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Benoit Faucher Université de Montréal By Indirections Find Directions Out Thinkable Worlds in Abbott and Vonnegut Par Benoît Faucher Département de littérature comparée, Faculté des Arts et des Sciences Thèse présentée à la Faculté des Arts et des Sciences en vue de l'obtention du grade de PhD en Littérature option Épistémologie et théorie de la littérature Septembre, 2013 © Benoît Faucher, 2013 Abstract This thesis is concerned with the interaction between literature and abstract thought. More specifically, it studies the epistemological charge of the literary, the type of knowledge that is carried by elements proper to fictional narratives into different disciplines. By concentrating on two different theoretical methods, the creation of thought experiments and the framing of possible worlds, methods which were elaborated and are still used today in spheres as varied as modal logics, analytic philosophy and physics, and by following their reinsertion within literary theory, the research develops the theory that both thought experiments and possible worlds are in fact short narrative stories that inform knowledge through literary means. By using two novels, Abbott’s Flatland and Vonnegut’s The Sirens of Titan, that describe extra-dimensional existence in radically different ways, respectively as a phenomenologically unknowable space and as an outward perspective on time, it becomes clear that literature is constitutive of the way in which worlds, fictive, real or otherwise, are constructed and understood. Thus dimensions, established through extensional analogies as either experimental knowledge or modal possibility for a given world, generate new directions for thought, which can then take part in the inductive/deductive process of scientia. By contrasting the dimensions of narrative with the way that dimensions were historically constituted, the research also establishes that the literary opens up an infinite potential of abstract space-time domains, defined by their specific rules and limits, and that these different experimental folds are themselves partaking in a dimensional process responsible for new forms of understanding. Over against science fiction literary theories of speculation that posit an equation between the fictive and the real, this thesis examines the complex structure of many overlapping possibilities that can organise themselves around larger compossible wholes, thus offering a theory of reading that is both non-mimetic and non-causal. It consequently examines the a dynamic process whereby literature is always reconceived through possibilities actualised by reading while never defining how the reader will ultimately understand the overarching structure. In this context, the thesis argues that a causal story can be construed out of any one interaction with a given narrative—underscoring, for example, the divinatory strength of a particular vision of the future—even as this narrative represents only a fraction of the potential knowledge of any particular literary text. Ultimately, the study concludes by tracing out how novel comprehensions of the literary, framed by the material conditions of their own space and time, endlessly renew themselves through multiple interactions, generating analogies and speculations that facilitate the creation of new knowledge. Keywords Thought experiments Flatland Epistemology Possible worlds The Sirens of Titan Time-Space Kurt Vonnegut Jr. Compossibility Edwin Abbott Abbott Science Fiction Résumé Cette thèse se penche sur l’interaction entre la littérature et la pensée abstraite. Plus spécifiquement, elle étudie la charge épistémologique du littéraire, le type de savoir qui est transporté par des éléments propres aux narrations fictives vers d’autres champs disciplinaires. En ce concentrant sur deux méthodes théoriques, la création d’expériences de pensée et l’établissement de mondes possibles, des méthodes qui ont été élaborées et sont toujours d’usage aujourd’hui dans des disciplines aussi variées que la logique modale, la philosophie analytique et la physique, et en suivant leur réinsertion à même la théorie littéraire, la recherche développe la postulat que les expériences de pensée et les mondes possibles sont en fait de courtes histoires narratives qui informent le savoir par des moyens littéraire. En utilisant Flatland de Abbott et The Sirens of Titan de Vonnegut, deux romans qui décrivent l’existence extra-dimensionnelle de façons radicalement différentes, un espace phénoménologiquement inconnaissable chez Abbott et une perspective extérieure au temps chez Vonnegut, il devient clair que la littérature est constitutive de la façon qu’un monde— qu’il soit fictif, réel ou autre—est construit et compris. Ainsi, les dimensions établies par des analogies extensionnelles génèrent de nouvelles directions pour la pensée, qui peut ensuite prendre part au processus inductif/déductif de la scientia. En contrastant les dimensions narratives avec la notion de dimension telle qu’elle s’est constituée historiquement, la recherche établit également que le littéraire ouvre un potentiel infini de domaines spatiotemporels abstraits, définis par leurs règles et leurs limites spécifiques, et que ces différents plis expérimentaux prennent eux-mêmes part dans un processus dimensionnel responsable pour de nouvelles formes de compréhensions. Au-delà des théories spéculatives qu’on retrouve dans l’étude de la science-fiction, où est mise de l’avant une équation entre le fictif et le réel, cette thèse examine la structure complexe de plusieurs possibilités superposées qui peuvent s’organiser autour d’ensembles compossibles plus importants, ainsi offrant une théorie de la lecture qui est à la fois non- mimétique et non-causale. En conséquence, l’investigation examine un processus dynamique par lequel la littérature est toujours reconsidérée au travers des possibilités qui sont actualisées par la lecture, alors qu’elle ne définit jamais la compréhension ultime que le lecteur ou la lectrice se fera de la structure globale du texte. Dans ce contexte, la thèse argumente qu’une histoire causale peut être créée à partir de n’importe quelle interaction avec le texte— soulignant, par exemple, la force divinatoire d’une vision du futur particulière—même si cette narration ne représente qu’une fraction du savoir potentiel contenu à l’intérieur de n’importe quel texte littéraire particulier. Ultimement, l’étude conclut en décrivant comment de nouvelles compréhensions du texte, encadrées par les conditions matérielles de leur propre espace et temps, se renouvellent sans cesse grâce à des interactions multiples, ainsi générant des analogies et des spéculations qui facilitent la création de nouveaux savoirs. Mots clés Expériences de pensée Flatland Épistémologie Mondes possibles The Sirens of Titan Espace-Temps Kurt Vonnegut Jr. Compossibilité Edwin Abbott Abbott Science-fiction Table of Contents FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 6 EXPERIMENTING WITH FICTIONAL SPACE .......................................................................................... 15 1.1.1. THOUGHT EXPERIMENT AND LITERATURE ....................................................................................................... 18 1.1.2. THOUGHT EXPERIMENTS AND SCIENTIA ........................................................................................................... 28 1.2.1. FLATLAND AS THOUGHT EXPERIMENT .............................................................................................................. 34 1.2.2. WRITING THE FOURTH DIMENSION ................................................................................................................... 38 1.2.3. WHAT SORT OF BOOK IS FLATLAND? ................................................................................................................. 41 1.3.1. THE THOUGHT IN THE EXPERIMENT .................................................................................................................. 44 1.3.2. THE REFUSAL OF THE FOURTH DIMENSION AS GEOMETRIC SPACE .............................................................. 46 1.3.3. SPISSITUDE AND TESSERACTS ............................................................................................................................ 57 1.4.1. CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................................................... 75 READING BETWEEN THE TIMELINES ..................................................................................................... 81 2.1.1. THE CAUSALITY OF FICTION ............................................................................................................................... 89 2.1.2. THE CAUSALITIES OF WRITING .......................................................................................................................... 95 2.1.3. THE CAUSALITIES OF READING .......................................................................................................................... 99 2.1.4. THE NON-CAUSALITY OF READING ................................................................................................................ 101 2.2.1. READING THE SIRENS OF TITAN .....................................................................................................................
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