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Fifth Edition, last update July 02, 2007 2 Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III { Semiconductors By Tony R. Kuphaldt Fifth Edition, last update July 02, 2007 i c 2000-2008, Tony R. Kuphaldt This book is published under the terms and conditions of the Design Science License. These terms and conditions allow for free copying, distribution, and/or modi¯cation of this document by the general public. The full Design Science License text is included in the last chapter. As an open and collaboratively developed text, this book is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MER- CHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the Design Science License for more details. Available in its entirety as part of the Open Book Project collection at: www.ibiblio.org/obp/electricCircuits PRINTING HISTORY ² First Edition: Printed in June of 2000. Plain-ASCII illustrations for universal computer readability. ² Second Edition: Printed in September of 2000. Illustrations reworked in standard graphic (eps and jpeg) format. Source ¯les translated to Texinfo format for easy online and printed publication. ² Third Edition: Printed in January 2002. Source ¯les translated to SubML format. SubML is a simple markup language designed to easily convert to other markups like LATEX, HTML, or DocBook using nothing but search-and-replace substitutions. ² Fourth Edition: Printed in December 2002. New sections added, and error corrections made, since third edition. ² Fith Edition: Printed in July 2007. New sections added, and error corrections made, format change. ii Contents 1 AMPLIFIERS AND ACTIVE DEVICES 1 1.1 From electric to electronic . 1 1.2 Active versus passive devices . 3 1.3 Ampli¯ers . 3 1.4 Ampli¯er gain . 6 1.5 Decibels . 7 1.6 Absolute dB scales . 14 1.7 Attenuators . 15 2 DIODES AND RECTIFIERS 25 2.1 Meter check of a diode . 31 2.2 Diode ratings . 35 2.3 Recti¯er circuits . 36 2.4 Peak detector . 43 2.5 Clipper circuits . 44 2.6 Clamper circuits . 48 2.7 Voltage multipliers . 50 2.8 Inductor commutating circuits . 56 2.9 Diode switching circuits . 59 2.10 Zener diodes . 61 2.11 Special-purpose diodes . 69 2.12 Other diode technologies . 89 2.13 SPICE models . 89 Bibliography . 97 3 BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTORS 99 3.1 Introduction . 99 3.2 The transistor as a switch . 102 3.3 Meter check of a transistor . 105 3.4 Active mode operation . 110 3.5 The common-emitter ampli¯er . 118 3.6 The common-collector ampli¯er . 133 3.7 The common-base ampli¯er . 141 3.8 Biasing techniques . 147 iii iv CONTENTS 3.9 Input and output coupling . 160 3.10 Feedback . 167 3.11 Ampli¯er impedances . 174 3.12 Current mirrors . 175 3.13 Transistor ratings and packages . 178 3.14 BJT quirks . 179 4 JUNCTION FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS 181 4.1 Introduction . 181 4.2 The transistor as a switch . 183 4.3 Meter check of a transistor . 186 4.4 Active-mode operation . 188 4.5 The common-source ampli¯er { PENDING . 197 4.6 The common-drain ampli¯er { PENDING . 198 4.7 The common-gate ampli¯er { PENDING . 198 4.8 Biasing techniques { PENDING . 198 4.9 Transistor ratings and packages { PENDING . 198 4.10 JFET quirks { PENDING . 199 5 INSULATED-GATE FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS 201 5.1 Introduction . 201 5.2 Depletion-type IGFETs . 202 5.3 Enhancement-type IGFETs { PENDING . 211 5.4 Active-mode operation { PENDING . 211 5.5 The common-source ampli¯er { PENDING . 212 5.6 The common-drain ampli¯er { PENDING . 212 5.7 The common-gate ampli¯er { PENDING . 212 5.8 Biasing techniques { PENDING . 212 5.9 Transistor ratings and packages { PENDING . 212 5.10 IGFET quirks { PENDING . 213 5.11 MESFETs { PENDING . 213 5.12 IGBTs . 213 6 THYRISTORS 217 6.1 Hysteresis . 217 6.2 Gas discharge tubes . 218 6.3 The Shockley Diode . 222 6.4 The DIAC . 228 6.5 The Silicon-Controlled Recti¯er (SCR) . 229 6.6 The TRIAC . 240 6.7 Optothyristors . 242 6.8 The Unijunction Transistor (UJT) { PENDING . 243 6.9 The Silicon-Controlled Switch (SCS) . 243 6.10 Field-e®ect-controlled thyristors . 245 Bibliography . 246 CONTENTS v 7 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS 249 7.1 Introduction . 249 7.2 Single-ended and di®erential ampli¯ers . 250 7.3 The "operational" ampli¯er . 254 7.4 Negative feedback . 260 7.5 Divided feedback . 263 7.6 An analogy for divided feedback . 266 7.7 Voltage-to-current signal conversion . 271 7.8 Averager and summer circuits . 272 7.9 Building a di®erential ampli¯er . 275 7.10 The instrumentation ampli¯er . 277 7.11 Di®erentiator and integrator circuits . 278 7.12 Positive feedback . 281 7.13 Practical considerations . 285 7.14 Operational ampli¯er models . 299 7.15 Data . 305 8 PRACTICAL ANALOG SEMICONDUCTOR CIRCUITS 307 8.1 Power supply circuits { INCOMPLETE . 307 8.2 Ampli¯er circuits { PENDING . 309 8.3 Oscillator circuits { INCOMPLETE . 309 8.4 Phase-locked loops { PENDING . ..
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