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Water Resources Management in India

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Water Resources Management in India Kushvinder Vohra Commissioner (SPR) DoWR, RD & GR, Ministry of Jal Shakti, Govt. of India Roorkee Water Conclave 2020 26th – 29th February 2020, IIT Roorkee Water Availability Particulars Quantum BCM % Precipitation received 4000 100 Present live storage capacity is Water Resource Potential 1869 46.7 255.6 BCM, additional 50 BCM Utilizable Water Resource 1123 28.1 expected from ongoing dam Ground Water 433 10.8 projects. Surface Water 690 17.2 Current Utilization 710 17.8 Total surface water capacity: 450 SW 450 11.3 BCM (65% of 690 BCM); part lost due to siltation. GW 260 6.5 Source: CWC, NCIWRD Stage of ground water development: 60% • Space & time related variability • Per capita availability • Increasing demand Source: National Register of Large Dams, CWC (2019) Roorkee Water Conclave 2020 26th – 29th February 2020, IIT Roorkee Spatial & Temporal Variation of Rainfall 25 23.76 19.89 20 15.42 15 14.19 Percent 10 7.69 6.03 5 3.46 3.45 2.12 1.24 1.33 1.42 0 Rainfall in mm Average 890 Mawsynram, Max. 11,000 Meghalaya Min. 100 Western Rajasthan Source: IMD Roorkee Water Conclave 2020 26th – 29th February 2020, IIT Roorkee Per Capita Water Availability(National Average) 6000 5177 5000 Water Stress Line ) 1700 cu. m. per person per 3 year 4000 Water Scarcity Line 1000 cu. m. per person per 3000 year 2200 1820 2000 1545 1340 1140 1000 0 Annual Per Capita Availability (m Availability Capita Per Annual 1951 1991 2001 2011 2025 2050 World’s average per capita water availability 42370 m3 (1804) 5850 m3 (2014) Roorkee Water Conclave 2020 26th – 29th February 2020, IIT Roorkee Increasing Demands of Water for Various Purposes 1400 Population 1.6 Billion Average Annual 1200 Water Availability ) 1180 111 3 Population 1.4 Billion 1123 BCM 1000 70 81 850 111 Others 800 70 710 33 67 54 Energy 19 62 600 37 43 Industry 400 807 Drinking Water 611 557 Irrigation 200 Water Demand in BCM in BCM (km Demand Water 0 2010 2025 2050 Source: CWC/ NCIWRD Food Grain Demand: 278 MT (2018) 450 MT (2050) Source: Press Information Bureau, MoAFW/ NCIWRD Roorkee Water Conclave 2020 26th – 29th February 2020, IIT Roorkee Irrigation potential development Total land resource: 328.73 Mha Potential in Mha 150 Land-use Area Mha* % Forest area 70 21.30 100 Non-agricultural uses 26.5 8.05 139.9 Barren & uncultivable 17.3 5.26 50 112.53 Culturable waste 12.6 3.83 96.5 Permanent pastures 10.2 3.12 Miscellaneous tree crops 3.2 0.96 0 Fallow land 26.3 8.0 UIP IPC IPU Agricultural land 181.95 55.3 Net Sown Area 139.99 42.57 • Gap in IPC and IPU • Low Water Use Efficiency Net Area under Average water for paddy in India is 980 mm irrigation: 66.1 Mha FAO estimated crop water requirement is 400 – 700 mm Roorkee Water Conclave 2020 26th – 29th February 2020, IIT Roorkee Agricultural Water Consumption in India and China Net Sown Area (Mha) Net Sown Area (Mha) India China Irrigated Irrigated 68.383 51.853 71.517 Nearly equal net 69.863 Rainfed irrigated area Rainfed 1.7 times water 554 consumption in 385 BCM India BCM Food grain production in India is only half 277 MT 546 MT Source: Aquastat Database of FAO Roorkee Water Conclave 2020 26th – 29th February 2020, IIT Roorkee Water consumption v/s Food Production Annual Water Gross Irrigated Area Consumption in BCM (Mha) 800 73 37 600 43 13 128 Other 85 400 Industry 96.45 India 557 Drinking Water 95.486 200 385 Agriculture China 0 India China Item India China % of Gross Sown Area Irrigated 49% 71% Food Grain Production (MT) 277.49 546.48 Overall India: 114% of China Water Consumption Agriculture India: 145% of China Source: FAO Aquastat Roorkee Water Conclave 2020 26th – 29th February 2020, IIT Roorkee Paddy: The Water Guzzler Gross Irrigated Area (Mha) Water Consumption (BCM) Paddy Paddy 26.524 259.93 293.87 69.248 Rest of Rest of Irrigated Irrigated Agriculture Agriculture Only 27.7% of Gross Irrigated Area but 47% Water applied for paddy (mm) of Water Consumption 2000 Average water use in paddy irrigation in 1500 India is 980mm. Punjab: 1800 mm 1000 FAO estimated water requirement for paddy: 400 – 700 mm (Avg 550 mm) 500 Judicious use restricting to FAO estimate 0 would save 109 BCM annually Prospect: Additional 19.8 MHa and Source: Water Productivity Mapping of Major Indian Crops, 2018, NABARD and ICRIER additional 71.28 MT production Roorkee Water Conclave 2020 26th – 29th February 2020, IIT Roorkee Paddy Productivity Land productivity in Ton / Ha Water Productivity 8 7 6 2800 lit World Average = 4.5 T/Ha India 5 1kg rice 4 6.8 3 2 3.6 500 lit 1 China 1kg rice 0 India China In India, about 60% of paddy cultivation is irrigated while in China, it is nearly 100% Source: Water Productivity Mapping of Major Indian Crops, 2018, NABARD and ICRIER Roorkee Water Conclave 2020 26th – 29th February 2020, IIT Roorkee Initiatives in Agricultural Water Management (Demand Side Management) • Command Area Development and Water Management • Micro Irrigation • Canal Automation • Participatory Irrigation Management • Watershed development initiatives • Water Conservation Roorkee Water Conclave 2020 26th – 29th February 2020, IIT Roorkee Use of Underground Pipeline (UGPL) • Land acquisition not required • Reduced evaporation loss • UGPL in 26 projects • Land acquisition of 12.8 Thousand ha avoided. Rs. 2,386 crore saved Solar Panels over open Canals (Narmada Canal, Gujarat) • Pilot Project: 750 m of canal; 1 MW • Prevention of an annual evaporation loss - 0.034 MCM. • Later, 9.5 km Vadodara Branch Canal - 35 MW • Potential - 2,000 MW by solar panels over 19,000 km Roorkee Water Conclave 2020 26th – 29th February 2020, IIT Roorkee Canal Automation (NLBC Project, Karnataka) • Phase I - 24 Th Ha Data Centre • Cost: Rs. 139 crore. • 210 farmer information kiosks • Existing 41 Head regulators / cross Demand Approval regulators / escape gates of main canal automated Farmer Request / with mechanical Water Demand refurbishing and electrical retrofitting. • Wireless data communication network with 10 remote monitoring stations. • Phase II to cover 400 Th Outlet Gate Ha under implementation. Head Regulator Gate Online Information Roorkee Water Conclave 2020 26th – 29th February 2020, IIT Roorkee Command Area Development and Water Management • Component of the PMKSY scheme • Lined field channels, underground pipelines, mandatory micro irrigation in 10% area, Participatory Irrigation Management and formation of Water User Associations (WUAs) • 4.345 Mha taken up; 1.243 Mha covered Cost – Rs. 18669.21 crore Exp – Rs. 3418.55 crore CA – Rs. 2380.37 crore • 7,735 WUAs formed Gang Canal Field Channel, Rajasthan Roorkee Water Conclave 2020 26th – 29th February 2020, IIT Roorkee Per Drop More Crop (Micro Irrigation) • Estimated potential - 69.5 MHa • 10 MHa (14%) covered so far. • Target - additional 10 Mha (2015-16 to 2019-20) • 3.6 Mha covered from 2015-16 to 2018-19 Dedicated Initiatives in Micro Irrigation by States Govt. of Andhra Pradesh launched the Andhra Pradesh Micro Irrigation Project (APMIP) in 2003 to promote micro irrigation in large scale Micro Irrigation Gujarat is being implemented, in a uniform mode, by the Gujarat Green Revolution Company (GGRC), on behalf of the Government of Gujarat and the Government of India, since May-2005. Roorkee Water Conclave 2020 26th – 29th February 2020, IIT Roorkee Experience in Narmada Canal Project, Rajasthan • The first project of India to have mandatory pressurized sprinkler irrigation systems. Benefits accrued with same quantum of water: Item Unit Before MI After MI 135 (54% 246 (61% Command Area Th Ha irrigation irrigation intensity) intensity) Villages benefitted Nos 89 233 by irrigation Villages supplied Nos 124 1541 with drinking water Income from food Rs. in cr 534 1480 production Roorkee Water Conclave 2020 26th – 29th February 2020, IIT Roorkee Automated Micro Irrigation in Ramthal Project, Karnataka • Lifting of 165 MCM from Narayanpur Reservoir of Upper Krishna Project under two stages to irrigate 26,200 Ha. • Centralized automation system - what is drawn by the end users only lifted from the water source • Zones equipped with pumps controlled by Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) • 51 WUAs formed to benefit about 15,000 farmers. • Benefits accrued: Average in Item Unit In Project Traditional Irrigation Water use / Ha m3 per Ha 3270 5586 Bengal 2-2.5 0.74-1 Gram Yield ton per Ha Cotton 1.73-2 0.5-0.74 Onion 2.5-3 1.24-1.5 Average income Rs. per Ha 72000 29000 Roorkee Water Conclave 2020 26th – 29th February 2020, IIT Roorkee Initiatives by States Mission Kakatiya, Telangana • De-silting, restoration of feeder channels, re-sectioning of Irrigation Channels, repairs to bund, weir, sluices, cross masonry and cross drainage structures • Cost of restoring all 46,531 tanks Rs. 20,000 crore • 28,816 tanks have been taken up in four phases with at total cost of Rs. 7701.9 crore • 13,487 tanks completed: 183 million cum desilting, 0.223 MHa stabilized. The irrigated area increased from 0.118 MHa to 0.296 MHa. • Improved ground water recharge, silt use as fertilizer, carbon credits Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan, Maharashtra • Arrest maximum runoff in the village, create decentralized Water Bodies, new structures for water conservation, rejuvenation of the water storage capacity of existing structures / tanks. • Works for 22,589 villages undertaken and completed in 16,265 villages. • Results: • Increase in Water Storage Capacity by 2400 MCM • Ground Water Level- 1.5 to 2 m higher • Irrigation Benefit to 3.4 MHa • Increase in Cropping intensity- 1.25 to 1.5 times • Total 60 million cubic meter silt excavated • Increase in the Agriculture productivity- 30 to 50% Roorkee Water Conclave 2020 26th – 29th February 2020, IIT Roorkee Management Approach in Madhya Pradesh State 4 3.71 • Effort to bridge the gap between IPC and IPU 3.61 3.43 3.3 3.5 3.19 • Focus on maintenance, WRD-farmer 3.03 2.79 2.89 collaboration, MIS, pressurized piped 3 distribution system coupled with sprinkler 3.16 and drip irrigation in its new projects 2.5 2.91 2.69 wherever feasible.
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