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UPAF and Run-Off and Infiltration of Storm Water in Kesbewa

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UPAF and Run-Off and Infiltration of Storm Water in Kesbewa MONITORING THE EFFECTS OF URBAN AND PERI-URBAN AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY ON RUNOFF AND INFILTRATION OF STORM WATER IN KESBEWA URBAN COUNCIL, SRI LANKA This research was funded by The Climate and Development Knowledge Network (www.cdkn.org). i Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................... iii Acronyms and abbreviations ........................................................................................................... iv 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The run-off coefficient ................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Vulnerabilities to increasing flood risk in Colombo district ........................................................... 3 1.4 Objectives of the study .................................................................................................................. 4 2. Study site and methods .................................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Study area ..................................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Land use in Kesbewa Urban Council area ..................................................................................... 7 2.2.1 Topography and terrain ........................................................................................................ 9 2.2.2 Geology and soil type and quality ........................................................................................ 9 2.3 Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 10 2.3.1 Data used to determine the run-off coefficient ................................................................. 11 2.3.3 Preparation of a soil map for KUC area .............................................................................. 11 2.3.4 Preparation of a slope map................................................................................................. 12 2.3.5 Preparation of a land use and land cover map .................................................................. 12 2.3.6 Preparation of the run-off coefficient map ........................................................................ 13 3. Results ............................................................................................................................................. 15 3.1 Distribution of hydrological soil types in the study area ............................................................. 15 4. Discussion ....................................................................................................................................... 20 5. Conclusions and recommendations .......................................................................................... 20 References .......................................................................................................................................... 22 ii Acknowledgements This report is a product of the project “Monitoring impacts of urban and peri-urban agriculture and forestry on climate change mitigation and adaptation and related developmental benefits” that benefitted from financial support provided by the Climate Development Knowledge Network (CDKN). Preparation of this report involved a team of researchers from the University of Colombo and the University of Rajarata in Sri Lanka, including Prof. L. Manawadu (Department of Geography, University of Colombo); Prof. YM. Wickramasinghe (Department of Agricultural Systems, University of Rajarata); Dr. Sudeera Ranwala (Department of Plant Science, University of Colombo); Dr. MT. Mahees (Department of Sociology, University of Colombo); Mr. Manjula Ranagalage (Department of Social Sciences, University of Rajarata); Mr. ENC Perera, IHRA (University of Colombo). Valuable comments and inputs were received from the peer reviewer, Francisco Escobedo. RUAF Foundation, through Marielle Dubbeling, coordinated the research activities undertaken. iii Acronyms and abbreviations DEM : Digital Elevation Model GIS : Geographical Information Systems GPS : Global Positioning Systems KUC : Kesbewa Urban Council MSL : Mean Sea Level RS : Remote Sensing UDA : Urban Development Authority UHI : Urban Heat Island UPAF : Urban and Peri Urban Agriculture and Forestry iv 1. Introduction 1.1 Background Colombo (Sri Lanka) residents consume in average 826 gallons (about 3755 litres) of fresh water a day and about 85 percent of households in Sri Lanka have access to safe drinking water (Department of Census and Statistic Poverty in Sri Lanka, 2010/2011). For groundwater replenishment, Sri Lanka depends largely on recharge water from infiltration of precipitation from the surface to groundwater through permeable surfaces. The rate of infiltration is determined by soil characteristics including ease of entry and crust of the soil surface (permeable versus sealed surfaces), texture of the soil, , compaction, aggregation and structure, water content, organic matter, number, size and continuity of pores, storage capacity of and transmission rate through the soil. However, as a consequence of urbanisation, forested areas and grass-lands are increasingly converted to commercial, residential or industrial uses. This process implies a conversion of former permeable surfaces to impermeable surfaces such as concrete, asphalt, building roofs, and compacted areas. Changes in the quantity and location of impermeable surfaces have important implications not only for groundwater recharge, but also for storm water management, especially during high intensity and extreme rainfall events which are increasingly more prominent in Sri Lanka. The increase in built-up surfaces thus contributes to an increase in flooding and flash flooding frequency due to reduced infiltration and reduction of flow resistance. Techniques that promote infiltration and storage of water in the soil, such as permeable pavements, uncompacted soils and increasing the ground and vegetation cover in urban areas can be incorporated into new and existing residential and commercial developments to reduce the volume of storm-water runoff from urban and peri-urban areas (Cohen and Wijsman, 2014). Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture and Forestry (UPAF) is one strategy through which to restore natural environmental features to the urban environment and can provide hydrological benefits with regards to flood alleviation and protection of water quality. Productive and green areas can positively influence infiltration and decrease in surface run-off. The amount of surface run-off (Figure 01) reflects the difference between the amount of precipitation and infiltration into the ground water system (Guidelines for the Integrated Management of the Watershed, http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/publications/). As for infiltration, run- off varies with rainfall intensity and frequency, with slope, surface condition, land use and vegetation cover and hydrological soil type (see Figure 01). Part of the infiltrated water is stored in the soil (see Figure 02) and manifested as increased soil moisture. 1 Figure 01: Factors affecting surface run-off Figure 02: Infiltration and surface run-off process Source: http://www.villageofhoward.com/182/Infiltration 2 1.2 The run-off coefficient The run-off coefficient (∆C) is the proportion (%) of the rainfall that appears as storm water run-off from a certain surface. Negative ∆C values for any time period will indicate a net decrease in run-off and an increase in infiltration/storage of storm water within a given surface area (which may positively contribute to reducing the risk of floods). Run-off coefficients represent one of the principal means to characterise run-off for different periods and areas (Wanielista and Yousef, 1993). The run-off coefficient varies with slope, surface condition, vegetation cover and soil type. Surfaces that are relatively impervious like streets and parking lots have run-off coefficients approaching one. Surfaces with vegetation and flat lands to intercept surface run-off and those that allow infiltration of rainfall have lower run-off coefficients. Vegetation creates more porous soils by both protecting the soil from pounding rainfall, which can block natural gaps between soil particles, and loosening soil through root action. This is why forested areas have the highest infiltration rates, and lowest run-off coefficients, when compared to other land use categories (Thompson et al, 2010). All other factors being equal, an area with a greater slope will have more storm water run-off and thus a higher run-off coefficient than an area with a lower slope. Soils that have a high clay content that do not allow much infiltration have relatively high run-off coefficients, while soils with high sand content have higher infiltration rates and lower run-off coefficients. Roads, roofs and other (close to) impermeable surfaces have high run-off coefficients. Run-off coefficients are used to determine flood control channel construction and possible flood zone hazard delineation. A high run-off coefficient
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