DOCSLIB.ORG

Acute Pericarditis After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: a Case Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Acute Pericarditis After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: a Case Report medicina Case Report Acute Pericarditis after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Case Report Greta Rodeviˇc 1, Povilas Budrys 2,3,* and Giedrius Davidaviˇcius 2,3 1 Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M. K. Ciurlionioˇ g. 21/27, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania 2 Clinic of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Santariškiu˛2, LT-08661 Vilnius, Lithuania 3 Cardiology and Angiology Center, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Santariškiu˛2, LT-08661 Vilnius, Lithuania * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Background: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is known as a very rare possi- ble trigger of pericarditis. Most frequently it develops after a latent period or early in the case of periprocedural complications. In this report, we present an atypical early onset of pericarditis after an uncomplicated PCI. Case Summary: A 58-year-old man was admitted to the hospital for PCI of the chronic total occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) artery. An initial electrocardiogram (ECG) was unremarkable. The PCI attempt was unsuccessful. There were no procedure-related com- plications observed at the end of the PCI attempt and the patient was symptom free. Six hours after the interventional procedure, the patient complained of severe chest pain. The ECG demonstrated ST-segment elevation in anterior and lateral leads. Troponin I was mildly elevated but a coronary angiogram did not reveal the impairment of collateral blood flow to the LAD territory. Due to pericarditic chest pain, typical ECG findings and pericardial effusion with elevated C-reactive protein, the diagnosis of acute pericarditis was established, and a course of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was initiated. Chest pain was relieved and ST-segment elevation almost completely returned to baseline after three days of treatment. The patient was discharged in stable condition Citation: Rodeviˇc,G.; Budrys, P.; without chest pain on the fourth day after symptom onset. Conclusions: Acute pericarditis is a rare Davidaviˇcius,G. Acute Pericarditis complication of PCI. Despite the lack of specific clinical manifestation, post-traumatic pericarditis after Percutaneous Coronary should be considered in patients with symptoms and signs of pericarditis and a prior history of Intervention: A Case Report. Medicina iatrogenic injury or thoracic trauma. 2021, 57, 490. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/medicina57050490 Keywords: post-cardiac injury syndrome; pericarditis; percutaneous coronary intervention Received: 2 April 2021 Accepted: 11 May 2021 Published: 13 May 2021 1. Introduction Acute pericarditis is an inflammatory disease affecting the pericardium with or with- Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in out the accumulation of excess fluid in the pericardial cavity [1]. Pericarditis causes 0.24% published maps and institutional affil- and 0.16% of all cardiovascular admissions in men and in women, respectively [2]. In devel- iations. oped countries, the most frequent origin of pericarditis is viral infection. Rarely, pericarditis can occur after iatrogenic trauma and is known as pericardial injury syndrome [1,3]. Here, we report an atypical case of a patient who developed pericarditis 6 h after an unsuccessful attempt to open a chronic total occlusion (CTO) of the left anterior descending (LAD) artery. Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. 2. Case Report Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article A 58-year-old man was admitted to the hospital for an elective percutaneous coronary distributed under the terms and intervention (PCI) of the chronic total occlusion to the LAD due to exertional angina conditions of the Creative Commons while on optimal medical therapy. Three months before, due to unstable angina, he Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// underwent coronary angioplasty with the deployment of drug-eluting stents in the right creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ coronary artery. His past medical history included hypertension, dyslipidemia, impaired 4.0/). fasting glycemia and gout. Physical examination as well as the laboratory data involving Medicina 2021, 57, 490. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57050490 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/medicina Medicina 2021, 57, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 6 Medicina 2021, 57, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 6 while on optimal medical therapy. Three months before, due to unstable angina, he un- Medicina 2021, 57, 490 while on optimal medical therapy. Three months before, due to unstable angina, he un-2 of 6 derwent coronary angioplasty with the deployment of drug-eluting stents in the right cor- derwent coronary angioplasty with the deployment of drug-eluting stents in the right cor- onary artery. His past medical history included hypertension, dyslipidemia, impaired onary artery. His past medical history included hypertension, dyslipidemia, impaired fasting glycemia and gout. Physical examination as well as the laboratory data involving fasting glycemia and gout. Physical examination as well as the laboratory data involving completecomplete blood count, electrolytes, electrolytes, renal renal fu functionnction and and hepatic hepatic enzymes enzymes showed showed normal normal complete blood count, electrolytes, renal function and hepatic enzymes showed normal findings.findings. AnAn initialinitial electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed revealed sinus sinus bradycardia bradycardia with with a aheart heart rate rate of findings. An initial electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed sinus bradycardia with a heart rate of 50 beats per minute and pathologic Q-wave in leads III and aVF (Figure 1A). Transtho- 50of beats 50 beats per per minute minute and and pathologic pathologic Q-wave Q-wave in in leads leads III III and and aVF aVF (Figure (Figure1A). 1A). Transthoracic Transtho- racic echocardiography demonstrated good systolic function (LV EF 55% without regional echocardiographyracic echocardiography demonstrated demonstrated good good systolic systolic function function (LV(LV EF 55% 55% without without regional regional wall motion abnormalities) and left atrial enlargement. The attempt to revascularize the wallwall motion motion abnormalities) abnormalities) and left atrial enlargement. enlargement. The The attempt attempt to torevascularize revascularize the the coronary artery using the antegrade wire escalation technique (Fielder XTA, Gaia Second coronarycoronary artery artery usingusing thethe antegrade wire wire esca escalationlation technique technique (Field (Fielderer XTA, XTA, Gaia Gaia Second Second and Third wires) was unsuccessful due to the inability to wire the distal true lumen. At andand Third Third wires) wires) was was unsuccessful unsuccessful due due to to the the inability inability to to wire wire the the distal distal true true lumen. lumen. AtAt the the end of the procedure, there was no extravasation of contrast observed (Figure 2C) and endthe ofend the of procedure, the procedure, there there was was no extravasationno extravasation of of contrast contrast observed observed (Figure (Figure2C) 2C) and and the the patient was symptom free. A second attempt was planned after one or two months. patientthe patient was symptomwas symptom free. free. A second A second attempt attempt was was planned planned after after one one or or two two months. months. FigureFigure 1. 1.( (AA)) InitialInitial ECG ECG of of the the patient patient showing showing sinus sinus brad bradycardiaycardia and Q and wave Q in wave leads in III leads and aVF. III and (B) ECG aVF. after (B) ECGpercu- after Figure 1. (A) Initial ECG of the patient showing sinus bradycardia and Q wave in leads III and aVF. (B) ECG after percu- percutaneoustaneous coronary coronary intervention intervention with withmild ST-segment mild ST-segment elevation elevation in anterior in anterior (V2–V3) (V2–V3) and lateral and (I, lateral aVL, V5–V6) (I, aVL, leads. V5–V6) ECG, leads. taneous coronary intervention with mild ST-segment elevation in anterior (V2–V3) and lateral (I, aVL, V5–V6) leads. ECG, ECG,electrocardiogram. electrocardiogram. electrocardiogram. Figure 2. (A) Coronary angiogram before PCI showing chronic total occlusion of the LAD and a filling of the mid-distal LAD through ipsilateral collateral. (B) Advancement of the wire through the CTO body. (C) Post-intervention image with no contrast extravasation. PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; LAD, left anterior descending; CTO, chronic total occlusion. Medicina 2021, 57, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 6 Figure 2. (A) Coronary angiogram before PCI showing chronic total occlusion of the LAD and a filling of the mid-distal MedicinaLAD2021 through, 57, 490 ipsilateral collateral. (B) Advancement of the wire through the CTO body. (C) Post-intervention image with 3 of 6 no contrast extravasation. PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; LAD, left anterior descending; CTO, chronic total occlusion. SixSix hours after the interventional procedure, procedure, the the patient patient complained complained of of severe severe sub- sub- sternalsternal chest chest pain pain worsening worsening by by bending bending over over and and lying lying on on the the left left side. side. The The ECG ECG demon- demon- stratedstrated ST-segment ST-segment elevation in anterior and lateral leads, suggesting acute anterolateral ST-elevationST-elevation myocardial infarction (Figure1 1B).B). TroponinTroponin I I was was mildly mildly elevated elevated at at 71 71 ng/L. ng/L. ItIt was was decided to to repeat a coronary angiogram
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of Pericardial
    European Heart Journal (2004) Ã, 1–28 ESC Guidelines Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of Pericardial Diseases Full Text The Task Force on the Diagnosis and Management of Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology Task Force members, Bernhard Maisch, Chairperson* (Germany), Petar M. Seferovic (Serbia and Montenegro), Arsen D. Ristic (Serbia and Montenegro), Raimund Erbel (Germany), Reiner Rienmuller€ (Austria), Yehuda Adler (Israel), Witold Z. Tomkowski (Poland), Gaetano Thiene (Italy), Magdi H. Yacoub (UK) ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG), Silvia G. Priori (Chairperson) (Italy), Maria Angeles Alonso Garcia (Spain), Jean-Jacques Blanc (France), Andrzej Budaj (Poland), Martin Cowie (UK), Veronica Dean (France), Jaap Deckers (The Netherlands), Enrique Fernandez Burgos (Spain), John Lekakis (Greece), Bertil Lindahl (Sweden), Gianfranco Mazzotta (Italy), Joa~o Morais (Portugal), Ali Oto (Turkey), Otto A. Smiseth (Norway) Document Reviewers, Gianfranco Mazzotta, CPG Review Coordinator (Italy), Jean Acar (France), Eloisa Arbustini (Italy), Anton E. Becker (The Netherlands), Giacomo Chiaranda (Italy), Yonathan Hasin (Israel), Rolf Jenni (Switzerland), Werner Klein (Austria), Irene Lang (Austria), Thomas F. Luscher€ (Switzerland), Fausto J. Pinto (Portugal), Ralph Shabetai (USA), Maarten L. Simoons (The Netherlands), Jordi Soler Soler (Spain), David H. Spodick (USA) Table of contents Constrictive pericarditis . 9 Pericardial cysts . 13 Preamble . 2 Specific forms of pericarditis . 13 Introduction. 2 Viral pericarditis . 13 Aetiology and classification of pericardial disease. 2 Bacterial pericarditis . 14 Pericardial syndromes . ..................... 2 Tuberculous pericarditis . 14 Congenital defects of the pericardium . 2 Pericarditis in renal failure . 16 Acute pericarditis . 2 Autoreactive pericarditis and pericardial Chronic pericarditis . 6 involvement in systemic autoimmune Recurrent pericarditis . 6 diseases . 16 Pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade .
    [Show full text]
  • Cardiac Involvement in COVID-19 Patients: a Contemporary Review
    Review Cardiac Involvement in COVID-19 Patients: A Contemporary Review Domenico Maria Carretta 1, Aline Maria Silva 2, Donato D’Agostino 2, Skender Topi 3, Roberto Lovero 4, Ioannis Alexandros Charitos 5,*, Angelika Elzbieta Wegierska 6, Monica Montagnani 7,† and Luigi Santacroce 6,*,† 1 AOU Policlinico Consorziale di Bari-Ospedale Giovanni XXIII, Coronary Unit and Electrophysiology/Pacing Unit, Cardio-Thoracic Department, Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; [email protected] 2 AOU Policlinico Consorziale di Bari-Ospedale Giovanni XXIII, Cardiac Surgery, Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; [email protected] (A.M.S.); [email protected] (D.D.) 3 Department of Clinical Disciplines, School of Technical Medical Sciences, University of Elbasan “A. Xhuvani”, 3001 Elbasan, Albania; [email protected] 4 AOU Policlinico Consorziale di Bari-Ospedale Giovanni XXIII, Clinical Pathology Unit, Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; [email protected] 5 Emergency/Urgent Department, National Poisoning Center, Riuniti University Hospital of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy 6 Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Microbiology and Virology Unit, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; [email protected] 7 Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology—Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, p.zza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (I.A.C.); [email protected] (L.S.) † These authors equally contributed as co-last authors. Citation: Carretta, D.M.; Silva, A.M.; D’Agostino, D.; Topi, S.; Lovero, R.; Charitos, I.A.; Wegierska, A.E.; Abstract: Background: The widely variable clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV2 disease (COVID-19) Montagnani, M.; Santacroce, L.
    [Show full text]
  • Myocarditis, Pericarditis and Other Pericardial Diseases
    Heart 2000;84:449–454 Diagnosis is easiest during epidemics of cox- GENERAL CARDIOLOGY sackie infections but diYcult in isolated cases. Heart: first published as 10.1136/heart.84.4.449 on 1 October 2000. Downloaded from These are not seen by cardiologists unless they develop arrhythmia, collapse or suVer chest Myocarditis, pericarditis and other pain, the majority being dealt with in the primary care system. pericardial diseases Acute onset of chest pain is usual and may mimic myocardial infarction or be associated 449 Celia M Oakley with pericarditis. Arrhythmias or conduction Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, disturbances may be life threatening despite London, UK only mild focal injury, whereas more wide- spread inflammation is necessary before car- diac dysfunction is suYcient to cause symp- his article discusses the diagnosis and toms. management of myocarditis and peri- Tcarditis (both acute and recurrent), as Investigations well as other pericardial diseases. The ECG may show sinus tachycardia, focal or generalised abnormality, ST segment eleva- tion, fascicular blocks or atrioventricular con- Myocarditis duction disturbances. Although the ECG abnormalities are non-specific, the ECG has Myocarditis is the term used to indicate acute the virtue of drawing attention to the heart and infective, toxic or autoimmune inflammation of leading to echocardiographic and other investi- the heart. Reversible toxic myocarditis occurs gations. Echocardiography may reveal segmen- in diphtheria and sometimes in infective endo-
    [Show full text]
  • Constrictive Pericarditis Causing Ventricular Tachycardia.Pdf
    EP CASE REPORT ....................................................................................................................................................... A visually striking calcific band causing monomorphic ventricular tachycardia as a first presentation of constrictive pericarditis Kian Sabzevari 1*, Eva Sammut2, and Palash Barman1 1Bristol Heart Institute, UH Bristol NHS Trust UK, UK; and 2Bristol Heart Institute, UH Bristol NHS Trust UK & University of Bristol, UK * Corresponding author. Tel: 447794900287; fax: 441173425926. E-mail address: [email protected] Introduction Constrictive pericarditis (CP) is a rare condition caused by thickening and stiffening of the pericar- dium manifesting in dia- stolic dysfunction and enhanced interventricu- lar dependence. In the developed world, most cases are idiopathic or are associated with pre- vious cardiac surgery or irradiation. Tuberculosis remains a leading cause in developing areas.1 Most commonly, CP presents with symptoms of heart failure and chest discomfort. Atrial arrhythmias have been described as a rare pre- sentation, but arrhyth- mias of ventricular origin have not been reported. Figure 1 (A) The 12 lead electrocardiogram during sustained ventricular tachycardia is shown; (B and C) Case report Different projections of three-dimensional reconstructions of cardiac computed tomography demonstrating a A 49-year-old man with a striking band of calcification around the annulus; (D) Carto 3DVR mapping—the left hand panel (i) demonstrates a background of diabetes, sinus beat with late potentials at the point of ablation in the coronary sinus, the right hand panel (iii) shows the hypertension, and hyper- pacemap with a 89% match to the clinical tachycardia [matching the morphology seen on 12 lead ECG (A)], and cholesterolaemia and a the middle panel (ii) displays the three-dimensional voltage map.
    [Show full text]
  • J Wave Syndromes
    Review Article http://dx.doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2016.46.5.601 Print ISSN 1738-5520 • On-line ISSN 1738-5555 Korean Circulation Journal J Wave Syndromes: History and Current Controversies Tong Liu, MD1, Jifeng Zheng, MD2, and Gan-Xin Yan, MD3,4 1Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 2Department of cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, China, 3Lankenau Institute for Medical Research and Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, USA, 4The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China The concept of J wave syndromes was first proposed in 2004 by Yan et al for a spectrum of electrocardiographic (ECG) manifestations of prominent J waves that are associated with a potential to predispose affected individuals to ventricular fibrillation (VF). Although the concept of J wave syndromes is widely used and accepted, there has been tremendous debate over the definition of J wave, its ionic and cellular basis and arrhythmogenic mechanism. In this review article, we attempted to discuss the history from which the concept of J wave syndromes (JWS) is evolved and current controversies in JWS. (Korean Circ J 2016;46(5):601-609) KEY WORDS: Brugada syndrome; Sudden cardiac death; Ventricular fibrillation. Introduction History of J wave and J wave syndromes The concept of J wave syndromes was first proposed in 2004 The J wave is a positive deflection seen at the end of the QRS by Yan et al.1) for a spectrum of electrocardiographic (ECG) complex; it may stand as a distinct “delta” wave following the QRS, manifestations of prominent J waves that are associated with a or be partially buried inside the QRS as QRS notching or slurring.
    [Show full text]
  • The Syndrome of Alternating Bradycardia and Tachycardia by D
    Br Heart J: first published as 10.1136/hrt.16.2.208 on 1 April 1954. Downloaded from THE SYNDROME OF ALTERNATING BRADYCARDIA AND TACHYCARDIA BY D. S. SHORT From the National Heart Hospita. Received September 15, 1953 Among the large number of patients suffering from syncopal attacks who attended the National Heart Hospital during a four-year period, there were four in whom examination revealed sinus bradycardia alternating with prolonged phases of auricular tachycardia. These patients presented a difficult problem in treatment. Each required at least one admission to hospital and in one case the symptoms were so intractable as to necessitate six admissions in five years. Two patients had mitral valve disease, one of them with left bundle branch block. One had aortic valve sclerosis while the fourth had no evidence of heart disease. THE HEART RATE The sinus rate usually lay between 30 and 50 a minute, a rate as slow as 22 a minute being observed in one patient (Table I). Sinus arrhythmia was noted in all four patients, wandering of TABLE I http://heart.bmj.com/ RATE IN SINus RHYTHM AND IN AURICULAR TACHYCARDIA Rate in Case Age Sex Associated Rate in auricular tachycardia heart disease sinus rhythm Auricular Venliicular 1 65 M Aortic valve sclerosis 28-48 220-250 60-120 2 47 F Mitral valve disease 35-75 180-130 90-180 on September 26, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. 3 38 F Mitral valve disease 22-43 260 50-65 4 41 F None 35-45 270 110 the pacemaker in three, and periods of sinus standstill in two (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Pericardial Effusion
    Pericardial Effusion ABOUT THE DIAGNOSIS are incurable, and treatment is designed to extend life and keep Pericardial effusion refers to an accumulation of fluid around the heart, the pet comfortable. Other underlying causes may be correctable, within the pericardium. The pericardium is a membranous sac that such as foreign bodies or coagulation disorders. surrounds the heart. When fluid accumulates slowly, the pericardium stretches and enlarges to accommodate the fluid, meaning that symp- TREATMENT toms are absent or delayed. A more rapid accumulation can cause If cardiac tamponade is present, the fluid must be drained promptly immediate symptoms, even with relatively small amounts of pericardial by a procedure called pericardiocentesis. Using local anesthetic, your fluid accumulation. The presence of fluid causes symptoms because veterinarian passes a catheter between the ribs into the pericardial the fluid compresses the heart and interferes with normal filling of the sac, and the fluid is drawn off. Alleviating the fluid accumulation that heart with blood. Less blood filling the heart means that less blood compresses the heart will rapidly stabilize a pet’s circulation and is pumped to the body with each heartbeat. Pericardial effusion can cardiovascular status in the vast majority of cases. Treatment then increase the external pressure on the heart to the point that delivery of depends upon the cause of the condition. If the underlying condition blood to the body is severely compromised, a condition called cardiac cannot be corrected, sometimes a procedure called pericardiectomy tamponade. Severe cardiac tamponade is a life-threatening condition. is performed. This is a surgery of the chest in which the pericardial Pericardial effusion is more common in older, large breed dogs.
    [Show full text]
  • Cardiovascular Disease and Rehab
    EXERCISE AND CARDIOVASCULAR ! CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE Exercise plays a significant role in the prevention and rehabilitation of cardiovascular diseases. High blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes and obesity can all be positively affected by an appropriate and regular exercise program which in turn benefits cardiovascular health. Cardiovascular disease can come in many forms including: Acute coronary syndromes (coronary artery disease), myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction (MI), Peripheral artery disease and more. Exercise can improve cardiovascular endurance and can improve overall quality of life. If you have had a cardiac event and are ready to start an appropriate exercise plan, Cardiac Rehabilitation may be the best option for you. Please call 317-745-3580 (Danville Hospital campus), 317-718-2454 (YMCA Avon campus) or 317-456-9058 (Brownsburg Hospital campus) for more information. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS • Ask your healthcare team which activities are most appropriate for you. • If prescribed nitroglycerine, always carry it with you especially during exercise and take all other medications as prescribed. • Start slow and gradually progress. If active before event, fitness levels may be significantly lower – listen to your body. A longer cool down may reduce complications. • Stop exercising immediately if you experience chest pain, fatigue, or labored breathing. • Avoid exercising in extreme weather conditions. • Drink plenty of water before, during, and after exercise. • Wear a medical identification bracelet, necklace, or ID tag in case of emergency. • Wear proper fitting shoes and socks, and check feet after exercise. STANDARD GUIDELINES F – 3-5 days a week. Include low weight resistance training 2 days/week I – 40-80% of exercise capacity using the heart rate reserve (HRR) (220-age=HRmax; HRmax-HRrest = HRR) T – 20-60mins/session, may start with sessions of 5-15 mins if necessary T – Large rhythmic muscle group activities that are low impact (walking, swimming, biking) Get wellness tips to keep YOU healthy at HENDRICKS.ORG/SOCIAL..
    [Show full text]
  • Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)
    Sacramento Heart & Vascular Medical Associates February 19, 2012 500 University Ave. Sacramento, CA 95825 Page 1 916-830-2000 Fax: 916-830-2001 Patient Information For: Only A Test Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) What is a myocardial infarction (MI)? Myocardial infarction (MI) is a heart attack. It happens when blood flow to a part of the heart is suddenly blocked. How does it occur? Myocardial infarction may occur at any time and often occurs without warning. As we grow older, our coronary arteries may become narrowed by the buildup of cholesterol plaque. When the arteries narrow, less blood can go through them, and less oxygen gets to the heart muscle. The process of narrowing is called atherosclerosis. The narrower the artery becomes, the more likely it is that a blood clot may form and block the artery completely, causing a heart attack. Sometimes sudden blockages can occur even in places where the artery was not narrow before. A heart attack may also occur when the heart muscle needs more oxygen than the blood vessels can provide. This might happen, for example, during hard exercise such as shoveling snow, or with a sudden increase in blood pressure. Less commonly, a heart attack can occur due to coronary spasm. Coronary spasm is a sudden and temporary narrowing of a small part of an artery that supplies blood to the heart. It may be caused by smoking or drugs such as cocaine. Risk factors for heart disease include: - cigarette smoking - a family history of heart attack - diabetes - overweight - high blood pressure - high blood cholesterol - low HDL cholesterol (that is, too little "good" cholesterol) - stress - a lifestyle that does not include much physical activity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting
    CONCISE GUIDANCE Clinical Medicine 2021 Vol 21, No 2: e206–11 The management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: key points from the ESC 2020 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the general and emergency physician Authors: Ramesh NadarajahA and Chris GaleB There have been significant advances in the diagnosis and international decline in mortality rates.2,3 In September 2020, management of non-ST-segment elevation myocardial the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) published updated infarction over recent years, which has been reflected in an Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of ACS in patients international decline in mortality rates. This article provides an presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation,4 5 years after overview of the 2020 European Society of Cardiology Clinical the last iteration. ABSTRACT Practice Guidelines for the topic, concentrating on areas relevant The guidelines stipulate a number of updated recommendations to the general or emergency physician. The recommendations (supplementary material S1). The strength of a recommendation and underlying evidence basis are analysed in three key and level of evidence used to justify it are weighted and graded areas: diagnosis (the recommendation to use high sensitivity according to predefined scales (Table 1). This focused review troponin and how to apply it), pathways (the recommendation provides learning points derived from the guidelines in areas to facilitate early invasive coronary angiography to improve relevant to general and emergency physicians, including diagnosis outcomes and shorten hospital stays) and treatment (a (recommendation to use high sensitivity troponin), pathways paradigm shift in the use of early intensive platelet inhibition).
    [Show full text]
  • Pericardial Disease and Other Acquired Heart Diseases
    Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust Pericardial disease and other acquired heart diseases Sylvia Krupickova Exam oriented Echocardiography course, 4th November 2016 Normal Pericardium: 2 layers – fibrous - serous – visceral and parietal layer 2 pericardial sinuses – (not continuous with one another): • Transverse sinus – between in front aorta and pulmonary artery and posterior vena cava superior • Oblique sinus - posterior to the heart, with the vena cava inferior on the right side and left pulmonary veins on the left side Normal pericardium is not seen usually on normal echocardiogram, neither the pericardial fluid Acute Pericarditis: • How big is the effusion? (always measure in diastole) • Where is it? (appears first behind the LV) • Is it causing haemodynamic compromise? Small effusion – <10mm, black space posterior to the heart in parasternal short and long axis views, seen only in systole Moderate – 10-20 mm, more than 25 ml in adult, echo free space is all around the heart throughout the cardiac cycle Large – >20 mm, swinging motion of the heart in the pericardial cavity Pericardiocentesis Constrictive pericarditis Constriction of LV filling by pericardium Restriction versus Constriction: Restrictive cardiomyopathy Impaired relaxation of LV Constriction versus Restriction Both have affected left ventricular filling Constriction E´ velocity is normal as there is no impediment to relaxation of the left ventricle. Restriction E´ velocity is low (less than 5 cm/s) due to impaired filling of the ventricle (impaired relaxation)
    [Show full text]
  • Acute Coronary Syndrome 1
    Acute Coronary Syndrome 1. Which one of the following is not considered a benefit of Chest Pain Center Accreditation? a. Improved patient outcomes b. Streamlined processes to allow for rapid treatment c. Reduce costs and readmission rates d. All of the above are benefits of Chest Pain Center Accreditation 2. EHAC stands for Early Heart Attack Care? a. True b. False 3. What is the primary cause of acute coronary syndrome (ACS)? a. Exercise b. High blood pressure c. Atherosclerosis d. Heart failure 4. Which one of the following is not considered a symptom of ACS? a. Jaw Discomfort b. Abdominal discomfort c. Shortness of breath without chest discomfort d. All of the above are considered symptoms of ACS 5. There are age and gender differences associated with signs and symptoms of ACS? a. True b. False 6. Altered mental status may be a sign of ACS in some individuals? a. True b. False 7. All of the following are considered modifiable risk factors for ACS except: a. Smoking b. Sedentary lifestyle c. Age d. High cholesterol 8. Heart attacks occur immediately and never have warning signs? a. True b. False 9. If someone is having a heart attack, which of the following is the best option for seeking treatment? a. Wait a few hours and see if the symptoms resolve, if they do not, then call your physician b. Drive yourself to the ED. You can get there faster since you know a short-cut c. Call 9-1-1 to activate EMS immediately d. Call a family member or neighbor to drive you to the ED 10.
    [Show full text]