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Evaluation of Dicyphus Hesperus for Biological Control of Sweet Potato Whitefly and Potato Psyllid on Greenhouse Tomato

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Evaluation of Dicyphus Hesperus for Biological Control of Sweet Potato Whitefly and Potato Psyllid on Greenhouse Tomato BioControl DOI 10.1007/s10526-016-9719-2 Evaluation of Dicyphus hesperus for biological control of sweet potato whitefly and potato psyllid on greenhouse tomato F. J. Calvo . A. Torres-Ruiz . J. C. Vela´zquez-Gonza´lez . E. Rodrı´guez-Leyva . J. R. Lomeli-Flores Received: 29 January 2015 / Accepted: 27 January 2016 Ó International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) 2016 Abstract The potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli tomato greenhouses. In the present study, experiments Sulcer (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), and the sweetpotato were designed to evaluate D. hesperus as a predator of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aley- B. tabaci and B. cockerelli in tomato in large cages rodidae), are major pests in tomato in the USA, Mexico, simulating commercial greenhouse conditions in two and Central America. Earlier research revealed that the different cropping seasons (fall-winter and summer) in mirid bug Dicyphus hesperus Athias-Henriot (Hetero- two subsequent experiments. In each season, a ran- ptera: Miridae) has favorable rates of development and domized complete block design was used with three reproduction when reared on whitefly and psyllid and is replicates and two treatments: (1) No D. hesperus, able to provide good control of both pests on tomato in receiving B. tabaci and B. cockerelli, and (2) D. cage experiments. Consequently it could have potential hesperus, receiving B. tabaci and B. cockerelli as No D. as a biological control agent of these pests. Neverthe- hesperus plus D. hesperus. The predator established less, it has yet to be demonstrated that the addition of D. and reproduced well in the crop and also provided hesperus to existing biological control programmes significant reduction of the whitefly and psyllid popu- improves management of these pests in commercial lations in both cropping seasons. In addition, no evidence of plant damage on either leaves or flower was observed, although a little fruit damage of presumably non-economic significance was recorded. Handling Editor: Dirk Babendreier. Our results demonstrate that implementation of aug- F. J. Calvo (&) mentative releases of D. hesperus would improve R&D Department, Koppert Espan˜a S.L., Calle Cobre 22, biologically-based management strategies in tomato Polı´gono Industrial Ciudad del Transporte, La Mojonera, and presumably help to increase adoption of such 04745 Almerı´a, Spain e-mail: [email protected] programmes in tomato in North America. A. Torres-Ruiz Á J. C. Vela´zquez-Gonza´lez Keywords Tomato Á Miridae Á Bemisia tabaci Á ´ R&D Department, Koppert Mexico SA de CV, Circuito El Bactericera cockerelli Á Biological control Marque´s 82, Parque Industrial El Marque´s, 76246 El Marque´s, Quere´taro, Mexico E. Rodrı´guez-Leyva Á J. R. Lomeli-Flores Introduction Posgrado en Fitosanidad, Entomologı´a y Acarologı´a, Colegio de Postgraduados, Carretera Me´xico-Texcoco Km 36.5, Montecillo, 56230 Texcoco, Estado de Me´xico, The potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli Sulcer Mexico (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), and the sweetpotato whitefly, 123 F. J. Calvo et al. Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), particularly Macrolophus pygmaeus Wagner and are major pests in tomato in the USA, Mexico, and Nesidiocoris tenuis Rambur (Heteroptera: Miridae) Central America (Butler and Trumble 2012a; Garzo´n- due to their high effectiveness against whitefly and the Tiznado et al. 2009). Both species produce direct invasive pest Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: feeding damage by debilitating the plant, producing Gelechiidae) (Avilla et al. 2004; Calvo et al. 2009, honeydew that serves as a substrate for sooty mold, 2012a, 2012b; Urbaneja et al. 2009, 2012). This and in the case of the whitefly, inducing the physio- approach has proven very effective and it is presently logical disorder of tomato irregular ripening (Schuster implemented in more than 8000 ha of tomato green- 2001). However, they are even more important due to houses (Calvo et al. 2012c). Adaptation of such their role in transmission of plant viruses and bacteria methods into North America could reduce the use of (Jones 2003; Butler and Trumble 2012a) which causes insecticides in tomato crops and increase adoption of high economic losses. Chemical control of the potato IPM. psyllid and the whitefly is becoming progressively However, importation of exotic natural enemies, difficult, and thus interest in alternative control such as M. pygmaeus and N. tenuis, is not currently methods such as integrated pest management (IPM) being pursued in North America due to concerns over strategies is increasing. These methods combine their potential impact on non-target species and biological control and synthetic pesticides among potential risk of injury to crop (Albajes et al. 2006; other tools, providing additional control options to Castan˜e´ et al. 2011; Cock et al. 2009; Parry 2009; van growers. The list of natural enemies of B. cockerelli in Lenteren et al. 2006). We therefore initiated a research North America includes several parasitoids and project to search for native natural enemy to North predators (Butler and Trumble 2012a, b). Among the America with the characteristics of the above-men- parasitoids, there are two primary parasitoids, Meta- tioned predators. Different areas were surveyed and phycus psyllidis Compere (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) Dicyphus hesperus Knight (Heteroptera: Miridae), and Tamarixia triozae (Burks) (Hymenoptera: which is widely distributed and native to North Eulophidae) (Butler and Trumble 2012b). Tamarixia America (Henry and Wheeler 1988), was among the triozae has demonstrated some potential for psyllid collected species. This mirid had previously been control in some regions (Banks 2012; Rojas et al. investigated as an agent for biological control of pests 2015; Workman and Whiteman 2009). However, the of greenhouse grown tomatoes (Gillespie et al. 2007; present B. cockereilli-tomato rearing system has Shipp and Wang 2006). These authors found that the produced inefficient results with control of T. triozae. predator was able to establish in tomato greenhouses, This is due primarily to the fact that the relatively large suppress populations of different pests, including the numbers of parasitoids needed for adequate control sweetpotato whitefly and the western flower thrips make it uneconomic. Moreover, in some crops such as Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: tomato, it might not prevent disease transmission by Thripiidae) and had tolerable levels of plant feeding. the psyllid (Rojas et al. 2015). Among the predators, These findings correlated with our own observations. none of them have been demonstrated to be effective In earlier laboratory and cage experiments, D. hespe- on a large commercial scale under greenhouse condi- rus exhibited good developmental and reproductive tions (Butler and Trumble 2012a, b). rates when reared on whitefly and psyllid and we Biocontrol of whitefly in tomato in North America found that releases of D. hesperus on tomato in cage has been typically achieved by releasing the parasitic experiments provided good control of the sweetpotato wasps Eretmocerus eremicus Rose and Zolnerowich whitefly and psyllid, either alone or together, and plant and Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphe- feeding would not have an economic impact (Calvo linidae) (Greenberg et al. 2002; Hoddle and van et al. unpublished data). However, these preliminary Driesche 1999; van Driesche et al. 2001a). However, results need to be confirmed on a large commercial this approach requires weekly releases of the para- scale and actual greenhouse conditions before the sitoids and often has to be supplemented with pesticide predator can be recommended as a biological control applications (van Driesche et al. 2001b). In contrast, agent in commercial crops. Experiments were IPM programmes in Europe for tomato are based on designed to evaluate D. hesperus as a biological the introduction of generalist mirid predators, control agent against B. tabaci and B. cockerelli on 123 Evaluation of Dicyphus hesperus for biological control tomato in large cages simulating realistic commercial to 29.7 ± 0.03 °C and 38.2 ± 0.02 to 81.9 ± 0.00 %, greenhouse conditions in two different cropping respectively during the summer experiment. seasons (fall-winter and summer) in two experiments. Experimental design and procedure Materials and methods Two treatments were compared in both experiments Insects and supplementary food (cropping seasons) in a complete randomized block design with three replicates (each in a greenhouse) in Eggs of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: which each treatment was randomly designated for Pyralidae) used as supplementary food during the each sector (plot) within each greenhouse. Treatments experiments were obtained from the commercial pro- were: (1) No D. hesperus, receiving potato psyllid and duct EntofoodTM (Koppert Biological Systems, Berkel sweetpotato whitefly only (Table 1), (2) D. hesperus, en Rodenrijs, The Netherlands). Dicyphus hesperus receiving potato psyllid and sweetpotato whitefly as adults were obtained from a rearing colony maintained released in No D. hesperus plus D. hesperus. on tomato plants with eggs of E. kuehniella as food. In plots receiving D. hesperus,eggsofE. kuehniella Adult pests (B. tabaci and B. cockerelli) were obtained were used as supplemental food during the experiments from rearing colonies maintained on tomato for several at a rate of 0.004 g per plant per week. Additions began generations before the start of the experiment
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