harms A. strobilacea Muell. Arg. Pellegriniodendron diphyllum J. Leonard Anthostema aubryanum Baill. Stemonocoleus micranthus Harms* Bridelia atroviridis Muell. Arg. Swartzia fistuloides Harms* B. grandis Pierre ex Hutch. B. micrantha (Hochst.) Baill. Cleistanthus polystachyus Hook.f. ex Planch. Crate va adansonii De. (= e. religiosa) Croton aubrevillei J. Leonard* Euadenia trifoliolata (Schum. & Thonn.) Oliv. e. penduliflorus Hutch. e. sylvaticus Hochst. ex Krauss* CELASTRACEAE e. zambesicus Muell. Arg. Elaeodendron buchananii (Loes.) Loes.* (= Cas sine bucha• Crotonogyne chevalieri (Beille) Keay nanii) Discoclaoxylon hexandrum (Mull. Arg.) Pax & K. Hoffm. (= May tenus undata (Thunb.) Blakelock (= May tenus undatus) Claoxylon hexandrum) Discoglypremna caloneura (Pax) Prain CHRYSOBALANACEAE (not ROSACEAE) Drypetes afzelii (Pax) Hutch. Acioa barteri (Hook.f. ex Oliv.) Engl. Erythrococca africana (Baill.) Prain A. dinklagei Engl. Euphorbia deightonii Croizat A. cf. hirsuta A. Chev. ex De Wild.* Grossera vignei Hoyle Chrysobalanus icaco L. subsp. atacorensis (A. Chev.) F. White* Hymenocardia Iyrata Tul. (= C. atacorensis) Keayodendron bridelioides(Mildbr. ex Hutch. & Dalz.) Leandri Licania elaeosperma (Mildbr.) Prance & White (= Afrolicania (= bridelioides) elaeosperma) Macaranga barteri Muell. Arg. Magnistipula butayei De Wild. subsp. sargosii* (= Hirtella M. heterophylla (Muell. Arg.) Muell. Arg. butayei) M. heudelotii Baill. M. zenkeri Engl. * (= Hirtella fleuryana). M. hurifolia Beille Maranthes chrysophylla (Oliv.) Prance (= Parinari chryso• M. spinosa Muell. Arg.* phylla) Mallotus subulatus Muell. Arg. M. kerstingii (Engl.) Prance* (= Parinari kerstingii) Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) Webster (= Phyllanthus dis- Parinari congensis F. Didr. coideus) Martretia quadricornis Beille* Necepsia afzelii Prain* Pteleopsis hllbeensis Aubrev. ex Keay* Phyllanthus profusus N. E. Br. P. hylodendron Mildbr. Protomegabaria macrophylla (Pax) Hutch. P. stapfiana (Beille) Hutch. COMPOSITAE Pseudagrostistachys africana (Muell. Arg.) Pax & K Hoffm.* Vernonia amygdalina Del. Sapium aubrevillei Leandri* V. colorata (Willd.) Drake; S. ellipticum (Hochst. ex Krauss) Pax V. conferta Benth. Spondianthus preussii Engl. V. richardiana (0. Ktze.) P.-Sermolli Suregada occidentalis (Hoyle) Croizat (= Gelonium occidentale) V. titanophylla Brenan* Tetrorchidium didymostemon (Baill.) Pax & Hoffm. Uapaca heudelotii Baill. DICHAPET ALACEAE U. paludosa Aubrev. & Leandri Tapura fischeri Engl. T. ivorensis Bretel. * FLACOURTIACEAE (incl. SAMYDACEAE) Caloncoba glauca (P. Beauv.) Gilg* EBENACEAE Casearia barteri Mast. (= e. dinklagei) Diospyros barteri Hiern e. calodendron Gilg* (= C. inaequalis) Dovyalis zenkeri Gilg* (incl. D. afzelii) ERYTHROXYLACEAE F1acourtia flavescens Willd. Erythroxylum mannii Oliv. Homalium africanum (HookJ.) Benth. (incl. H. molle) H. dewevrei De Wild. & Th. Our. (= H. angustistipulatum) H. letestui Pellegr. Alchornea cordifolia (Schum. & Thonn.) Muell. Arg. H. longistylum Mast.* (= H. aylmeri)

346 APPENDIX 5 (Cont.)

List of Ghanaian forest trees species for which distribution maps are not included in the present book +

Lindackeria dentata (OIiv.) Gilg Ficus anomani Hutch. Oncoba brachyanthera Olivo F. barteri Sprague O. spinosa Forsk. F. bubu Warb.* Ophiobotrys zenkeri Gilg F. camptoneura Mildbr.* F. capensis Thunb. GRAMlNEAE F. congensis Eng!. Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex Mende!. F. conraui Warb.* F. cf. cyathistipula Warb.* GUTTIFERAE (inc!. HYPERICACEAE) F. elasticoides De Wild.* Garcinia kola Heckel F. elegans (Miq.j Miq. Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir. F. eriobotryoides Kunth & Bouche Symphonia globulifera U. F. kamerunensis Warb. ex Mildbr. & Burret Yismia guineensis (L.) Choisy P. leprieurii Miq. F. lingua Warb. * HUACEAE (not STYRACACEAE) F. lutea Yahl (= F. vogelii) Afrostyrax lepidophyllus Mildbr. F. lyrata Warb.* F. macrosperma Warb. ex Mildbr. & Burret* HUMIRIACEAE F. mucuso Welw. ex Ficalho Sacoglottis gabonensis (Bail!.) Urb. F. natalensis Hochst. F. ottoniifolia (Miq.) Miq. F. ovata Yahl Desmostachys vogelii (Miers) Stapf* F. polita Yahl F. populifolia Yahl* F. praticola Mildbr. & Hutch.* Anthocleista djalonensis A. Chev. F. recurvata De Wild.* (= F. goliath) A. liebrechtsiana De Wild. & Th. Dur.* F. tessellata Warb. * A. microphylla Wernh.* F. thonningii Blume A. nobilis G. Don F. umbellata Yahl A. vogelii Planch. F. variifolia Warb. Nuxia congesta R. Br. ex Fresen. F. vogeliana (Miq.) Miq.* Strychnos spinosa Lam. Musanga cecropioides F. Br. Treculia africana Decne. MELASTOMATACEAE Dichaetanthera africana (Hook.f.) Jac.-Fe!.* (= Sakersia afri- MYRISTICACEAE canal Coelocaryon oxycarpum Stapf Memecylon barteri Hook.f.* M. fasciculare (Planch. ex Benth.) Naud.* MYRSINACEAE M. memecyloides (Benth.) Exell Maesa lanceolata Forsk.*

MELIACEAE MYRTACEAE Ekebergia senegalensis A. Juss. Eugenia coronata Schum. & Thonn. Trichilia martineaui Aubrev. & Pellegr.* E. kalbreyeri Eng!. & v. Brehm.* T. ornithothera J. de Wilde* E. leonensis Eng!. & v. Brehm. Turraea ghanensis J. B. Hall* Syzygium rowlandii Sprague* OCHNACEAE MIMOSACEAE Ochna afzelii R. Br. ex Olivo * Albizia coriaria Welw. ex Olivo O. membranacea Olivo Aubrevillea kerstingii (Harms) Pellegr. * O. ovata F. Hoffm. Cathormion altissimum (HookJ.) Hutch. & Dandy Ouratea calantha Gilg* Newtonia aubrevillei (Pellegr.) Keay* O. congesta (OIiv.) Eng!. ex Gilg Samanea dinklagei (Harms) Keay O. flava (Schumach.) Hutch. & Dalz. ex Stapf

MORACEAE OLACACEAE Dorstenia kameruniana Eng!. (= Craterogyne kameruniana) Ximenia americana L.

347 APPENDIX 5 (Cont.)

List of Ghanaian forest trees species for which distribution maps are not included in the present book +

OLEACEAE Dictyandra arborescens Welw. ex Hook.f. Chionanthus africanus (Knobl.) Stearn (= Linociera africana) D. involucrata (Hook.f.) Hiern C. mannii (Solereder) Stearn var. congestus (Bak.) Stearn" (= Gaertnera paniculata Benth. Linociera congesta) Gardenia imperialis K. Schum .. C. mannii (Solereder) Stearn var. mannii" (= Linociera mannii) G. nitida Hook. Schrebera arborea A. Chev. G. vogelii Hook.f. ex Planch. Heinsia crinita (Afzel.) G. Tayl. PALMAE Morinda lucid a Benth. Raphia palma-pinus (Gaertn.) Hutch. Nauclea pobeguinii (Pobeguin ex Pellegr.) Petit Pauridiantha hirtella (Benth.) Bremek. PANDANACEAE Pausinystalia lane-poolei (Hutch.) Hutch. ex Lane-Poole Pandanus candelabrum P. Beauv. Pavetta corymbosa (DC.) F.N. Williams PAPILIONACEAE P. lasioclada (K. Krause) Mildbr. ex Bremek." Craibia atlantica Dunn" P. mollis Afzel. ex Hiern Dalbergia sp. nr. pachycarpa (De Wild. & Th. Dur.) Uhlr. ex De P. mollissima Hutch. & Dalz. Wild. P. owariensis P. Beauv. D. setifera Hutch. & Dalz. P. sp. aff. mannioides Hutch. & Dalz." Erythrina addisoniae Hutch. & Dalz. Psycho tria gabonica Hiern E. mildbraedii Harms P. guineensis Petit E. vogelii Hook.f. P. succulenta (Hutch.) Petit" Lonchocarpus sericeus (Poir.) H.B. & K. Robynsia glabrata Hutch. Millettia griffoniana Baill." (= Lonchocarpus griffonianus) Rothmannia megalostigma (Wernh.) Keay Pterocarpus mildbraedii Harms Schumanniophyton problematicum (A. Chev.) Aubrev. P. santalinoides L'Her. ex De. Sericanthe chevalieri (K. Krause) Robbrecht var. coffeoides (A. Chev.) Robbrecht (= Tricalysia chevalieri) PASSIFLORACEAE S. toupetou (Aubrev. & Pellegr.) Robbrecht* (= Tricalysia Paropsia guineensis Oliv." toupetou) Smeathmannia pubescens Soland. ex. R. Br. Tarenna gracilis (Stapf) Keay T. sp. aff. laurentii (De Wild.) Garcia" PTERIDOPHYTA T. sp. aff. pavettoides (Garr.) Sim" Alsophila manniana (Hook.) Tryon (= Cyathea manniana) T. vignei Hutch. & Dalz. Tricalysia biafrana Hiern T. bracteata Hiern Lasiodiscus fasciculiflorus Engl. T. coriacea (Benth.) Hiern Maesopsis eminii Engl. T. discolor Brenan Zizyphus cf. espinosa Buettn." T. elliotii (K. Schum.) Hutch. & Dalz. T. macrophylla K. Schum. T. oligoneura K. Schum.* Anisophyllea meniaudii Aubrev. & Pellegr." T. vignei Aubrev. & Pellegr. Cassipourea afzelii (Oliv.) Alston" Vangueriopsis spinosa (Schum. & Thonn.) Hepper C. gummiflua Tul. (= e. glabra) Afraegle paniculata (Schum. & Thonn.) Engl. Belonophora hypoglauca (Welw. ex Hiern) A. Chev. Araliopsis soyauxii Engl. (= A. tabouensis) Bertiera racemosa (G. Don) K. Schum. Citropsis articulata (Willd. ex Spreng.) Swingle & Kellerman Canthium arnoldianum (De Wild. & Th. Dur.) Hepper" e. gabunensis (Engl.) Swingle & Kellerman" Canthium pobeguinii Hutch. & Dalz. suaveolens (Engl.) Verdoorn" e. subcordatum De. Vepris heterophylla (Engl.) R. Letouzey (= Teclea sudanica) Coffea spathicalyx K. Schum. Zanthoxylum chevalieri Waterman (= Fagara pubescens) Craterispermum laurinum (Poir.) Benth. Z. gilletii (De Wild.) Waterman (= F. macrophylla) Cuviera acutiflora De. Z.lemairei (De Wild.) Waterman (= F.lemairei, F. parvifoliola) C. macroura K. Schum. Z. psammophilum (Ake Assi) Waterman (= F. psammophila)" C. nigrescens (Sc. Elliot ex Oliv.) Wernb. Z. rubescens Planch. ex Hook.f. (= F. rubescens) e. subuliflora Benth. Z. viride (A. Chev.) Waterman (= F. viridis)

348 APPENDIX 5 (Cont.)

List of Ghanaian forest trees species for which distribution maps are not included in the present book+

Z. xanthoxyloides (Lam.) Waterman (= F. xanthoxyloides) SIMAROUBACEAE Brucea guineensis G. Don SANT ALACEAE (not OCTOKNEMAT ACEAE) Nothospondias staudtii Eng!.· (not in Anacardiaceae) aubrevillei Pellegr. & Normand Pierreodendron kerstingii (Eng!.) Little

SAPINDACEAE STERCULIACEAE Allophylus spicatus (Poir.) Radlk. Cola boxiana Brenan & Keay Chytranthus atroviolaceus Bak.f. ex Hutch. & Dalz. e. digitata Mast. e. cf. ellipticus Hutch. & Dalz. * e. flavo-velutina K. Schum. Deinbollia molliuscula Radlk. * Dombeya buettneri K. Schum. Eriocoelum kerstingii Gilg ex Eng!. * E. pungens Radlk. ex Eng!. TILIACEAE Lecaniodiscus punctatus J. B. Hall* Christiana africana DC. Lepisanthes senegalensis (Poir.) Leenhouts (= Aphania sene- Desplatsia dewevrei (De Wild. & Th. Dur.) Burret galensis) Duboscia viridiflora (K. Schum.) Mildbr. Placodiscus boya Aubrt:v. & Pellegr. Grewia mollis Juss. (G. pubescens sensu FWTA) P. bracteosus J. B. Hall* P. pseudostipularis Radlk. ULMACEAE Zanha golungensis Hiern Celtis africana Burm.f. Trema oriental is (L.) Blume (= T. guineensis) Aubregrinia taiensis (Aubrev. & Pellegr.) Heine VERBENACEAE Bequaertiodendron magalismontanum (Sond.) Heine & J. H. Premna angolensis GUrke Hemsley P. hispida Benth. Breviea leptosperma (Baehni) Heine Vitex grandifolia Giirke Chrysophyllum albidum G. Don e. azaguieanum Miege e. beguei Aubrev. & Pellegr. Allexis cauliflora (Oliv.) Pierre. e. delevoyi'De Wild. Decorsella paradoxa A. Chev. (= Gymnorinorea abidjanensis) e. pentagonocarpum Eng!. & Krause Rinorea angustifolia (Thou.) Baill. (= R. ardisiiflora) Gluema ivorensis Aubrev. & Pellegr. R. convallariiflora M. Brandt Ituridendron bequaertii De Wild. Neolemonniera c1itandrifolia (A. Chev.) Heine* Omphalocarpum ahia A. Chev. + Distribution maps are not giv~n for the species on this list O. elatum Miers either in Chap. 10 or II; these trees are either too rare or O. procerum P. Beauv. restricted to secondary or swamp forest. Pachystela msolo (Eng!.) Eng!. Names in brackets are used in second edition Flora of West Synsepalum aubrevillei (Pellegr.) Aubrev. & Pellegr. * Tropical (FWT A) but are not currently accepted by us. S. dulcificum (Schum. & Thonn.) Daniell * Species not recorded for Ghana in the second edition of Vincentella passargei (Engl.) Aubrev. FWTA.

SCYTOPETALACEAE Rhaptopetalum beguei Mangenot*

349 w Vl APPENDIX 6 o

Family representation in the Ghanaian forest flora

Physiognomy, ecology and distribution of vascular families in the Ghana forest flora; numbers of species

Family Life-form categories Successional preference Zonal preference Distribution Total species Not climbing or epiphytic Climbers Epiphytes Primary Secondary Swamp 'Wet' 'Dry' Upland Other W. Afr. Wider forest forest & forest forest forest forest endemic distri• Trees' Trees & Herbs woody woody & river• bution mega• shrubs: & & paths ain & micro. herb- herb• etc. forest meso- & aceous aceous nano• phanerophytes

Pteridophytes o 2 50 31 46 102 13 II 19 14 32 61 19 107 126 Acanthaceae o 7 40 8 o 18 35 4 9 18 4 26 27 30 57 Agavaceae 3 7 3 o o II 2 o 4 2 o 7 8 5 13 Amaranthaceae o o 15 o 2 13 I o 9 6 o 16 16 Amaryllidaceae o o 6 o o 2 3 2 I o 3 3 3 6 Anacardiaceae 8 8 o o 15 I 9 3 2 3 13 4 17 Ancistrocladaceae o o o o o o o o o I o I Annonaceae 21 13 o 20 o 49 5 14 5 3 33 30 25 55 Apocynaceae 9 10 o 44 o 55 6 2 12 12 3 36 26 37 63 o o 2 6 10 16 o 3 5 3 10 13 6 19 Araliaceae 2 o o o I 3 o o o I 2 3 Aristolochiaceae o o o 5 o 5 o o 3 o I 4 5 Asclepiadaceae o o o 17 o 8 9 o o 12 o 5 6 II 17 Balanitaceae I o o o o o o o o o o I I Balanophoraceae o o I o o I o o o o o o I Balsaminaceae o o 2 o o o o 2 o o 2 o 2 Begoniaceae o o 5 2 7 o I 3 2 2 I 4 4 8 Bignoniaceae 3 3 o o o 4 o 3 o 3 4 2 6 Bombacaceae 3 o o o o 2 o o o 2 2 3 Boraginaceae 4 2 o 3 5 o 2 o 5 4 4 8 Bromeliaceae o o I o o o I o o o o o I I Burmanniaceae o o 2 o o 2 o o 2 o o o o 2 2 Burseraceae 2 o o o 3 o o o o 2 I 2 3 Buxaceae o I o o o o o o I o o o Cactaceae o o o o I I o o o o o o I I Caesalpiniaceae 39 6 4 3 o 35 9 8 19 II 21 19 33 52 Capparaceae I 4 3 5 o 8 5 o o 5 o 8 5 8 13 Caryophyllaceae o o o o o o o o o o I I Celastraceae o 4 o 45 o 48 o 12 6 30 19 30 49 APPENDIX 6 (Con!.)

Physiognomy, ecology and distribution of families in the Ghana forest flora; numbers of species

Family Life-form categories Successional preference Zonal preference Distribution Total species Not climbing or epiphytic Climbers Epiphytes Primary Secondary Swamp 'Wet' 'Dry' Upland Other W. Afr. Wider forest forest & forest forest forest forest endemic distri• Trees Trees & Herbs woody woody & river• bution mega• shrubs: & & paths ain & micro. herb• herb• etc. forest meso- & aceous aceous nano• phanerophytes

Chrysobalanaceae II o o o 10 o 2 6 2 o 4 4 8 12 Combretaceae 5 o 21 o 20 5 2 6 15 10 17 27 Commelinaceae o o 25 2 o 12 12 3 2 4 20 8 19 27 Compositae o 24 9 o 2 36 2 9 27 7 33 40 Connaraceae o I o 18 o 18 I o 4 2 o 13 12 19 Convolvulaceae o o o 26 o 8 16 2 3 3 I 19 7 19 26 Crassulaceae o o o o o I o o o o I o Cruciferae o o I o o o o o o o o Cucurbitaceae o o o 26 o 4 21 2 6 I 17 II 15 26 Cyperaceae o o 36 o 9 22 6 10 3 3 21 6 31 37 Dichapetalaceae 2 2 o II o 15 o o 5 2 o 8 10 5 15 Dilleniaceae o o o 3 o 3 o o I o o 2 2 3 Dioscoreaceae o o o 9 o 5 4 o o 4 o 5 4 5 9 Ebenaceae 12 5 o o o 17 o o 3 3 o II 6 II 17 Erythroxylaceae o o o o o o I I 2 Euphorbiaceae 36 43 10 8 o 47 40 10 20 22 o 55 38 59 97 F1acourtiaceae 8 II o o o 12 6 I 5 5 I 8 5 14 19 Flagellariaceae o o o o o o o o o I o Gentianaceae o o o o o o o o o o I Gesneriaceae o o o o o o o o o o I Gramineae o 54 o o 7 39 9 4 II 2 38 4 51 55 Guttiferae 10 I o o o 8 2 I 4 I o 6 4 7 II Hernandiaceae o o o 2 o 2 o o o o I I 2 Huaceae o o o o o o o o o I o Humiriaceae o o o o o o o o o o I Icacinaceae 3 I 16 o 20 o o 7 3 o 10 9 II 20 Irvingiaceae 2 o o o o 2 o o o o o 2 o 2 2 2 o o o o 2 o o I o o o 2 2 Labiatae o I 12 o o 2 8 3 o 2 10 3 10 13 Lauraceae o o o o I o o I o o o o I Lecyt h idaceae 2 o o o o 2 o o o o o 2 2 Leeaceae o I o o o o I o o o o I o Lentibulariaceae o o o o o o o o o o w VI Liliaceae o o 7 2 o 8 I o 4 o 4 3 6 9 Linaceae o o o 4 o 4 o o 2 o o 2 3 4 ~ APPENDIX 6 (ConL) IV Physiognomy, ecology and distribution of vascular plant families in the Ghana forest flora; numbers of species

Family Life-form categories Successional preference Zonal preference Distribution Total species Not climbing or epiphytic Climbers Epiphytes Primary Secondary Swamp 'Wet' 'Dry' Upland Other W. Afr. Wider forest forest & forest forest forest forest endemic distri• Trees Trees & Herbs woody woody & river• bution mega• shrubs: & & paths ain & micro. herb• herb• etc. forest meso- & aceous aceous nano• phanerophytes

Loganiaceae 4 4 20 I 25 3 2 6 4 3 17 II 19 30 Loranthaceae o o o o 8 8 o o 2 2 o 4 3 5 8 Malpighiaceae o o o 8 o 7 o I o 4 3 6 2 8 o 10 8 o o o 16 2 o 2 15 3 15 18 Marantaceae o o 13 3 o 9 5 2 o 2 2 12 2 14 16 Medusandraceae 2 o o o o 2 o o 2 o o o 2 o 2 Melastomataceae 3 9 8 12 7 5 9 3 II 19 5 24 18 2 o I o 19 2 o 2 3 o 16 5 16 21 Melianthaceae I o o o o o o o o o o I o 2 o 18 o 15 7 o 2 4 o 14 10 10 20 Mimosaceae 18 2 2 6 o 20 5 3 2 2 o 24 5 23 28 Moll ugi naceae o o o o o I o o o o I o Moraceae 23 o 18 38 5 4 7 4 o 36 13 34 47 Myristicaceae 2 o o o 3 o o 2 o o I 2 3 Myrsinaceae o o o 2 o o o o 2 o 2 Myrtaceae 2 7 o o o 8 o 2 3 8 9 N yctaginaceae o o 2 I o 2 o o o o 3 o Ochnaceae 17 o o o 18 o o 7 3 o 10 8 18 Olacaceae 4 6 o o o 9 o 2 o 7 2 8 10 Oleaceae 3 I o 3 o 6 I o 3 o 3 6 7 Onagraceae o o 3 o o o o 3 o I 2 3 o o 24 4 120 146 21 9 29 89 30 118 148 Pal mae 3 o 5 o 3 5 3 o o 6 3 6 9 Pandaceae o o o 2 o o o o o 2 o 2 2 Pandanaceae o o o o ..() o I o o o o Papilionaceae II II 10 51 o 37 38 8 II 27 I 44 25 58 83 Passifloraceae I 2 o o 3 7 o I 2 o 7 4 6 10 Pedaliaceae o o o o o 3 o o o 2 o 3 3 Periplocaceae o o o 7 I 2 4 I 4 o 2 4 3 7 Piperaceae o 2 5 I 2 4 4 o o o 2 6 2 6 8 Plumbaginaceae o I o o o o I o o o o o Podostemaceae o o 4 o o o o 4 I o o 3 I 4 Portulacaceae o o 3 o o o 3 o o o 2 I 2 3 Polygalaceae o I o 3 o 4 o o I 2 2 4 Polygonaceae o o o o o o o o o o APPENDIX 6 (Con!.)

Physiognomy, ecology and distribution of vascular plant families in the Ghana forest flora; numbers of species

Family Life-form categories - Successional preference Zonal preference Distribution Total species Not climbing or epiphytic Climbers Epiphytes Primary Secondary Swamp 'Wet' 'Dry' Upland Other W. Afr. Wider forest forest & forest forest forest forest endemic distri• Trees Trees & Herbs woody woody & river• bution mega• shrubs: & & paths ain & micro. herb• herb• etc. forest meso- & aceous aceous nano• phanerophytes

Ranunculaceae o o o I o o o o o o o I Rhamnaceae 2 o 2 o 3 2 o o o 4 o 5 5 Rhizophoraceae 5 I o o o 6 o o 4 o I 3 3 6 Rosaceae o o o o o o o o o o Rubiaceae 21 101 38 57 I 149 57 12 46 25 13 134 107 III 218 Rutaceae 8 II o 2 o 16 5 o 4 4 o 13 II 10 21 o o o o I o o o o o I o I I 15 18 o 4 o 31 6 o 8 6 o 23 24 13 37 Sapotaceae 24 8 o I o 31 o 3 10 8 15 14 20 34 Scrophulariaceae o o 7 o o o 6 I o 5 6 7 Scytopetalaceae o o o 2 o o 2 o o o 2 o 2 Simaroubaceae 3 o o I 4 o o I o 4 2 3 5 Smilacaceae o o o I o o o o o o o Solanaceae o 6 7 2 o I 14 o o 5 o 10 2 13 15 Sterculiaceae 17 9 3 o 25 4 I 6 2 21 18 12 30 Thymelaeaceae o 3 o o 4 o o o I 2 3 4 Tiliaceae 2 7 4 o 10 3 I 4 o 9 4 10 14 Triuridaceae o o I o o o o o o o I o Ulmaceae 7 o o o 7 o o 3 o 5 o 8 8 Umbelliferae o o I o o o I o o o o o I Urticaceae o 2 5 5 o o 10 2 9 6 6 12 Verbenaceae 3 5 2 12 o 7 15 o 2 4 2 14 6 16 22 Violaceae 12 I o o 13 o 4 2 ·7 6 8 14 Vitaceae o o o 19 o 5 14 o o 7 II 7 12 19 Zingiberaceae o o 18 o o 3 15 o 6 I 10 14 4 18 Zygophyllaceae o o o o o o o o o o

Total 399 419 483 677 214 I 365 604 148 388 365 141 I 223 778 I 339 2 117

Life-form categories are defined in Chap. 5. There is overlap between the categories of climbers and epiphytes (see p. 47); the row total may therefore exceed the family total. The column totals for trees and herbs are smaller than those in the tables of Chap. 4 and 5 because epiphytes have been excluded. Other small discrepancies have arisen because the tables were computed at different times; percentages are not, however, significantly affected. w Ul W APPENDIX 7

Classification of Ghanaian timbers

Timber classification used by Department of Forestry, Government of Ghana, 1977

Class & Species Local trade Standard trade subclass name* name*

la Chlorophora spp. Odum Iroko Entandrophragma angolense Edinam Gedu nohor E. cylindricum Sapele Sapele E. utile Utile Utile Khaya anthotheca Anthotheca Anthotheca K. grandifoliola Odupon African mahogany K. ivorensis Mahogany African mahogany Baku Makore Nauclea diderrichii Kusia Opepe Ib Kokrodua Afrormosia Lovoa trichilioides African walnut African walnut Terminalia ivorensis Emire Jdigbo Triplochiton scleroxylon Wawa Obeche Ic Heritiera utilis Nyankom Niangon 2a Entandrophragma candollei Candollei Omu Guarea cedrata Kwabohoro Scented guarea G. thompsonii Kwadwuma Black guarea Lophira alata Kaku Ekki Piptadeniastrum africanum Dahoma Dahoma 2b Antiaris toxicaria Kyenkyen Antiaris Guibourtia ehie Shedua Mansonia altissima Oprono Mansonia Mitragyna ciliata Subaha Abura Nesogordonia papaverifera Danta Danta Turraeanthus africanus Avodire Avodire 3 Afzelia spp. Papao Afzelia Albizia adianthifolia Pampena Albizzia A. ferruginea Awiemfo-samina Albizzia A. zygia Okuro Okuro Anopyxis klaineana Kokoti Kokoti Canarium schweinfurthii Bediwunua Canarium Celtis adolfi-friderici Esabiri Celtis C. mildbraedii Esa Celtis C. zenkeri Esakoko Celtis Cylicodiscus gabunensis Denya Okan

354 APPENDIX 7 (Cont.)

Timber classification used by Department of Forestry, Government of Ghana, 1977

Class & Species Local trade Standard trade subclass name" name"

Cynometra ananta Ananta Apome Diospyros sanza-minika Kisibiri Kusibiri Distemonanthus benthamianus Bonsamdua Ayan Erythrophleum ivorense Potrodom Missanda Holoptelea grandis Onakwa Mumuli Mammea africana Bompegya African apple Morus mesozygia Wonton Difou Petersianthus macrocarpus Esia Essia Pyonanthus angolensis Otie llomba Scottellia klaineana Koroko Odoko Sterculia rhinopetala Wawabima Sterculia brown Strombosia glaucescens Afina Afina Terminalia superba Ofram Afara

• Names from Fergusson (1970) and Taylor (1960).

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In: Flore du Congo reich 4. 127: 65-93. BeIge et du Ruanda- Urundi 9: 133-232. Inst. nat. Etude 100. Sleumer, H. (1972). A taxonomic revision of the genus agron. Congo Beige, Bruxelles. Dasylepis Oliv. (Flacourtiaceae). Bot. lahrb. 92: 554-561. 123. Willis, J. C. (1973). A Dictionary of the Flowering Plants 101. Sleumer, H. (1972). A taxonomic revision of the genus and Ferns. 8th ed. revised by H. K. Airy Shaw. Cambridge Scollellia Oliv. (Flacourtiaceae). Blumea 20: 275-281. Univ. Press, Cambridge. 102. Sleumer, H. (1973). Revision du genre Homalium Jacq. 124. Yakovlev, G. P., A. A. Yatsenko-Khmelevsky & I. G. (Flacourtiacees) en Afrique (y compris et les Zoubkova (1978). Taxinomie et phylogenie du genre Mascareignes). Bull. lard. Bot. Nat. Belg. 43: 239-328. Angylocalyx et de la tribu des Angylocalyceae. Adansonia. 102a.Swaine, M. D. & J. B. Hall (1981). The monospecific ser. 2, 8: 317-335. tropical forest of the Ghanaian endemic tree Talbotiella

364 Index to scientific names of plants*

Abrus pu1chellus 336 A. dewevrei 115 Acacia 7 A. sp. aff. duchesnei 115, 336 Acacia kamerunensis 111, 336 A. grisea 115 A. pennata 111 A. nitida 115,117,336 A. pentagona 111, 336 A. obliqua 115, 336 Acalypha neptunica 111, 336 A. cf. pilosa 117, 336 Acanthaceae 30,54, 78, 217, 221, 265, 345, 350 A. pseudobliqua 115 Acioa barteri 346 A. trifolia 91, 117, 336 A. dinklagei 346 Aidia genipiflora 117, 336 A. cf. hirsuta 346 Airyantha schweinfurthii 94,117,336 Acridocarpus alternifolius 111, 336 Alafia barteri 117, 336 A. macrocalyx 336 A. lucida 249 A. smeathmannii 94, 111, 336 A. multiflora 336 Adansonia digitata 48, 57, 87 A. scandens 117, 336 Adenia 7 Albertisia cuneata 119, 336 A. cissampeloides 336 A. scandens 119, 336 A. lobata 336 Albizia 7, 62 A. mannii 336 A. adianthifolia 119, 336 A. rumicifolia 336 A. coriaria 347 A. tenuispira 336 A. ferruginea 119, 336 Adhatoda robusta 345 A. glaberrima 119, 336 Adiantaceae 111, 259, 269, 271 A. zygia 61: 96,119,336 Adiantum vogelii 111, 336 Alchornea cordifolia 9, 346 Aeglopsis chevalieri 113, 336 A. floribunda 95, 121, 336 . Aeschynomene deightonii 99 Allanblackia floribunda 121 Afraegle paniculata 348 A. parviflora 121, 336 Aframomum chrysanthum 113, 336 Allexis cauliflora 39, 349 A. daniellii 113 Allophylus africanus 121, 336 A. geocarpum 113, 336 A. spicatus 349 A. leptolepis 113 Alsodeiopsis chippii 36 A. stanfieldii 113, 336 A. staudtii 121, 336 Afrobrunnichia erecta 59, 113, 336 Alsophila manniana 95, 348 Afrolicania elaeosperma 346 Alstonia boonei 60, 121, 336 Afrormosia elata 261 Amanoa bracteosa 346 Afrosersalisia afzelii 113, 336 A. strobilacea 346 Afrostyrax lepidophyllus 347 Amaranthaceae 30, 350 Afzelia africana 3, 39, 78, 79, 86, 115, 336 Amaryllidaceae 287, 350 A. bella 115, 336 Amorphophallus 55 Aganope leucobotrya 91,115,336 A. johnsonii 121, 336 Agavaceae 185, 187, 350 Ampe/idaceae 155 Agelaea 47 Amphimas pterocarpoides 123, 336 Anacardiaceae 30, 221, 289, 291, 309, 345, 350 * Italics are used for synonyms and other names wrongly applied Aqchomanes difformis 123, 336 to Ghanaian plants. A. welwitschii 123 Page numbers in italics for figures; bold face for map notes. Ancistrocladaceae 350

365 Ancistrophyllum opacum 123, 336 A. schnellii 40 Andropogoneae 3 A. variabile 131, 336 Androsiphonia adenostegia 123, 336 Ataenidia conferta 54, 131, 336 Angraecum birrimense 95 Atroxima liberica 131, 337 Angylocalyx oligophyllus 40, 93, 94, 123, 336 Aubregrinia taiensis 349 Aningeria altissima 123, 336 Aubrevillea kerstingii 78, 347 A. robusta 84, 125, 336 A. platycarpa 59, 79, 131, 337 Anisophyllea meniaudii 348 Aulacocalyx jasminiflora 131, 337 Annonaceae 30,129,157,173,193,199,203,207,215,239,241, Auxopus 54 243,253,263,313,315,317,345,350 Anogeissus leiocarpus 51, 78, 125, 336 Baissea breviloba 133, 337 Anonidium mannii 345 B. leonensis 337 Anopyxis klaineana 125, 336 B. multiflora 133, 337 Anthocleista 60 B. zygodioides 77, 133, 337 A. djalonensis 347 Balanitaceae 345, 350 A. liebrechtsiana 347 Balanites wilsoniana 57, 345 A. microphylla 96, 347 Balanophoraceae 305, 350 A. nobilis 347 Balsaminaceae 350 A. vogelii 10, 347 Bambusa vulgaris 347 Anthonotha fragrans 125, 336 Baphia nitida 72, 133, 337 A. macrophylla 94, 125, 336 B. pubescens 133, 337 A. vignei 345 Baphiastrum conJusum 117 Anthostema aubryanum 346 Begoniaceae 350 A. aJricana 125 Beilschmiedia mannii 133, 337 A. toxicaria 55, 76, 85, 86, 125, 336 Belonophora hypoglauca 348 A. welwitschii 125 Bequaertiodendron magalismontaum 349 Antidesma laciniatum 127, 336 B. oblanceolatum 135, 337 A. membranaceum 127, 336 Berlinia confusa 135, 337 Antrocaryon micraster 345 B. occidentalis 345 Aphania senegalensis 349 B. tomentella 107, 135, 337 Aphanostylis leptantha 219 Bersama abyssinica 135, 337 A. mannii 127, 336 Bertiera breviflora 337 Apocynaceae30, 117,121,127, 133,139,179,197,199,209,211, B. racemosa 337, 348 219,221,241,249,265,273,295,301,345,350 Bignoniaceae 233, 245, 293, 345, 350 Aporrhiza urophylla 127, 336 Blighia sapida 84, 135, 337 Aptandra zenkeri 127, 336 B. unijugata 135, 337 Araceae 47, 121, 123, 147, 149, 167, 169, 243, 275, 350 B. welwitschii 94, 135, 337 Araliaceae 345, 350 Bolbitis 54 Araliopsis so)'auxii 348 B. acrostichoides 135, 337 A. tabouensis 348 B. auriculata 137, 337 Argomuellera macrophylla 75, 127, 336 B. gemmifera 55, 137, 337 Aristolochiaceae 257, 350 Bombacaceae 137, 145, 350 Artabotrys insignis 336 Bombax 55 A. oliganthus 336 B. brevicuspe 137, 337 A. stenopetalus 129, 336 B. buonopozense 137, 337 A. velutinus 85, 129, 336 Bonamia vignei 36 Arthropteris monocarpa 95 Boraginaceae 193, 345, 350 A. palisotii 129, 336 Bosqueia angolensis 311 Asclepiadaceae 30, 289, 311, 350 Bowringia discolor 36 Asparagus warneckei 89, 129, 336 B. mildbraedii 137, 337 Aspidiaceae 167 Breviea leptosperma 349 Aspilia africana 7 Bridelia atroviridis 346 Aspleniaceae 129, 131 B. grandis 346 Asplenium 54 B. micrantha 346 A. africanum 47, 129, 336 Brieya Jasciculata 263 A. barteri 129, 336 Bromeliaceae 350 A. currori 129 Brucea guineensis 349 A. dregeanum 95 Buchholzia coriacea 137, 337 A. emarginatum 131, 336 Bulbophyllum 30, 55

366 Burmanniaceae 54, 350 C. adolfi-friderici 147, 337 Burmannia 54 C. africana 78, 349 B. congesta 91 C. brownii 147 Burseraceae 141, 169, 350 C. mildbraedii 43, 50, 72, 147, 337 Bussea occidentalis 58, 139, 337 C. phillipensis 147 Buxaceae 350 C. wightii 147, 337 Byrsocarpus coccineus 139, 337 C. zenkeri 73, 77,84, 147,337 Centrosema pubescens 9 Cactaceae 350 Cephaelis mangenotii 267 Caesalpiniaceae 84, ll5, 123, 125, 135, 139, 151, 163, 167, 169, C. peduncularis 269 171, 173, 185, 205, 213, 301, 345, 350 Cercestis afzelii 147, 337 Calamus deerratus 139, 337 C. ivorensis 147, 337 Callichilia subsessilis 139, 337 C. stigmaticus 149, 337 Caloncoba echinata 139, 337 Ceropegia gemmifera 107 C. gilgiana 139, 337 Chaetacme aristata 149, 337 C. gla uca 346 Chailletiaceae 175 Calpocalyx brevibracteatus 92, 141, 337 Chasmanthera depend ens 51, 337 Calycobolus 57 Chassalia afzelii 337 C. african us 72, 141, 337 C. corallifera 149, 337 C. heudelotii 59,141,337 C. kolly 149, 337 Campylostemon 58 C. subherbacea 149, 337 C. angolense 85, 141, 337 ChazalieUa sciadephora 149, 337 C. mucronatum 141, 337 Chidlowia sanguinea 95, 151, 337 Canarium schweinfurthii 141, 337 Chionanthus africanus 348 Canthium arnoldianum 143, 348 C. mannii 348 C. hispidum 143, 337 Chlamydocarya macrocarpa 151, 337 C. horizontale 143, 337 C. thomsoniana 75, 151, ~37 C. pobeguinii 348 Chlorophora 7, 55, 60,65,76,319 C. setosum 143, 337 C. excelsa 83, 151, 337 C. subcordatum 348 C. regia 96, 151, 337 C. venosum 143, 337 Chlorophytum orchidastrum 337 C. vulgare 78, 143, 337 C. sparsiflorum 55 Capparaceae 137, 195,227,279,346, 350 Christiana africana 349 Capparidaceae 143, 346 Chrysobalanaceae 231,233,257,346,351 e'rythrocarpos 143, 337 Chrysobalanus atacorensis 346 Carapa procera 145, 337 C. icaco 346 Carex neochevalieri 79 Chrysophyllum albidum 151, 349 Carica papaya 61, 79 C. azaguieanum 349 Carpolobia lutea 145, 337 C. beguei 349 Caryophyllaceae 350 C. delevoyi 349 Casearia barteri 346 C. giganteum 151, 337 C. bridelioides 346 C. pentagonocarpum 349 C. calodendron 346 C. perpulchrum 151, 337 C. dinklagei 346 C. pruniforme 153, 337 C. inaequalis 346 C. subnudum 153, 337 Cassia siamea 83 C. welwitschii 153, 337 Cassine buchananii 346 Chytranthus atroviolaceus 337, 349 Cassipourea afzelii 348 C. carneus 153, 337 C. congoensis 145, 337 C. cauliflorus 91, 153, 337 C. glabra 348 C. cf. ellipticus 349 C. gummiflua 348 C. macrobotrys 76, 153, 337 C. hiotou 145, 337 C. verecundus 155, 337 Castanola paradoxa 145, 337 C. villiger 153 Casuarina 68 C. aralioides 55, 155, 337 Cathormion altissimum 347 C. petiolata 155, 337 Cedrela 67,68 C. producta 155, 337 Ceiba pentandra 43, 45, 55, 58, 79, 83, 85, 86, 87, 145, 337 Citro psis articulata 348 Celastraceae 30, 58, 141, 207, 209, 281, 283, 285, 287, 346, 350 C. gabunensis 348 Celtis 55, 65 Claoxylon hexandrum 346

367 Clausena anisata 155, 337 C. platythyrsa 345 Cleidion gabonicum 73, 155, 337 C. senegalensis 345 Cleistanthus polystachyus 346 C. vignei 345 Cleistopholis patens 157, 337 Corymborkis corymbis 54, 163, 338 Clerodendrum capitatum 157, 337 C. corymbosa 163 C. volubile 337 Corynanthe pachyceras 24, 165, 338 Cnestis dink/agei 157 Costus afer 338 C. ferruginea 157, 337 C. engleranus 53, 54, 55, 95, 165, 338 C. longiflora 157, 337 Coula edulis 91,165,338 C. racemosa 157, 337 Craibia atlantica 348 Coccinia barteri 337 Crassocephalum crepidioides 61 C. grandis 40 Crassulaceae 351 Coelocaryon oxycarpum 347 Craterispermum caudatum 165, 338 Coffea 56 C. cerinanthum 165, 338 C. afzelii 157, 337 C. laurinum 348 C. canephora 159 Craterogyne kameruniana 347 C. ebracteolata 159, 337 Craterosiphon scandens 338 C. rupestris 159, 337 Crateva adansonii 346 C. spathicalyx 337, 348 C. religiosa 346 C. togoensis 159, 337 Cremaspora triflora 165, 338 Cola boxiana 161, 349 Crossandra nilotica 87 C. buntingii 37, 39 Croton aubrevillei 346 C. caricaefolia 159 C. penduliflorus 338, 346 C. caricifolia 159, 337 C. sylvaticus 346 C. chlamydantha 91, 92, 159, 337 C. zambesicus 346 C. digitata 337, 349 Crotonogyne chevalieri 346 C. flavo-velutina 161, 349 C. manniana 167, 338 C. gigantea 78, 104, 159, 337 Cruciferae 351 C. heterophylla 161, 337 Crudia gabonensis 167, 338 C. lateritia 94, 104, 159, 337 C. senegalensis 345 C. millenii 77, 78, 161, 337 Cryptosepalum tetraphyllum 345 C. nitida 63, 75, 76, 161, 338 Ctenitisjenseniae 91,167,338 C. reticulata 107, 161, 338 C. lanigera 338 C. umbratilis 36, 37, 39, 90, 91, 92, 161, 338 C. pilosissima 167, 338 C. verticillata 161, 338 C. protensa 167, 338 Combretaceae 30, 125, 161, 163, 293, 303, 346, 351 Cucurbitaceae 29, 30, 351 Combretodendron africanum 261 Culcasia angolensis 72, 167, 338 C. macrocarpum 261 C. parviflora 169, 338 Combretum 47, 55, 163 C. scandens 169, 338 C. aphanopetalum 338 C. striolata 167, 338 C. dolichopetalum 338 Cussonia bancoensis 338, 345 C. mucronatum 161, 338 Cuviera acutiflora 348 C. oyemense 163, 338 C. macroura 348 C. paniculatum 338 C. nigrescens 348 C. platypterum 338 C. subulifIora 348 C. racemosum 338 Cyathea manniana 95, 348 C. smeathmannii 161 Cyc/osorus afer 341 Commelina capitata 338 Cylicodiscus gabunensis 43, 44, 73, 169, 338 C. macrosperma 163, 338 Cynometra ananta 91,169,338 Commelinaceae 163, 255, 265, 351 C. megalophylla 85, 169, 338 Commelinidium gabunense 163, 338 Cyperaceae 30, 213, 231, 351 Commiphora dalzielii 36 Cyphostemma adenopodum 338 Compositae 7,30,237,346,351 Connaraceae 30,56,115,117,139,145,157,163,217,231,291, Dacryodes klaineana 91, 92,169,338 351 Dalbergia 59 Connarus african us 163, 338 Dalbergia afzeliana 171, 338 Convolvulaceae 141, 245, 351 D. hostilis 171, 338 Copaifera salikounda 163, 338 D. oblongifolia 171, 338 Cordia millenii 345 D. sp. aff. pachycarpa 348 D. saxatilis 338

368 D. setifera 36, 348 D. canaliculata 179, 338 Dalbergiella welwitschii 171, 338 D. chevalieri 38, 91,181,338 Daniellia ogea 43, 63, 76, 171, 338 D. cinnabarina 39 D. thurifera 171, 338 D. cooperi 38, 181, 338 Dasylepis assinensis 171 D. ferrea 181, 338 D. brevipedicellata 171, 338 D. gabunensis 38, 94, 181, 338 Davalliaceae 129 D. heudelotii 38, 181, 338 Decorsella paradoxa 58, 349 D. kamerunensis 38, 181, 338 Deinbollia 56 D. mannii 38, 183, 338 D. grandifolia 171, 338 D. mespiliformis 3, 34, 38, 78, 87, 183, 338 D. molliuscula 349 D. monbuttensis 38, 77, 183, 338 D. pinnata 173, 338 D. piscatoria 38, 183, 338 Delpydora gracilis 173, 338 D. sanza-minika 38, 91, 183, 338 Dennettia tripetala 39, 85, 173, 338 D. soubreana 183, 338 Desmostachys vogelii 347 D. vignei 38, 39, 185, 338 Desplatsia 57 D. viridicans 185, 338 D. chrysochlamys 173, 338 Diphasia angolensis 185, 338 D. dewevrei 349 D. klaineana 185 D. subericarpa 173, 338 Discodaoxylon hexandruin 338, 346 Detarium senegalense 78, 345 Discoglypremna caloneura 346 Dialium aubrevillei 91, 94, 173, 338 Dissotis entii 29 D. dinklagei 175, 338 Distemonanthus benthamianus 185, 338 D. guineense 85, 86, 175, 338 Dombeya buettneri 349 Diaphananthe pellucida 338 Dorstenia kameruniana 347 D. suborbicularis 36 Dovya/is aJzelii 346 Dichaetanthera africana 347 D. zenkeri 346 Dichapetalaceae 30,175,177,346,351 Dracaena arborea 83, 84, 185, 338 Dichapetalum albidum 177, 338 D. camerooniana 185, 338 D. angolense 175, 338 D. elliotii 187, 338 D. barteri 175, 338 D. fragrans 187, 338 D. crassifolium 175, 338 D. perrottetii 187, 338 D. cymulosum 175 D. phrynioides 187, 338 D. filicaule 175, 338 D. scoparia 187, 338 D. guineense 177, 338 D. smithii 185 D. heudelptii 177, 338 D. surculosa 187, 338 D. johnstonii 177 Dregea crinita 338 D. kumasiense 177 Drynaria laurentii 97 D. madagascariense 177 Drypetes 30 D. martineaui 177 D. aframensis 189, 339 D. pallidum 177, 338 D. afzelii 346 D. toxicarium 94,175,177,338 D. aubrevillei 189, 339 D. varians 177 D. aylmeri 94, 189, 339 Dicranolepis grandiflora 77, 177, 338 D. chevalieri 189, 339 D. persei 177, 338 D. floribunda 85, 89, 189, 339 Dictyandra arborescens 348 D. gilgiana 189, 339 D. involucrata 348 D. ivorensis 191, 339 Dictyophleba leonensis 179, 338 D. leonensis 191, 339 Didelotia idae 345 D. parvifolia 85, 87,89, 191,339 D. unifoliolata 39, 345 D. pellegrinii 191, 339 Dilleniaceae 303, 351 D. principum 191, 339 Dioscorea Iiebrechtsiana 179 D. singroboensis 83, 191,339 D. minutiflora 338 Duboscia viridiflora 349 D. praehensilis 179, 338 D. smilacifolia 179, 338 Ebenaceae 30, 56, 179, 181, 183, 185, 346, 351 Dioscoreaceae 179, 351 Ehretia cymosa 345 Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii 64,179,338 E. trachyphylla 193, 339 Diospyros 30,37, 108 Ekebergia senegalensis 347 D. abyssinica 38, 39, 85, 87, 89,179,338 Elaeis guineensis 77, 78, 79, 80, 193, 339 D. barteri 346 Elaeodendron buchananii 346

369 Elaeophorbia drupifera 193 F. capensis 347 E. grandifolia 193, 339 F. congensis 347 Enantia polycarpa 96, 193, 339 F. conraui 347 Entada scelerata 7 F. cf. cyathistipula 347 Entandrophragma 30, 65 F. elasticoides 347 E. angolense 193, 339 F. elegans 347 E. candollei 193, 339 F. eriobotryoides 10, 347 E. cylindricum 195, 339 F. exasperata 7, 197, 339 E. utile 43, 75, 195, 339 F. goliath 347 Epinetrum cuneatum 119 F. kamerunensis 347 Epinetrum scandens 119 F. leprieurii 347 Eremospatha macrocarpa 195, 339 F. lingua 347 Eriocoelum kerstingii 349 F. lutea 347 E. pungens339,349 F. Iyrata 347 E. racemosum 195, 339 F. macrosperma 96, 347 Erythrina 55 F. mucuso 347 E. addisoniae 348 F. natalensis 347 E. mildbraedii 348 F. ottoniifolia 347 E. vogelii348 F. ovata 347 Erythrococca africana 339, 346 F. polita 347 E. anomala 339 F. populifolia 347 Erythrophleum guineense 345 F. praticola 347 E. ivorense 345 F. recurvata 347 E. suaveolens 345 F. sagittifolia 47, 199, 339 Erythroxylaceae 195, 346,351 F. tessellata 347 Erythroxylum emarginatum 89, 195, 339 F. thonningii 48, 347 E. mannii 346 F. umbellata 347 Euadenia eminens 195, 339 F. variifolia 347 E. trifoliolata 346 F. vogeliana 347 Eucalyptus 67 F. vogelii 347 Euclinia longiflora 197, 339 FlabeUaria paniculata 339 Eugenia calophylloides 197, 339 F1acourtia flavescens 346 E. coronata 88,347 F1acourtiaceae 139,171,211,289,346,351 E. kalbreyeri 347 Flagellaria guineensis 199, 339 E. leonensis 347 F1agellariaceae 199, 351 E. obanensis 197, 339 Friesodielsia enghiana 199, 339 Eulophia 54 F. velutina 199, 339 E. guineensis 197, 339 Funtumia africana 7, 11,59,61, 62, 199, 339 Eulophidium maculatum 247 F. elastica 63, 199, 339 E. saundersianum 247 Eupatorium odoratum 7 Gaertnera cooperi 201, 339 Euphorbia deightonii 346 G. paniculata 348 Euphorbiaceae 30, 56, Ill, 121, 127, 155, 167, 189, 191, 193,229, Garcinia afzelii 201, 339 231,233,237,271,273,275,305,313,346,351 G. epunctata 64, 201, 339 G. gnetoides 201, 339 Fagara lemairei 348 G. kola 64, 347 F. leprieurii 317 G. poZl'antha 201 F. macrophylla 348 G. smeathmannii 201, 339 F. parvifoliola 348 Gardenia imperialis 348 F. psammophila 348 G. nitida 348 F. jJUbescens 348 G. vogelii 348 F. rubescens 348 Gelonium occidentale 342, 346 F. viridis 348 Gentianaceae 351 F. xanthoxyloides 348 Geophila 54, 55 Farquharia elliptica 197, 339 G. afzelii 201, 339 Ficus 30, 47, 57, 60 G. hirsuta 211 F. anomani 347 G. neurodictyon 213 F. barteri 347 G. obvallata 203, 339 F. bubu 347 G. repens 203, 339 F. camptoneura 347 Gesneriaceae 351 370 Gilbertiodendron bilineatum 345 H. letestui 94, 339, 346 G. limba 345 H. longistylum 346 G. preussii 94, 345 H. moUe 346 G. splendidum 345 H. neurophyllum 211 GIuema ivorensis 349 H. stipulaceum 2l1, 339 Glyphaea brevis 203, 339 Huaceae 347, 351 Gmelina arborea 67, 95 Hugonia planchonii 211, 339 Gongronema latifolium 339 H. platysepala 50, 211, 339 Gramineae 30,163,205,223,249,295,347,351 H. rufipilis 2l1, 339 Greenwayodendron oliveri 203, 339 Humiriaceae 347,351 Grewia carpinifolia 39, 203, 339 Hunteria eburnea 211, 339 G. hookerana 203, 339 H. ghanensis 211, 339 G. malacocarpa 205, 339 H. umbellata 211, 339 G. megalocarpa 36 Hura crepitans 58 G. mollis 349 Hymenocardia Iyrata 346 G. pubescens 349 Hymenocoleus 54 Griffonia simplicifolia 72, 76, 103, 205, 339 H. hirsutus 211, 339 Grossera vignei 339, 346 H. multinervis 95 Guaduella macrostachys 91, 205, 339 H. neurodictyon 213, 339 Guarea cedrata 62, 92, 205, 339 Hymenodictyon floribundum 96 G. thompsonii 205, 339 Hymenophyllaceae 309 Guibourtia ehie 65, 75, 205, 339 Hymenostegia afzelii 83-85, 86, 87, 213, 339 Guttiferae 121, 201, 229, 261, 347, 351 H. aubrevillei 345 Gymnorinorea abidjanensis 58, 349 H. gracilipes 36, 346 Gymnosiphon longistylus 54, 91 Hypericaceae 347 Hypolytrum 54, 56 Habenaria 54 H. poecilolepis 213, 339 H. macrandra 54 Hypselodelphys poggeaI1a 213 Haemanthus cinnabarinus 287 H. violacea 213, 339 H. longitubus 287 Hannoa klaineana 207, 339 Icacina mannii 213, 339 Harungana madagascariensis 7, 56, 61, 347 Icacinaceae Ill, 151, 213, 215, 223, 273, 275, 293, 347, 351 Heinsia crinita 348 IIIigera pentaphylla 76, 213, 339 Heisteria parvifolia 56, 91, 207, 339 Impatiens kamerunensis 40 Heritiera ~tilis 91, 92, 207, 339 lodes africana 339 Hernandiaceae 213, 351 I. liberica 215, 339 Hexalobus crispiflorus 24, 207, 339 Irvingia gabonensis 215, 339 Hildegardia barteri 55, 56, 59, 84, 85, 86, 207, 339 Irvingiaceae 215, 219, 351 Hippocratea 57, 58 Isolona campanulata 215, 339 H. africana 59, 207, 339 I. cooperi21~ 339 H. apocynoides 339 I. deightonii 215, 339 H. clematoides 339 I. hexaloba 345 H. dewildemaniana 209, 339 1. pleurocarpa 345 H. ectypetala 339 Ituridendron bequaertii 349 H. guineensis 339 Ixonanthaceae 261, 351 H. indica 58, 339 Ixora laxillora 215, 339 H. macrophylla 209, 339 1. nimbana 215 H. mucronata 141 H. pallens 339 lasminum paucillorum 217,339 H. plumbea 209, 339 laundea pinnata 217, 339 H. rowlandii 207, 339 lusticia extensa 217, 339 H. welwitschii 209, 339 Hirtella butayei 346 Keayodendron bridelioides 346 H. fleuryana 346 Khaya 64,65 Holarrhena floribunda 209, 339 K. anthotheca 75, 217, 339 Holoptelea grandis 84, 209, 339 K. grandifoliola 78, 217, 340 Homalium africanum 346 K. ivorensis 75, 76, 217,319,340 H. angustistipulatum 346 Kigelia africana 345 H. aylmeri 346 Klainedoxa gabonensis 43, 219, 340 H. dewevrei 346 Kolobopetalum leonense 219, 340 371 Labiatae 30, 351 M. heudelotii 346 Laccodiscus cauliflorus 153 M. hurifolia 346 Landolphia calabarica 219, 340 M. spinosa 346 L. dulcis 219, 340 Macrosphyra longistyla 227, 340 L. hirsuta 219, 340 Maerua duchesnei 227, 340 L. micrantha 219, 340 Maesa lanceolata 79, 347 L. owariensis 63, 221, 340 Maesobotrya barteri 229, 340 L. togolana 221, 340 Maesopsis eminii 348 Lankesteria brevior 221, 340 Magnistipula butayei 346 L. elegans 221, 340 M. zenkeri 346 Lannea nigritana 79, 221, 340 Majidea fosteri 229, 340 L. welwitschii 221,340 Malacantha alnifolia 229, 340 Lasianthus batangensis 223, 340 Mallotus oppositifolius 56, 229, 340 L. repens 95 M. subulatus 346 Lasiodiscus fasciculiflorus 348 Malpighiaceae 111, 352 L. mannii 223, 340 Malvaceae 352 L. mildbraedii 223 Mammea africana 229, 340 Lauraceae 133, 340 Mangenotia eburnea 229, 340 Lecaniodiscus cupanioides 76, 77, 85, 223, 340 Manilkara mul/inervis 231 L. punctatus 84, 349 M. obovata 84, 231, 340 Lecythidaceae 108,243,261,351 Manniophyton fulvum 231, 340 Ledermanniella bowlingii 36 Manotes longiflora 231, 340 Leea guineensis 340 Mansonia altissima 57, 59, 231, 340 Leeaceae 351 Mapania 54 Leguminosae 58 (see also Caesalpiniaceae, Mimosaceae & M. baldwinii 231, 340 Papilionaceae) Marantaceae 7, 54, 80, 131, 213, 233, 287, 352 Lentibulariaceae 351 Maranthes 108 Leonotis nepetifolia 107 M. aubrevillei 231, 340 Lepisanthes senegalensis 349 M. chrysophylla 346 Leptactina densiflora 223, 340 M. glabra 94, 233, 340 Leptaspis cochleata 3, 53, 54, 57, 72, 95, 223, 340 M. kerstingii 79, 346 Leptaulus daphnoides 223, 340 M. robusta 233, 340 Leptoderris brachyptera 225, 340 Marantochloa 54 L. fasciculata 103, 225, 340 M. congensis 233, 340 Leptonychia pubescens 225, 340 M. cuspidata 78, 233, 340 Licania elaeosperma 346 M. leucantha 7, 340 Liliaceae 129, 351 M. purpurea 340 Linaceae 211,351 Mareya micrantha 233, 340 Lindackeria dentata 347 Margaritaria discoidea 61, 62, 346 Linociera africana 348 Mariscus alternifolius 61 L. congesta 348 Markhamia lutea 233, 340 L. mannii 348 M. tomentosa 39, 345 Loganiaceae 30, 56, 295, 297, 299, 347, 352 Martretia quadricornis 346 Lomariopsidaceae 135, 137,225,340 Massularia acuminata 235, 340 Lomariopsis guineensis 225, 340 May tenus undata 87, 346 L. rossii 225, 340 M. unda/us 346 Lonchitis currori 95 Medinilla mannii 96 Lonchocarpus cyanescens 225, 340 Medusandraceae 291, 352 L. griffonianus 348 Melanthera scandens 7, 9 L. sericeus 348 Melastomataceae 30, 235, 237, 347, 352 Lophira alata 51, 60, 64, 65, 90, 92,94,95,227,320,340 Meliaceae 56, 108,145,193,195,205,217,227,307,309,311, Loranthaceae 47,352 347,352 Lovoa trichilioides 92, 227, 340 Melianthaceae 135, 352 Lychnodiscus dananensis 227, 340 Memecylon 30 L. reticulatus 227, 340 M. afzelii 235, 340 M. aylmeri 235, 340 Macaranga 7, 30 M. barteri 347 M. barteri 346 M. blakeoides 235, 340 M. heterophylla 340, 346 M. cinnamomoides 235, 340

372 M. fasciculare 347 Neostachyanthus occidentalis 293 M. fleuryi 235 Neostenanthera gabonensis 243, 340 M. guineense 235, 340 N. hamata 345 M. lateriflorum 237, 340 Nephthytis afzelii 243, 340 M. membranifolium 237, 340 N. swainei 36 M. memecyloides 347 Nesogordonia papaverifera 72, 84, 85, 96, 243, 340 M. normandii 92, 237, 340 Neuropeltis acuminata 59, 245, 340 Menispermaceae 119, 179,219,259,291,305,309,311,352 N. prevosteoides 245, 340 Microdesmis puberula 56, 72, 103,237, 340 N. velutina 245, 340 Microsorium punctatum 47, 49, 237, 340 Newbouldia laevis 83, 245, 340 Mikaniopsis tedliei 237, 340 Newtonia aubrevillei 347 Mildbraediodendron excelsum 346 N. duparquetiana 245, 340 Millettia barteri 239, 340 Nichallea soyauxii 340 M. chrysophylla 239, 340 Nuxia congesta.347 M. griffoniana 348 N othospondias staudtii 349 M. lane-poolei 239 Nyctaginaceae 352 M. rhodantha 239, 340 M. thonningii 55, 87, 89, 239, 340 Ochna afzelii 347 M. zechiana 239, 340 0. kibbiensis 245 Mimosa pudica 107 O. membranacea 347 Mimosaceae Ill, 119, 131, 141, 169, 245, 257, 259, 261, 305, 347, O. ovata 87, 347 352 O. staudtii 245, 340 Mischogyne elliotiana 340, 345 Ochnaceae 227, 245, 251, 347, 352 Mitragyna 104, 320 Ochthocosmus africanus 261 M. ciliata 239, 318 0. chippii 261 M. stipulosa 239 Octoknema borealis 247, 340 Molluginaceae 352 Octoknemataceae 247, 349 Momordica cabraei 340 Octolobus angustatus 247 M. charantia 79 O. spectabilis 161, 247, 340 M. multiflora 340 Oeceoclades 54 Monanthotaxis laurentii 340 O. maculata 247, 340 M. whytei 239, 340 O. saundersiana 247, 340 Monocyclanthus vignei 36, 37, 93, 107, 345 349 Monodora brevi pes 345 Olacaceae 127, 165, 207, 247, 249, 271, 295, 347, 352 M. myristica 241, 340 Olax gambecola 247, 340 M. tenuifolia 241, 340 O. subscorpioidea 247, 340 Moraceae 125, 151, 197, 199, 241, 243, 289, 311, 347, 352 Oleaceae 217, 348, 352 Morinda longiflora 241,340 Oleandra distenta 97 M. lucid a 340, 348 O. ejurana 36 M. morindoides 241, 340 Olyra latifolia 3, 249, 340 Morus mesozygia 241, 340 Omphalocarpum ahia 349 Mostuea 56 O. elatum 349 Motandra guineensis 77, 241, 340 O. procerum 349 Musanga cecropioides 7, 9,11,55,60,61,62,347 Onagraceae 352 Mussaenda chippii 107 Oncinotis glabrata 249, 341 Myrianthus arboreus 243, 340 O. gracilis 341 M. libericus 243, 340 O. pontyi 249, 341 Myristicaceae 271,347,352 Oncoba brachyanthera 347 Myrsinaceae 347, 352 O. spinosa 347 Myrtaceae 197, 301, 352 Ongokea gore 249, 341 Ophiobotrys zenkeri 347 Napo/eona vogelii 243 Oplismenus hirtellus 249, 341 Napoleonaea vogelii 29, 243, 340 Orchidaceae 29, 30, 163, 197, 247, 352 Nauclea 7, 57 Oricia suaveolens 348 N. diderrichii 60, 61,62,243,318,320 Ostryocarpus riparius 249, 341 N. pobeguinii 348 Ostryoderris leucobotrya 115 Necepsia afzelii 346 Ouratea affinis 251, 341 Neolemonniera clitandrifolia 349 O. amplectens 251, 341 Neosloetiopsis kamerunensis 289 O. calantha 347

373 O. calophylla 251,341 P. sp. aff. mannioides 348 O. congesta 347 P. mollis 348 O. duparquetiana 251, 341 P. mollissima 348 O. flava 347 P. owariensis 348 O. myrioneura 251 Pedaliaceae 352 O. reticulata 251, 341 Pellaea doniana 259, 341 O. sulcata 251, 341 Pellegriniodendron diphyllum 346 O. turnerae 251 Penianthus zenkeri 259, 341 Oxyanthus 55, 103 Pentaclethra macrophylla 259, 341 O. formosus 56, 253, 341 Pentadesma butyracea 40,91,92,261, 341 O. pallid us 56, 253, 341 Peperomia fernandopoiana 95 O. racemosus 253, 341 Pericopsis elata 62, 65, 75, 104,261,318,320 O. speciosus 253, 341 Periplocaceae 229, 352 O. unilocularis 253, 341 Petersianthus macrocarpus 94, 261, 341 Oxymitra velutina 199 Phyllanthus discoideus 346 P. profusus 346 Pachypodanthium staudtii 253,341 Phyllocosmus africanus 94, 261, 341 Pachystela brevi pes 255, 341 P. sessiliflorus 261, 341 P. msolo 349 Phymatodes scolopendria 341 Palisota barteri 255, 341 Picralima nitida 345 P. hirsuta 79, 255, 341 Pierreodendron kerstingii 349 Palmae 123, 139, 193, 195, 273, 348, 352 Pinus caribaea 100 Pancovia bijuga 255,341 Piper guineense 261, 341 P. pedicel/aris 255 Piperaceae 261, 352 P. sessiliflora 255, 341 Piptadeniastrum africanum 43, 65, 84, 261, 341 P. turbinata 255,341 Piptostigma fasciculatum 263, 341 Panda oleosa 57, 257, 341 P. fugax 95,263,341 Pandaceae 237, 257, 352 Pisonia aculeata 57, 341 Pandanaceae 348, 352 Placodiscus attenuatus 263, 341 Pandanus candelabrum 348 P. bancoensis 94, 263, 341 Panicum laxum 7 P. boya 263,349 P. maximum 7, 83 P. bracteosus 349 Papilionaceae 55, 115, 117, 123, 133, 137, 17.1, 225, 239, 249, 261, P. leptostachys 263 263, 348, 352 P. oblongifolius 91, 263, 341 Pararistolochia 55 P. pseudostipularis 349 P. fios-avis 257 Platycerium angolense 341 P. goldieana 257, 341 P. elephant otis 341 P. macrocarpa 257, 341 P. stemaria 341 Parinari aubrevillei 231 Platysepalum hirsutum 263, 341 P. chrysophylla 346 Pleiocarpa mutica 265,341 P. congensis 346 P. pycnantha 345 P. excelsa 94, 95, 257, 341 Plumbaginaceae 352 P. glabra 233 Pneumatopteris afra 341 P. kerstingii 346 Podostemaceae 352 P. robusta 233 Pollia condensata 341 Parkia bicolor 257,341 Polyalthia oliveri 203 P. filicoidea 78 Polyceratocarpus parviflorus 345 Paropsia guineensis 348 Polygalaceae 131, 145, 352 Parq uetina nigrescens 341 Polygonaceae 113, 352 Paspalum 7 237 Passifloraceae 123, 348, 352 Polyscias fulva 345 Paullinia pinnata 257, 341 Polyspatha paniculata 265, 341 Pauridiantha hirtella 348 Polysphaeria macrophylla 265, 341 P. sylvicola 259,341 Polystachya fractiflexa 91 Pausinystalia lane-poolei 348 P. monolenis 91 Pavetta corymbosa 341, 348 P. reflexa 51 P. genipifolia 259, 341 Popowia congensis 340 P. ixorifolia 259, 341 P. whytei 239 P. lasioclada 348 Portulacaceae 352

374 Premna angolensis 349 Rhamnaceae 223, 348, 353 P. hispida 349 Rhaphidophora africana 275, 341 P. quadrifolia 89, 265, 341 Rhaphiostylis beninensis 275, 341 Preussiella kamerunensis 96 R. cordifolia 275, 341 Protomegabaria macrophylla 346 R. ferruginea 275, 341 P. stapfiana 346 R. preussii 275, 341 Pseudagrostistachys africana 346 Rhaptopetalum beguei 349 Pseuderanthemum ludovicianum 265 Rhipsalis 57 P. tunicatum 265, 341 Rhizophoraceae 125, 145, 348, 353 Pseudospondias microcarpa 345 Rhus longipes 79, 345 Psilanthus mannii 265, 341 Ricinodendron heudelotii II, 60, 79, 275, 341 Psychotria 108 Rinorea 58 P. adafoana 267 R. angustifolia 349 P. ankasensis 36 R. ardisiiflora 349 P. brachyantha 267 R. brachypetala 275, 341 P. sp. aff. calceata 267, 341 R. breviracemosa 94, 277, 341 P. calva 267, 341 R. convallariiflora 349 P. gabonica 348 R. dentata 277, 341 P. guineensis 348 R. ellio/ii 279 P. huae 267 R. ilicifolia 277, 341 P. ivorensis 267, 341 R. kibbiensis 277, 341 P. liberica 267, 341 R. longicuspis 279 P. longituba 267, 341 R. oblongifolia 94, 277, 279, 341 P. malchairei 267 R. poggei 275 P. mangenotii 267, 341 R. prasina 277, 341 P. obscura 269 R. subintegrifolia 279, 341 P. peduncularis 269, 341 R. welwitschii 95, 279, 341 P. schweinfurthii 269, 341 Ritchiea capparoides 341 P. sciadephora 149 R. duchesnei 227 P. subobliqua 269, 341 R. reflexa 8.9, 279, 341 P. succulenta 348 Robynsia glabrata 348 Pteieopsis habeensis 90, 346 Rosaceae 231, 346, 353 P. hylodendron 346 Rothmannia hispida 279, 341 Pteridophyta 348, 350 R. longiflora f07, 279, 342 Pteris 54 R. megalostigma 348 P. acanthoneura 269, 341 R. urcelliformis 279, 342 P. atrovirens 269, 341 R. whitfieldii 281, 342 P. burtonii 269, 341 Rubiaceae 30, 56, 117, 131, 143, 149, 157, 159, 165, 197, 201, P. togoensis 76, 271, 341 203, 211, 213, 215, 223, 227, 235, 239, 241, 243, 253, 259, P. vittata 40 265,267,269,279,303,307,309,348,353 Pterocarpus mildbraedii 341,348 Rubus pinnatus 34, 95 P. santalinoides 348 Rutaceae 113,155,185,303,317,348,353 Pterygota 57 Rutidea dupuisii 342 P. bequaertii 271, 341 R. parviflora 342 P. macrocarpa 59, 84, 271, 341 Rytigynia canthioides 342 Ptychopetalum anceps 271, 341 Pycnanthus angolensis 65, 96, 271, 341 Saba florida 281 Pycnocoma cornuta 271,341 S. thompsonii 29, 281, 342 P. macrophylla 271,273,341 Sacoglottis gabonensis 33, 347 Pyrenacantha 47 Sakersia africana 347 P. acuminata 273, 341 Salacia 30, 47, 58 P. cordicula 273, 341 S. alata 281, 342 P. vogeliana 273,341 S. baumannii 285 S. caillei 285 Ranunculaceae 353 S. camerunensis 58, 281, 342 Raphia hookeri 7, /0, 24, 92, 273, 341 S. cerasifera 281, 342 R. palma-pinus 348 S. columna 281, 342 Rauvolfia cumminsii 273,341 S. cornifolia 283, 342 R. vomitoria 7, 61, 62, 341, 345 S. debilis 283, 342

375 S. elegans 283, 342 Solanaceae 30, 353 S. erecta 281, 283, 285, 342 Solanum 7 S. fimbrisepala 285 S. erianthum 60 S. sp. aff. gabunensis 283, 342 S. torvum 61 S. howesii 283, 342 S. verbascifolium 60 S. ituriensis 285, 342 Solenangis scandens 47, 342 S. lehmbachii 287 Sorindeia warneckei 289, 342 S. leonensis 287 S. zenkeri 79, 345 S. leptoclada 85, 89, 283, 285, 342 Soyauxia grandifolia 91,291,342 S. nitida 285, 342 S. velutina 291, 342 S. pallescens 285, 342 Spathodea campanulata 345 S. pyriformis 285, 342 Sphenocentrumjollyanum 83, 291, 342 S. senegalensis 281 Spiropetalum heterophyllum 291, 342 S. staudtiana 285, 342 S. solanderi 291, 342 S. togoica 287, 342 Spondianthus preussii 346 S. tuberculata 281 Spondias mombin 78, 291, 342 S. uregaensis 56, 287, 342 Stachyanthus occidentalis 293, 342 Samanea dinklagei 347 Stanfieldiella imperforata 342 Samydaceae 211, 346 Stemonocoleus micranthus 346 Santalaceae 349, 353 S. oblonga 73, 293, 342 Santaloides afzelii 342 S. rhinopetala 72, 293, 342 Sapindaceae56, 121, 135,153, 155, 171, 173,195,223,227,229, S. tragacantha 77, 78, 293, 342 255, 257, 263, 349, 353 Sterculiaceae 30,159,161,207,225,231,243,247,271,289,293, Sapium aubrevillei 346 311, 349, 353 S. eliipticum 346 Stereospermum acuminatissimum 293, 342 Sapotaceae 30, 113, 123, 125, 135, 151, 153, 173, 229, 231, 255, Strephonema pseudocola 91, 92, 293, 342 305, 349, 353 Streptogyna crinita 295, 342 Sarcophrynium 54 Strombosia glaucescens 51, 62, 91, 92, 94, 95,96,295,342 S. brachystachys 53, 287, 342 Strophanthus barteri 295, 342 S. prionogonium 95, 287, 342 S. gratus 295, 342 Scadoxus 54 S. hispidus 39, 295, 342 S. cinnabarinus 55, 287, 342 S. preussii 295, 342 S. multiflorus 287. 342 Strychnos 47, 108 Scaphopetalum amoenum 31,55,91,289,342 S. aculeata 295, 342 Schefflera barteri 96, 345 S. afzelii 297, 342 Schrebera arborea 348 S. asterantha 297, 342 Schumanniophyton problematicum 51, 52, 348 S. camptoneura 297, 342 Sciaphila africana 91 S. cuminodora 297, 342 Sclerosperma mannii 39 S. floribunda 297, 342 Scottellia chevalieri 289 S. icaja 297, 342 S. coriacea 289 S. johnsonii 299, 342 S. klaineana 289, 342 S. malacoclados 299, 342 Scrophulariaceae 353 S. ngouniensis 299 Scytopetalaceae 289, 349, 353 S. nigritana 299, 342 Scytopetalum tieghemii 91, 94, 289, 342 S. phaeotricha 299, 342 Secamone afzelii 289, 342 S. soubrensis 299, 342 Selaginelia 58 S. spinosa 347 S. versicolor 53, 54 S. splendens 299, 342 Sericanthe chevalieri 348 S. usambarensis 299, 342 S. toupetou 348 Styracaceae 347 Setaria 7 Suregada occidental is 342, 346 S. megaphylla 9 Swartzia fistuloides 346 Sherbournia bignoniiflora 342 Symphonia globulifera 347 Shorea 30 Synsepalum aubrevillei 349 Simaroubaceae 207, 349, 353 S. dulcificum 64, 349 Sioetiopsis usambarensis 40, 55, 84, 289, 342 Syzygium guineense 301, 342 Smeathmannia pubescens 342, 348 S. rowlandii 347 Smilacaceae 353 S. staudtii 301 Smilax kraussiana 342

376 Tabernaemontana 55 T. lanata 309 T. chippii 29, 301, 342 T. martineaui 347 T. crassa 301, 342 T. megalantha 307, 343 T. glandulosa 301, 342 T. monadelpha 307, 343 T. pachysiphon 95, 301, 342 T. ornithothera 347 Talbotiella gentii 32, 36, 37, 84, 85, 90, 301, 342 T. prieuriana 76, 307, 343 Tapura fischeri 346 T. tessmannii 84, 309, 343 T. ivorensis 346 Trichomanes guineense 40, 91, 309,343 Tarenna bipindensis 303, 342 T. liberiense 343 T. eketensis 303, 342 Trichoscypha albiflora 345 T. flavo-fusca 303 T. arborea 309, 343 T. fusco-flava 303 T. atropurpurea 345 T. gracilis 348 T. baldwinii 345 T. sp. aff. laurentii 348 T. beguei 345 T. sp. aff. pavettoides 348 T. cavalliensis 345 T. so yauxii 340 T. chevalieri 345 T. vignei 29 T. oba 345 Tarrietia utilis 207 Trichostachys aurea 309, 343 Teclea sudanica 348 Triclisia dictyophylla 309, 343 T. verdoorniana 85, 303, 342 T. gil/etU 309 Tectaria angelicifolia 342 T. patens 309, 343 T. fernandensis 342 T. subcordata 311, 343 Tectona grandis 81 Trilepisium madagascariense 77, 84,96,311,343 Terminalia ivorensis 7, 11,60,61,62,67,75,104,303,318,321 Triplochiton scleroxylon 56-58, 64, 65, 72, 73,76,77,92,93,311, T. superba 43, 51, 59, 303, 321,342 343 Tetracera affinis 303 Tristemma 30 T. potatoria 303, 342 Triuridaceae 353 Tetrapleura tetraptera 305, 342 Turraea ghanensis 36, 347 Tetrorchidium didymostemon 342, 346 T. heterophylla 311, 343 Thaumatococcus daniellii 7, 64 Turraeanthus africanus 38, 76, 311, 343 Thecacoris stenopetala 305, 342 Tylophora c'onspicua 78, 311, 343 Theobroma cacao 63 Thonningia sanguinea 54, 305, 342 Uapaca corbisieri 313, 343 Thymelaeaceae 177, 353 U. esculenta 313 Tieghemella heckelii 305, 321, 342 U. guineensis 313, 343 Tiliaceae 30, 173, 203, 205, 349, 353 U. heudelotii 346 Tiliacora dielsiana 305 U. paludosa 346 T. dinklagei 305, 342 Ulmaceae 147, 149, 209, 349, 353 T. funifera 89, 305, 342 U mbelliferae 353 T. warneckei 305 Urera 55 Tragia cf. mildbraediana 342 U. keayi 343 T. spathulata 342 U. oblongifolia 343 Treculia africana 342, 347 U. rep ens 343 Trema guineensis 349 U rticaceae 30, 353 T. orientalis 7, 55, 56, 60, 61, 62, 349 U steria guineensis 343 Tricalysia biafrana 348 Uvaria 58 T. bract eat a 348 U. afzelii 343 T. chevalieri 348 U. anonoides 313 T. coriacea 348 U. doeringii 313, 343 T. discolor 342, 348 U. mocoli 313, 343 T. elliotii 348 U. ovata 89, 313, 317, 343 T. macrophylla 348 Uvariastrum elliotianum 345 T. oligoneura 342 U. insculptum 345 T. pallens 307, 342 U. pierreanum 313, 343 T. reflexa 307, 342 Uvariodendron angustifolium 313, 343 T. reticulata 307, 342 U. calophyllum 315,343 T. toupetou 348 U. mirabile 315 T. vignei 348 U. occidentale 315, 343 Trichilia heudelotii 307 Uvariopsis congensis 173

377 U. globiflora 36, 37, 95, 315, 343 Ximenia americana 347 U. guineensis 37, 315 Xylia evansii 317, 343 Xylopia acutiflora 317, 343 Vanguireopsis spinosa 348 X. aethiopica 345 Ventilago africana 59, 315, 343 X. elliotii 317,345 Vepris heterophylla 40, 87, 89, 348 X. parviflora 317 Verbenaceae 157, 265, 315, 349, 353 X. quintasii 317, 343 Vernonia amygdalina 346 X. rubescens 345 V. andohii 29 X. staudtii 317, 343 V. colorata 346 X. villosa 317,343 V. conferta 346 X. sp. aff. villosa 345 V. richardiana 346 V. titanophylla 346 Zanha golungensis 78, 349 Vincentella passargei 349 Zanthoxylum 60, 77 Violaceae 30, 275, 277, 279, 349, 353 Z. chevalieri 348 Virectaria tenella 36 Z. gilletii 343, 348 Vismia guineensis 347 Z. lemairei 348 Vitaceae 30, 155, 353 Z. leprieurii 317, 343, 348 Vitex 57 Z. psammophilum 348 V. ferruginea 315,343 Z. rubescens 348 V. grandifoIia 349 Z. viride 348 V. micrantha 315, 343 Z. xanthoxyloides 57 V. rivularis 315, 343 Zingiberaceae 55, 113, 165, 353 Voacanga africana 345 Zizyphus cf. espinosa 348 V. thouarsii 345 Zygophyllaceae 345, 353 Voyria primuloides 91

378 General index *

Achiase 87 Neo-endemics 36 Accra Plains 29, 87 Palaeo-endemics 36 Adaklu Mt. 23, 81 Satellites 32, 33 Afram Plains 21,27,81 Sub-montane 40, 79, 95 Akim 63 Transgressors, chorological 33, 72 Akwamu 63 Transgressors, ecological 33 Akwapim 29" 74, 85 Upper endemics 32, 33, 72 Amoawa Hill 85 Vicariants 39 Architectural models (see under Life-form systems) West African 34, 35, 45 Ashanti 63, 74 Western Guinea 39 Ashanti expedition 29 Chorological system, White's 32-34, 72, J08 Chorological units (phytochoria) Baker's Law 40 Congolian subcentre 32, 33 Baoule 27 Dahomey Gap (or Interval) 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 39, 45, 90 Bosumtwi Lake 23,40 Domaine camerouno-gabonais 32 Bovals 99 Domaine'congolais 32 Buttresses 43, 45 Domaine libero-ivoireen 32, 34 Domaine peripherique septentrional 34 Cameroun 40 Guineo-Congolian region 32, 33 Catenas 24, 25 Lower Guinea subcentre 32, 33 Charcoal 64, 67, 87 Region guineenne 32 Chewing sticks 64, 20 I Region guineo-congolaise 32 Chorological concepts Sangha River interval 32, 33 Centres of specific endemism 32 Sudanian region 32, 33 Congruent species 38 Upper Guinea subcentre 32, 33 Disjunction 38, 40, 87, 96 Zambezian region 32, 33 Elements 32 Chorology 32 Phytochoria 32 Descriptive 33 Refugia 38, 39 Interpretative 33 Regions 32 Climatic factors 19-21 Relicts 39, 99 Cloudiness 21 Subcentres of specific endemism 32 Desiccation 38, 39 Transition zones 32 Dry months 19 Chorological elements Evapotranspiration 19, 20, 27 Afro-American 33 Fog 23 Endemics 32, 36, 37, 45 Moisture gradients 14,23,31 Especes sassandriennes 38, 39 Photoperiod 56 Genetical 33 Rainfall, annual 19, 20, 27 Guinea wides 32, 33, 72, J08 Rainfall, seasonal 19 Guineo-Congolian wides 32-34, 72, 108 Rain shadow 23 Montane 34, 40 Temperature 20 Near-endemics 33 Conservation Forest 67 Genetic 70 * Page numbers in italics for figures. Wildlife 67, 69, 70

379 Crops 63 Ankasa River 93 Cocoa 7, 63; 67, 68, 74, 92 Asenanyo 67 Coffee 63, 159 Atewa Range 22, 23, 46, 49, 53, 60, 61, 96, 97, 99 Gum copal 63, 171 Bia Tano 67 Kola 63, 75, 161 Bia Tawya 75 Oilpalm 79, 193 Bia Tributaries South 95 Palm oil 63, 193 Bobiri 67, 73, 75 Palm wine 7 Bomfoum 34, 81 Plantain 8 Bosumkese 75 Rubber 63, 199,221 Bowiye Range 94 Bukit Lagong 31 Daboase 67, 95 Dede 52,78 Deciduousness (see under Leaves) Dome River 22 Dispersal Ijaiye 34 Adhesion 57 Krokosua Hills 39, 75, 99 Baboons 57 Kwamisa 75,81 Bats 57, 60 Neung31,92 Birds 57, 60 Nsemre 78, 79, 80 Elephants 57, 70 Opimbo 81 Explosion 58 Opon Mansi 67, 94, 95 Long-distance 38, 40 Opro River 81 Monkeys 57 Pamu-Berekum 81 Wind 57, 58,59 Pra Anum 76 Diversity 30-32, 40,87,90 Production reserves 69, 70 Perturbation 31, 32 Protection reserves 69, 70 Species-area curves 31 Sapawsu 86, 87, 90 Dormancy in seeds 58 Subri River 34, 67, 94, 100 Tain Tributaries I 78 Ebaw Rock 87 Tano Ofin 22, 23, 39, 98, 99 Ejuanema Mt. 98, 99 Togo Plateau 81 Elephants (see also under Dispersal) 70, 74, 75 Usonigbe 31 Endemics (see under Chorological elements) Yaya 78 Evergreenness (see under Leaves) Forest-savanna boundary 4, 5, 20, 27, 28, 63, 81, 82, 83, 86 Forest types 71 Ferns (see Pteridophytes) Antiaris-Chlorophora association 13, 16,76 Figs 47, 48, 57, 80, 197-199,347 Celtis-Triplochiton association 13, 16,72,76 Fire 3, 9, 27, 78, 79, 81 Cynometra-Lophira association 12 Floral biology (see also Pollination) 55, 106 Cynometra-Tarrietia association 12 Heterostyly 56 Diospyrion abyssinicae 18, 87 Polyembryony 40 Dry Semi-deciduous type 22-24, 36, 43, 60,61,71,76,77 Self-fertilization 56 Fire Zone subtype 42,51,52,69,71,77,78,79,80,81 Synchronization of flowering 56 Inner Zone SUbtype 42,69,71,77,81,83,84 Unisexual flowers 40, 56 Foret dense humide a Parinari excelsa 95 Floristic composition, continuous variation in 15 Foret dense seche semi-decidue 78 Flower types 107 Khaya-Entandrophragma association 12 Forest, area of 3 Lophira-Entandrophragma association 12 Forest classification 12 Lophira- Tarrietia-Cynometra association 13, 90 Chipp 12 Lovoa-Guarea-Pentadesma association 12 Hall & Swaine 14, 15,16,17, 18,20,27 Moist Evergreen type 24, 42, 43, 69, 71, 93, 94, 95, 100 Mooney 13 Moist Semi-deciduous type 23, 24, 31,43,60,71, 72, 73, 74 St. Clair Thompson 12 North-west subtype 42,69,71,74,75 Taylor 12, 13, 16 South-east subtype 42, 69, 71, 75, 76 Thompson 12 Monsoon forest 12 Forest clearance 4, 8 Montane forest 40 Forest flora 29-41 Rain forest 12, 13 Forest Herbarium, Kumasi 29, 104 South-east Outlier type 18,22,23,25,31,37,40,42,43,60,69, Forest legislation 68 71,86,87,88,89,90 Forest Reserves 5,67,68,69,318,324-328 Southern Marginal type 23, 37, 39, 42, 43, 60, 69, 71, 83-85, Afao Hills 99 86,87

380 Swamp forest 7, 10, 34 Phanerophytes 43, 45, 51 Trans-Bia (or Bia) association 13, 74 Pygmy trees 43, 105 Triplochiton-Cistanthera association 12 Root climbers 47 Triplochiton-Lophira association 13, 93, 95 Saprophytes 51, 91 Triplochiton-Piptadenia association 12 Life form systems Upland Evergreen type 22, 42, 43, 47, 60,61,69,71,95,96, Architectural models of Halle et al. 43, 105, 106 97-99 Raunkiaer 43 Wet Evergreen type 24, 31,37,42,43,60,69,71,90,91,92,93 Forest types, identification of 16, 344 Malawi 38 Forest types, naming of 17, 18 Malaysia 30,31, 32, 42 Forestry Department 29, 30 Mapping Forestry operations Distributions 37, 103 Combined operations 66 LANDSAT imagery, use of 3,4,81,82,86 Plantations 67, 95, 100 Maraoue 34 Pulp Mill 67, 95 Selection system 66, 67 Neolithic 63 Taungya 81 Nigeria 31,36-38,40, 76 Tropical Shelterwood system 67 Nyanao Hill 22 Fruits (see also Dispersal) 56-58, 106 Nyinahin 98 Fruits, fleshy 57 Fuelwood 64,.87 Odoben 84 Orchids 30, 47, 54, 58 Gabon 38 Ordination 14, 16, 19 Geology (see Rocks) Reciprocal averaging 14 Germination 57,58,60,61,62 Scores 336-342 Ghana Herbarium 104 75 Palms 30 Gold-mine slag-heaps 40 Phenology 56 Grasses 51,53, 56, 60 Phytochoria (see Chorological units) Grassland patches (see also Bovals) 39, 68, 81, 92, 93, 98 Phytosociological concepts Gyedemoa Hill 17 Characteristic species 13, 17,71,72 Dominance 13 Herbivory 49, 58 Frequency 71, 72 Monkeys 49 Gregariousness 84, 87 Phenolics 49 Minimum area 13 Single-dominant forests 32, 84 Inselbergs 17 Phytosociology, schools of Ivory Coast 27, 36, 37, 38, 40, 71, 76, 95 Clements-Tansley 12, 13, 17 Ziirich-Montpellier 13, 17 Kade 31, 44, 45, 67, 76 Pinkwae 90 Katamanso 90 Pollination 55, 56 Kwahu 81 Bats 55 Bees 55, 56 Leaves 49, 50,51 Flies 55 Abscission 51 Flies, Syrphid 56 Compound 49 Hawk-moths 55 Deciduous 17,51,52, 79 Sunbirds 55 Evergreen 49, 92 Wind 55 Size categories 49, 50, 105 Population, human 63 40 Pteridophytes 47, 49, 51,53, 58, 91, 97 Life forms 72, 105 Annuals 51 Quaternary era Climbers 30, 43, 46, 47, 58, 105 Climatic fluctuations 38, 39 Epiphytes 30, 47, 49, 57, 58, 91, 96, 97, 104, 105 Fossil leaf floras 41 Epiphytes, facultative 47 Ocean sediments 40 Geophytes 54 Pluvial periods 40 Herbs 51,53,54 Pollen analysis 40, 41 Lianes (see Climbers) Parasites 47, 51 Regeneration 108

381 Relief 23 Lithochronic earths 24 Rivers 23 Lithosols 25, 26 Rocks 21, 22, 23 Ochrosols 24, 26 Bauxite 22, 23, 98, 99 Oxysols 24, 26 Birrimian 22,27,87 Podzols 92, 93 Buem 22, 77, 86 Rubrisols 26 Continental terminal 22 Topohydric earths 24 Dahomeyan 22, 23, 86 Tropical black earths 26 Gneiss, acidic 22 Vertisols 25, 26 Gneiss, basic 22, 90 Spiegel Relaskop 14, 42 Granite 15,22, 85,86,87 Stone Age 63 Iron ore 67, 95 Successional stages 60, 61, 62 Kalahari sands 39 Building phase II Precambrian 22 Chablis II Quartzites 15, 23, 85, 90 Forb regrowth 7, 9 Quaternary sands 92, 93 Gaps 7, 60 Shales 15,23, 85,90 Mature phase II Tarkwaian 22 Primary forest II, 34, 60 Tertiary sediments 86, 92, 93 Secondary forest 7, 9, 11, 34 Togo 22, 23, 77,85,86,87 Vegetation mosaic 6, 93 Voltaian 22,23,27, 77,87 Successional taxa Primary families 30, 350-353 Sacred groves 69, 85 Primary species II, 60 Sakre 34 Secondary families 30, 350-353 Samples Secondary species 7, II, 60, 78 A plots 14, 15, 26, 329-333 Weeds 30 B plots 14, 15, 333-335 Sweeteners 64 Releves 14, 103 Sapoba 34 Thicket 85 Savanna 3, 4, 23, 28, 82, 86 Coastal 16, 83 Derived 81 Timber 64,65,66,68,92, 108,318-321,355,356 Seeds 57, 58, 59,60,62, 106 Mahogany 64, 65 76 Odum 65 Soil classification 24, 25, 26 Pine 67,100 Association 24 Teak 67,81 Great soil group 24 Timber companies Order 24 African Timber & plywood, Samreboi 95 Series 24 Gliksten, Wiawso 75 Soil preferences 108 Mim 75 Soil properties Tree parameters Acidity 27, 108 Basal area 42 Bulk density 98 Crown form 43, 44 Cation Exchange Capacity 28 Density of stocking 42,71, 72, 318-321 Cation Exchange Complex 24 Height 42, 43 Clay 25, 108 Leaching 24, 92 Vegetative reproduction 55 Nitrogen 28, 98 Basal sprouting 43,87,88 Organic carbon 98 Layering 55, 91 Phosphorus 85 Root suckers 55 Sesquioxides 24 Stolons 55 Subsoil 26 Vernacular names 105 Topsoil 26 Volta Lake 17, 21, 23,68,82,83 Total Exchangeable Bases 27, 91, 108 Volta Region 5,68,79,81,82,83,318 Soil types Voltaian Basin 23, 27 Climatophytic earths 24 Ferrallitic soils 24, 25, 26, 27 Wildlife, Department of Game & 69 Ferruginous soils 24, 25, 26, 27 Wildlife reserves 5, 69, 328 Halom'orphic soils 26 Ankasa G.P.R. 93 Latosols 24 Bia G.P.R. 74,95

382 Bia N.P. 39, 70, 74, 75,87 Wildlife Sanctuaries 69 Bui N.P. 87,90 Wisconsin 37 Game Production Reserves 69 Woodland 3 Game Reserves 69 National Parks 69 Yilo Krobo 81 Nini-Suhien N.P. 70, 93 Shai Hills G.P.R. 40, 48, 57, 69, 87, 88, 89, 90 Zaire 39

383