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Contributo Relativo Alla Consultazione Pubblica Su CONTRIBUTO RELATIVO ALLA CONSULTAZIONE PUBBLICA SU POSSIBILI MISURE PER LA LIBERA SCELTA DELLE APPARECCHIATURE TERMINALI DA PARTE DI CONSUMATORI E UTENTI FINALI DI SERVIZI DI CONNESSIONE AD UNA RETE PUBBLICA DI COMUNICAZIONI O DI SERVIZI DI ACCESSO AD INTERNET. Indice A. CONSIDERAZIONI PRELIMINARI IN MERITO AL PERIMETRO DELLA CONSULTAZIONE ...................... 3 1. Le evoluzioni tecnologiche, i modelli di consumo, esperienze in Europa ....................................... 3 2. Accesso ad Internet da dispositivi mobili, set top box e da nuovi dispositivi connessi (Gaming Console, Smart e Connected TV) .......................................................................................................... 5 3. Il perimetro della consultazione in oggetto ................................................................................... 8 B. DEFINIZIONI E PERIMETRO DI ANALISI ............................................................................................. 9 1. La definizione del punto terminale di rete (Network Termination Point – NTP) ............................. 9 2. [OMISSIS]Ragioni tecniche oggettive che qualificano la CPE come punto terminale di rete. ...... 10 3. I servizi specializzati ai sensi del Regolamento 2120/2015 – [OMISSIS]Il VoIP ............................ 11 C. LA NORMATIVA TECNICA E COMMERCIALE A PRESIDIO DELLA TUTELA DEGLI UTENTI NEL MERCATO DELLE APPARECCHIATURE TERMINALI ................................................................................. 12 D. I RAPPORTI DEGLI OPERATORI CON I CONSUMATORI ................................................................... 14 1. La customer experience del cliente finale e le responsabilità degli operatori di accesso .............. 14 2. Processi di evoluzione della rete [OMISSIS] ............................................................................... 18 3. In tema di cybersecurity ............................................................................................................. 19 E. CONCLUSIONI ................................................................................................................................ 20 2 A. CONSIDERAZIONI PRELIMINARI IN MERITO AL PERIMETRO DELLA CONSULTAZIONE 1. Le evoluzioni tecnologiche, i modelli di consumo, esperienze in Europa Occorre preliminarmente rilevare come il perimetro di analisi proposto nella consultazione sia limitato al solo aspetto della libera scelta dell’apparato terminale per accesso a Internet da rete fissa mentre il regolamento 2120/2015 e le linee guida del BEREC1 sono riferite alla salvaguardia dell’accesso a un’Internet aperta. Infatti, il Reg. 2120/2015 e le Linee Guida BEREC investono le NRA del dovere di salvaguardare l’accesso ad Internet aperta, nella declinazione del Recital 19 del regolamento stesso: garantire che i clienti finali siano in grado di esercitare effettivamente i loro diritti, i.e. accedere e distribuire informazioni e contenuti, offrire applicazioni e servizi, utilizzando terminali di loro scelta. In particolare, lo spirito della vigente legislazione europea, descritto al considerando 1 del regolamento 2120/2015 “mira a definire norme comuni per garantire un trattamento equo e non discriminatorio del traffico nella fornitura di servizi di accesso a Internet e tutelare i relativi diritti degli utenti finali. Esso mira a tutelare gli utenti finali e a garantire al contempo il funzionamento ininterrotto dell’ecosistema di Internet quale volano per l’innovazione.” Il regolamento 2120/2015 investe dunque le NRA del dovere di monitorare l’accesso ad Internet aperta come volano dell’innovazione. Lo stesso BEREC, nel recente “Report on the implementation of Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 and BEREC Net Neutrality Guidelines” 2 del Dicembre 2017, identifica i principi cardine della legislazione in materia di neutralità della rete identificando in modo prioritario “il blocco di applicazioni ed il trattamento discriminatorio di traffico specifico” (“ core principles of net neutrality, (…) the ban on blocking of applications and discriminatory treatment of specific traffic”). Sono di seguito riportate alcune considerazioni cruciali per un approccio corretto al tema della libera scelta delle apparecchiature terminali da parte di consumatori e utenti finali di servizi di connessione ad una rete pubblica di comunicazioni o di servizi di accesso ad Internet. Tale approccio è stato seguito dal regolatore francese ARCEP che ha pubblicato in data 15 febbraio 2018 un report3 che fa seguito alla consultazione avviata in tema di implementazione del Regolamento 2120/2015. In estrema sintesi, si riportano di seguito le principali conclusioni tratte da ARCEP nei report (riportati in allegato al presente documento): 1 Art. 5(1) Reg. 2120/2015 e Linee Guida Berec 2 BEREC BoR (17) 240: Report on the implementation of Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 and BEREC Net Neutrality Guidelines, 7 Dicembre 2017 3 Allegato 1 3 1) Equipements Terminaux - Analyse de leur influence sur l’ouverture de l’Internet del 30 maggio 2017: Non sono stati rilevati limiti tecnici imposti volontariamente dagli operatori di accesso e dei produttori di apparati, ma piuttosto è stato possibile identificare una serie di limitazioni dovute alle caratteristiche intrinseche dei terminali (fissi e mobili) e alle politiche commerciali dei produttori di sistemi operativi (con particolare riferimento all’accesso a Internet da rete mobile, via smartphone) Mentre è possibile aggirare alcuni vincoli di natura tecnica relativi al software, altri limiti intrinseci non sono eludibili, in particolare su apparati mobili, il cui utilizzo sta diventando preponderante. 2) Smartphones, tablettes, assistants vocaux: Les terminaux, maillon faible de l’Internet ouvert del 15 febbraio 2018 I limiti rilevati da ARCEP a valle di audizioni e workshop sono prevalentemente riconducibili al fatto che l’accesso ad Internet si è gradualmente spostato su accesso da rete mobile, grazie alla importante penetrazione degli smartphone, e che esistono nuove modalità di accesso ad Internet (console di gaming, assistenti vocali). Le conclusioni sono sinteticamente riportate di seguito. Una migliore informazione e conoscenza delle caratteristiche degli apparati consentirebbe di regolare i comportamenti dei produttori di terminali e degli sviluppatori di sistemi operativi, consentendo ai clienti finali scelte informate. La comprensione dei limiti di apparati terminali e sistemi operativi può essere rafforzata grazie alle segnalazioni degli utenti, creando una mappatura dettagliata dei rischi che derivano dalle pratiche di produttori di terminali e degli sviluppatori di sistemi operativi È auspicabile una stretta collaborazione della autorità di settore con i soggetti che raccolgono e pubblicano informazioni, nell’ottica di sistematizzazione e possibilità di comparazione delle informazioni tecniche È necessario garantire piena trasparenza delle specifiche tecniche necessarie e delle eventuali politiche editoriali per la distribuzione di contenuti su “store” di applicazioni. In considerazione dell’elevatissima concentrazione dei mercati di apparati terminali (mobili) ARCEP ritiene necessario garantire la completa portabilità dei dati personali da un dispositivo ad un altro, garantire la piena compatibilità tra terminali di diversi produttori, e di diversa categoria (es, Apple vs Android, o Tablet vs smartphone) E’ estremamente rilevante adottare azioni mirate a preservare la ricchezza dei contenuti disponibili su Internet, mediante una serie di azioni quali ad esempio rendere possibile una classificazione alternativa dei contenuti e dei servizi negli store di applicazioni, evitare la possibilità per i i produttori di smartphone e tablet di depauperare la qualità dei servizi e dei contenuti offerti mediante modifiche dei sistemi operativi, i cui effetti non sono perfettamente conosciuti dai clienti finali E’ necessario monitorare offerte esclusive di contenuti e di servizi mediante terminali specifici. Come descritto ampiamente da ARCEP negli studi allegati, esistono evidenti limitazioni nell’ecosistema Internet che riducono in modo sostanziale la capacità degli utilizzatori finali sia di accedere ai contenuti, sia di distribuirli, limitazioni direttamente collegate ai device (soprattutto dispositivi diversi dai CPE) con i quali il consumatore accede e distribuisce contenuti e servizi. 4 ARCEP conclude pertanto che l’implementazione del regolamento europeo non richiede alcun intervento rispetto alla libertà commerciale degli operatori di rete di fornire apparati terminali ai propri clienti finali, ma appare necessario adottare misure volte ad assicurare che non venga posta alcuna limitazione nell’accesso ad Internet. 2. Accesso ad Internet da dispositivi mobili, set top box e da nuovi dispositivi connessi (Gaming Console, Smart e Connected TV) In tal senso e alla luce delle più recenti tendenze in tema di accesso ad Internet, è da sottolineare che anche in Italia una parte preponderante del traffico Internet è generato da dispositivi mobili, ed è previsto che entro il 2022 la percentuale di traffico IP con origine mobile arriverà a più del 70% del traffico complessivo4. Questo trend, ormai in corso da tempo, va rafforzandosi grazie alla crescente penetrazione degli smartphones tra i consumatori italiani, come evidenziato dal rapporto AUDIWEB Nielsen (v. fig. 1) del settembre 2017, che ha rilevato una diminuzione dei consumi digitali da PC tra il 2016 ed il 2017 pari al 2.5%, mentre ha registrato un significativo aumento dell’accesso da
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