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Ethnic and Religious Conflict in Southern Philippines: a Discourse on Self-Determination, Political Autonomy, and Conflict Resolution
Ethnic and Religious Conflict in Southern Philippines: A Discourse on Self-Determination, Political Autonomy, and Conflict Resolution Jamail A. Kamlian Professor of History at Mindanao State University- ILigan Institute of Technology (MSU-IIT), ILigan City, Philippines ABSTRACT Filipina kini menghadapi masalah serius terkait populasi mioniritas agama dan etnis. Bangsa Moro yang merupakan salah satu etnis minoritas telah lama berjuang untuk mendapatkan hak untuk self-determination. Perjuangan mereka dilancarkan dalam berbagai bentuk, mulai dari parlemen hingga perjuangan bersenjata dengan tuntutan otonomi politik atau negara Islam teroisah. Pemberontakan etnis ini telah mengakar dalam sejarah panjang penindasan sejak era kolonial. Jika pemberontakan yang kini masih berlangsung itu tidak segera teratasi, keamanan nasional Filipina dapat dipastikan terancam. Tulisan ini memaparkan latar belakang historis dan demografis gerakan pemisahan diri yang dilancarkan Bangsa Moro. Setelah memahami latar belakang konflik, mekanisme resolusi konflik lantas diajukan dalam tulisan ini. Kata-Kata Kunci: Bangsa Moro, latar belakang sejarah, ekonomi politik, resolusi konflik. The Philippines is now seriously confronted with problems related to their ethnic and religious minority populations. The Bangsamoro (Muslim Filipinos) people, one of these minority groups, have been struggling for their right to self-determination. Their struggle has taken several forms ranging from parliamentary to armed struggle with a major demand of a regional political autonomy or separate Islamic State. The Bangsamoro rebellion is a deep- rooted problem with strong historical underpinnings that can be traced as far back as the colonial era. It has persisted up to the present and may continue to persist as well as threaten the national security of the Republic of the Philippines unless appropriate solutions can be put in place and accepted by the various stakeholders of peace and development. -
Ministry of Basic Higher and Technical Education, Bangsamoro
MESSAGE OF MINISTER MOHAGHER IQBAL Ministry of Basic Higher and Technical Education, Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao; and Chairman, Moro Islamic Liberation Front Peace Implementing Panel “Islamic Leadership for Political Change: The Bangsamoro Experience” May 26, 2020 BI-SMILLĀHI R-RAḤMĀNI R-RAḤĪM, Asalaamu Alaikum warakmatulahi taala wa barakatuh. Thank you Very much to Dr. Emma Leslie and the Center for Peace and Conflict Studies (CPCS) for allowing me to address young political and ciVil society leaders. I can reminisce about my tender age when I looked at Moro leaders of the time as my role model, only to be frustrated when most of them only paid lip service to the ills of society that marginalized our people. This feeling of frustration explains why, after getting my master's degree in 1972, I joined first the MNLF and later MILF without any hesitation. I was adamant about fighting for the liberation of our people from the yoke servitude, oppression, and persecution. Perchance, in the eyes of the young generations, we are assuming that part today, and likewise, they are scrutinizing us as we did before. I hope they would not be frustrated by how we played our roles in this troubled 20th and 21st centuries. We have done our best, and at least we have a concrete legacy to pass on to the next generations: concluding the formal negotiation and putting into place the Bangsamoro Government. For today’s session, the organiZers requested me to speak on Islamic Leadership and Political Change. I will try my best to do so. -
Assessing Gender Perspectives in Peace Processes With
SIPRI Insights on Peace and Security No. 2018/6 November 2018 ASSESSING GENDER SUMMARY w In order to make peace PERSPECTIVES IN PEACE processes more inclusive, increased participation by PROCESSES WITH women and other excluded groups has been emphasised for decades, as well as the need to APPLICATION TO THE CASES adopt a gender perspective within peace processes. OF COLOMBIA AND MINDANAO However, the discussion has tended to focus on counting josé alvarado cóbar, emma bjertén-günther and women and treating women’s yeonju jung* participation as synonymous with a gender perspective. Defining what a gender I. Introduction perspective is and how it could be applied throughout a peace Peace processes traditionally involve the main parties to the conflict.1 The process has remained largely aim is to end the violence but other groups and wider society affected by unexplored. 2 the conflict are often excluded. This exclusion is in part due to the complex This paper seeks to address nature of peace processes. The inclusion of entire societies in negotiations is these lacunae by drawing on neither practical nor plausible, and inclusive peace processes are associated current frameworks, proposing with greater risks of failure.3 The inclusion of additional actors can also a definition of a gender risk marginalizing certain groups, such as powerful elites, which have the perspective in peace processes capacity to spoil the type of peace that is attained and can make political and introducing a way of settlements in post-war transitions volatile.4 The fear of risking the outcome operationalizing this definition. of a final agreement by involving more actors than the main conflict parties The suggested indicators are often leads to exclusionary processes.5 In this regard, there are always used to assess two recent peace processes: the Colombian peace process and the Mindanao peace process in the 1 This paper defines the main parties to a conflict as the veto players, which have divergent aims that must be satisfied in order to end the conflict. -
Emindanao Library an Annotated Bibliography (Preliminary Edition)
eMindanao Library An Annotated Bibliography (Preliminary Edition) Published online by Center for Philippine Studies University of Hawai’i at Mānoa Honolulu, Hawaii July 25, 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface iii I. Articles/Books 1 II. Bibliographies 236 III. Videos/Images 240 IV. Websites 242 V. Others (Interviews/biographies/dictionaries) 248 PREFACE This project is part of eMindanao Library, an electronic, digitized collection of materials being established by the Center for Philippine Studies, University of Hawai’i at Mānoa. At present, this annotated bibliography is a work in progress envisioned to be published online in full, with its own internal search mechanism. The list is drawn from web-based resources, mostly articles and a few books that are available or published on the internet. Some of them are born-digital with no known analog equivalent. Later, the bibliography will include printed materials such as books and journal articles, and other textual materials, images and audio-visual items. eMindanao will play host as a depository of such materials in digital form in a dedicated website. Please note that some resources listed here may have links that are “broken” at the time users search for them online. They may have been discontinued for some reason, hence are not accessible any longer. Materials are broadly categorized into the following: Articles/Books Bibliographies Videos/Images Websites, and Others (Interviews/ Biographies/ Dictionaries) Updated: July 25, 2014 Notes: This annotated bibliography has been originally published at http://www.hawaii.edu/cps/emindanao.html, and re-posted at http://www.emindanao.com. All Rights Reserved. For comments and feedbacks, write to: Center for Philippine Studies University of Hawai’i at Mānoa 1890 East-West Road, Moore 416 Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Email: [email protected] Phone: (808) 956-6086 Fax: (808) 956-2682 Suggested format for citation of this resource: Center for Philippine Studies, University of Hawai’i at Mānoa. -
'Battle of Marawi': Death and Destruction in the Philippines
‘THE BATTLE OF MARAWI’ DEATH AND DESTRUCTION IN THE PHILIPPINES Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 7 million people who campaign for a world where human rights are enjoyed by all. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. © Amnesty International 2017 Except where otherwise noted, content in this document is licensed under a Creative Commons Cover photo: Military trucks drive past destroyed buildings and a mosque in what was the main battle (attribution, non-commercial, no derivatives, international 4.0) licence. area in Marawi, 25 October 2017, days after the government declared fighting over. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode © Ted Aljibe/AFP/Getty Images For more information please visit the permissions page on our website: www.amnesty.org Where material is attributed to a copyright owner other than Amnesty International this material is not subject to the Creative Commons licence. First published in 2017 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House, 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW, UK Index: ASA 35/7427/2017 Original language: English amnesty.org CONTENTS MAP 4 1. INTRODUCTION 5 2. METHODOLOGY 10 3. BACKGROUND 11 4. UNLAWFUL KILLINGS BY MILITANTS 13 5. HOSTAGE-TAKING BY MILITANTS 16 6. ILL-TREATMENT BY GOVERNMENT FORCES 18 7. ‘TRAPPED’ CIVILIANS 21 8. LOOTING BY ALL PARTIES TO THE CONFLICT 23 9. -
Back to War in Mindanao: the Weaknesses of a Power-Based Approach in Conflict Resolution
Back to War in Mindanao: The Weaknesses of a Power-based Approach in Conflict Resolution Nathan Gilbert Quimpo* In October 1999, amid a bit of pomp and pageantry, negotiating panels of the Government of the Republic of the Philippines (GRP). and the separatist Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) opened "formal peace talks" at the Da 'wah Center in Sultan Kudarat, Maguindanao, only about ten kilometers away from the MILF's headquarters, Camp Abubakar. Among those who graced the occasion were Defense Secretary Orlando Mercado, Presidential Adviser on Flagship Projects Robert Aventajado, Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process Manuel Yan, MILF Vice-chairman for Political Affairs Ghazali Jaafar, MILF Vice-chairman for Internal Affairs Aleem Abdul Aziz Mimbantas and MILF Vice-chairman for Information Mohagher Iqbal, and a number of representatives from the diplomatic community. The two sides had actually been engaged in peace negotiations since 1996, just a few weeks before the signing of the September 1996 peace agreement between the government and the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF), but these had been regarded as merely "exploratory" and "informal" in nature. One of the results of this exploratory talks had been an agreement for general cessation of hostilities, signed in July 1997. Despite the ceasefire agreement, armed hostilities between government and MILF forces broke out time and again. Somehow, up until the formal talks, the ceasefire always managed to be restored. The scale of fighting, however, appeared to be getting bigger each time. In February 2000, less than four months after the opening of the formal talks, serious fighting erupted for the nth time but this one escalated in a few weeks into the most serious in over a decade. -
The Bangsamoro Outlook on the Millennium Development Goals
The Bangsamoro outlook on the Millennium Development Goals By JOLLY S. LAIS Summary his report tackles the poverty situation of Mindanao, Philippines, in relation to the Millen- nium Development Goals (MDGs) with specifi c focus on the Moro (Muslim) population, T especially in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. However, the Mindanao situation is a very complex situation and there is a need to present the historical factors and underly- ing issues surrounding how Mindanao and the Moros in particular became so poor and neglected in spite of the fact that it is the fi rst nation in this part of the archipelago. Data from independent and previous studies are presented in this report which point out that poverty in Mindanao is higher when compared to the national level. It is also a fact that the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) has the highest rate of poverty incidence in the country. Winning the Numbers, Losing the War: The Other MDG Report 2010 145 Mindanao situation Mindanao is the center of the Moro struggle for the Mindanao is the second largest island in the coun- right to self-determination – a people’s struggle to end try at 94,630 square kilometers, and is the eighth most inequality and poverty. Dozens of legislated land grants populous island in the world. The island of Mindanao were given to settlers from Luzon and the Visayas, from is larger than 125 countries worldwide, including the the American period up to the late seventies. These Netherlands, Austria, Portugal, Czech Republic, Hun- deliberate land grants dramatically systematized the gary, Taiwan and Ireland. -
Republic of the Philippines Bangsamoro Autonomous Region
1 Republic of the Philippines 2 Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao 3 BANGSAMORO TRANSITION AUTHORITY 4 Cotabato City 5 6 7 8 BTA Parliament Bill No. ________ 9 10 11 Introduced by : <<Name>> 12 13 14 AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE BANGSAMORO ADMINISTRATIVE 15 CODE AND FOR OTHER RELATED PURPOSES 16 17 18 BE IT ENACTED by the Bangsamoro Transition Authority in Parliament 19 assembled, as follows: 20 21 22 INTRODUCTORY PROVISIONS 23 24 Sec. 1. Title. - This Act shall be known and cited as the “Bangsamoro 25 Administrative Code.” 26 27 Sec. 2. Purpose. – This Code is promulgated to prescribe the structural, 28 functional and procedural principles and rules of governance of the Bangsamoro 29 Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao during the period of transition, and shall 30 remain effective until the regular Bangsamoro Government amends or repeals the 31 same. 32 33 Sec. 3. Declaration of Principles and Policies. – The Bangsamoro 34 Government hereby declares the following principles and policies as the basic 35 foundation of the Code: 36 37 a. The Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao is an 38 autonomous region with asymmetrical relationship with the Republic of 39 the Philippines and with a parliamentary form of government. Its political 40 system is democratic that allows its people to freely participate in the 41 political processes within its territorial jurisdiction;1 42 b. The Bangsamoro Government recognizes and protects the customs and 43 traditions, beliefs, and cultures of its indigenous inhabitants. The right of 1 See Sec. 3, Art. IV, BOL 1 1 indigenous peoples to a just and equal treatment shall be protected. -
Chapter 5 Existing Conditions of Flood and Disaster Management in Bangsamoro
Comprehensive capacity development project for the Bangsamoro Final Report Chapter 5. Existing Conditions of Flood and Disaster Management in Bangsamoro CHAPTER 5 EXISTING CONDITIONS OF FLOOD AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN BANGSAMORO 5.1 Floods and Other Disasters in Bangsamoro 5.1.1 Floods (1) Disaster reports of OCD-ARMM The Office of Civil Defense (OCD)-ARMM prepares disaster reports for every disaster event, and submits them to the OCD Central Office. However, historic statistic data have not been compiled yet as only in 2013 the report template was drafted by the OCD Central Office. OCD-ARMM started to prepare disaster reports of the main land provinces in 2014, following the draft template. Its satellite office in Zamboanga prepares disaster reports of the island provinces and submits them directly to the Central Office. Table 5.1 is a summary of the disaster reports for three flood events in 2014. Unfortunately, there is no disaster event record of the island provinces in the reports for the reason mentioned above. According to staff of OCD-ARMM, main disasters in the Region are flood and landslide, and the two mainland provinces, Maguindanao and Lanao Del Sur are more susceptible to disasters than the three island provinces, Sulu, Balisan and Tawi-Tawi. Table 5.1 Summary of Disaster Reports of OCD-ARMM for Three Flood Events Affected Damage to houses Agricultural Disaster Event Affected Municipalities Casualties Note people and infrastructures loss Mamasapano, Datu Salibo, Shariff Saydona1, Datu Piang1, Sultan sa State of Calamity was Flood in Barongis, Rajah Buayan1, Datu Abdulah PHP 43 million 32,001 declared for Maguindanao Sangki, Mother Kabuntalan, Northern 1 dead, 8,303 ha affected. -
Trade in the Sulu Archipelago: Informal Economies Amidst Maritime Security Challenges
1 TRADE IN THE SULU ARCHIPELAGO: INFORMAL ECONOMIES AMIDST MARITIME SECURITY CHALLENGES The report Trade in the Sulu Archipelago: Informal Economies Amidst Maritime Security Challenges is produced for the X-Border Local Research Network by The Asia Foundation’s Philippine office and regional Conflict and Fragility unit. The project was led by Starjoan Villanueva, with Kathline Anne Tolosa and Nathan Shea. Local research was coordinated by Wahida Abdullah and her team at Gagandilan Mindanao Women Inc. All photos featured in this report were taken by the Gagandilan research team. Layout and map design are by Elzemiek Zinkstok. The X-Border Local Research Network—a partnership between The Asia Foundation, Carnegie Middle East Center and Rift Valley Institute—is funded by UK aid from the UK government. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this report are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect those of The Asia Foundation or the UK Government. Published by The Asia Foundation, October 2019 Suggested citation: The Asia Foundation. 2019. Trade in the Sulu Archipelago: Informal Economies Amidst Maritime Security Challenges. San Francisco: The Asia Foundation Front page image: Badjao community, Municipality of Panglima Tahil, Sulu THE X-BORDER LOCAL RESEARCH NETWORK In Asia, the Middle East and Africa, conflict and instability endure in contested border regions where local tensions connect with regional and global dynamics. With the establishment of the X-Border Local Research Network, The Asia Foundation, the Carnegie Middle East Center, the Rift Valley Institute and their local research partners are working together to improve our understanding of political, economic and social dynamics in the conflict-affected borderlands of Asia, the Middle East and the Horn of Africa, and the flows of people, goods and ideas that connect them. -
Gender & Inclusion Assessment of Covid-19
GENDER & INCLUSION ASSESSMENT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON VULNERABLE WOMEN AND GIRLS IN THE PHILIPPINES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AUTHORS This National Gender & Inclusion Assessment Aimae Molina (UNFPA) (GIA) on COVID-19 in the Philippines is part of a Aimee Santos (UNFPA) nationwide interagency initiative coordinated by Alexandra Pura (PLAN International) United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Plan Ana Dizon (CARE) International, CARE Philippines, and Oxfam Pilipinas, Charl Andrew Bautista (UNFPA) with UNHCR, UN Women, and UNICEF. Faye Cura (UN Women) Jeanette Kindipan-Dulawan (Oxfam Pilipinas) Our collaborative efforts, working with 24 Kara Medina (CARE) organizations, oversaw the design, implementation, Lindsey Atienza (UNHCR) and analysis of this Gender & Inclusion Assessment Su Min Kim (UNFPA) (GIA) that was conducted during the most severe period of quarantine conditions — coordinating nearly 100 interviewers, analysts, writers, layout DESIGN & artists and researchers. UNFPA would like to acknowledge Prof. Toby Melissa Monsod for COORDINATION TEAM her technical assistance, encouragement and recommendations. Overall Coordination: UNFPA NCR Coordination: CARE This GIA research and report would not have been CALABARZON & Bicol Coordination: Oxfam Pilipinas made possible without the invaluable endorsement Samar Coordination: PLAN International of the Commission on Human Rights and support BARMM Coordination: UNFPA of the Australian Government Department of Refugees, People at Risk of Statelessness Coordination: UNHCR Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT). Migrant Worker Coordination: UN Women PARTICIPATING AGENCIES ACCORD Kutawato Greenland Initiatives Nonviolent Peaceforce (NP) ASMAE MMI Save the Children (STC) Balay Mindanaw Foundation Inc Pambansang Koalisyon ng Tarbilang Foundation Inc Center for Migrant Advocacy Kababaihan sa Kanayunan Tiyakap (CMA) (PKKK) Women Legal Bureau (WLB) ChildHope People’s Disaster Risk Reduction UNYPHIL Educo Network (PDRRN) UNICEF Kanlungan sa Er-ma Ministry, Inc. -
Enduring Wars
CONFLICT ALERT 2020 Enduring Wars Peace is within our power About Conflict Alert Conflict Alert is a subnational conflict monitoring system that tracks the incidence, causes, and human costs of violent conflict in the Philippines. It aims to shape policymaking, development strategies, and peacebuilding approaches by providing relevant, robust, and reliable conflict data. Conflict Alert was developed and is run by the Philippines Programme of International Alert, an independent peacebuilding organization. www.conflictalert.info About International Alert International Alert helps find peaceful solutions to conflict. We are one of the world’s leading peacebuilding organizations with nearly 30 years of experience laying the foundations for peace. We work with local people around the world to help them build peace, and we advise governments, organizations, and companies on how to support peace. We focus on issues that influence peace, including governance, economics, gender relations, social development, climate change, and the role of business and international organizations in high-risk places. www.international-alert.org This project receives funding from The World Bank Group and the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade of the Australian Government. The opinions expressed in this report are solely those of International Alert and do not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of our donors. © International Alert 2020 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted