Initial Environmental Examination

Project Number: 47182-001 Loan Numbers: L3027/3028 June 2019

SRI: Southern Road Connectivity Project —Improvement/Upgrading of Pokunuwita (B084) Road and --Wellawaya- Road(A004)

This Initial Environmental Examination prepared by the Road Development Authority, Ministry of Highways and Road Development and Petroleum Resources Development for the Asian Development Bank.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area

Southern Road Connectivity Project IMPROVEMENT / UPGRADING

of

Kesbewa-Pokunuwita(B084) Road

Sections of – Kesbewa (0+500 to 1+100km & 10+500 to 13+450km), Gonapola-Pokunuwita (23+400km to 28+180km) Colombo-Ratnapura-Wellawaya-Batticaloa Road(A004)

Sections of to (15+360 to 17+260km and 18+200 to 20+420km)

INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION (IEE)

REPORT

Submitted to

Asian Development Bank (ADB)

June 2019

by Road Development Authority Ministry of Highways and Road Development & Petroleum Resources Development Government of the Democratic Socialist Republic of

i

Southern Road Connectivity Project IMPROVEMENT / UPGRADING

of

Kesbewa-Pokunuwita(B084) Road

Colombo-Ratnapura-Wellawaya-Batticaloa Road(A004)

INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION (IEE)

REPORT

Submitted to

Asian Development Bank (ADB)

June 2019

by Road Development Authority Ministry of Highways and Road Development & Petroleum Resources Development Government of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka

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Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 5 CHAPTER 01 ...... 7 INTRODUCTION ...... 7 1.1 Project background and justification ...... 7 1.2 Objective of the Subproject ...... 8 1.3 Objectives of this IEE Report ...... 8 1.4 Extent, Scope of the Study and Personnel ...... 8 1.5 Applicable Laws, Regulations, Standards and Requirements Covering the Proposed Subproject ...... 9 1.6 Other state agencies that may need to be consulted for development works ...... 9 CHAPTER 02 ...... 10 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...... 10 2.1 Type of Subproject ...... 10 2.2 Category of Project ...... 10 2.3 Need for the Project ...... 10 2.4 Location of the Subproject ...... 11 2.5 Magnitude of Operations ...... 13 2.6 Sources and Quantities of Material Required ...... 14 2.7 Proposed Schedule of Implementation ...... 14 2.8 Typical Cross Sections ...... 14 CHAPTER 03 ...... 15 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ...... 15 3.1 Existing land use pattern along the trace...... 15 3.2 Physical Resources ...... 17 3.2.1. Climate, hydrology, air and noise ...... 17 3:2:2 Geology, Topography and Soils ...... 19 3:2:3 Surface Water, Ground Water and Drainage ...... 19 3.3 Ecological Resources ...... 19 3.3.1 Existing Habitats with Respect to Flora and Fauna ...... 19 3.3.2 Rare, threatened and endemic flora and fauna ...... 20 3.4 Economic Development ...... 20 3.4.1 Agriculture and Industries ...... 20 3.4.2 Infrastructure Facilities such as Electricity, Pipe water and Telecommunication ...... 21 3.4.3 Transport Facilities ...... 21 3.5 Social & Cultural Resources ...... 21 3.5.1 Education and Health Facilities ...... 21 3.5.2 Cultural, religious and archaeological places/ structures along the trace ...... 22 CHAPTER 04 ...... 23 SCREENING OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION MEASURES 23

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4.1 Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures at Preconstruction and Construction stages...... 23 4.2 Measures to Mitigate or Manage Environmental Consequences during pre- construction and construction stages ...... 25 4.3 Measures to mitigate impacts upon ecological resources in the marshes and valuable beneficial water uses ...... 26 4.4 Measures to mitigate impacts on air quality ...... 27 4.5 Measures to mitigate impacts due to noise and vibration ...... 28 4.6 Measures to mitigate impacts for Public health and safety ...... 28 CHAPTER 05 ...... 30 INSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENTS & ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN/ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 30 5:1 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) ...... 30 5:2 Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) ...... 31 5.3 Baseline survey related to environment compliances ...... 31 5:4 Cost for EMP, EMoP and baseline survey...... 31 CHAPTER 07 ...... 32 FINDINGS & RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 32 CHAPTER 08 ...... 33 CONCLUSION ...... 33 REFERENCES ...... 34

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ADB Asian Development Bank CEA Central Environmental Authority CEB Ceylon Electricity Board DoF Department of Forestry DoI Department of Irrigation DS Divisional Secretariats DWLC Department of Wild Life Conservation EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan EMoP Environmental Monitoring Plan ESD Environmental and Social Division GoSL Government of Sri Lanka GSMB Geological Survey and Mining Bureau IEE Initial Environmental Examination IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature LA Local Authorities LAA Land Acquisition Act MoHRDPRD Ministry of Highways & Road Development and Petroleum Resources Development NHSP National Highways Sector Project NWSDB National Water Supply and Drainage Board PD Project Director PIU/PMU Project Implementation Unit or Project Management Unit RDA Road Development Authority REA Rapid Environmental Assessment RoW Right-of-Way SC Supervision consultant SLT Sri Lanka Telecom SP Southern Province SRCP Sothern Road Connectivity Project

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List of Figures

Figure 2.1 Location Map of selected road sections of SRCP Figure 3:1 Town Figure 3.2 Hoamagama & Godagama Junctions Figure 3.3 Existing land use patterns along the rural areas Figure 3.4 Road side vegetation and its characteristics Figure 3.5 Mean monthly rainfall variations Figure 3.6 Recorded endemic species along the road. Figure 5.1 Responsibility hierarchy for EMP/EMoP implementation

List of Tables

Table 2.1 Cross sectional requirements for rehabilitation work of road sections Table 2.2 Bridges along the sections to be improved Table 3.1 Characters of agro-ecological zones of project area Table 3.2 National noise level standards Table 3:3 Details of recorded floral species Table 3.4 Details of recorded fauna species Table 3.5 Detail of population in 2012 Table 4.1 details of tree planting program

List of Annexes

Annex:A Environment Management Plan (EMP) Annex:B Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) Annex:C Baseline survey related to environmental compliances Annex:D Rapid Environment Assessment Annex:E Typical Cross section for four lanes Annex:F List of recorded Floral and Faunal species

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. This report is the Initial Environmental Assessment (IEE) carried out under Asian Development Bank (ADB) Environmental Safeguard requirements under the Safeguard Policy Statement (2009) for the proposed 12.55 km road project of Gonapola to Pokunuwita section of Colombo- (B084) and Homagama to Godagama section of Colombo-Ratnapura-Wellawaya-Batticaloa Road (A004), which comes up under the Southern Road Connectivity Project (SRCP). The certain extent of the said road sections have already been completed under the SRCP as well as NHSP funded by ADB. According to the saving of funds of SRCP, some selected sections of both road sections will be selected to rehabilitate. According to the Rapid Environmental Assessment of the ADB revealed that the proposed project lay under the Category B which requires an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) report for obtaining of sound knowledge of the surround environment and project impacts.

2. The sub project sections of Pamankada to Horana(B084) are located in both Colombo and Districts of Western Province. The sections of Pamankada (0+500 to 1+100km) and Piliyandala (10+500 to 13+450km) run through Thibirigasyaya and Kesbewa Divisional Secretariat Divisions (Colombo section), while Pokunuwita(23+400 to 28+180km) belongs to Horana (Kalutara section) DSD. Meanwhile sections of Hoamagama(15+360 to 17+260km) and Godagama(18+200 to 20+420km) of Colombo-Ratnapura- Wellawaya-Batticaloa Road(A004) are belonged to Homagama DSD. The objective of this project is to improve and rehabilitate selected sections of Pamankada to Horana (B084) road and Colombo-Ratnapura-Wellawaya- Batticaloa Road(A004), into standard four lane status from the present dilapidated conditions.

3. There were no resettlement activities on this project and separate program has been implemented to the land acquisition and compensation with participation of the government agents as well as impacted persons.

4. This IEE report is formulated to determine the adverse impacts especially on loss of biodiversity and other social impacts and propose mitigatory measures. Approvals from Central Environmental Authority (CEA) have already been obtained to carry out the construction.

5. Road widening areas and filling areas will require uprooting of existing vegetation cover. Around 45 trees have to be removed (the quantities are not finalized) in both road sections except along 10+500 to 13+450 of B084 section. The said section will not be widened only do overlaying. The section of B084 23+400 to 28+180km has already cleared but remaining few trees around 10 numbers should be removed. However a sufficient compensative tree planting program will be implemented parallel to the road works to aiming to restore the degraded biodiversity due to road works. The construction activities will include standard road construction techniques mostly using manual labour and machineries. Dump trucks will be used for material/debris transport while several other machines will be used to road works such as excavation, compaction and asphalt laying. The contractor will operate their own asphalt plant, crusher and quarry, concrete batching plant, burrow areas with close proximity of the project area. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP), and the Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) will address the adverse impacts of such activities.

6. The bridge and culvert construction areas will be subjected to environmental degradation due to the alteration of streams and canals. The impacts will be effect with short period of time but proposed mitigation actions to be taken to protect of the fauna and flora within the construction areas. Therefore EMP & EMoP strongly said the mitigation measures to be followed while bridge and culvert constructions are going on.

7. A total number of 115 floral species including 2 endemic species were recorded during the field survey within the study area. The recorded species of Artocarpus nobilis (Wal Del) and Dillenia retusa (Goda para) are endemic plant species found in roadside vegetation within the study area (at 23+400 to 28+180km) and not unique or restricted to the study area. Rare or threatened plant species were not recorded during the study and all recorded flora species are not unique or restricted to the project area. Further, some of species recorded at the study area are alien invasive species (Annona glabra and Dillenia suffruticosa were common in

5 wetland habitats). There were 62 faunal species recorded throughout the project area. It comprised one endemic mollusk species, and mammal species. The recorded endemic mammal species of Semnopithecus vetulus (Purple face leaf monkey) falls under the nationally threaten category while recorded endemic mollusk species are common in to the area. Therefore conservation of these species are very important because the endemism is considerable environmental indicator for the area.

8. The proposed sub project runs through the four divisional secretariat areas of Colombo and Kalutara districts. The majority of the population of the area is Sinhalese (99%) while others are Muslims and Tamils. Few Malay and Burgher population are living in the Kesbewa area. Considering the religion composition of the area, the majority belongs to the Buddhist (98%) and second most are the Catholic and Muslims. The people belonging to Hindus and other religious are less than 0.1%.

9. The project activities will render the following construction impacts; social inconvenience of traffic, dust air and noise generation from construction equipment and road works, disposal impacts from excavation, reduction of vegetation cover, temporary restricted social access in the residential areas as well as commercial areas, damage to property by road widening, problems owing to presence of outside labour gangs safety of public workers etc. Some of the long term impacts are waste water and sewage disposal impacts, fire hazards, use of excessive machineries, changes of existing landscape of the area.

10. Some of the positive impacts of the project are; improve the accessibility of two town centers/junction namely Kesbewa and Pokunuwita; facilitate to maintain a smooth traffic flow into interchange (17+740Km) via Kesbewa junction, further increase of the land value, high potential for development of businesses along the road, public convenience through previously busy junctions and narrowed road sections, creation of job opportunities for people, further development of the internal link roads such as B216 and development of the landscape of the area.

11. The proposed summarized mitigation measures and the management aspects are included in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) presented in Annex A. According to the EMP, Environmental Officer (EO) of the contractor is appointed to implement or carry out the mitigation measures that described in EMP under the supervision of the PMU, and SC. It could be concluded that this construction project will not render very adverse immitigable environment impacts therefore the project belongs to Category B project according to ADB classification. Most of the impacts are manageable using actions stipulated in the mitigation measures proposed on the Environmental Management Plan. Some of the proposed key mitigation measures are restricted to the environmentally sensitive areas such as water streams, wetland and flood prone areas.

12. The following recommendations are made based on the findings of this IEE. 1. Execution of the project is recommended with the proposed mitigation measures and monitoring/management requirements given in EMP and EMoP. 2. All necessary contractual provisions and stipulations regarding mitigatory measures should be included in the contract documents prepared for construction work. The environmental monitoring plan (EMP) provided could be used in this regard. Additional cost items for these should be specified in the bill of quantities if the need arises. 3. It is recommended that environmental monitoring be undertaken by contractor under the supervision and guidance of PMU. The proposed online update of the Environmental Monitoring Program (EMoP) presented in Annex-B, will be monitored once a month by PMU. 4. The proposed rehabilitation and improvement activities to the road sections will have long- term socio-economic benefits and short term adverse impacts to its existing surround environment which will be confined to project implementation period only. 5. The social impacts caused by road construction activities should be mitigated with co- ordination with DSD and LA within the area.

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CHAPTER 01 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project background and justification

1. This report is the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Report for rehabilitation and upgrading of 12.55 km long selected five road sections of Colombo- Horana (B084) Colombo-Ratnapura-Wellawaya- Batticaloa Road (A004). The sub project area is located in both Colombo and Kalutara Districts of Western Province. The road sections are as follows;

A. Pamankada to Horana (B084):

I. Pamankada (0+500 to 1+100km) II. Piliyandala (10+500 to 13+450km) and III. Pokunuwita(23+400 to 28+180km)

B. Colombo-Ratnapura-Wellawaya-Batticaloa Road(A004)

I. Hoamagama(15+360 to 17+260km) and II. Godagama(18+200 to 20+420km)

This report presents the finding of and conclusions of the environmental assessment for the proposed improvements of the above mentioned subproject.

2. It is important to maintain an efficient transport system in order to sustain a higher economic growth rate in the country and the development of rural areas. Sri Lanka has a higher road density compared to many other countries (1.6 km of road/ km2 or 5.5 km of road per 1000 people)1. However with the existing National Highways, about 64% are of single lane, 34% are of standard two lane condition and only about 2% are four lane or more. More importantly road network standards and conditions are inadequate to meet rapidly growing traffic. This situation limits the contribution of road transport to national development and economic growth. Therefore the Government of Socialist Democratic Republic of Sri Lanka (GoSL) has identified the importance of developing and upgrading the National Highway network. The overall contribution of road infrastructure for national development also requires institutional arrangements and capacity that support strategic management of the sector, planning and management of investments. Overall the proposed subproject has been designed to address both investment and institutional aspects in the sector.

3. The Government of Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (the Government) has requested the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to finance the Southern Road Connectivity Project (SRCP) to improve the overall contribution of road infrastructure and institutional arrangements. The Road Development Authority (RDA) of Ministry of Highways & Road Development and Petroleum Resources Development (MoHRDPRD) is the institute that is responsible for developing and maintaining Class A and B roads of the country. Through SRCP the ADB is to assist the RDA to improve the overall contribution of road infrastructure for the development of the country and strengthen RDAs’ institutional arrangements to efficiently manage the road infrastructure.

4. The proposed subproject includes improvement of five selected road sections of B084 and A004 roads. These sections are not developed yet due to various reasons and proposed to be improved under SRCP funded by Asian Development Bank (ADB). ADB will be funding the civil works component of this subproject, once the required Right Of Way (ROW) is acquired.

1 Annual report, Central Bank (2007).

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5. The selected sections of B084 and A004 roads prevailing dilapidated condition, poor alignments, narrow road sections including culverts and bridges contribute to increase longer travel time and high traffic congestion.

6. The existing bridges and culverts are already widened along the section of 23+400 to 28+180 under the previous funds of SRCP. It is one of the best advantages to expedite the works along the said section of B084, while other sections prevailing as narrow and dilapidated conditions. These sections are presently behaving like a bottle neck to traffic resulted to slow down smooth traffic flow and make difficulties to road users too.

7. The detail engineering designs are completed for this section, while the Central Environmental Authority (CEA) has granted their approval up to 2020 based on the submitted EIA. This IEE report has been prepared based on ADB guidelines of environmental assessments included in the Safeguard Policy Statement (2009) and concomitant regulations of Central Environmental Authority IEE Terms of Reference.

1.2 Objective of the Subproject

8. The main objective of the Southern Road Connectivity Project (SRCP) is to encourage economic growth and improve transport efficiency by strengthening RDA institutional capacity, upgrading and increasing capacity of key national highways, and improvement of the connectivity between the expressway and the highways. Improvement of the capacity and efficiency of the road sector leads to improved transport efficiency that will contribute to expansion of economic opportunities of the country as well as uplift of the livelihood of the beneficiaries.

9. The overall objective of this subproject is to improve the transport efficiency of Homagama to Godagama section of Colombo-Ratnapura-Wellawaya-Batticaloa Road(A004), and Kesbewa to Pokunuwita section of Pamanakada-Horana (B084) road. This two road sections are leading to Southern Expressway’s (E01) interchanges at and Kahathuduwa respectively. Then these sections include upgrading of the existing road in to a standard four lanes with foot paths, cycle lanes, earth shoulders, parking and bus bays at necessary locations to suite standard road. The subproject will improve the road side drainage structures and other necessities too.

1.3 Objectives of this IEE Report

10. The purpose of this IEE report is to provide: (i) information about the existing physical, biological and social environmental settings of the subproject influential area, (ii) information on potential impacts during preconstruction, construction and operational stages of the subproject, (iii) information on effective mitigation measures to minimize the subproject induced adverse impacts while enhancing the beneficial impacts, and (iv) propose an effective environmental management and monitoring program to the project.

1.4 Extent, Scope of the Study and Personnel

11. The IEE study included field reconnaissance of the 12.55 km section of road which was conducted during the months of April/May 2019 by PMU.

12. The study area included the road corridor and the area on either side of the road to be used for improvement works up to 50m from the center line of the road for the existing trace with the following exceptions;

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(i) for hydrology and drainage the extent is extended to the sub-catchment boundaries of the streams and other drainage paths crossing the road and to the downstream of the stream as far as the effects on the stream exerted by the hydraulic structures such as bridges and culverts and the restrictions created by the road embankments in some segments especially at 23km to 28Km of B084 road. .

(ii) for air, water quality, noise and vibration the study area extend beyond 100 m corridor depending on the intensity of the impacts;

(iii) for biology, especially for fauna (including avifauna) which is a mobile entity the study area extend beyond 50 m depending on the habitat locations and fauna migratory pattern which could be influenced by the road rehabilitation activities;

(iv) any socially sensitive entity such as school, temple, hospital beyond the 100 m corridor was considered based on the significance of the impact.

1.5 Applicable Laws, Regulations, Standards and Requirements Covering the Proposed Subproject

13. Other than the NEA No 47 of 1980, and its’ amendment Act No. 56 of 1988 and further amendments that stipulated on emissions, noise and vibration levels, the following enactments will also have a bearing on this road development subproject:

• Urban Development Authority (UDA) law, No. 41 of 1978 • Fauna and Flora Protection Act (1993) • Crown Land Ordinance (chapter 454) • Land Acquisition Act (1956) • State Land (Recovery of Possession) Act (1979) • Water Resources Board Act (1964) • Control of Pesticides Controlling Act (1980) • Regulations of Local Authorities • Sri Lanka Land Reclamation and Development Corporation (SLLRDC) Act 1.6 Other state agencies that may need to be consulted for development works • UDA for the development work within urban sections along the road. • National Water Supply and Drainage Board (NWS & DB), Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) and Sri Lanka Telecom (SLT) for shifting of their respective service supply lines. • SLLRDC for reclamation of low lying land along the trace where required.

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CHAPTER 02 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 2.1 Type of Subproject

14. This is a one of the rehabilitating and upgrading subprojects under the ADB funded Southern Road Connectivity Project. Under this, the road sections of Homagama to Godagama of Colombo-Ratnapura- Wellawaya-Batticaloa Road(A004), and Kesbewa to Pokunuwita section of Colombo-Horana (B084) road will be developed in to standard four lane status.

2.2 Category of Project

15. According to the ADB guidelines and the Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist (Annex:D). the subproject could be categorized as “Category B” which requires an Initial Environment Examination (IEE). The potential adverse impacts on human population or environmentally important areas are less adverse and could be mitigated through implementing an environmental management plan and monitoring plan. Most of the impacts rendered are site specific and are typical to such road rehabilitation projects.

2.3 Need for the Project

16. Under this sub project it has been proposed to improve A004 road B084 road from Homagama to Godagama, Piliyandala town area and Gonapola to Pokunuwita junction. It is planned to widen the selected five road segments up to four lanes. The construction work has already begun for this section from Pamankada to Kesbewa, and to improve it to 2 lane status from Southern Expressway Interchange thereafter to Pokunuwita. After this improvement commenced; the smooth traffic flow will be established throughout the road segment. The widened ROW will be more than 26m. 29. Improvement of this road is justified because of several reasons. 1. These roads (A004 & B084) lead Kottawa and Kahathuduwa interchanges respectively of the Southern Expressway(E01). Kottawa is the main entrance of the Expressway while main bus terminal at Makubura is also situated. Therefore it is one of the busiest interchanges of the Expressway. In addition Kahathuduwa is the second interchange from Kottawa entrance and it facilitate to passengers who come through B084. This improvement will facilitate to carter the high volume of traffic especially from highly urbanized and populated sub-urban areas of the . 2. In addition rural areas (less urbanized and populated areas) of Piliyandala, Godagama, Homagama and Pokunuwita also benefit due to improvement. Then it is very important to accelerate the development of the area. 3. At present there were high volumes of traffic during the peak hours at the urban centers such as Piliyandala, Gonapola, Homagama and Godagama. 4. It is true that the dilapidated condition of road and insufficient road width are not sufficient to bare the present traffic volume of Aoo4 and B084 roads. 5. The large numbers of people are using the road to travel to Colombo from highly populated urban centers where situated in and around A004 and B084.

17. Improving of Homagama-Godagama section of A004 road, and Pamankada, Piliyandala, and Pokunuwita sections of B084 road can be justified as captioned reasons. Moreover, several stakeholders including Divisional secretary officers and Grama Niladhari Officers and the community leaders are also emphasized the neediness of the improvement. Therefore this road sections are prioritized for improvement under the SRCP to improve the present hindered traffic flow. Then reduce the travel time effectively and vehicle operational costs thereby positively contribute to the improvement of the national economy.

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2.4 Location of the Subproject

18. The subproject area is located in Western Province and runs through four (4) Divisional Secretariat Divisions such as Thibirigasyaya, Kesbewa, Homagama and Horana of Colombo and Kalutara Districts. The general location of the subproject is shown in figure 2.1

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Sri Lanka

Colombo Proposed Road Sections

Figure 2:1 The location map of selected road sections of SRCP

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2.5 Magnitude of Operations

19. This is a one of the road rehabilitation and upgrading subprojects apart from three other projects. Table 2.1 presents the proposed cross section requirement.

Table 2.1 Cross sectional requirements for rehabilitation work of road sections

Section

Length of of Length Section Lanes Lane width Pedestrians lane Parking Lanes Cycle bays Bus Sealed shoulders Unsealed shoulders Sealed Width Existing ROW Required ROW (B084)-0+500 to Selected Selected Selected 0.6 4 3.7 Y N Y 18m 16-24 m 24m 1+100km areas areas areas (B084)-10+500 to Selected Selected Selected 2.95 2 3.7 Y N Y 18m 16-24 m 24m 13+450km areas areas areas (B084) 23+400 to Selected Selected Selected 4.9 4 3.7 Y N Y 18m 16-24 m 24m 28+180km areas areas areas (A004) 15+360 to Selected Selected Selected 1.9 4 3.7 Y N Y 18m 16-24 m 24m 17+260 areas areas areas (A004) 18+200 to Selected Selected Selected 2.2 4 3.7 Y N Y 18m 16-24 m 24m 20+420 areas areas areas Note: All dimensions are in meters; Y: Yes; N: No

20. For the purpose of road widening about 2m of land strips will be required on either side of the existing road (where required). The section of B084 road 10+500 to 13+450 will not require acquisition, while 23+400 to 28+180 required ROW is already cleared. The sections of A004 should be cleared before construction works. Therefore any structures or trees within the acquired lands will be removed in order to clear the land for development work.

21. The proposed works will include; widening the existing 16-24 m carriageway to 4 lane status from Pamankada to Pamankada bridge (0+500 to 1+100km), Gonapola to Pokunuwita(23+400 to 28+180km), Homagama to Godagama(15+360 to 17+260 & 18+200 to 20+420km) and 2 lane status from Jaliyagoda to Kesbewa(10+500 to 13+450km) with urban area improvement includes of kerbs, paved foot paths; bus bays, parking areas.

22. The structure constructions of Gonapola to Pokunuwita section have already been completed by previous project while structures along 0+500 to 1+100, 15+360 and 18+420km should be improved in other sections such as follows. Table 2.2 presents the bridges along the section with proposed treatment.

Table 2.2 Bridges along the section to be improved Bridge Location Name of stream Name of the location Work No. 1+100km Canal Pamankada of A004 road Widening and improving 14/7 13+400km - Kesbewa Widening and improving

23. Filling of road embankment will be required only in sections where the vertical profile of the existing road is not sufficient and at locations where the road will be widened on embankments.

Other key features of the road are as follows;

 Hydraulic structures will be rehabilitated, demolished and reconstructed or only widened to suite new ROW requirements.  Additional filling, retaining walls will be carried out depending on the requirements.  Relaying of the road sub grade will be done at the entire road surface.  Concrete or earth side drains will be provided at pre-determined locations  The road will be provided with all necessary traffic signs, pedestrians crossings and other road furniture

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2.6 Sources and Quantities of Material Required

24. Construction material such as sand, soil and metal could be obtained from approved sand mining sites, quarry sites and burrow pits at the close proximity to Homagama, Godagama, Kesbewa and Horana. However, as there is a shortage of sustainable sources of sand it is suggested to use alternatives such as refined crusher plant aggregates (dust) or re-use of pavement material to the extent possible. Approximate requirement of material are as follows; 48280m3 of soil will be required for filling; approximately 50370 m3 of Dense Graded Aggregates Base (DGAB) for compaction, and 67650 m3 of Asphalt Concrete (AC), Asphalt Binding Course (ABC) will be required respectively for Asphalt concrete surfacing.

2.7 Proposed Schedule of Implementation

25. Detailed designs are available at Project Implementing Unit (PIU), according to the PIU the tentative activity schedule is as follows. At present 75% of land acquisition and resettlement works have been completed and construction works could be commenced without any delaying and it is expected to commence from October 2019. The construction works will be a period of 18 months up to April 2021. Under SRCP, ADB will be funding for civil works, while the Government of Sri Lanka will be funding for land acquisition and resettlement of affected persons.

2.8 Typical Cross Sections

26. Construction drawings for the proposed road rehabilitation works are available with SRCP project office. Typical four lanes cross section is presented as Annex: E.

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CHAPTER 03 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

3.1 Existing land use pattern along the trace

27. Existing pavement is relatively in good condition especially along the Homagama-Godagama sections of A004 with 6.5~7.5 m carriageway, but overall not, especially sections along B084 road. The road traverses on a flat terrain with fairly straight horizontal alignment. But road edge failure is prominent at many sections due to poor road shape conditions and side drainage. This has reduced the carriageway to about 4 m in such sections leading to traffic congestions.

28. Biogeographically, the proposed project area lies within the low country wet zone. Most of the lands in the proposed project area now under human influence and cleared for human settlements and developments. The remaining woodlots mainly home gardens (no primary or secondary forest patches observed close proximity to road) reflect the vegetation characteristics of low country wet zone forest. The major floristic habitats found in the proposed project area were; cultivation lands, roadside vegetation, urban areas with Home Gardens and other Developments.

29. Considering the land use pattern of the entire length of road; there were two homogeneous sections recognized as urban residential sections with populated areas (0+500 to 1+100, 10+500 to 13+450, 15+360 to 17+260 , 18+200 to 20+420km) and scattered rural areas with agriculture activities (23+400 to 28+180). The sections of Pamankada (0+500 to 1+100km), Piliyandala(10+500 to 13+450) and Godagama to Homagama traverse through an area of highly populated and reflect urban to semi-urban land use pattern. Two storey buildings and few multi storey buildings manly used for business activities are located with about 1~2 m set back from the existing road edge. Walls, boundary fences and poles of electricity power transmission lines could be observed along the road, with few of them located right at the edge of the road. The army cantonment is identified as a prominent landscape within the area of Homagama-Godagama section while commercial center with administrative offices are located at Piliyandala town at 10+500 to 13+450km

3.1.1 Urban environment

30. There are several urban centers developed along the road due to the road junctions. Therefore clustered commercial activities and houses are established. The communities who are living around the area gather to these junctions for their day today activities such as buying goods and selling their productions. Moreover public services such as hospitals, schools and other facilities and industrial activities are also agglomerated along these junctions. The several important junctions are situated along the road as follows;

 Piliyandala Junction (10+500 to 13+450km): 31. This is a highly populated urban junction of the road. There are many public and private amenities exist such as leading government and privet schools, hospitals, banks and industries.

Figure 3.1 Piliyandala town area 15

 Homagama & Godagama Junction(15+300 & 20+200): 32. Homagama town is a busy urban center with leading administrative centers such as Court complex, Divisional Secretariat and Hospital. In addition to that, army cantonment also situated close proximity of the town area, while Godagama junction comprises with few commercial buildings and houses. The town is developed due to junction roads of -Athurugiriya and Meegoda roads

Figure 3.2 Homagama and Godagama junctions.

 Gonapola (23+000 km) and Pokunuwita Junction (28+180km). 33. The junction belongs to the and has several commercial blocks and residencies along the road. The two rural roads leading to Welimulla and Talagala begin from the junction. The retail shops, communications, and rural banks are the major commercial activities of the junction. In addition to that school, rural hospital and maternity center are also situated. Therefore the area comprises a rural junction environment especially less crowded.

34. Considering the floristic composition of the urban areas with home garden and other developments of the section of road that described above are existing with Artocarpus heterophyllus (Kos), Artocarpus incisus (Rata Del), Cocos nucifera (Pol), Mangifera indica (Amba), Terminalia catappa (Kottan), Ficus benghalensis (Nuga), Ficus riligiosa (Bo), Swietenia macrophylla (Mahogany), Tectona grandis (Teak), are commonly planted species.

3.1.2 Urban to rural environment

35. The section of Gonapola to Pokunuwita(from 23+400 to 28+100km) runs through the sparse or scattered settlements and plantation blocks(especially Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis). The areas of each house hold units are larger than the urban areas. Therefore enough space for the vegetation is available in those areas. So that; remaining vegetation patches can be seen at the home gardens and fences along the area. In additionally wetland areas such as paddy and abandoned low land areas (marshy lands) are also presented in the area without much more disturbances. And the small patch of vegetation is also remaining along the streams banks of the area.

Figure 3.3 Existing land use pattern along the rural areas. (A) Diversity of Rubber plantations and paddy cultivation with home-gardens along the Gonapola-Pokunuwita section of B084 Road. 16

3.1.3 Road side vegetation

36. Weedy and pioneer plant species associate with surrounding roadsides. Achyranthes aspera (Gas Karal Heba), Mimosa pudica, Pueraria phaseoloides, Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (Balu Nakuta), Wedelia trilobata, Mikania cordata (Watu Palu), Panicum maximum (Rata Tana) are common weedy plant species and Macaranga peltata (Kenda), Trema orientalis (Gadumba) are common pioneer plant species and Alastonia scholaris (Ruk attana) Ficus riligiosa (Bo) are other common species inhabit in roadside vegetation.

Figure 3.4 Road side vegetation and its characteristics.

37. The common way side avifaunal species such as Spotted Doves, White Bellied Drongo, White Breasted Kingfisher, Cattle Egret, and Common Crow are easily observable and The Psyche, The Common Crow, The Common Mormon, The Blue Bottle and The Jezebel are common butterflies inhabiting along the road side vegetation.

3.1.4 Paddy lands

38. In addition paddy lands with associated wetlands habitats were observed along the Pokunuwita area dominated by Annona glabra (Pond apple) which is a fast growing invasive species common in wetland habitats; while Eichhrnia crassipes (Water Hyacinth), Typha angustifolia (Hambu Pan) and Salvinia molesta (Salvinia) are the other plant species inhabit in marshland. The Egrets, Kingfishers, and pond herons are common inhabitants in the marshy land.

39. The natural vegetation has been strongly influenced by human activities and habitation along the project roads. Trees nearest to the road generally occur in private lands and few of them are situated adjacent to the road. Cluster of trees and habitats were also observed within gardens or small unmanaged thickets along the road sections, which are habitats for the fauna thriving in the subproject influence area.

) 3.2 Physical Resources

3.2.1. Climate, hydrology, air and noise

40. This road sections fall within WL1, WL 3 WL4 and Agro-ecological zones (table 3.1). The section of Pokunuwita area (23+400 to 28+180km) is located in Kalutara District, but near to Horana area. Then it belonged to WL1 zone. The section of 0+500 to 1+100km and 10+500 to 13+450km belong to WL4. The Homagama-Godagama sections belong to WL3 Agro-ecological region. The different characters of rainfall and other features of three Agro Ecological zone are given in Table 3:1.

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Table:3.1 Characters of agro-ecological zones of project area Description Annual Rainfall (mm) Terrain Dominant soil Type/s WL1 (Low Country wet zone- >2500 Rolling and undulating terrain Red-Yellow Podzolic and Red- inland areas) Yellow Podzolic with semi- prominent A1 horizon WL 3 & 4 (Low Country wet >1500 Rolling and undulating terrain Red-Yellow Podzolic with soft and zone-Costal /inlands area) hard laterite Source: Arjuna’s Atlas of Sri Lanka (1997)

41. The main rainfall seasons are similar to all Agro-Ecological regions that road sections run through such as First Inter Monsoon (April), South West Monsoon (May-September) and Second Inter Monsoon (September - November). High rainfall peaks are common in the months of May/June and October/November during the South West Monsoon and North West Monsoon. But higher rainfall values are received by WL1 Agro-Ecological zone than the WL 3&4 Agro-Ecological zones. This is the main different character of the both Agro-Ecological zones of the project area. Figure 3.5 presents the monthly average rainfall variation in Colombo district. The average annual temperature is greater than 25C0 (Source Arjuna’s Atlas of Sri Lanka) while 75% expectancy of dryness of particular months are February and March for the area. Rainfall (mm) 1200

1000

800 2008 2009 600 2010 400 2011

200 2012 2013 0

Months (January to December)

Source: Statistic.gov.lk Figure 3.5 Mean Monthly Rainfall variations in Colombo District (2008-2013)

42. The noise levels are relatively high in all the road sections except the section 23+400km to 28+180km of B084 where the road traverses through rural landscape. According to the National Environmental Noise Control Regulations 1996 (924/12) Schedule I most of the area could be categorized as a “Medium Noise Area” because these sections are situated in municipal limits.

Table 3.2 National noise level standards LaeqT (Equivalent continuous Area Description weighted sound pressure) Day Time Night Time Low Noise area Local Authority area 55 45 Medium Noise area Municipal councils and Urban council area 63 50 High Noise area Industrial estate area 70 60 Silent Zone 100 m from Court, hospital, public library, school, zoo and sacred 50 45 areas Source: National Environmental Noise Control Regulations 1996

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3:2:2 Geology, Topography and Soils

43. The general geology of the area could be classified as “Highland Complex (HC)’ with Charnockitic (Hypersthene) Gneiss; Chranockitic Biotite Gneiss, Migmatitic in parts. The topography of the entire trace is flat. The prominent soil type in the area is Red-Yellow Podzolic Soils (RYP Soils) with soft or hard laterite Alluvial soils of variable drainage and texture is found in low land of the area and close to Bolgoda River which is close to the road away from 5km. (Panabokke C; Soils of Sri Lanka).

3:2:3 Surface Water, Ground Water and Drainage

44. There are three major streams situated nearby of B084 road at km 16+500 (Maha-Oya), km 18+100 (Kimbulkotuwa Ela), and 22+850km (Maha-Oya). Dehiwala canal at 1+100 flows across A004. The said stream consists of polluted domestic affluent water through the highly populated Colombo town areas. In addition only minor streams are crossing the road sections. Shallow groundwater table could be observed in the subproject area as it is located in the wet zone of the country where the groundwater is recharged twice a year. Numerous amounts of dug wells with shallow water levels justify the shallowness of the water table. The ultimate drainage point of the subproject influence area is the Bolgoda River.

3.3 Ecological Resources

3.3.1 Existing Habitats with Respect to Flora and Fauna

45. As an area situated within the wet zone of the country, species diversity is generally high. However, as this road traverses through an area where the natural habitats have been modified at many locations and even in the remaining natural habitats (such as marsh lands) people carry out land filling, which disrupt the flora and fauna in the area.

46. Developed areas including business premises in ribbon type development, home gardens of residences, paddy fields (cultivated and abandoned) and small patches of marsh lands at km 23+400 to 28+180 are the common habitats along the road trace. Most of the floral and faunal species recorded in the area are common home garden species. The terrestrial habitats observed on either side of the road and surrounding area are predominantly man-made. Highly environmentally sensitive terrestrial and aquatic habitats are not located close to this road section.

47. A total of 120 floral species belonging to 44 families were recorded in the subproject area. Of these only two endemic tree species such as Wal Del (Artocarpus nobilis-Familly Moraceae) and Goda Para (Dillenia retusa-Family Dilleniaceae)2 were recorded at home gardens, and road sides. According to recorded species there were 07 species belong to the alien invasive category (Dillenia suffruticosa and Annona glabra were common in wetland habitats) while others are native and naturalized or introduced species. There were no any ecologically important or threatened species found among the recorded species.

Table 3:3 Details of recorded floral species Flora Nationally Globally Alien Families Genera Species Endemic Endangered threaten threaten invasive 44 106 120 02 00 00 00 07

48. Total of 63 faunal species were recorded in and around the proposed road sections, which included one species of endemic mollusk (Acavus phoenix), and one mammal (Semnopithecus vetulus) species. The list of flora and fauna observed is presented in Annex F(i&ii).

2 A Field Guide to the Common Trees and Shrubs of Sri Lanka 19

Table: 3:4Detail of recorded faunal species Fauna Taxonomic Introduced & Species Endemic Nationally threaten Globally threaten Group invasive Mollusca 02 01 01 00 00 Butterflies 12 00 00 00 00 Fish 02 00 01 00 00 Amphibians 03 00 00 00 00 Reptiles 06 00 00 00 00 Birds 28 00 01 00 00 Mammals 10 01 04 01 00 Total 63 2 08 01 00 Source: Field observations

3.3.2 Rare, threatened and endemic flora and fauna

49. Among the recorded flora species there were two endemic species such as Artocarpus nobilis (wal del) and Dillenia retusa (Goda para) are common in the wet zone area are not included under the nationally threaten category. Considering about the fauna, there were two species of recorded mammal and mollusk species Semnopithecus vetulus (Purple-Face leaf monkey) and Acavus phoenix considered as endemic.

Figure: 3.6 Recorded endemic species along the road : Artocarpus nobilis (Wal del) tree; Dillenia retusa (Goda para) tree and; Purple Face Leaf Monkey(Semnopithecus vetulus)

3.4 Economic Development

3.4.1 Agriculture and Industries

50. No specified industrial activities could be observed within the subproject influence area but there were some dedicated economic activities close proximities such as well-established vehicle sales centers along the B084 & A004 road where and . In addition, there are several other small scale industries located close proximity to the road such as sawmills, vehicle repairing centers and agricultural base industries such as Rubber refine factories and, Rice processing mills.

51. Many shops along the trace are retail shops while urban centres have variable retails shops including pharmaceutical, jewelry, textiles and other accessories, hotel and restaurant, super markets could be observed. C In addition many vegetable and fruits stalls, fishing stalls also available along the crowded area as well as rural road junction areas. Considering the animal husbandry activities cattle is mostly seen at the rural areas(23+400to 28+100km). Most of the paddy lands could be observed along the trace where rural areas; however most of them are fallow lands.

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3.4.2 Infrastructure Facilities such as Electricity, Pipe water and Telecommunication

52. Electricity power supply lines are visible along the road and towns that are passed by the road; therefore, communities who live in the subproject influence area have access to electricity. Telecommunication facilities are available through fixed line systems such as Sri Lanka Telecom and wireless system networks. Pipe borne water is available to the subproject influence area. However communities living close to the road trace use groundwater through dug wells.

3.4.3 Transport Facilities

53. Both public and private transport facilities in the form of busses, three wheelers, and vans are available to the people along the subproject roads. Rural distributor / access roads that branch off from A004 & B084 provide access to rural communities living in these areas to better infrastructure facilities. These two roads are leading roads in Colombo which is the capital city of Sri Lanka. There for more privet and public transport facilities are available through the area. There is one of the best accessibility hub created after establishment of Southern Expressway (E01) at Kottawa for A004 and Kahathuduwa for B084 gain more advantages to users. Therefore the communities have more opportunities to use privet vehicles and public transport services such as busses, trains to reach Colombo the economic capital of the country as well as Southern part of the country too.

3.5 Social & Cultural Resources 54. In general, Sri Lanka is considered as a multicultural country with a population consisting of different ethnic groups and different religions. Sinhalese, Tamils and Moor are the main ethnic groups and Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity and Islam are the key religions of the people. The project implementing Colombo district is considered as one of the districts where people of all ethnic communities and religious faiths live together.

55. As per 2012 the Census of Population and Housing of the Dept. of Census and Statistics, Colombo and Kalutara district population in 2012 is presented in Table 3:5 with population density

Table:3:5 Detail of population at year 2012

Total population Population District DSD Area(km2) (000) Density (inha/km2)

Colombo - 699 2,324,349 3,325 Kesbewa 64 245,232 3,832 Homagama 121 237,905 1,966 Thibirigasyaya 24.0 238,057 9,919 Kalutara - 1,598 1,221,948 764.7 Horana 109 113,364 1,640 Source: Census statistic 2012-Stistic.gov.lk 56. However, majority of the communities living in the project area are Sinhalese (99.3%), while remaining 0.7% belong to other ethnic groups such as Tamils and Moor. In general, ethnic communities have concentration areas for their housing and settlement. This is very true in the case of Tamil and Muslim communities. They don’t live in ethnic isolation. There is no minority population concentrated locations in the project area though district has such areas elsewhere.

3.5.1 Education and Health Facilities

57. As an island wide Sri Lanka has represented 95.7% literacy rate while western province reflects 98% high literacy rate of the country(Census statistic:2012). Many leading schools (both national and international schools) and other institutes are established in Colombo and Kalutara districts to reach best and quality

21 education not only for the occupants also from island wide. Children in the subproject influence area have access to enter the leading schools in suburbs of Colombo and Horana (Kalutara District) towns.

58. Government hospital and several other rural hospitals and maternity centers are also situated nearby area to reach health facility. There are prominent private hospitals also located in town areas and their clinical outlets are also located nearby suburbs. Other than these main health facilities there are few private clinics in the subproject influences area.

3.5.2 Cultural, religious and archaeological places/ structures along the trace

59. There were no significant archaeological or historically places observed along the trace. However several numbers of significant temples, sacred Bo trees (Ficus riligiosa) and shrines are situated along the road section.

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CHAPTER 04 SCREENING OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION MEASURES

60. Significant impacts on the environment during preconstruction, construction and operational stages of the subproject were identified as follows.

4.1 Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures at Preconstruction and Construction stages.

4.1.1 Land acquisition and removal of structures in the acquired lands for road widening

61. Acquisition of sections of private and public land will be required in order to widen the road at sections where the existing road is narrow and at locations where the existing ROW is not adequate to do any road widening operations. Demolition of any structures built in such land in the form of houses, shops or other business premises will affect the living conditions and livelihoods of the owners of such properties.

62. Following mitigation measures could be used to minimize the impacts due to land acquisition;

• Acquisition of private land to the minimum requirement • Adequate compensation should be given to those who loose property and such compensation should be based on the guidelines given in the “Entitlement matrix” of the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) prepared for this subproject. • Any public property (such as temples, shrines) that will be affected should be restored in consultation with religious leaders and the community of the area. • If applicable, all possible livelihood restoration measures should be considered to support persons whose livelihood activities are affected due to the subproject.

4.1.2 Hydrological Impacts a) Flood impacts:- Increase of flood threats due to disruption of surface drainage pattern and loss of flood retention areas

63. In addition, natural drainage pattern will be disturbed if construction material is temporarily stored or if waste soil and any other debris are dumped within natural drainage pathways and the marsh. This will also result in stagnation of storm water in the upstream during heavy rains and it will ultimately lead to flood conditions. b). Impacts on ground water table and existing storm water drainage system 64. Marsh of the project area provides ground for infiltration of storm water and due to the filling and compaction activities of the road development the sub surface water movement may also be interrupted and it will negatively affect the ground water table. 58. Since the project area consists of marshes, soft ground treatment will be practiced when constructing embankments. Here there will be an impact to ground water movement. c). Flood impacts due to construction material and denuded matter 65. Following impacts will be possible if construction material is stored or unsuitable soil and construction debris are disposed within the marshy area, within drainage paths or blocking canals and drains;  Reduction of drainage capacity of drainage network  Reduction of retention capacity of the project area  Disturbance to flow pattern of the drainage network d). Impacts on ground and surface water quality 23

66. There is a possibility of deteriorating surface water quality by contamination with;  Emissions from construction vehicles and equipment such as oil and grease  By disposing, spilling and leaking of construction chemicals when storing and handling  Due to inadequacy of sanitary facilities and supply of water, neglecting timely removal of sewage, solid waste and waste water in labor camps will also pollute the surface water bodies located nearby to labor camps.  And ground water also gets polluted if these substances leak to the ground water table. e). Impacts on soil: Erosion, siltation and sediment runoff 67. If soil dumps and un-compacted earth surfaces/embankment slopes are kept exposed to heavy rainfalls it will cause soil erosion. And if waste soil dumps and material stores are kept near or within natural drainage paths, or marshes or project area which is a flood plain they are susceptible to be eroded with the storm water/flood water. Further there is a possibility of washing off the disturbed soil if earth works are carried out during heavy rainy days. 68. Eroded soil can get deposited in adjoining streams mainly Kelani River and marshy areas which can reduce the drainage capacity of relevant water bodies, deteriorate the surface water quality as well as can alter the natural drainage pattern. Reduction of drainage capacity of canals due to siltation can increase the chance of occurring flash floods during intensive rainfalls. And also if sedimentation is occurred in marshy areas and flood plains in larger amounts it will reduce the flood retention capacity of the project area. f). Soil compaction and loss of productive soil if any 69. For construction of embankments, soil compaction is necessary. And within the sections where soft soil is found a suitable soft ground treatment method will be practiced from which the original soil profile is altered. g). Impacts on air quality 70. Construction activities such as filling of land, site clearing, transportation of construction material, operation of construction machineries and plants (asphalt plants and batching plants), and metal crusher activities will lead to generation of dust and other pollutants to the atmosphere. 71. The health effects caused by air pollutants may include difficulty in breathing, wheezing, coughing and aggravation of existing respiratory and cardiac conditions, and children in the project area are particularly vulnerable to these health hazards. h). Impacts due to noise and vibration 72. Heavy machinery and vehicle operation is required for activities such as geotechnical investigation, removal of structures, filling of land, compaction, extraction, handling and transportation of material as well as bridge and culvert construction. 73. All these activities can cause increased noise and vibration levels. Impacts due to high levels of noise and vibration on nearby communities are annoyance, disturbance to activities and adverse effects on human health such as increased blood pressure, heart rate or impaired performance due to lack of sleep. i). Public Health and Safety 74. During construction phase, public health and safety issues become prominent. Migrant labor adds possibilities for poor sanitation, use of illicit liquor, indecent behavior and violence and spread of diseases. Generation of dust and deterioration of air quality are unavoidable threats for life of the people caused by various construction activities such as site cleaning, filling, drilling, pile driving, surfacing and paving activities etc. 75. Transportation materials and waste disposal will affect the health and safety of the people of project area. Improper disposal of waste material can potentially cause obstruction to natural drainage systems, makes local flooding situations and creates sites for mosquito breeding. The effect of dust emissions will have more negative impact on vulnerable populations like children, pregnant women and sick and elderly persons. j). Workers health and Safety 76. Inadequate sanitary facilities and poorly designed labour camps could lead to spread of diseases (especially vector- born diseases). Overcrowded labour camps may cause scarcities of drinking, washing and

24 bathing facilities to Laborers. Unsystematic waste disposal and resulting water stagnation points spread mosquitoes and other insects. This gives rise to various types of vector-born diseases. 77. Workers will engage in various types of activities, including some hazardous activities such as welding, pile driving, quarrying. Some of the construction works may have to be carried out during night time. The workers will be prone to accidents if they do not wear proper protective clothing and if they do not follow the instructions given by the site supervisors.

4.2 Measures to Mitigate or Manage Environmental Consequences during pre- construction and construction stages

1) Measures to mitigate hydrological impacts

A). Flood impacts 78. The construction of bridge and culverts will also facilitate the cross drainage of the road. This will reduce the amount lost from the retention area of the marsh as well. 79. Construction of adequate cross drainage structures across the embankment section of the proposed road as recommended by SLLR&DC will minimize the impacts on natural drainage pattern of the embankment area. 80. The contractor should not be allowed to dump any material in the remaining adjacent marshy lands that may cause blockage in drainage. Moreover, Contractor should be responsible to avoid dumping of unsuitable soil and other solid wastes in to existing drainage pathways and if any pathway is silted or blocked contractor should restore them to the original status.

B). Impacts on ground water table and existing storm water drainage system 81. During construction a close monitoring of ground water levels will be done to monitor any undue depletion of ground water levels. If such observation appears the contractor should consult the engineer for assistance to rectify the situation.

C). Flood impacts due to construction material and denuded matter 82. Temporary dumps of construction material should not be placed within marsh or in such a way that they will not block any canal, drain or drainage path or carried away to nearby water bodies. Also contractor should not dispose waste soil or any other debris within marshy area or at existing drainage paths. Dumping waste material should strictly be limited to locations approved by the engineer and under the written consent of relevant Local Authority (LA) and other related agencies. Further contractor is bound to restore any silted or blocked canal/stream due to his activities.

D). Impacts on ground and surface water quality 83. Contractor should service and maintain all construction vehicles and machineries at servicing yards/stations which are approved by the engineer. If the contractor is to use his own service yard it should be operated with an Environmental Protection License (EPL) for the CEA. 84. Construction material such as cement, bitumen and other chemicals including any harmful substances should be stored in protected compartments/ enclosures and handled carefully to avoid spills. Essentially such enclosure should be built away from Kelani River above the ground level with an impervious floor and roofing to avoid any rain water spilling over such material. Waste containers and material should be disposed only in locations approved by CEA and LA. Contractor should be responsible for restoring polluted water bodies or wells by the construction activities if any. 85. Locations for labor camps if any should be approved by engineer and comply with guidelines/ recommendations issued by the LA. Labour camps should be provided with adequate and appropriate facilities for disposal of sewerage, solid waste and wastewater. The sewage systems shall be properly designed, built and operated so that no pollution to ground water or adjacent water bodies/watercourses takes place. Septic tanks and garbage bins/solid waste collecting pits should be regularly emptied to avoid any contamination to ground or surface water sources.

E). Impacts on soil erosion, siltation and sediment runoff 86. Construction materials containing small/ fine particles shall be stored in places not subjected to flooding and in such a manner that these materials will not be washed away by runoff. Temporary soil dumps 25 should be kept avoiding drainage canals and wetland. If it is left at the site for a long time those piles should be covered with thick polythene sheets and should not be exposed to direct rainfall. Also embankment slopes should be compacted to the required degree of compaction and covered with proper mulch. 87. Waste soils and other denuded materials should not be left in places where it may be carried by rain water/flood to nearby rivers or waterways. Waste soil disposal sites should be selected carefully avoiding water bodies and wetlands as much as possible and they should be approved by the relevant LA. And if directed by the engineer the debris and residual spoil material including any left earth can be used to refill the borrow sites.

F). Soil compaction 88. Operators of all construction vehicles should be instructed not to travel outside the construction area there by avoid compacting soil outside the project area.

G). Contamination of soil 89. Storing and placing construction material on an impervious surface will minimize any contamination of soil by chemicals. Dip trays should be kept at fuel dispensers to avoid any spilled fuel infiltration to the ground.

4.3 Measures to mitigate impacts upon ecological resources in the marshes and valuable beneficial water uses

90. Following mitigation measures are proposed to minimize impairment of ecological resources and impact on other beneficial water uses due to construction of proposed approach road.

A). Loss of habitats/loss of vegetation 91. The marshy lands should not be used as waste disposal sites and also should not be allowed to be reclaimed or to be encroached and close monitoring will help to avoid such activities. 92. A compensatory tree planting program should be introduced to locations where necessary. For this purpose a mixture of native floral species could be selected which are naturally growing in the nearby areas. As reparation of the cut or removed trees, there are 5 plants for an each tree removed will be planted along the road and the nearby areas. The growing of trees will require much of space and sun light. Therefore suitable locations along the road as well as nearby areas will be selected to re-planting. T 93. The road side tree planting areas will be restricted by public utility services such as electricity, water mains and telecommunication lines. Moreover safety facts of the road, existing building and houses are also impact to the tree planting activity. However suitable space in both road and beyond the road will be selected to the compensate tree planting program. Ecological benefits of the trees, crown shape, root system, growing speed and resistance for the harsh environment are the main characters for selection of species. Introduced and invasive species will not be selected to plant anyhow. Compensative tree planting program is showing as in table below. Table 4.1 Details of tree planting program Number of trees to be Species name Ecological benefit The locations Beneficiaries planted 100 Kumbuk Control of soil erosion, and Shade. All bridges and Road users, Community (Terminalia arjuna) Medicinal, Phytoremediation culverts location. along (mitigating pollutant concentrations in the paddy areas and contaminated soils, water, or air. water logging areas 100 Mee (Madhuca Control of soil erosion, Shade, Along th Play Road users, community, longifolia) Medicinal grounds/public places school children like schools, temple ect. 25 Kos (Artocarpus Shade, Food and Timber Along the road, Road users, Community hetarophyllus) Community areas

100 Thbiriya(Diospyros Control of soil erosion, Shade. Along the road, Road users, Community malabarica) Community areas, water courses. 25 Na (Mesua thwaitesii) Shade, flower and Timber Along the road, Road users, Community Temple premises, 26

School premises, Community areas 100 Pihimbiya (Filicium Control of soil erosion, and Shade. Along the road, Road users, Community decipiens) Community areas 25 Kohomba (Azadirchta Shade, medicinal Along the road, Road users, Community indica) Community areas 25 Hora (Dipterocarpus Shade and Timber(an Endemic tree) Along the road, Road users, Community zeylanicus) Community areas and conservation of specially for Horana endemic species DS areas.

94. The initial survey of fauna & flora should be carried out by the contractor prior to commencement of the works. According to findings or during construction, if a rare/threatened/endangered floral species (even epiphytes such as orchids) is found, it shall be immediately informed to the Engineer and take necessary actions to relocate or save the recorded species. All activities that could destroy such flora and/or its habitat shall be stopped with immediate effect. Such activities shall be started only after obtaining the Engineer’s approval. Contractor shall carry out all activities and plans that the Engineer instructed him to undertake to conserve such flora and/or its habitat.

B). Disturbance to animals 95. The culverts constructed at regular intervals to mitigate the risk of inundation of low lying areas will also serve as passages for small mammals, reptiles and amphibians and minimize the risk of being run over and collision with vehicles and minimize the fragmentation of populations as well. The identified an endemic/threaten species should not be disturbed during the construction period and apply any suitable solutions when the construction might be coursed any disturbances to them. c). Spreading of invasive species 96. In order to prevent further invasion of existing invasive species, the waste plant materials generated during the site clearing and dredging activities (if any) should be securely disposed. Using native floral species when replanting should be carried out to prevent the risk of new invasion to the project area.

4.4 Measures to mitigate impacts on air quality 97. Adhering to the following mitigation measures can minimize the airborne particulate matter released to the atmosphere.  All heavy equipment, plants and machinery shall be fitted in full compliance with the national and local regulations, National environmental air emissions  Dust generating from the crusher plant, loading of raw materials to the asphalt plant & batching plant should be controlled up to the National ambient air quality standards  Storage locations of sand, metal, soil shall be located away from settlements and other sensitive receptors and care should be taken in stockpiling construction material with adequate coverage  Speed limits to be rigorously enforced and transport through settlement areas should be avoided where possible.  Care should be taken to avoid spillage of construction material and dust emissions during unloading of construction material to the project site.  Effectively managing the dust generating activities such as topsoil removal, handling and transporting sand, rubble, bitumen, and cement during periods of high winds or during more stable conditions with winds directed towards adjacent residences and other facilities.  All vehicles delivering materials shall be covered to avoid spillage and dust emission  Avoid, where possible and take suitable action to prevent dirt and mud being carried to the roads (particularly following wet weather).  Employ a water truck to sprinkle water for dust suppression on all exposed areas as required (note: the use of waste water / waste oil for dust suppression is prohibited)  All cleared areas shall be rehabilitated progressively  All earthwork shall be protected in a manner acceptable to the minimize generation of dust.  Plants, machinery and equipment shall be handled (including dismantling) so as to minimize generation of dust and the contractor shall take every precaution to reduce the level of dust emission

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from the hot mix plants and the batching plants up to the satisfaction of the Engineer in accordance with the relevant emission norms.

4.5 Measures to mitigate impacts due to noise and vibration 98. The impacts related to increased level of noise and vibration during the construction stage can be minimized by adopting following mitigation measures.  All heavy equipment and machinery shall be fitted in full compliance with the national regulation, Noise Control Regulations - Extra Ordinary Gazette No. 924/12 May 1996 amended by E.O Gazette 937/7 April 1997.  All machinery and equipment shall be well maintained and fitted with noise reduction devices in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions.  Ensuring that construction plant and equipment is maintained to a high operable standards and that exhaust baffles are fitted and maintained in a high serviceable condition.  Limiting operations to times when they have least impact in settlement areas, especially near schools and places of worship. Such time schedules should be prepared in consultation with relevant institutions that will be affected.  Covering the construction site by using sound barriers.  Reasonable compensation to be paid to those houses that are damaged due to vibration  Contractor should do a pre-condition survey of structures for cracks.  Measuring of cracks during construction period and after completion of construction.  Adjusting construction activities which cause vibration to permissible level.  Providing trenches and barriers for the critical areas.

4.6 Measures to mitigate impacts for Public health and safety

99. Service roads and all access roads within the project area should be sprinkled with water for dust suspension. The Storage locations of sand, metal, soil should be located away from settlements and other sensitive receptors and covered by artificial barriers or natural vegetation. 100. Contractor shall take necessary actions to prevent breeding of mosquitoes at places of work, labour camps and store buildings. Stagnation of water in all areas including gutters, used and empty cans, containers, tiers, etc shall be prevented. Approved chemicals to destroy mosquitoes and larvae should be regularly applied. 101. Proper barricading, night time lighting will be placed around the construction sites. No public will be allowed to entire the construction area. Flagmen will be placed at all junction locations to manage safe passage of vehicles. 102. Labour camps if any shall be provided with adequate and appropriate facilities for disposal of sewerage and solid waste. The sewage systems shall be properly designed, built and operated so that no pollution to ground or adjacent water bodies/watercourses takes place. Garbage bins shall be provided to the camps and regularly emptied. Garbage should be disposed in a hygienic manner, to the satisfaction of the relevant norms. Compliance with the relevant regulations and guidelines issued by the CEA/LA shall be strictly adhered to and supervision engineer shall monitor whether these conditions are adhered by the contractor. 103. In addition, locations selected for labour camps should be approved by engineer and comply with guidelines/ recommendations issued by the CEA/Local Authority (LA). Construction labourer’s camps shall not be located within 200m from waterways, near to a site or premises of religious, and school. 104. Contractor should remove all labour camps fully after such need is over, empty septic tanks, all garbage and debris need to be removed and the site need to be restored back to its former condition.

A). Workers health and safety 104. To prevent vector-born diseases, contractor shall ensure that all camps are kept clean and hygienic. Labour camps shall be provided with adequate and appropriate facilities for disposal of sewerage and solid waste.

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105. At every workplace and labour camps sufficient number of bathing facilities, latrines and urinals shall be provided in accordance with the Health and Safety regulations and design should be approved by the Engineer. These bathroom and toilet facilities shall be suitably located within the workplace/buildings. Latrines shall be cleaned at least three times daily in the morning, midday and evening and kept in a strict sanitary condition. 106. If women are employed, separate latrines and urinals, screened from those with markings in local languages shall be provided. There shall be adequate supply of water, within and close to latrines and urinals. 107. Contractor shall supply all necessary safety appliances such as safety goggles, helmets, masks, boots, etc., to the workers and staff. Contractor should make sure whether these safety appliances are followed by the workers. 108. The contractor has to comply with all regulations regarding safe scaffolding, ladders, working platforms, gangway, excavations, trenches and safe means of entry and egress. At every workplace, first aid kit shall be provided. Notice boards will be put up at construction sites and camps to alert all workers on safety standards and requirements. B). Awareness of public 109. The implementation of environmental awareness program will also help to protect the surround environment along the road trace. The contractor’s environmental officer can implement such campaign, meeting and the workshops with assistance of PMU/SC for the surround communities mainly who are living close to the sensitive environmental areas. The display of the sign boards (animal warning signs), poster and cut-outs also will help to aware the community as well as workers about the important of the ecosystems which are situated along the road trace such as elephant corridors, wet lands, forest and sanctuaries

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CHAPTER 05

INSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENTS & ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN/ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

5:1 Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

110. The impacts identified and mitigation measures suggested under the section “Screening of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures” are summarized in to an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and are presented as a matrix in annex: A.

111. The responsibility of implementing the EMP will be with the contractor. The Supervision Consultant (SC) working under the Project Implementing Unit or Project Management Unit (PIU/PMU) will directly supervise the contractor in implementing the EMP, while the PIU will have the overall responsibility of monitoring & implementation of EMP/EMoP. Environmental and Social Division (ESD) of RDA will act as an independent monitoring unit within the RDA, monitoring the implementation of environmental safeguards measures. ESD will directly report to relevant authorities. Annual reports prepared by PMU will be submitted to ESD for review. Once approved by ESD, these reports will be submitted to CEA, ADB (the funding agency) and other relevant institutions.

112. In the event the subproject creates a complex environmental impact ESD will discuss with the PMU to review and decide whether independent external monitoring will be required. The institutional hierarchy for the implementation of EMP & EMoP is shown as follows.

RDA Environmental and Social Division (ESD)

ADB, CEA & PD/PMU Environmental Specialist other relevant agencies such as Depts. of Wild life, Forest, Irrigation ect. SC-Team Environmental Specialist Leader & RE

Environmental Officer Contractor

Figure: 5:1 Responsibility hierarchy for EMP & EMoP implementation

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5:2 Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) 113. The project will be facilitated with EMoP to ensure of implementation of EMP. It is true that project will face difficulties when implementing and monitoring the given EMP guidelines. Therefore ADB/PMU will introduce a new online monitoring system. The appointed officer from PMU or PIC can access to the online EMoP checklist and feed his/her observations with photographs when doing field visits. The monthly update of EMoP will reflect its achievement and can produce detail report where the contractor achieves success or failures.

5.3 Baseline survey related to environment compliances

114. In addition to the EMoP, to ensure of protection of surround nature during project implementation, the baseline survey related to environmental compliances has been prepared and presented in Annex:C. It includes information on environmental parameters to be monitored, locations, time and frequency, cost for sampling and stage of subproject on which the monitoring should be conducted.

115. The baseline environmental survey reports will be included to annual environmental report by PMU/RDA.

116. The Criteria for the selection of sampling Locations of the selected parameters are  Air quality- Population density and potential increase of traffic  Water quality- Rivers/ stream/tanks/Cross drainage locations used by local populace towards meeting their daily chores  Noise and vibration-The areas where traffic/activities are likely to increase and also impacted/compaction and intensity of machinery movements

5:4 Cost for EMP, EMoP and baseline survey.

117. Specified environmental management & monitoring, and baseline survey cost are to be executed in accordance with bill of quantities (BOQ) of the project. Those activities that described in EMP, EMoP & baseline survey must be implemented through approved BOQ. If found any site specific requirements during the project period, the cost will be paid by supplementary budget or variation to fulfill the requirements. Then such manner, found any specific environmental mitigation actions are to be allowed to implement within the bill items.

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CHAPTER 07

FINDINGS & RECOMMENDATIONS

118. This study was undertaken to assess potential environmental impacts that could occur during preconstruction, construction and operation stages of rehabilitation and developing of 12.55 km road sections of B084 & A004 Roads. The potential environmental impacts were assessed in a comprehensive manner using both primary and secondary data.

119. According to ADB environmental guidelines of subproject classification, this subproject could be classified as a category “B” subproject. CEA has categorized this subproject as a prescribed project which requires an Initial Environmental Assessment (IEE) or an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). This IEE report will serve the complete environmental assessment while possible environmental impacts can be mitigate through an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and the Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP).

120. Findings of the study could be summarized as follows;

• Negative Impacts are minor and mitigate as they are mostly construction related impacts which are temporary. Positive Impacts from the subproject clearly outweigh the negative temporary impacts which are minor. • The subproject is socially acceptable and there were no major social protests during the environmental assessment stage.

121. In view of potential involuntary resettlement needs of the subproject affected persons, no off site resettlement will be required. However, a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) will be completed for the project area and address the potential social issues during the project period. The EMP provided a set of potential environmental impacts and mitigation measures to be implement. The proposed online EMoP will benefit to measure the impacts that described in EMP, and provide a true picture about mitigation measures. Moreover baseline surveys such as air quality, noise and water quality should be carried out during pre-construction stage to establish the baseline values. It will help to identify existing values of the project area and variation will occur during the construction and operational stages.

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CHAPTER 08

CONCLUSION

122. This IEE report has discussed various aspects of the proposed rehabilitation and development of selected sections from Colombo-Horana(B084) and Colombo-Ratnapura-Wellawaya-Batticaloa Road(A004) under the Southern Road Connectivity Project. The IEE concludes that the subproject will not cause significant environmental problems during preconstruction, construction and operational stages of the subproject and the potential adverse impacts are manageable through the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures monitored through a comprehensive environment monitoring plan (introduced online monitoring system).

123. The proposed rehabilitation and improvement activities to the road section will have long-term socio-economic benefits and short term adverse impacts to its existing surround environment which will be confined to project implementation period only.

124. The subproject will reduce the travel time and operational cost of vehicles using this road sections. An efficient connectivity between the southern expressway and Colombo-Horana (B084) , Colombo-Ratnapura- Wellawaya-Batticaloa Road(A004) Road will be established through the interchanges at Kottawa and Kahathuduwa.

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REFERENCES

1. ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (2009). 2. Ashton, Mark S.; Gunathilaka,Savitri; de Zoysa, Neela; Dissanayake, M.D.; Gunathiliake, Nimal and Wijesundara, Siril (1997). A field Guide to the Common Trees and Shrubs of Sri Lanka, Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka. 3. Central Bank Annual Report 2006. 4. Environmental Atlas of Sri Lanka-Central Environmental Authority 2005. 5. Gunathilaka, de Alwis Sampath(2007), Fresh Water Fishes of Sri Lanka, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resource, , Sri Lanka. 6. IUCN Sri Lanka (2007). The 2006 list of Threatened Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka, Colombo: IUCN Sri Lanka. 7. National Environmental Act; Subsidiary Legislation, 2003 (Unofficial Copy) 8. Road Development Authority, Ex Gratia Package for the People Affected by Highway Projects. 9. Road Development Authority, National Highways Development Project Final Report Volume 2- Main Report. 10. Senaratna, L.K (2001). A checklist of the flowering plants of Sri Lanka, National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka. 11. Somaweera, Ruchira (2006). Reptiles of Sri Lanka, Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka.

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Annex: A Environment Management Plan (EMP) for Colombo-Horana (B084) Road & Colombo-Ratnapura-Wellawaya-Batticaloa Road(A004).

Potential Institutional responsibility Indicators or Approximate Reflect in Environmental Mitigation Action Mitigation Cost Implementation Supervision Means of Standards Location baseline survey Impact Verifications A. Pre-construction and Construction stage 1.Site clearing Mark all road side trees subjected Removal of trees- Environment Contractor RDA/DoF Visual CEA/DoF Air, noise before starting to potential felling and preparation throughout the road and Engineering (Under inspection quality construction of inventory prior to start clearing. cost Supervision of About 45 trees have PIU) Decision on tree removal should be been estimated to be based on detailed engineering felled. design. Compensatory Maximum effort towards avoiding Plantation to be removal of religious, cultural and carried out aesthetic important trees through Wherever ROW is joint field verifications and decision available along the taking. entire project stretch

Obtain permission in writing from waste land to be DoF regarding removal of trees and selected in seek compensatory modalities and consultation with plan for afforestation programs. Forest Department

Compensatory plantation program should be implemented and 5 numbers of saplings to be planted to each one removed tree.

To avoid further tree losses, the contractor should ensure that the temporary use of land for construction related activities will be established w i t h o u t a n y additional tree cutting.

To avoid soil erosion, suitable soil conservation bunds (soil erosion control mechanisms) should be applied.

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Potential Institutional responsibility Indicators or Approximate Reflect in Environmental Mitigation Action Mitigation Cost Implementation Supervision Means of Standards Location baseline survey Impact Verifications 2. Road The workers as well as public All the construction Engineering cost Contractor RDA Visual National Air and water widening by endangered by embankment sites. observations, Emission quality cutting and filling construction, collapsing, and deep Public Standards embankments trenches should be protected and complaints. and CEA well covered. water quality

standards The fertile top soil can be utilized in the future for turfing purpose, enhancing soil quality of degraded land patches, plantation purposes etc.

The debris and spoil should be disposed in well manner & do not b l o c k the waterways and drainage paths.

3. Construction of The workers as well as public All the construction Engineering cost Contractor RDA/PHI Visual National Air , water and structures endangered by structure sites. observations, Emission Vibration test including earth constructions, collapsing, and Public Standards work (Retaining working at sites should be protected complaints. and CEA walls, bridges, and well covered. water quality culverts, side standards drains, lead ways) Pedestrian paths should be provided to public while workers should be equipped with personal protective equipment.

Environmental pollution caused by material wash away from debris, stock piles should be protected when raining, and due to water flows.

Dewatering should be carefully diverted to adjacent land/water body etc. The stagnant water should be avoided to mosquito breeding.

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Potential Institutional responsibility Indicators or Approximate Reflect in Environmental Mitigation Action Mitigation Cost Implementation Supervision Means of Standards Location baseline survey Impact Verifications 4. Rock Quarry sites should be operated in line Quarry locations Engineering cost Contractor RDA Visual Laws and Water air and excavation with environmental guidelines inspection/ regulations vibration denoted by approval agenesis (eg: Environmental of respective quality CEA). pollution/ Las/CEA public Dust generations, noise and vibration complaints/ should be controlled in accordance to Workers stipulated guidelines and visible health evidences should be there. Workers should be equipped with PPEs. Restoration of the borrow pits by contractor or relevant authorities once after borrowing.

5.Rock blasting Dust generations, noise and vibration Quarry sites, Engineering cost Contractor RDA Visual CEA water Water, vibration and crushing should be controlled in accordance to crushing sites inspection/ quality and air stipulated guidelines and visible Environmental standards/ quality evidences should be there. pollu Laws and tion/ public regulations Workers should be equipped with complaints/ of respective PPEs. Workers LAs health Public safety should be implemented

6. Burrowing, Mosquito breeding places should be Quarry sites, Engineering cost Contractor RDA Visual CEA water Water, noise and transporting, avoided crushing sites, inspection/ quality air placing Environmental standards/ quality aggregate Transport vehicles should be covered pollu Laws and material (earth, and well maintained. Overlarding is tion/ public regulations gravel, sand, strictly controlled. complaints/ of respective metal, quarry Workers LAs dust etc.) Dust generation when loading and health unloading should be minimized

Public safety should be considered.

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Potential Institutional responsibility Indicators or Approximate Reflect in Environmental Mitigation Action Mitigation Cost Implementation Supervision Means of Standards Location baseline survey Impact Verifications 7. Placing and Public safety should be enhanced by Construction areas Engineering cost Contractor RDA/ LAs Visual Laws and Vibration test compacting sub monitoring cracks and any other inspection/ regulations base/base course damages. of respective material LAs./GSMB/ Compacting methods should be NBRO incorporated with specific site condition and public complaints

8. Storing Bitumen spilling over to Construction areas Engineering cost Contractor RDA/ LAs Visual Laws and Water quality Asphalt/ Bitumen ground/water and pollution to soil inspection/ regulations at site and use for and water should be avoided with of respective carpeting proper storages and handling. LAs./CEA

When using bitumen, proper forecasting should be there to avoid unnecessary washout.

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Annex B: Environmental Monitoring Plan – Colombo-Horana (B084) Road & Colombo-Ratnapura-Wellawaya-Batticaloa Road(A004).

Responsible Institution Components of Monitoring Process Environmental Issues to Mitigation measures consider Implementati Monitoring Monitoring Parameters Monitoring Methods Frequency on Activity: 1 .Site clearing before starting construction Environment pollution (i)To avoid un-necessary (i)Trees exactly to be removed are Physical observation/ field As per Contractor Consultant/client caused by cutting large tree cutting by demarcating demarcated records work plan trees (Removal of trees exactly to be removed greenery) (ii)To implement tree re- (i)Suitable land is selected Physical observation/ As per Contractor Consultant/client planting program to Documents work plan compensate lost greenery (ii)Suitable plants are selected and Physical observation/ field As per Contractor Consultant/client maintained at a nursery records work plan

(iii)Tree planting implemented (1: 3 Physical observation/ field As per Contractor Consultant/client rate) records work plan

(iv)Plants are maintained until Physical observation/ field As per Contractor Consultant/client grown well records work plan

Environment pollution (i)To provide soil (i)Adequate soil conservation Physical observation As per Contractor Consultant/client caused by eroded soil conservation bunds and bunds are provided and well work plan during rains after site maintain maintained clearing Activity: 2.Road widening by cutting and filling embankments Safety of workers and (i) To provide embankment (i)Embankment slopes are Physical As per Contractor Consultant/client public endangered by slopes approved by the approved by the engineer observation/Documents work plan embankment collapse due engineer to unstable earth slopes (ii) To provide turfing or (i)Turfing or any other Physical observation As per Contractor Consultant/client any other arrangement to embankment protection work plan protect embankment erosion arrangements are provided

Activity: 3 Construction of structures including earth work (Retaining walls, bridges, culverts, side drains, lead ways)

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Safety of workers at deep (i) To provide embankment (i) Embankment protections Physical observation As per Contractor Consultant/client foundation endangered by protection (shoring, sheet (shoring, sheet piling) provided as work plan embankment collapse piling) as directed by the directed by the Engineer Engineer Safety of workers and (i)To provide adequate (i)Adequate buffer margins along Physical As per Contractor Consultant/client pedestrians endangered buffer margined along pedestrian paths where stockpiles observation/documents work plan by excavated material pedestrian paths where are placed stockpiles which block stockpiles are placed pedestrian paths. Safety of workers inside (i)To place material (i)Material stockpiles are kept away Physical observation As per Contractor Consultant/client the foundation stockpiles away from the from the edge of the embankments work plan endangered by falling edge of the embankments or or other suitable precautions are material pieces from take any other precaution taken stockpiles dumped nearby. Environment pollution (i) To protect material Material stockpiles wash away Physical observation As per Contractor Consultant/client caused by material wash stockpiles, wash away during rains are protected by work plan away from stockpiles during rains by covering/providing conservation during rains covering/providing bunds or any other means conservation bunds or any other arrangement Environment pollution (i)To remove unused Unused construction material does Physical observation As per Contractor Consultant/client caused by unremoved construction material after not remain at site after construction work plan stockpiles wash away construction completion completion during rains (even after construction) Hazardous mosquito (i)To remove stagnant water (i)Stagnant water is regularly Physical observation/field As per Contractor Consultant/client breeding caused by regularly to ensure removed records work plan stagnant water in mosquito breeding is not excavated pits taken place (ii)Tested water samples are free Physical observation/field As per Contractor Consultant/client from mosquito breading records/test reports work plan

Environment pollution (i)To divert waste water to a (i) Removed water is diverted to a Physical observation As per Contractor Consultant/client caused by waste water drainage path with silt traps drainage path with silt traps work plan removed from pits protecting downstream ensuring which does not pollute environment downstream environment

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Activity: 4 Rock excavation Health hazard of drillers (i)To provide dust control (i) Dust control arrangements are Physical observation/field As per Contractor Consultant/client and others in the vicinity arrangements while rock provided while rock drilling (wet records work plan caused by dust generation drilling (wet gunny bags) gunny bags) during rock drilling/crushing (ii)To provide dusk masks (i)Dusk masks are provided for Physical observation/field As per Contractor Consultant/client for rock drillers and others rock drillers and others working in records work plan in the vicinity while the vicinity while drilling drilling/crushing Activity:5.Rock blasting and crushing Community and (i)To arrange standard rock (i) Standard rock blasting safety Physical observation/field As per Contractor Consultant/client occupational safety blasting safety arrangements arrangements are provided records work plan endangered by insufficient including prior warning including prior warning protective measures during rock blasting Activity: 6 Burrowing, transporting, placing aggregate material (earth, gravel, sand, metal, quarry dust etc.)

Hazardous mosquito (i) To reinstate burrow pits (i) GSMB approval is obtained for Physical As per Contractor Consultant/client breading caused by as per GSMB guidelines burrow pits and burrowing observation/documents work plan stagnant water in burrow material pits after mining (ii) Burrow pits are reinstated as Physical As per Contractor Consultant/client per GSMB guidelines (even though observation/documents work plan the material supply is out sourced)

Health hazard due to (i)To make sure that dusty (i) Dusty material is transported Physical observation/field As per Contractor Consultant/client windblown dust while material is transported only only by covered trucks records work plan transporting dusty by covered trucks. material by uncovered trucks at dry weather Health hazard due to (i)To make sure that dusty (i) Dusty material dumps are Physical observation As per Contractor Consultant/client windblown dust from material dumps are covered covered at dry weather work plan dumped dusty material at dry weather. heaps at dry weather Community/occupational (i)To provide regular water (i) Water spreading system or/and Physical observation/field As per Contractor Consultant/client health endangered by spreading system or/and to sprinkler attached water bowser records work plan windblown dust during deploy sprinkler attached use is regularly being carried out. construction water bowsers regularly regularly and to provide dust masks for workers

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(ii) Construction material dust is Physical As per Contractor Consultant/client not deposited over the surrounding observation/photographs work plan area Public safety endangered (i)To make sure that trucks (i)Trucks are not overloaded while Physical observation/field As per Contractor Consultant/client by material pieces thrown are not overloaded while material is transported records work plan out from overloaded transporting material moving trucks. Public safety endangered (i) To reinstate access roads (i) Access roads are regularly Physical As per Contractor Consultant/client by usage of access roads regularly reinstated observation/documents/ph work plan damaged due to heavy otographs vehicle movements Fine aggregate wash away (i)To protect fine aggregate (i) Fine aggregate material Physical observation/field As per Contractor Consultant/client from material heaps material stockpiles wash stockpile wash away is protected records work plan during rains shall pollute away from site during rains by covering and/or providing surrounding environment by covering and/or conservation bunds providing conservation bunds Activity: 7. Placing and compacting sub base/base course material Domestic safety (i) Identification of (i) A crack survey of neighboring Physical observation/field As per Contractor Consultant/client endangered by wall crack neighboring public/private public/private properties has been records/photographs/docu work plan propagation due to vibro- properties vulnerability by carried out before commencing the ments compaction at road carrying out a crack survey construction construction before commencing the construction (ii) Crack survey report is Physical observation/field As per Contractor Consultant/client submitted to the Engineer and records/photographs/docu work plan accepted before commence ments construction (i) Taking adequate care (i) Engineer approved action plan Documents As per Contractor Consultant/client during vibro-compacting at is prepared and available for work plan vulnerable locations (e.g. carrying out vibro-compaction at reducing vibration rate and vulnerable locations increasing number of passes or decreasing layer (ii) Adequate care has been taking Physical observation/field As per Contractor Consultant/client thickness) during vibro-compacting at records work plan vulnerable locations (e.g. reducing vibration rate and increasing number of passes or decreasing layer thickness)

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Activity: 8.Storing Asphalt/ Bitumen at site and use for carpeting Environment pollution (i)To pay special attention (i)Oily bitumen material is covered Physical observation/field As per Contractor Consultant/client caused by oily bitumen by covering oily bitumen before rains records work plan wash away during rains material before rains

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Annex: C Baseline Survey related to environment compliance (A) Baseline Survey plan for B084 Pamankada- Kesbewa (Ch. 0+500 to 1+100km)

Environmental Parameters to Rate (Rs.) Total (Rs.) Project stage Location Frequency Standards Implementation Supervision component be monitored Per sample

1. Air Quality A. Pre- constructionPm 2.5 and Following two locations Single NAAQS Rs. Rs.80,000 RDA by engagingPIC stage (BaselinePm 10 - At Ch. 00+520km of Sri 40,000 (For 2approve d monitoring Data) 24 hours average - At Ch. 01+100km Lanka Measurements) agency (GoSL)

B. Construction Pm 2.5 and Following two locations Twice a NAAQS of Sri Rs. Rs. 160,000 Contractor by RDA/PIC Stage Pm 10 - At Ch. 00+520km year Lanka 40,000 (For 4engaging approved 24 hours average - At Ch. 01+100km Measurements) monitoring agency (GoSL)

 During Production Twice a NAAQS of Sri Rs. Rs. 240,000 Contractor by RDA/PIC Stage year Lanka 40,000 (For 6engaging approved 1) Asphalt Plant Measurements) monitoring agency 2) Crusher Plant (GoSL) 3) Concrete Batching Plant C. Operation Pm 2.5 and Following two locations Single NAAQS of Sri Rs. Rs. 80,000 RDA by engaging RDA/ESD Stage Pm 10 - At Ch. 00+520km Lanka 40,000 (For 2approve d 24 hours average - At Ch. 01+100km Measurements) monitoring agency (GoSL)

2. Water Quality A. Pre- constructionTSS, BOD, pH Oil Following two locations Single National Rs. 20,000 Rs. 20,000 RDA by engaging PIC stage and Grease, E. coli - Near Pamankada Bridge Water Quality (One Sample) approved (Baseline Data) -00+520km Standards monitoring agency (Upstream of water (GoSL) body)

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Environmental Parameters to Rate (Rs.) Total (Rs.) Project stage Location Frequency Standards Implementation Supervision component be monitored Per sample

B. Construction TSS, BOD, pH Oil - Near Pamankada Bridge two times National Rs. 20,000 Rs. 80,000 Contractor by RDA/PIC Stage and Grease, E. coli - 00+520km a year Water Quality (For 4 Samples) engaging approved - One in the plant site Standards monitoring agency (Downstream of accommodating the (GoSL) water body) production (Asphalt or concrete batching plant site)

C. Operation TSS, BOD, pH Oil- Near Pamankada Bridge Single National Rs.20,000 Rs. 20,000 RDA by engaging RDA/ESD Stage and Grease, E. coli -00+520km Water Quality (One Sample) approved (Downstream Standards monitoring agency sample of water (GoSL) body)

3. Noise A. Pre- constructionNoise level Following two locations Single National EnvironRs. 15,000 Rs. 30,000 RDA by engaging PIC stage (dB level) - At 00+520km mental (Noise (For 2approve d - At 01+100km Control) Measurements) monitoring agency Day Times -2 hr Regulations, (GoSL) NAAQS

B. Construction Noise level (dB Following two locations Twice a National Rs.15,000 Rs. 60,000 Contractor by RDA/PIC Stage level) - At 00+520km year Environmental (For 4engaging approved - At 01+100km (Noise Control) Measurements) monitoring agency Day Times -2 hr Regulations, (GoSL) NAAQS

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Environmental Parameters to Rate (Rs.) Total (Rs.) Project stage Location Frequency Standards Implementation Supervision component be monitored Per sample

 During Production Twice a National Rs.15,000 Rs. 90,000 Stage year Environmental (For 6 4) Asphalt Plant (Noise Control) Measurements) 5) Crusher Plant Regulations, 6) Concrete Batching NAAQS Plant

C. Operation Noise level Following two locations Single National Rs. 15,000 Rs. 30,000 RDA by approved CEA Stage (dB level) - At 00+520km Environmental (For 2monitoring agency - At 01+100km (Noise Control) Measurements) (GoSL) Day Times -2 hr Regulations, NAAQS

4.Vibration A. Pre-construction Peak particle 1. Two locations or more- Single National Rs. 15,000 Rs. 30,000 RDA by engaging RDA/ PIC stage velocity Sensitive receptors Environmental (For 2approved monitoring (Baseline such as temple/ (Noise Control) Measurements) agency (GoSL) Data) hospital and school Regulations Or and NAAQS 2. Selected Building locations with existing traffic flow

B. Construction Peak particle Vibration levels at relevant Depend on National Rs. 15,000 Rs.300,000 Contractor by RDA/ PIC Stage velocity locations Complaint Environmental (Around 20 engaging approved Basis (Noise & measurements) monitoring agency Vibration Control) (GoSL) Regulations

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Environmental Parameters to Rate (Rs.) Total (Rs.) Project stage Location Frequency Standards Implementation Supervision component be monitored Per sample

C. Operation Peak particle 1. Same locations of pre-single National Rs. 15,000 Rs. 30,000 RDA by approved RDA/ ESD/ LA Stage velocity construction stage or Environmental (For 2monitoring agency (EO) (Noise & Measurements) (GoSL) 2. Selected other locations Vibration Control) as required with Regulations normal traffic flow

5.Flora and Fauna Pre-construction Existing fauna and Throughout the road and 1 times Flora and Fauna No need to - RDA (ESD) through RDA stage flora affected area Protection act allocate money: appointed Ecologist or or Duty of the Environmentalist Construction Environmental Stage Specialist of the CSC Team

Total Cost Rs.1,250,000.00

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(B) Baseline Survey plan for (Ch. 10+500 to 13+450km)

Parameters Environmental Rate (Rs.) Total (Rs.) Implementatio Project stage to be Location Frequency Standards Supervision component Per sample n monitored

1. Air Quality A. Pre-Pm 2.5 and Following three Once NAAQS Rs. Rs.120,000 RDA byPIC/ES construction Pm 10 locations of Sri 40,000 (For 3 Samples) engaging stage 24 hours - At Jaliyagoda (By Lanka approved (Baseline average pass Road Junction) monitoring Data) - At Miriswatte agency (GoSL) Junction - At Kesbewa Junction

B. Construction Pm 2.5 and Following three Twice a NAAQS of Rs. Rs. 240,000 Contractor by RDA/PIC Stage Pm 10 locations year Sri Lanka 40,000 (For 6 Samples) engaging 24 hours - At Jaliyagoda approved average - At Miriswatte monitoring Junction agency (GoSL) - At Kesbewa Junction

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Parameters Environmental Rate (Rs.) Total (Rs.) Implementatio Project stage to be Location Frequency Standards Supervision component Per sample n monitored

 During Production Twice a NAAQS of Rs. Rs. 240,000 Contractor by RDA/PIC Stage year Sri Lanka 40,000 (For 6 Samples) engaging 7) Asphalt Plant approved 8) Crusher Plant monitoring 9) Concrete agency (GoSL) Batching Plant C. Operation Pm 2.5 and Following three Single NAAQS of Rs. Rs. 120,000 RDA by RDA Stage Pm 10 locations Sri Lanka 40,000 (For 3 Samples) engaging 24 hours - At Jaliyagoda approved average - At Miriswatte monitoring Junction agency (GoSL) - At Kesbewa Junction

2. Water Quality A. Pre-TSS, BOD, pHFollowing Location Single National Rs. 20,000 Rs. 20,000 RDA by PIC/ES construction Oil andKesbewa Water Quality (For 1 Sample) engaging stage Grease, E. coli Standards approved (Baseline monitoring Data) (Upstream of agency (GoSL)

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Parameters Environmental Rate (Rs.) Total (Rs.) Implementatio Project stage to be Location Frequency Standards Supervision component Per sample n monitored

B. Construction TSS, BOD, pHFollowing Location Twice a year National Rs. 20,000 Rs. 40,000 Contractor RDA/PIC Stage Oil andKesbewa Water Quality (For 2 Samples) b Grease, E. coli Standards y engaging (Downstream approved only) monitoring C. Operation TSS, BOD, pHFollowing Location Single National Rs.20,000 Rs. 20,000 RDA by RDA Stage Oil andKesbewa Water Quality (For 1 Sample) engaging Grease, E. coli Standards approved (Downstream monitoring only) agency (GoSL) 3. Noise A. Pre-Noise level Following three Single National Rs. 15,000 Rs. 45,000 RDA by PIC/ES construction (dB level) locations Environmental (For 3engaging stage - At Jaliyagoda (Noise Measurements) approved Day Times -2- At Miriswatte Control) monitoring hr Junction Regulations, agency (GoSL) - At Kesbewa Junction NAAQS

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Parameters Environmental Rate (Rs.) Total (Rs.) Implementatio Project stage to be Location Frequency Standards Supervision component Per sample n monitored

B. Construction Noise levelFollowing three Twice a National Rs.15,000 Rs. 90,000 Contractor by RDA/PIC Stage (dB locations year Environmenta (For 6engaging level) - At Jaliyagoda l (Noise Measurements) approved - At Miriswatte Control) monitoring Day Times -2 Junction Regulations, agency (GoSL) hr - At Kesbewa Junction NAAQS

 During Production Twice a National Rs.20,000 Rs. 120,000 Stage year Environmenta (For 6 10) Asphalt Plant l (Noise Measurements) 11) Crusher Plant Control) 12) Concrete Regulations, Batching Plant NAAQS

C. Operation Noise level Following three Single National Rs. 15,000 Rs. 45,000 RDA by CEA Stage (dB level) locations Environmenta (For 3approve d - At Jaliyagoda l (Noise Measurements) monitoring Day Times -2- At Miriswatte Control) agency (GoSL) hr Junction Regulations, - At Kesbewa Junction NAAQS

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Parameters Environmental Rate (Rs.) Total (Rs.) Implementatio Project stage to be Location Frequency Standards Supervision component Per sample n monitored

4.Vibration A. Pre- Peak particle 1. Three locations or Single National Rs. 15,000 Rs. 45,000 RDA by RDA/ PIC construction velocity more- Sensitive Environmental (For 3engaging stage receptors such as (Noise Measurements) approved (Baseline temple/ hospital Control) monitoring Data) and school Regulations agency (GoSL) Or and NAAQS 2. Selected Building locations with existing traffic flow B. Construction Peak particle Vibration levels at Depend on National Rs. 15,000 Rs.450,000 Contractor by RDA/ PIC Stage velocity relevant locations Complaint Environmental (Around 30 engaging Basis (Noise & measurements) approved Vibration monitoring Control) agency (GoSL)

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Parameters Environmental Rate (Rs.) Total (Rs.) Implementatio Project stage to be Location Frequency Standards Supervision component Per sample n monitored

C. Operation Peak particle 3. Same locations of single National Rs. 15,000 Rs. 45,000 RDA by RDA/ ESD/ Stage velocity pre-construction Environmental (For 3 approved LA (EO) stage or (Noise & Measurements) monitoring Vibration agency (GoSL) 4. Selected other Control) locations as required Regulations with normal traffic flow

5.Flora andPre-constructio n Existing fauna Throughout the road 1 times Flora and No need to - RDA (ESD) RDA Fauna stage and flora and affected area Fauna allocate money: through or Protection act Duty of the appointed Construction Environmental Ecologist or Stage Specialist of the Environmentali CSC Team st Total Cost Rs.1,640,000.00

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(C ) Baseline Survey plan for B084 Gonapola – Pokunuwita(Ch. 23+400 to 28+180 km)

Parameters Environmental Rate (Rs.) Total (Rs.) Implementatio Project stage to be Location Frequency Standards Supervision component Per sample n monitored

1. Air Quality A. Pre-Pm 2.5 and Following three Once NAAQS Rs. Rs.120,000 RDA byPIC/ES construction Pm 10 locations of Sri 40,000 (For 3 Samples) engaging stage 24 hours - At Kumbuka Lanka approved (Baseline average Junction monitoring Data) - At Kaduruenda agency (GoSL) Junction - At Pokunuwita Junction

B. Construction Pm 2.5 and Following three Twice a NAAQS of Rs. Rs. 240,000 Contractor by RDA/PIC Stage Pm 10 locations year Sri Lanka 40,000 (For 6 Samples) engaging 24 hours - At Kumbuka approved average Junction monitoring - At Kaduruenda agency (GoSL) Junction - At Pokunuwita Junction

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Parameters Environmental Rate (Rs.) Total (Rs.) Implementatio Project stage to be Location Frequency Standards Supervision component Per sample n monitored

 During Production Twice a NAAQS of Rs. Rs. 240,000 Contractor by RDA/PIC Stage year Sri Lanka 40,000 (For 6 Samples) engaging 13) Asphalt Plant approved 14) Crusher Plant monitoring 15) Concrete agency (GoSL) Batching Plant C. Operation Pm 2.5 and Following three Single NAAQS of Rs. Rs. 120,000 RDA by RDA Stage Pm 10 locations Sri Lanka 40,000 (For 3 Samples) engaging 24 hours - At Kumbuka approved average Junction monitoring - At Kaduruenda agency (GoSL) Junction - At Pokunuwita Junction

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Parameters Environmental Rate (Rs.) Total (Rs.) Implementatio Project stage to be Location Frequency Standards Supervision component Per sample n monitored

2. Water Quality A. Pre-TSS, BOD, pHFollowing Location Single National Rs. 20,000 Rs. 60,000 RDA by PIC/ES construction Oil andAt 25/6 culvert Water Quality (For 3 Sample) engaging stage Grease, E. coli At 26/1 bridge Standards approved (Baseline At 29/1 bridge monitoring Data) (Upstream of agency (GoSL) only)

B. Construction TSS, BOD, pHFollowing Location Twice a year National Rs. 20,000 Rs. 60,000 Contractor RDA/PIC Stage Oil andAt 25/6 culvert Water Quality (For 3 Samples) b Grease, E. coli At 26/1 bridge Standards y engaging (Downstream At 29/1 bridge approved only) monitoring agency (GoSL)

C. Operation TSS, BOD, pHFollowing Location Single National Rs.20,000 Rs. 60,000 RDA by RDA Stage Oil andAt 25/6 culvert Water Quality (For 3 Sample) engaging Grease, E. coli At 26/1 bridge Standards approved (Downstream At 29/1 bridge monitoring only) agency (GoSL)

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Parameters Environmental Rate (Rs.) Total (Rs.) Implementatio Project stage to be Location Frequency Standards Supervision component Per sample n monitored

3. Noise A. Pre-Noise level Following three Single National Rs. 15,000 Rs. 45,000 RDA by PIC/ES construction (dB level) locations Environmental (For 3engaging stage At Kumbuka Junction (Noise Measurements) approved Day Times -2- At Kaduruenda Control) monitoring hr Junction Regulations, agency (GoSL) - At Pokunuwita NAAQS Junction

B. Construction Noise levelFollowing three Twice a National Rs.15,000 Rs. 45,000 Contractor by RDA/PIC Stage (dB locations year Environmenta (For 6engaging level) - At Kumbuka l (Noise Measurements) approved Junction Control) monitoring Day Times -2- At Kaduruenda Regulations, agency (GoSL) hr Junction NAAQS - At Pokunuwita Junction

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Parameters Environmental Rate (Rs.) Total (Rs.) Implementatio Project stage to be Location Frequency Standards Supervision component Per sample n monitored

 During Production Twice a National Rs.20,000 Rs. 120,000 Stage year Environmenta (For 6 16) Asphalt Plant l (Noise Measurements) 17) Crusher Plant Control) 18) Concrete Regulations, Batching Plant NAAQS

C. Operation Noise level Following three Single National Rs. 15,000 Rs. 45,000 RDA by CEA Stage (dB level) locations Environmenta (For 3approve d - At Kumbuka l (Noise Measurements) monitoring Day Times -2 Junction Control) agency (GoSL) hr - At Kaduruenda Regulations, Junction NAAQS - At Pokunuwita Junction

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Parameters Environmental Rate (Rs.) Total (Rs.) Implementatio Project stage to be Location Frequency Standards Supervision component Per sample n monitored

4.Vibration A. Pre- Peak particle 1. Three locations or Single National Rs. 15,000 Rs. 45,000 RDA by RDA/ PIC construction velocity more- Sensitive Environmental (For 3engaging stage receptors such as (Noise Measurements) approved (Baseline temple/ hospital Control) monitoring Data) and school Regulations agency (GoSL) Or and NAAQS 2. Selected Building locations with existing traffic flow

B. Construction Peak particle Vibration levels at Depend on National Rs. 15,000 Rs.450,000 Contractor by RDA/ PIC Stage velocity relevant locations Complaint Environmental (Around 30 engaging Basis (Noise & measurements) approved Vibration monitoring Control) agency (GoSL)

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Parameters Environmental Rate (Rs.) Total (Rs.) Implementatio Project stage to be Location Frequency Standards Supervision component Per sample n monitored

C. Operation Peak particle 5. Same locations of single National Rs. 15,000 Rs. 45,000 RDA by RDA/ ESD/ Stage velocity pre-construction Environmental (For 3 approved LA (EO) stage or (Noise & Measurements) monitoring Vibration agency (GoSL) 6. Selected other Control) locations as required Regulations with normal traffic flow

5.Flora andPre-constructio n Existing fauna Throughout the road 1 times Flora and No need to - RDA (ESD) RDA Fauna stage and flora and affected area Fauna allocate money: through or Protection act Duty of the appointed Construction Environmental Ecologist or Stage Specialist of the Environmentali CSC Team st Total Cost Rs.1, 110,000.00 1,110,000

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(D) and (E) Baseline Survey plan for for A004 Homagama to Godagama (From Ch. 15+360km to 17+260km (Homagama Town) and Ch. 18+200km to Ch. 20+420km (Godagama Junction)

Parameters Environmenta Rate (Rs.) Total (Rs.) Project stage to be Location Frequency Standards Implementation Supervision l component Per sample monitored 1. Air Quality A. Pre-Pm 2.5 and Following two Single NAAQS Rs. Rs.80,000 RDA byPIC construction Pm 10 locations of Sri 40,000 (For 2engaging stage 24 hours - At Homagama Town Lanka Measurements) approved (Baseline average (Ch. 15+500) monitoring Data) - At Godagama agency (GoSL) Junction Ch. 20+400)

B. Construction Pm 2.5 and Following two Twice a NAAQS of Sri Rs. Rs. 160,000 Contractor by RDA/PIC Stage Pm 10 locations year Lanka 40,000 (For 4engaging 24 hours - At Homagama Town Measurements) approved average - At Godagama monitoring Junction agency (GoSL)

 During Production Twice a NAAQS of Sri Rs. Rs. 240,000 Contractor by RDA/PIC Stage year Lanka 40,000 (For 6engaging 1) Asphalt Plant Measurements) approved 2) Crusher Plant monitoring 3) Concrete agency (GoSL) Batching Plant

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Parameters Environmenta Rate (Rs.) Total (Rs.) Project stage to be Location Frequency Standards Implementation Supervision l component Per sample monitored C. Operation Pm 2.5 and Following two Single NAAQS of Sri Rs. Rs. 80,000 RDA by RDA/ESD Stage Pm 10 locations Lanka 40,000 (For 2engaging 24 hours - At Homagama Town Measurements) approved average -At Godagama monitoring Junction agency (GoSL)

2. Water Quality A. Pre-TSS, BOD, pHFollowing two Single National Rs. 20,000 Rs. 40,000 RDA by PIC construction Oil andlocations Water Quality (For 2 Samples) engaging stage Grease, E. coli - Near Homagama Standards approved (Baseline Town monitoring Data) (Upstream of- Near Godagama agency (GoSL) water body or Junction well) B. Construction TSS, BOD, pH - Near Homagama two times National Rs. 20,000 Rs. 120,000 Contractor by RDA/PIC Stage Oil and Town a year Water Quality (For 6 Samples) engaging Grease, E. coli - Near Godagama Standards approved Junction monitoring (Downstream - One in the plant site agency (GoSL) of water body accommodating the or well) production (Asphalt or concrete batching plant site)

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Parameters Environmenta Rate (Rs.) Total (Rs.) Project stage to be Location Frequency Standards Implementation Supervision l component Per sample monitored C. Operation TSS, BOD, pH- Near Homagama Single National Rs.20,000 Rs. 40,000 RDA by RDA/ESD Stage Oil and Town Water Quality (For 2 Samples) engaging Grease, E. coli - Near Godagama Standards approved (Downstream Junction monitoring sample of agency (GoSL) water body or well)

3. Noise A. Pre-Noise level Following two Single National Rs. 15,000 Rs. 30,000 RDA by PIC construction (dB level) locations Environmental (For 2engaging stage - At Homagama Town (Noise Control) Measurements) approved Day Times -2- At Godagama Regulations, monitoring hr Junction NAAQS agency (GoSL)

B. Construction Noise levelFollowing two Twice a National Rs.15,000 Rs. 60,000 Contractor by RDA/PIC Stage (dB locations year Environmental (For 4engaging level) - At Homagama Town (Noise Control) Measurements) approved - At Godagama Regulations, monitoring Day Times -2 Junction NAAQS agency (GoSL)

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Parameters Environmenta Rate (Rs.) Total (Rs.) Project stage to be Location Frequency Standards Implementation Supervision l component Per sample monitored hr  During Production Twice a National Rs.15,000 Rs. 90,000 Stage year Environmental (For 6 4) Asphalt Plant (Noise Control) Measurements) 5) Crusher Plant Regulations, 6) Concrete NAAQS Batching Plant

C. Operation Noise level Following two Single National Rs. 15,000 Rs. 30,000 RDA by CEA Stage (dB level) locations Environmental (For 2approve d - At Homagama Town (Noise Control) Measurements) monitoring Day Times -2- At Godagama Regulations, agency (GoSL) hr Junction NAAQS

4.Vibration A. Pre- Peak particle 1. Two locations or Single National Rs. 15,000 Rs. 30,000 RDA by engaging RDA/ PIC constructio velocity more- Sensitive Environmental (For 2approved n stage receptors such as (Noise Control) Measurements) monitoring (Baselin temple/ hospital Regulations agency (GoSL) e Data) and school NAAQS Or and 2. Selected Building locations with existing traffic flow

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Parameters Environmenta Rate (Rs.) Total (Rs.) Project stage to be Location Frequency Standards Implementation Supervision l component Per sample monitored B. Construction Peak particle Vibration levels at Depend on National Rs. 15,000 Rs.300,000 Contractor by RDA/ PIC Stage velocity relevant locations Complaint Environmental (Around 20 engaging Basis (Noise & measurements) approved Vibration monitoring Control) agency (GoSL) C. Operation Peak particle 7. Same locations of single National Rs. 15,000 Rs. 30,000 RDA by RDA/ ESD/ Stage velocity pre-construction Environmental (For 2approved LA (EO) stage or (Noise & Measurements) monitoring Vibration agency (GoSL) 8. Selected other Control) locations as Regulations required with normal traffic flow

5.Flora andPre- Existing fauna Throughout the road 1 times Flora and No need to - RDA (ESD) RDA Fauna construction and flora and affected area Fauna allocate through stage Protection act money: appointed or Duty of the Ecologist or Construction Environmental Environmentalist Stage Specialist of the CSC Team

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Parameters Environmenta Rate (Rs.) Total (Rs.) Project stage to be Location Frequency Standards Implementation Supervision l component Per sample monitored Total Cost Rs.1,330,000.00

Abbreviations

1. BOD - Biological Oxygen Demand 14. GSMB - Geological Survey & Mines Bureau 2. CEA - Central Environmental Authority 15. LA - Local Authorities 3. CEB - Ceylon Electricity Board 16. NAAQS - National Air Quality Standard 4. DoA - Department of Archaeology 17. NWS & DB - National Water Supply and Drainage Board 5. DoAs - Department of Agrarian Service 18. PHI - Public Health Inspector 6. DoF - Department of Forest 19. PIC - Project Implementation Consultant 7. Dol - Department of irrigation 20. PIU - Project Implementation Unit 8. DS - Divisional Secretary 21. Pm2.5 and PM10 - Particulate Matter Less Than 2.5/10 micron 9. DWLC - Department of Wildlife Conservation 22. RDA - Road Development Authority 10. EC - Electrical Conductivity 23. RoW - Right of Way 11. EMP - Environment Management Plan 24. SC - Supervision Consultants 12. EO - Environmental Officer 25. TSS - Total Suspended Solis 13. GN - Grama Niladari

Notes: SO2 - - Sulphur Dioxide NO2 - Nitrogen Dioxide CO - Carbon Monoxide, Pb - Lead PM10 - Particulate Matter <10 TSPM - Total suspended Particulate EC - Electrical Conductivity DO - Dissolved Oxygen TSS -Matt er Total Suspended Solis

BOD -Biological Oxygen Demand NAAQS - National Air Quality Standards NWQS - National Water Quality Standards CEA -Central Environmental Authority RDA - Road Development Authority GoSL – Government of Sri Lanka

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Annex D:

Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist for Sections of Pamankada – Kesbewa (0+500 to 1+100km & 10+500 to 13+450km), Gonapola-Pokunuwita (23+400km to 28+180km) and Homagama (15+360 to 17+260km), Godagama (18+200 to 0+420).

Instructions:

(i) The project team completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a project. It is to be attached to the environmental categorization form and submitted to the Environment and Safeguards Division (RSES), for endorsement by Director, RSES and for approval by the Chief Compliance Officer.

(ii) This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are adequately considered, refer also to ADB's (a) checklists on involuntary resettlement and Indigenous Peoples; (b) poverty reduction handbook; (c) staff guide to consultation and participation; and (d) gender checklists.

(iii) Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify potential impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Improvement/Upgrading of Sections of Colombo-Horana(B04) road and Colombo-

Ratnapura-Wellawaya-Battcaloa Road(A004 Country/Project Title:

Sector Division: Province: Western, District: Colombo and kalutara Divisional secretariats: Thibirigasyaya, Kesbewa, Homagama and Horana

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks 1. A. PROJECT SITING

2. IS THE PROJECT AREA ADJACENT TO OR

WITHIN ANY OF THE FOLLOWING ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS? . CULTURAL HERITAGE SITE 3. √ . PROTECTED AREA √ . WETLAND √ . MANGROVE 4. √ . ESTUARINE 5. √ . BUFFER ZONE OF PROTECTED AREA √ 6. . SPECIAL AREA FOR PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY √ 7.

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Screening Questions Yes No Remarks B. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 8. WILL THE PROJECT CAUSE… 9. . Encroachment on historical/cultural areas; √ There are no any encroachments into the disfiguration of landscape by road embankments, cuts, historical or cultural areas along the road fills, and quarries? as well as outside. But changing of landscape due to road embankment, cuts and fills of ROW is occurred and its impact will positively impact to improve of the landscape of the area. In addition to that quarry activities will significantly impact to changing of landscape if material takes from one location. If not the impact will be deviated. The rehabilitation of the quarry area after operation is compulsory activity for the contractor while obtaining of quarry licensee, and PMU/SC also observe the rehabilitation of the such activities . Encroachment on precious ecology (e.g. sensitive or √ There are no any sensitive or protected protected areas)? areas adjacent to the existing road . Alteration of surface water hydrology of waterways √ Alternation of surface water hydrology crossed by roads, resulting in increased sediment in will be confined to the construction period streams affected by increased soil erosion at only by the provision of diversion of construction site? water courses however; the original waterways will be restored immediately

after the construction works.

Also measures have been developed so that increased sedimentation is not encouraged because of the construction activities by resorting construction work during dry seasons and clearing the debris regularly from the water courses. . Deterioration of surface water quality due to silt runoff √ Preference will be rendered so that no and sanitary wastes from worker-based camps and new camp sites are established by chemicals used in construction? utilizing the local habitations to accommodate the workforce. In case of new campsites establishment, those will be located in suitable area far away from the existing habitations and away from water bodies. Also, appropriate, efficient sanitary facilities will be designed and operated to contain waste generated from the campsites. A comprehensive waste management plan will be implemented to contain construction waste as well as waste generated from workers campsites.

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Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . increased local air pollution due to rock crushing, √ Local ambient air quality cutting and filling works, and chemicals from asphalt during construction stage to processing? experience higher particulate matter load because of dust emission from construction activities such as clearing, grubbing, excavation, borrowing of earth, crushing operation, handing of cement, running of Hot Mix Plant etc. however, to a appreciable extent, such menace can be reduced by adopting to water sprinklers to stone crusher unit, hot mix plant with dust extraction system, water sprinkling to haul road network, materials transportation in covered vehicles, avoiding overloading of vehicles etc. Besides the above measures, it is important that construction production units are established at an appreciable distance as accepted by CEA. . risks and vulnerabilities related to occupational health √ Regarding on the occupational health and and safety due to physical, chemical, biological, and safety matter, the construction activities radiological hazards during project construction and will be supervised by qualified safety operation during project construction and operation? officer with OHSAS experience. The contractor should be follow the occupational health and safety standard while using hazardous materials such as chemical, biological, and radiological. Further personal protective equipments (PPEs) and prior safety precautions are must while implementing the construction activities. . noise and vibration due to blasting and other civil √ Increased Noise and vibration level in the works? active construction sites can be minimized by using well maintained vehicles and machinery meeting the Country stipulated norms. Near residential and sensitive locations, activities should not be carried out during nighttime. Controlled blasting through experienced personnel to be carried out to the quarry sites with prior approval of CEA and GSMB. . dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people? √ There were no any dislocation and compulsory resettlements of people along the road trace. All the dislocation activities are temporary affected. Only for affects to the part of the building, houses and lands. The affected buildings and houses would be re-build in same location. At present 75% land acquisition works are completed. . dislocation and compulsory resettlement of people √ There were no any dislocation and living in right-of-way? compulsory resettlements of people along the road trace. All the dislocation activities are temporary affected. Affects to the livelihood of the people will be considered under the compensation scheme.

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Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and √ The impact will be consider under children, Indigenous Peoples or other vulnerable supervision of the DS/grama groups? niladari(village headman) and the effected person and appointed government valuer. If made any disproportionate value will be appealed into LARK and Super Lark committee by affected. Therefore any discrimination while the impact evaluating process could not be happened due to status of people such as women or the poor. . other social concerns relating to inconveniences in √ Dust emission because of the construction living conditions in the project areas that may trigger activities to be checked by practicing dust cases of upper respiratory problems and stress? suppression methods such as periodical water sprinkling, transporting of materials in the covered trucks etc.

Cultural exchange too is anticipated because of introduction of workforce from other parts of the country as well as outside the country. But, this being a linear project; the activities at a particular location will be confined to few weeks of a year only. . hazardous driving conditions where construction √ An effective traffic and safety interferes with pre-existing roads? management plan will be implemented in the construction sites particularly at locations with preexisting roads to guide/inform/warn road traffic for slowing down and careful driving to avoid any such accidents. The comprehensive plan will be implemented on a day to day basis through a trained and experienced traffic safety officer of the Contractor being supervised by the Supervision Consultant. Also, the drivers and operators will be trained about safe driving skills. . poor sanitation and solid waste disposal in √ Adequate, efficient sewerage and construction camps and work sites, and possible sanitation facilities will be planned, transmission of communicable diseases (such as STI's designed and operated in the and HIV/AIDS) from workers to local populations? construction camps. A comprehensive waste management

plan will be put into action in the campsites. Local community as well as the construction workforce will time to time be educated about HIV/AIDS/STD awareness through an authorized organization. . creation of temporary breeding habitats for diseases √ To avoid creation of temporary breeding such as those transmitted by mosquitoes and rodents? habitat for mosquito vectors, efficient and adequate sewerage and sanitation provisions will be planned, designed and developed in the campsites. Also, provisions will be into effect so that no such water stagnation occurs during the construction period. Disinfectants will be applied to waste collection areas as well as any such wet areas, initially by easing drainage of surplus water. Borrow areas and excavated sites will be immediately rehabilitated to avoid any such stagnation of water. 70

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . accident risks associated with increased vehicular √ During the construction phase, an traffic, leading to accidental spills of toxic materials? effective traffic and safety management will be put to action incorporating emergency response plan. Traffic diversion plans will be planned and implemented at narrow construction zones. . increased noise and air pollution resulting from traffic √ The construction phase to experience volume? higher noise level and air pollution because of the introduction of construction vehicles and machinery however the operation phase to experience lower noise level and lesser air pollution because of smooth flow of traffic and lesser congestion . increased risk of water pollution from oil, grease and √ Mitigation measures have been fuel spills, and other materials from vehicles using the incorporated as part of the EMP towards road? secured handling of oil and lubricants, their collection, storage and recycling/disposal. . social conflicts if workers from other regions or √ The social conflicts among the regional countries are hired? basis population are rarely noticed in Sri Lanka. The diversity of ethnic and social background of the labours will clearly explain into others. Foreign labors were not hired. . large population influx during project construction and √ The most of utilities are government own operation that causes increased burden on social infrastructures and can meet adequate infrastructure and services (such as water supply and number of consumers. If the sources are sanitation systems)? not adequate to the demand of newly occupied project crew, the alternative sources such as tube well, diesel fuel (for high energy consuming activities such as asphalt plant/crusher) and own vehicle to dump solid waste are established. that type of activities will reduce to the demand of the public utilities in the area. The maintainace of existing road without dilapidating condition is also implemented. . risks to community health and safety due to the √ Explosive materials will storage only transport, storage, and use and/or disposal of materials inside of the Police in the area under the such as explosives, fuel and other chemicals during supervision of them. The handling and the construction and operation? disposing of waste materials goes under the qualified mining Engineer or person. Disposal materials will be dumped appropriate yards that are approved and monitoring by CEA or LA . community safety risks due to both accidental and √ The construction site will be fully covered natural causes, especially where the structural elements with barricading and appointed a or components of the project are accessible to members qualified person such as Engineer or of the affected community or where their failure could Supervisor who must be at the site to result in injury to the community throughout project manage the events. A safety officer will construction, operation and decommissioning. visits to site time to time to observe the risk and hazardous situation. Warning signs and the other relevant information on safety are distributed among the workers as well as community prior to the work started.

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Climate Change and Disaster Risk Questions Yes No REMARKS The following questions are not for environmental categorization. They are included in this checklist to help identify potential climate and disaster risks.

 Is the Project area subject to hazards such as √ Along the area of Gonapola-Pokunuwita earthquakes, floods, landslides, tropical cyclone winds, will subjected to flood (during heavy rain storm surges, tsunami or volcanic eruptions and occurs) due to road is situated in low land climate changes (see Appendix I) area. Lead away drains are not functioning properly at present. Moreover drainages have silted and filled with plant species such as aquatic and associated shrubs, herbs and lianas. It will be cause to drain system badly when high rain occurs. . Could changes in temperature, precipitation, or √ extreme events patterns over the Project lifespan affect technical or financial sustainability (eg., increased erosion or landslides could increase maintenance costs, permafrost melting or increased soil moisture content could affect sub-grade).

. Are there any demographic or socio-economic aspects √ of the Project area that are already vulnerable (eg., high incidence of marginalized populations, rural- urban migrants, illegal settlements, ethnic minorities, women or children)?

. Could the Project potentially increase the climate or √ disaster vulnerability of the surrounding area (e.g., by encouraging settlement in areas that will be more affected by floods in the future, or encouraging settlement in earthquake zones)?

Note: Hazards are potentially damaging physical events.

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Appendix I: Environments, Hazards and Climate Changes

Environment Natural Hazards and Climate Change Example Impact on Roads and Highways Arid/Semi-arid Low erratic rainfall of up to 500 mm rainfall per annum Reduced availability of water for and desert with periodic droughts and high rainfall variability. Low compaction during construction, environment vegetative cover. Resilient ecosystems & complex pastoral increased sand on carriageways and systems, but medium certainty that 10–20% of reduce road safety, road alignment drylands degraded; 10-30% projected decrease in water may need to be reviewed where, availability in next 40 years; projected increase in drought for example, agriculturally duration and severity under climate change. Increased productive zones are shifting. mobilization of sand dunes and other soils as vegetation cover declines; likely overall decrease in agricultural productivity, with rain-fed agriculture yield reduced by 30% or more by 2020. Earthquakes and other geophysical hazards may also occur in these environments. Humid and More than 500 mm precipitation/yr. Resilient ecosystems Increased landslides and mudflows sub-humid & complex human pastoral and cropping systems. 10-30% disrupt road networks, Increased plains, foothills projected decrease in water availability in next 40 years; moisture content in the subsurface and hill country projected increase in droughts, heatwaves and floods; can result in increased penetration increased erosion of loess-mantled landscapes by wind of water into the fill, which may and water; increased gully erosion; landslides likely on also collapse, Reduced steeper slopes. Likely overall decrease in agricultural effectiveness of drainage which productivity & compromised food production from results in a reduction in the bearing variability, with rain-fed agriculture yield reduced by 30% capacity of the soils which become or more by 2020. Increased incidence of forest and saturated agriculture-based insect infestations. Earthquakes and other geophysical hazards may also occur in these environments.

River valleys/ River basins, deltas and estuaries in low-lying areas are Same as above deltas and vulnerable to riverine floods, storm surges associated with estuaries and tropical cyclones/typhoons and sea level rise; natural (and other low-lying human-induced) subsidence resulting from sediment coastal areas compaction and ground water extraction; liquefaction of soft sediments as result of earthquake ground shaking. Tsunami possible/likely on some coasts. Lowland agri- business and subsistence farming in these regions at significant risk.

Small islands Small islands generally have land areas of less than Increased salinity increases 10,000km2 in area, though Papua New Guinea and Timor corrosion of materials which can with much larger land areas are commonly included in break-down, Road is eroded by lists of small island developing states. Low-lying islands increased wave action, Increased are especially vulnerable to storm surge, tsunami and sea- flooding from overtopping of sea- level rise and, frequently, coastal erosion, with coral reefs water over road or salt-water threatened by ocean warming in some areas. Sea level rise intrusion in to groundwater, is likely to threaten the limited ground water resources. High islands often experience high rainfall intensities, frequent landslides and tectonic environments in which landslides and earthquakes are not uncommon with (occasional) volcanic eruptions. Small islands may have low adaptive capacity and high adaptation costs relative to GDP.

Mountain Accelerated glacial melting, rockfalls/landslides and Damage to infrastructure from ecosystems glacial lake outburst floods, leading to increased debris landslides and mudflows, flows, river bank erosion and floods and more extensive permafrost melting causes damage outwash plains and, possibly, more frequent wind erosion to roads, glacial lake outbursts in intermontane valleys. Enhanced snow melt and wash out river-crossings. fluctuating stream flows may produce seasonal floods and droughts. Melting of permafrost in some environments. 73

Environment Natural Hazards and Climate Change Example Impact on Roads and Highways Faunal and floral species migration. Earthquakes, landslides and other geophysical hazards may also occur in these environments.

Volcanic Recently active volcanoes (erupted in last 10,000 years – Damage and loss of roads, environments see www.volcano.si.edu). Often fertile soils with intensive insecuirity for roadworks crew and agriculture and landslides on steep slopes. Subject to maintenance earthquakes and volcanic eruptions including pyroclastic flows and mudflows/lahars and/or gas emissions and occasionally widespread ashfall.

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Annex: E Typical cross section of proposed four lanes road

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Annex: F (i) Terrestrial and Aquatic Floral and Faunal species

Flora of Project area of B084 & A004 roads Abbreviations: Habit Conservation Status(CS) Habitat or Niches

H: Herb E: Endemic WB: Water bodies +: Present T: Tree N: Native PF: Paddy Field S: Shrub EX/N-Exotic-naturalized HG: Home Gardens C: Climber or Inv: Invasive RS: Road Side Creeper TR: Threatened Habitat or Niche Family Species Local Name Habit CS WB PF HG RS Alismataceae Limnophyton Amazon H N + + obtusifolium Sward Mukunu Alternanthera sessilis Wenna H N + + Kura Amaranthaceae Amaranthus viridis Thampala S N + + Gas karal Achyranthes aspera heba H N + Anacardium occidentale Cadju T N + Mangifera indica Amba T N + + Anacardiaceae Spondias dulcis Amberella T N + Lannea coromandelica Hik T N + + Annona glabra Wel Attha T Inv + + Annonaceae Polyalthia longifolia Owilla T Int + + Apiaceae Centella asiatica Gotu Kola H N + Aponogetonaceae Aponogeton crispus Kekatiya H N + Wel ruk Allamanda cathartica aththana L N + Apocynaceae Alstonia scholaris Ruk attana T N + Alstonia macrophylla Hawari nuga T N + Cerbera odollam Gon Kaduru T N + + Alocasia macrorrhizos Habarala H Inv + Araceae Colocasia esculenta Gahala H N + Areca catechu Puwak T N + Arecaceae Caryota urens Kitul T N + Cocos nucifera Pol T N + Mikania cordata Watu Palu C N + + + Monara Asteraceae Vernonia cinerea Kudumbiya H N + Sphaeranthus indicus Mudumahana H N + + Balsaminaceae Hydrocera triflora Diya Kudalu H N + +

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Ceiba pentandra var. Bombacaceae pantandra Kotta Pulun T N + + Bignoniaceae Tabebuia rosea Pink Roasia T Int. + Caricaceae Carica papaya Gas Labu T N + Mesua ferrea Na T N + + Clusiaceae Calophyllum inophyllum Domba T N + + Garcinia quaesita Goraka T N + Terminalia cattappa Kottan T N + + Combretaceae Terminalia arjuna Kumbuk T N + Commelinaceae Commelina diffusa Gira-Pala G N + + Ipomoea aquatica Kan-kung C N + Convolvulaceae Argyreia populifolia Giritilla L N + + Cyperus pilosus G N + + Eleocharis spp. G N + + Cyperaceae Fimbristylis spp. G N + + Rhynchospora corymbosa G N + + Dillenia retusa Goda Para T E + + Dilleniaceae Dillenia suffruticosa Diya Para S Inv + Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus serratus Weralu T N + Hevea brasiliensis Rubber T N + Macaranga peltate Kenda T N + + Manihot esculenta Maiokka S N + Beheth Ricinus communis Endaru S N + Excoecaria agallocha Thelakiriya S N + Bridelia retusa Keta Kela T N + + Breynia vitis-idaea S N + Acacia melanoxylon Karupantaine T N + + Adenanthera pavonina Madatiya T N + Albizia saman Para Mara T N + Delonix regia May Mara T N + Desmodium heterocarpon Et Undupiyali H N + + Desmodium triflorum Undupiyali H N + Fabaceae Gliricidia sepium Weta Mara T Int + + Leucaena leucocephala Ipil Ipil T Inv + + Mimosa pudica Nidi Kumba H N + + Pterocarpus indicus Wal Ehela T N + + Pueraria phaseoloides L N + + Tamarindus indica Siyabala T N + + Hyptis suaveolens Madurutala H N + Lamiaceae Leucas zeylanica Tumba H N + Lecythidaceae Barringtonia racemosa Diya-Midella T N + + 77

Persea Americana Ali Pera T N + Cinnamomum verum Kurudu S N Litsea glutinosa Bo-mee S N Lauraceae Hibiscus tiliaceus Beli Patta T N + Sida acuta Gas Bavila S N + + Urena lobata Epala S N + + Melastoma Melastomaceae malabathricum Maha Bovitia S N Azadirachta indica Kohomba T N + + Meliaceae Swietenia macrophylla Mahogani T int + Artocarpus hetarophyllus Kos T N + Artocarpus incises Del T N + Artocarpus nobilis Wal Del T E + + Moraceae Ficus religiosa Bo T N + Ficus exasperate Budaliya T N + Ficus benghalensis Nuga T N + + Ficus tinctoria T N + Musaaceae Musa spp. Kesel T N + + Syzygium caryophyllatum Dan S N + Myrtaceae Psidium guajava Pera T N + Syzygium malaccense Jambu T N + Onagraceae Ludwigia decurrens H N + +

Ludwigia perennis H N + + Pandanaceae Pandanus kaida Wetake S N + Bambusa vulgaris Una S N + + Chrysopogon aciculatus Tuttiri G N + Poaceae Oryza sativa Wi G N + Panicum maximum Rata Tana G Inv + Themeda cymbaria Mana G N + Polygonaceae Polygonum tomentosum Kimbulwenna H N + Eichhornia crassipes Japan-Jabara H Inv + Pontederiaceae Monochoria vaginalis Jabara H Inv + Rhizophoraceae Carallia brachiata Dawata T N + Rubiaceae Ixora coccinea Rath mal H N + + Nauclea orientalis Bakmee T N + Aegle marmelos Beli T N + Rutaceae Murraya paniculata Atteriya S N + Salviniaceae Salvinia molesta Salvinia H Inv + Nephelium lappaceum Rambutan T N + Sapindaceae Filicium decipiens Pihimbiya T N + + Sapotaceae Madhuca longifolia Mi T N +

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Momusops elengi Muna mal T N + Muntingia calabura Jam T N + Tiliaceae Microcos paniculata Kohu kirilla S N + + Ulmaceae Trema orientalis Gadumba T N + + Clerodendrum infortunatum Pinna S N + Clerodendrum paniculatum Pinna S N + Verbenaceae Lantana camara Ganda Pana S Inv + Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Balu Nakuta H Ex/n + Tectona grandis Tekka T Int + Vitex negundo Nika S N +

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Different habitats along B084 and A004 roads.

Rubber plantation and paddy cultivation areas along B084 road

Home-garden and canal area of A004 road

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Annex: F (ii) Terrestrial and Aquatic Faunal species of B084 & A004 roads

Abbreviations Conservation Status(CS) Habitat or Niches

WM: Winter Migrant WB: Water bodies +: Present NT: Nationally Threatened PF: Paddy Field D-Domestic HG: Home Gardens RS: Road Side

Conservation Habitat/Niche Species Name Common Name Status HG PF WA RV Class- Moluska(Snails) Family: Acavidae 1 Acavus phoenix Endemic + Family: Achatinidae 2 Lissachatina fulica Exotic + Class- Insecta (Butterflies) Order: Lepidoptera Family – Papilionidae 1 Pachliopta hector Crimson rose Indigenous + + 2 Papilio polymnestor Blue Mormon Indigenous + + 3 Graphium agamemnon Tailed jay Indigenous + Family – Pieridae 4 Catopsilia pyranthe Mottled emigrant Indigenous + + Erema hecabe Common grass 5 yellow + Family – Nymphalidae 6 Phalantha phantha Leopard Indigenous + + 7 Danaus chrysippus Plain Tiger Indigenous + + 8 Danaus genutia Common Tiger Indigenous + Family – Satyridae 9 Elymnias hypermnestra Common palmfly Indigenous + 10 Tpthima ceylonica White Four Ring Indigenous + Family – Lycaenidae 11 Jamides celeno Common Cerulean Indigenous + + 12 Castalius rosimon Common Pierrot Indigenous + + Class- Ostecthyes (Fishes) Family – Cyprinidae 1 Rasbora caveri Caveri Rasbora Indigenous + Family-Poecillidae 2 Poecilia reticulata Guppy Exotic + Class- Amphibia (Amphibians) Family – Bufonidae

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1 Bufo melanostictus Common toad Indigenous + Family –Dicroglossidae 2 Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis Skipper frog Indigenous + + 3 Euphlyctis hexadactylus Six toe green frog Indigenous + + Class – Reptilelia (Reptiles) Family – Agamidae Green garden 1 Calotes calotes lizard Indigenous + + + Common garden 2 Calotes versicolor lizard Indigenous + + Family- Gekkonidae Common house- 3 Hemidactylus frenatus gecko Indigenous + Family – Varanidae 4 Varanus bengalensis Land monitor Indigenous + + 5 Varanus salvator Water Monitor Indigenous Family Colubridae 6 Ptyas mucosa Rat Snake Indigenous + Class- Aves (Birds) Family – Accipitridae 1 Haliastur indus Brahminy Kite Indigenous + + + White bellied sea 2 Haliaeetus leucogaster eagle Indigenous + Family – Alcedinidae Common + + 3 Alcedo atthis kingfisher Indigenous + 4 Halcyon smyrnensis White-throated Indigenous + + Kingfisher Family – Ardeidae 6 Ardeola grayii Pond Heron Indigenous + + + 7 Ardea cinerea Grey heron Indigenous + 8 Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret Indigenous + + + + 9 Casmerodius albus Great Egret Indigenous + + 10 Mesophoyx intermedia Intermediate Egret Indigenous + + 11 Egretta garzetta Little Egret Indigenous + + + + Family – Charadriidae Red-wattled 12 Vanellus indicus Indigenous + + Lapwing Family Columbidae – 13 Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Dove Indigenous + + + + Family Corvidae – 15 Corvus splendens Grey necked crow Indigenous + +

White-bellied + + + + 16 Dicrurus caerulescens Drongo Indigenous Family – Dicaeidae

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17 Dicaeum erythrorhynchos Small flower + + + pecker Indigenous Family - Indigenousectariniidae 18 Indigenousectarina lotenia Indigenous + + Loten’s Sunbird Indigenousectarina Purple-rumped + + + + 19 zeylonica Sunbird Indigenous Family Magalaimidae – Brown-headed + + + + 20 Megalaima zeylanica Barbet Indigenous Family-Meropidae

Merops philippinus Blue tail bee-eater Indigenous + +

Family – Muscicapidae

Oriental Magpie + + 21 Cophychus saularis Robin Indigenous Family Oriolidae

Black hedaed + + 22 Oriolus xanthornus Oriole Indigenous Family Passeridae – White-rumped + + + 24 Lonchura striata Munia Indigenous Family Psittacidae – Rose-ringed + + + 29 Psittacula krameri Parakeet Indigenous Family Pycnonotidae – 30 Pycnonotus cafer Red-vented Bulbul Indigenous + + +

Family Rallidae – White-breasted + + + 31 Amaurornis phoenicurus Waterhen Indigenous

Family – Sturnidae 34 Acridotheres tristis Common Myna Indigenous + + +

Family – Sylviidae

35 Orthotomus sutorius Tailor bird Indigenous + +

36 Turdoides affinis Yellow Billed Indigenous + Babler Class- Mammalia (Mammals) Family-Cercopithecidae

Purple-faced Leaf + + 1 Semnopithecus vetulus Monkey Endemic/ TR Family Pteropodidae – 2 Pteropus giganteus Flying fox Indigenous + +

Family Canidae – 4 Canis familiaris Domestic dog Exotic + + +

Family Felidae – 5 Felis catus Domestic cat Exotic + +

Family Herpestidae – 83

Black-tipped + 6 Herpestes smithii mongoose Indigenous Family – Bovidae 7 Bubalus bubalis Water buffalo Exotic + +

8 Bos indicus Domestic cattle Exotic + +

Family Sciuridae – 9 Funambulus palmarum Palm squirrel Indigenous + + +

Family Muridae – 12 Rattus rattus House rat Indigenous +

Family- Viverridae

16 Viverricula indica Ring taild civet cat Indigenous + +

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