DOCSLIB.ORG

綠島地區颱風期間水動力探究 胡凱程 1 盧韋勳 2 江文山 3 余進利 3 1 成功大學水工試驗所助理研究員 2 成功大學水利系暨海洋工程學系博士班學生、水工試驗所研究助理員 3 成功大學水工試驗所研究員 摘要

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
綠島地區颱風期間水動力探究 胡凱程 1 盧韋勳 2 江文山 3 余進利 3 1 成功大學水工試驗所助理研究員 2 成功大學水利系暨海洋工程學系博士班學生、水工試驗所研究助理員 3 成功大學水工試驗所研究員 摘要 第 38 屆海洋工程研討會暨科技部計畫成果發表會 論文集 國立臺灣大學 2016 年 12 月 Proceedings of the 38th Ocean Engineering Conference in Taiwan National Taiwan University, December 2016 The Study on Hydrodynamics during Typhoon Tembin (2012) around Green Island Coast 1 2 3 2 Kai-Cheng Hu Wen-Shiun Lu Wen-Son Chiang Jin-Li Yu 1Assistant Research Fellow, Tainan Hydraulics Laboratory, National Cheng Kung University 2Research Fellow, Tainan Hydraulics Laboratory, National Cheng Kung University 3Research Assistant, Tainan Hydraulics Laboratory and Ph.D student, Dept. of Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering, National Cheng Kung University ABSTRACT The storm surge and waves around Green Island during typhoon Tembin (2012) were calculated by employing a depth-integrated, wave-current coupled model developed by Dietrich et al. (2011). The Rankin vortex wind model with typhoon track parameters was used to generate the wind forcing. It is pointed out that typhoon Tembin was effected strongly by typhoon Bolaven. The Fujiwhara effect between typhoon Tembin and Bolaven should be considered further. To improve the wind forcing, the Fujiwhara effect was successfully treated as the superposition with two wind forcings. Overall, the comparisons between simulated results and measured data show a reasonable agreement. Finally, the difference of comparisons at the early stage was discussed. Keywords: adcirc, swan, storm surge, Fujiwhara effect 綠島地區颱風期間水動力探究 1 2 3 3 胡凱程 盧韋勳 江文山 余進利 1 成功大學水工試驗所助理研究員 2 成功大學水利系暨海洋工程學系博士班學生、水工試驗所研究助理員 3 成功大學水工試驗所研究員 摘要 本文以 Dietrich et al. (2011)所發展水深積分波流耦合模式針對 2012 年天秤颱風期間綠島 海域進行計算。模式所需風場以袁金窩動模式(Rankin-Vortex Model) 配合颱風軌跡參數計算而 得。所得模擬結果經與觀測數據及氣象觀測圖相比，說明布拉萬颱風對天秤颱風的影響顯著， 需額外考慮 2012 天秤與布拉萬颱風間的藤原效應(Fujiwhara effect)影響。為改善風場，以線性 疊加方式結合兩颱風風場做為風場輸入。模擬成果與觀測數據相符合，說明兩颱風間的藤原效 應可以線性疊加方式合理描述。最後，本文亦對於颱風模擬期間早期誤差提出合理說明。 關鍵詞：adcirc, swan, 暴潮, 藤原效應 Island during typhoons Tembin (2012) while the wave 1. Introdcution height is not the extreme one. General speaking, the Over the past decade, the largest storm surge is correlation between the storm surge and wave height 50.4 cm by analyzing the tide gauge station at Green is a strong relationship because these two variables are 95 always dominated by the strength of the typhoon. ∂∂NcN∂cN ∂ cNcNS ∂ ++++=x y σθ (1) Therefore, the finding is motivated this paper to ∂∂tx ∂ y ∂σ ∂ θσ further study. In Eq. (1), t is time, ()xy, Cartesian coordinates, To figure out the reason for the inconsistency, the θ the wave direction, σ wave frequency, N storm surge and wave during typhoons are necessary action density and ()ccxy, the wave energy to build. The employment of a proper numerical model propagation velocities. S denotes the source term might be a good choose to build the hydrodynamics. including wave energy input (wave growth by the Since the scales of current and wave are quite different, wind), energy loss and energy transfer. the whole simulations usually are separately The ADCIRC model developed by Luettich Jr et performed. Most researches use tidal current model to al. (1992) and Westerink et al. (1994) describes water describe the surface evolutions and current motions. surface evolution and current motion. For The wave fields are calculated by wave model (Ou et SWAN+ADCIRC model, the two-dimensional al., 2002). In recent years, the model coupled with depth-integrated equations of ADCIRC (2DDI) were wave and current was fully developed and more coupled with SWAN model. The ADCIRC-2DDI gives advanced. Many studies on the East Cost of US were as, 2 ∂ successfully done with the aid of wave-current ∂ζζ ∂∂J x J y ∂τ00 ∂ τ +τ 0 ++−QQxy − =0 (2) coupled model (Dietrich et al., 2011, 2012; Hope et al., ∂t2 ∂∂ txy ∂ ∂ x ∂ y ∂∂ ∂ζ 2 2013). UU g Jxx=−− Q Q y +− fQ y The main objective of this paper is to simulation ∂∂xy2 ∂ x the hydrodynamics during typhoon Tembin (2012) ∂−Ps ττsx bx −gH ζ +−+ αη (3) ∂ ρρ which the maximum of storm surge was reported xg00 ∂ζ around Green Island. This paper is organized as +()MD −+ U +τ Q xx ∂t 0 x follows. The methods will be first mentioned. The ∂∂ ∂ζ 2 VV g numerical setup will then be given. The observations Jyx=−− Q Q y −− fQ x ∂∂xy2 ∂ y will be described. Next, the numerical simulations will ∂ P −ζ +−s αη be discussed. Finally, the concluding remarks will be gH (4) ∂ygρ0 made. ττsy− by ∂ζ + +()MDyy −+ V +τ 0 Qy ρ ∂t 0 2. Methods ∂∂∂UUU ∂ P +UV + =−+− gζs αη ∂∂∂t x y ∂ xgρ0 To simulate the storm surge and wave during (5) ττ−−MD typhoons around Green Island, the SWAN+ADCIRC ++sx bx x x +fV ρ HH model coupled with the simulating waves nearshore 0 ∂∂∂VVV ∂ P (SWAN) and the advanced circulation (ADCIRC) is +UV + =−+− gζs αη ∂∂∂t x y ∂ ygρ0 used (Dietrich et al., 2011). The Rankin vortex (6) ττsy−− byMD y y formula is used to generate wind field to drive the ++ −fU ρ0HH storm surge and wave. ∂S ∂S τ =−−xx xy (7) 2.1 Model equation sx ∂∂xy ∂∂SS The Cartesian equations of SWAN model τ =−−xy yy (8) sy ∂∂xy describes wave motions with the spectral wave action balance equation and source/sinks (Booij et al., 1999) In Eq. (2), H is the water depth including reads, bathymetric depth h and surface elevation ζ , 96 ()UV, the depth integrated currents, When several Rankin vortices are considered ()Qxy,, Q= H() UV the fluxes per unit width, and τ 0 such as the binary typhoon, the total pressure can be a numerical parameter which may be variable in space. treated as the superposition of ∆P reads, =+∆ In Eqs. (3-8), f is the Coriolis coefficient, g the PP0 ∑ P (14) gravitational acceleration, P the pressure at the s 2.3 Numerical setup surface, ρ the water density, η the potential, α 0 The version 51.52.05 of ADCIRC is empolyed the elasticity factor, τ the surface stresses due to s and is capbility to couple with SWAN. The winds and waves and τ the bottom stress. M , b unstructured mesh which is easy to locally increase the D are lateral stress gradients and momentum resolution where the solution gradients are large is dispersion terms. It remarks that h does not allow to adopted in SWAN+ADCIRC (Dietrich et al., 2011). change with t in ADCIRC-2DDI. The computational domain is from 10°N~50°N 2.2 Wind forcing and 110°E~150°E. The computational bathymetry are The wind forcing to drive wave and current was composed of the 200m resolution bathymetric data generated by using the Rankin vortex wind method (TAIDP 200m) released by Ministry of Science and (RVM). The RVM (Graham, 1959; Young and Sobey, Technology of Taiwan and the ETOPO1. 1981) reads, The insensitivity mesh grids are composed of 7 V ()RRmmmexp− 7() 1 RR , R < R 50,821 nodes and 98,964 triangular elements as shown r = (9) V + − ≥ in Fig. 1. The smallest mesh placed along the coast m exp( 0.0025Rm 0.05)() 1 RR mm , R R line is about 900m, while the largest mesh set the edge In Eq. (9), Vr is the rotational speed at distance r at western North Pacific ocean is about 80 km. For from center of typhoon, Vm the maximum wind wind forcing, typhoon tracks information given by speed and Rm the radius to maximum winds. In this Taiwan Central Weather Bureau (CWB) or Japan paper, the radius to maximum winds proposed by Meteorological Agency (JMA) are collected to input Graham (1959) was used, R = 28.52tanh[0.0873(ϕ − 28)] the RVM wind model. m (10) In this paper, the time step was commonly set to +12.22exp ()PPcf −0 33.86 + 0.2 V + 37.22 2 sec. To shorten the computational time, the parallel In Eq. (10), ϕ is latitude, V f the forward speed, computations are performed with 8~16 cores. P0 the neutral pressure which was commonly set to 1013.3 hPa and Pc the central pressure of typhoon. The total wind speed can be expressed as follows by considering the translation of typhoon, VV=rf + 0.5 V cosφ (11) In Eq. (11), φ is the angle between the radial arm and the line of maximum winds. Particularly, the deflection is caused by the friction between water and air and is given as follows Fig. 1. The sketch of mesh grids. (The 200m 10° , 0 <≤RRm resolution bathymetric data filled within the grey Φ=10 °+ 75 °()RRmm − 1 , R < R ≤ 1.2 R m (12) rectangle) 25°<,1.2RRm The pressure difference due to the presence of the 3. Observation typhoon can be given as The typhoon tracks of Tembin and Bolaven are ∆=P P − P = P − Pexp − RR (13) cc()0 () m illustrated as Fig. 2. Typhoon Tembin were active 97 during 0600 UTC 19 Aug to 1200 UTC 30 Aug. At 1800 UTC 23 Aug, Tembin passed through Green Island and made landfall over Southern Taiwan about one hour later. At 2300 UTC 23 Aug, it arrived the Taiwan Strait. Early on Aug 24, Tembin was expected to accelerate east-northeastward and gradually interacted with nearby typhoon Bolaven which actived during 0600 UTC 20 Aug to 0600 UTC 29 Aug. It is remarked that the Fujiwhara effect between Tembin and Bolaven was observationally reported. One evidence is that Tembin was initially moved westward, while Bolaven caused Tembin to turn eastward and moved along a counter-clockwise loop as shown in Fig. Fig. 4. Wind field and pressure distribution at 0000 2. Also, the pattern of the isobar contour nearby 1000 UTC 26 Aug 2012. (blue arrow: wind forcing by Tembin; red arrow: ERA data) hPa (see Fig. 3) could be recognized as the other evidence. At 1800 UTC 27 Aug, it made a second landfall on Southern Taiwan and passed through Green 4.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • (OSCAT) and ASCAT Scatterometers Over Tropical Cyclones Goal of Study
    P1.37P197 Comparisons and Evaluations between the Oceansat-2 (OSCAT) and ASCAT Scatterometers over Tropical Cyclones Roger T. Edson, NOAA National Weather Service, Barrigada Guam Coverage and Availability of Scatterometer: OSCAT vs. ASCAT and WindSAT Case Studies of Different Tropical Cyclone Characteristics or OSCAT (~2400L) Goal of Study NOAA/NESDIS –’Manati Site’ KNMI – EUMETSAT site Typhoon Man-Yi (16W) development from a ASCAT depiction of the development and OSCAT View monsoon gyre north or the Marianas -Compare reliability, depiction and BYU Hi-Res OSCAT intensification of Typhoon Mawar (04W) accuracy over tropical cyclones -Find strengths and weaknesses -Assess comparative loss with QuikSCAT -Evaluate NRCS and BYU Hi-Res IR and OSCAT Winds TRMM 85h with OSCAT NRCS OSCAT Development was slow with a large light and variable wind center. At this products to assist analysis time winds were beginning to consolidate about one circulation center as Combine ASCAT A/B with either OSCAT better seen in the OSCAT NRCS and BYU Hi-Res images. or WindSAT to increase coverage -Use of integrated techniques, Sensor Characteristics especially with microwave Sensor/Sat QuikSCAT ASCAT A/B WindSAT OSCAT-2 48hr Structure and intensity between 31 May (25kt) and 2 Jun (70kt) TYPE Active Active Passive Active imagery AGENCY/re-Processed JPL/NESDIS ESA/KNMI US Navy India/KNMI LAUNCH/END 1999/Nov09(end) 2006/12 2003 2009 Typhoon Tembin (15W) approaching Japan SWATH (KM) 1800 2 X 550 ~1100 1836 The intensity of a tropical cyclone that has begun GAP (KM) 0 600 N/A N/A extra-tropical transition is often underestimated RESOLUTION (KM) 25 (12.5) 50 (25) 25 50 (25) Goal of Scatterometer Data for TC Analysis when intensity is solely based on the Dvorak SPEED (KT) 4-80 5-60 10-40 5-60? Technique.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Article Application of Buoy Observations in Determining Characteristics of Several Typhoons Passing the East China Sea in August 2012
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Advances in Meteorology Volume 2013, Article ID 357497, 6 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/357497 Research Article Application of Buoy Observations in Determining Characteristics of Several Typhoons Passing the East China Sea in August 2012 Ningli Huang,1 Zheqing Fang,2 and Fei Liu1 1 Shanghai Marine Meteorological Center, Shanghai, China 2 Department of Atmospheric Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China Correspondence should be addressed to Zheqing Fang; [email protected] Received 27 February 2013; Revised 5 May 2013; Accepted 21 May 2013 Academic Editor: Lian Xie Copyright © 2013 Ningli Huang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The buoy observation network in the East China Sea is used to assist the determination of the characteristics of tropical cyclone structure in August 2012. When super typhoon “Haikui” made landfall in northern Zhejiang province, it passed over three buoys, the East China Sea Buoy, the Sea Reef Buoy, and the Channel Buoy, which were located within the radii of the 13.9 m/s winds, 24.5 m/s winds, and 24.5 m/s winds, respectively. These buoy observations verified the accuracy of typhoon intensity determined by China Meteorological Administration (CMA). The East China Sea Buoy had closely observed typhoons “Bolaven” and “Tembin,” which provided real-time guidance for forecasters to better understand the typhoon structure and were also used to quantify the air-sea interface heat exchange during the passage of the storm.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract Proceeding
    1 The Proceedings for The 6th International Conference on Atmosphere, Ocean, and Climate Change August 19 - 21, 2013, Hong Kong Editors: Dr. Banghua Yan Dr. Xiaozhen Xiong Prof. Zhanqing Li Dr. Jingfeng Huang 2 EFFECTS OF AIR-SEA COUPLING ON THE BOREAL SUMMER INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATIONS OVER THE TROPICAL INDIAN OCEAN Ailan Lin1,2, Tim Li, Xiouhua Fu2, Jing-Jia Luo3, Yukio Masumoto3 1 Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou, China 2. IPRC and Department of Meteorology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 3. Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Japan Abstract The effects of air-sea coupling over the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) on the eastward- and northward-propagating boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) are investigated by comparing a fully coupled (CTL) and a partially decoupled Indian Ocean (pdIO) experiment using SINTEX-F coupled GCM. Air-sea coupling over the TIO significantly enhances the intensity of both the eastward and northward propagations of the BSISO. The maximum spectrum differences of the northward- (eastward-) propagating BSISO between the CTL and pdIO reach 30% (25%) of their respective climatological values. The enhanced eastward (northward) propagation is related to the zonal (meridional) asymmetry of sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA). A positive SSTA appears to the east (north) of the BSISO convection, which may positively feed back to the BSISO convection. In addition, air-sea coupling may enhance the northward propagation through the changes of the mean vertical wind shear and low-level specific humidity. The interannual variations of the TIO regulate the air-sea interaction effect. Air-sea coupling enhances (reduces) the eastward-propagating spectrum during the negative Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) mode, positive Indian Ocean basin (IOB) mode and normal years (during positive IOD and negative IOB years).
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded 10/05/21 02:09 PM UTC 1426 WEATHER and FORECASTING VOLUME 29
    DECEMBER 2014 W E I 1425 Surface Wind Nowcasting in the Penghu Islands Based on Classified Typhoon Tracks and the Effects of the Central Mountain Range of Taiwan CHIH-CHIANG WEI Department of Digital Content Designs and Management, Toko University, Pu-Tzu City, Chia-Yi County, Taiwan (Manuscript received 5 March 2014, in final form 21 September 2014) ABSTRACT The purposes of this study were to forecast the hourly typhoon wind velocity over the Penghu Islands, and to discuss the effects of the terrain of the Central Mountain Range (CMR) of Taiwan over the Penghu Islands based on typhoon tracks. On average, a destructive typhoon hits the Penghu Islands every 15–20 yr. As a typhoon approaches the Penghu Islands, its track and intensity are influenced by the CMR topography. Therefore, CMR complicates the wind forecast of the Penghu Islands. Six main typhoon tracks (classes I–VI) are classified based on typhoon directions, as follows: (I) the direction of direct westward movement across the CMR of Taiwan, (II) the direction of northward movement along the eastern coast of Taiwan, (III) the direction of northward movement traveling through Taiwan Strait, (IV) the direction of westward movement traveling through Luzon Strait, (V) the direction of westward movement traveling through the southern East China Sea (near northern Taiwan), and (VI) the irregular track direction. The adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN) were used as the forecasting technique for predicting the wind velocity. A total of 49 typhoons from 2000 to 2012 were analyzed. Results showed that the ANFIS models provided high-reliability predictions for wind velocity, and the ANFIS achieved more favorable performance than did the MLPNN.
    [Show full text]
  • Print Version
    UPDATE OF REGIONAL WEATHER AND SMOKE HAZE (January 2018) 1. Review of Regional Weather Conditions for December 2017 1.1 In December 2017, Southeast Asia experienced northeast monsoon conditions with drier weather conditions over the northern ASEAN region, and rainy or wet weather conditions in the southern ASEAN region. Most of the rain during the month fell within the region bounded between 10oS and 10oN of the Equator. The most intense rain that fell during the month was over the central South China Sea and to the east of the Philippines. These areas coincided with the path of the tropical cyclones crossing the central South China Sea, north of Borneo after making landfall in the Philippines. The rainfall distribution for December 2017 is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Daily average rainfall for the ASEAN region Figure 2: Percent of Normal Rainfall for December 2017. in December 2017. (Source: JAXA Global Satellite The rainfall data may be less representative for areas with Mapping of Precipitation) a less dense rainfall network. 1.2 In the second half of December 2017, intensification of the high pressure system in northern Asia brought a monsoon surge or a sudden surge of cold winds over the South China Sea. As these strong northeasterly winds blew equatorward over the South China Sea, it gathered moisture and led to the development of persistent rain clouds over large parts of the equatorial region. The surges brought strong winds and spells of moderate to heavy rain to Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. In particular, the eastern coastal states of Peninsular Malaysia and northern coast of Borneo were affected by heavy rainfall and intense floods arising from the monsoon surges.
    [Show full text]
  • Hurricanes and Typhoons in the Global Climate System Pier Luigi Vidale 1, Malcolm Roberts2 Kevin Hodges1, P
    Hurricanes and typhoons in the global climate system Pier Luigi Vidale 1, Malcolm Roberts2 Kevin Hodges1, P. Loizou1, Liang Guo1, Armenia Franco-Diaz1, Alex Baker1, Benoit Vanniere1, Rein Haarsma3, Enrico Scoccimarro4, Alessio Bellucci4, Louis-Philippe Caron5 and Jenny Mecking6 (Blue-Action), all PRIMAVERA partners (models and analysis) With many thanks to Suzana Camargo, Tom Knutson and Jim Kosssin 1NCAS-Climate, University of Reading, 2Met Office Hadley Centre, 3Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut (KNMI), 4Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici S.c.a.r.l (CMCC), 5Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain, 6Southampton Oceanography Centre 7 ECMF 8 ISAC-CNR 9 Oxford University 10 NCAS-CMS Motivation: TCs as rare, albeit significant contributors to climate A B C Contribution of TCs to the extreme rainfall (amount fraction) (%) from July to October, employing TCs tracks from (a) IBTrACS, (b) JRA-55 and (c) ERA-Interim. Climatology for 1998-2015 Franco-Diaz et al. 2019, submitted to Clim Dyn Re-analyses very likely under-estimating the role of TCs in producing precipitation and moisture transports. What is the role of model resolution, model physics, initialisation (Data Assimulation)? Guo et al. 2017 Recent natural catastrophes: comparing 2011 with other years NatCatSERVICE Loss events worldwide 2017 ~300 U$ billion Geographical overview Drought Winter damage, Geophysical events Wildfire Jan – Oct Flood frost (LNU Complex Fires) (Western-, Southern Europe) Jun - Oct (Earthquake, tsunami, 15 Apr - 9 May
    [Show full text]
  • Research Article Numerical Analysis on the Effects of Binary Interaction Between Typhoons Tembin and Bolaven in 2012
    Hindawi Advances in Meteorology Volume 2019, Article ID 7529263, 16 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7529263 Research Article Numerical Analysis on the Effects of Binary Interaction between Typhoons Tembin and Bolaven in 2012 Zhipeng Xian and Keyi Chen School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, 610225 Chengdu, China Correspondence should be addressed to Keyi Chen; [email protected] Received 7 November 2018; Revised 14 February 2019; Accepted 26 February 2019; Published 3 April 2019 Academic Editor: Mario M. Miglietta Copyright © 2019 Zhipeng Xian and Keyi Chen. ,is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ,e binary interaction is one of the most challenging factors to improve the forecast accuracy of multiple tropical cyclones (TCs) in close vicinity. ,e effect of binary interaction usually results in anomalous track and variable intensity of TCs. A typical interaction type, one-way influence mode, has been investigated by many studies which mainly focused on the anomalous track and record- breaking precipitation, such as typhoons Morakot and Goni. In this paper, a typical case of this type, typhoons Tembin and Bolaven, occurred in the western North Pacific in August 2012, was selected to study how one typhoon impacts the track and intensity of the other one. ,e vortex of Tembin or Bolaven and the monsoon circulation were removed by a TC bogus scheme and a low-pass Lanczos filter, respectively, to carry out the numerical experiments. ,e results show that the presence of monsoon made the binary interaction more complex by affecting the tracks and the translation speeds of the TCs.
    [Show full text]
  • 二零一七熱帶氣旋tropical Cyclones in 2017
    => TALIM TRACKS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES IN 2017 <SEP (), ! " Daily Positions at 00 UTC(08 HKT), :; SANVU the number in the symbol represents <SEP the date of the month *+ Intermediate 6-hourly Positions ,')% Super Typhoon NORU ')% *+ Severe Typhoon JUL ]^ BANYAN LAN AUG )% Typhoon OCT '(%& Severe Tropical Storm NALGAE AUG %& Tropical Storm NANMADOL JUL #$ Tropical Depression Z SAOLA( 1722) OCT KULAP JUL HAITANG JUL NORU( 1705) JUL NESAT JUL MERBOK Hong Kong / JUN PAKHAR @Q NALGAE(1711) ,- AUG ? GUCHOL AUG KULAP( 1706) HATO ROKE MAWAR <SEP JUL AUG JUL <SEP T.D. <SEP @Q GUCHOL( 1717) <SEP T.D. ,- MUIFA TALAS \ OCT ? HATO( 1713) APR JUL HAITANG( 1710) :; KHANUN MAWAR( 1716) AUG a JUL ROKE( 1707) SANVU( 1715) XZ[ OCT HAIKUI AUG JUL NANMADOL AUG NOV (1703) DOKSURI JUL <SEP T.D. *+ <SEP BANYAN( 1712) TALAS(1704) \ SONCA( 1708) JUL KHANUN( 1720) AUG SONCA JUL MERBOK (1702) => OCT JUL JUN TALIM( 1718) / <SEP T.D. PAKHAR( 1714) OCT XZ[ AUG NESAT( 1709) T.D. DOKSURI( 1719) a JUL APR <SEP _` HAIKUI( 1724) DAMREY NOV NOV de bc KAI-( TAK 1726) MUIFA (1701) KIROGI DEC APR NOV _` DAMREY( 1723) OCT T.D. APR bc T.D. KIROGI( 1725) T.D. T.D. JAN , ]^ NOV Z , NOV JAN TEMBIN( 1727) LAN( 1721) TEMBIN SAOLA( 1722) DEC OCT DEC OCT T.D. OCT de KAI- TAK DEC 更新記錄 Update Record 更新日期: 二零二零年一月 Revision Date: January 2020 頁 3 目錄 更新 頁 189 表 4.10: 二零一七年熱帶氣旋在香港所造成的損失 更新 頁 217 附件一: 超強颱風天鴿(1713)引致香港直接經濟損失的 新增 估算 Page 4 CONTENTS Update Page 189 TABLE 4.10: DAMAGE CAUSED BY TROPICAL CYCLONES IN Update HONG KONG IN 2017 Page 219 Annex 1: Estimated Direct Economic Losses in Hong Kong Add caused by Super Typhoon Hato (1713) 二零一 七 年 熱帶氣旋 TROPICAL CYCLONES IN 2017 2 二零一九年二月出版 Published February 2019 香港天文台編製 香港九龍彌敦道134A Prepared by: Hong Kong Observatory 134A Nathan Road Kowloon, Hong Kong © 版權所有。未經香港天文台台長同意，不得翻印本刊物任何部分內容。 ©Copyright reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Phosphorus Dynamics Along River Continuum During Typhoon Storm Events
    water Article Phosphorus Dynamics along River Continuum during Typhoon Storm Events Ming Fai Chow 1,3 ID , Jr-Chuan Huang 2 and Fuh-Kwo Shiah 3,* 1 Center for Sustainable Technology and Environment (CSTEN), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia; [email protected] 2 Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; [email protected] 3 Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +886-02-2783-9910; Fax: +886-02-2789-3234 Received: 11 February 2017; Accepted: 14 July 2017; Published: 18 July 2017 Abstract: Information on riverine phosphorus (P) dynamics during typhoon storm events remains scarce in subtropical regions. Thus, this study investigates the spatial and temporal dynamics of riverine phosphorus in a headwater catchment during three typhoon events. Continuous sampling (3 h intervals) of stormwater samples and discharge data were conducted at five locations, which represent the upstream, transitional zone, and downstream areas of the main inflow river. The results revealed that the average event mean concentrations (EMCs) for total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) and particulate phosphorus (PP) in the upstream catchment of Fei-Tsui reservoir were 15.66 µg/L and 11.94 µg/L, respectively. There was at least a 1.3-fold increase in flow-weighted concentrations of TDP and PP from the upper to lower reaches of the main stream. PP and TDP were transported either in clockwise or anticlockwise directions, depending on storm intensity and source. The transport of TDP was primarily regulated by the subsurface flow during the storm event.
    [Show full text]
  • NASA Sees Typhoon Bolaven Dwarf Typhoon Tembin 27 August 2012
    NASA sees Typhoon Bolaven dwarf Typhoon Tembin 27 August 2012 Taiwan and sweep over Luzon, the Philippines, where it is better known as Typhoon Igme. Bolaven appears to be twice as large as Typhoon Tembin and has a visible eye. Tembin's eye appears obscured by high clouds in satellite imagery. Typhoon Bolaven recently passed over Kadena Air Base in Okinawa, Japan as it moves northwestward into the Yellow Sea for a final landfall later this week in North Korea. Clouds from Bolaven's northeastern quadrant were blanketing Japan's island of Kyushu, which is the southwestern most island of the four main islands of Japan. The Yellow Sea is an arm of the North Pacific of the East China Sea, and it is situated between China and Korea. On Aug. 26, NASA's Aqua satellite captured both The AIRS instrument onboard NASA's Aqua satellite storms in one infrared image. The Atmospheric captured this infrared image of Typhoon Tembin Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instrument captured an southwest of Taiwan and Typhoon Bolaven entering the infrared image of Typhoon Tembin southwest of Yellow Sea on Aug. 26. AIRS has been providing Taiwan and Typhoon Bolaven entering the Yellow infrared data about cloud temperatures, and sea surface Sea. AIRS has been providing infrared data about temperatures around the storm. The purple areas indicate the highest, coldest cloud top temperatures. cloud temperatures, and sea surface temperatures Credit: Credit: NASA JPL, Ed Olsen around the storm. Both storms had large areas of very cold clout top temperatures that exceeded -63F/-52C) indicating strong uplift in each storm.
    [Show full text]
  • Larval Fish Assemblages and Hydrographic
    Zoological Studies 55: 18 (2016) doi:10.6620/ZS.2016.55-18 Larval Fish Assemblages and Hydrographic Characteristics in the Coastal Waters of Southwestern Taiwan during Non- and Post-typhoon Summers Hung-Yen Hsieh1,2, Wen-Tseng Lo3, Hsiao-Hao Chen3, and Pei-Jie Meng1,2,* 1Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan 2National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan 3Institute of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (Received 9 March 2015; Accepted 1 January 2016) Hung-Yen Hsieh, Wen-Tseng Lo, Hsiao-Hao Chen, and Pei-Jie Meng (2016) Although research on the larval fish assemblages in the Taiwan Strait has progressively developed in the last two decades, it is difficult to study typhoons’ impacts on larval fish assemblages due to (1) the occurrence and path of a cyclone cannot be predicted accurately and (2) the severe weather condition makes shipboard measurements extremely difficult. Larval fish and zooplankton were sampled and hydrographic variables and chlorophyll a were measured in the waters of southwestern Taiwan during September 2009 (non-typhoon) and September 2012 (post-typhoon Tembin). Data from these collections were used to elucidate the effects of hydrographic dynamics after the typhoon event on species assemblage and abundance. The results showed that after the typhoon Tembin, the surface temperature and salinity decreased slightly, but the values of the measured chemical and biological parameters were much greater than those derived from the non-typhoon period due to enriched nutrients from entrainment of river runoff of the Kaoping River.
    [Show full text]
  • GIEWS Country Brief the Philippines
    GIEWS Country Brief The Philippines Reference Date: 12-June-2020 FOOD SECURITY SNAPSHOT Harvested area of 2020 main paddy crop forecast at near-average level Cereal production in 2019 forecast at average level Above-average cereal imports forecast for 2020/21 marketing year (July/June) Prices of rice increased in April and May 2020 but remained below year-earlier levels Harvested area of 2020 main paddy crop forecast at near-average level Planting operations of the 2020 main paddy crop is underway and is expected to continue until August in some areas. The harvest of the early-planted crops will begin in July. Rainfall was generally below average over the main producing areas in April, leading to some delay in planting. Rains improved since early May allowing planting operations to resume in most areas and benefitting crop establishment. As of mid-May, remote sensing data shows average to above-average vegetation conditions throughout most of the country, except in the provinces of Sultan Kudarat and South Cotabato located in southern Mindanao (see ASI map). Despite the low market prices, which are prompting farmers to switch to crops that are more remunerative, the harvested area is expected to contract only marginally compared to the average levels. This is due to the Government’s support in terms of provision of high quality seeds, concessionary credits and training. The Government is also investing in farm mechanization and irrigation infrastructure in order to enhance paddy productivity. The 2020 secondary paddy crop will be planted towards the end of the year. Planting of the 2020 main maize crop is nearing completion and harvesting of early-planted crops is expected to start in July.
    [Show full text]