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Overcoming Poverty and Social Inequality in Third World Countries (Latin America, Africa)

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Overcoming Poverty and Social Inequality in Third World Countries (Latin America, Africa) IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.21 No.3, March 2021 295 Overcoming Poverty and Social Inequality in Third World Countries (Latin America, Africa) Yana Drobotya1, Maryna Baldzhy2, Alla Pecheniuk3, Iryna Savelchuk4, Dmytro Hryhorenko5, Tetiana Kulinich6 1Poltava State Agrarian Academy, Poltava, Ukraine, 2Odessa National University of Economics, Odessa, Ukraine, 3State Agrarian and Engineering University in Podilya, Kamianets-Podilskyi, Ukraine, 4National Pedagogical Dragomanov University, Kyiv, Ukraine, 5Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University, Kharkiv, Ukraine 6Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine Summary In today’s world, even in relatively developed countries, The relevance of the research is due to the fact that the issue of poverty is quite common, as well as in backward countries, poverty is one of the most acute social problems of the beginning such as Latin America, where almost 55% of the total of the third millennium. The phenomenon of poverty is widespread number of people, living in its territory, are poor. The in third world countries as well as it is observed in relatively threatening dynamics of poverty in developing countries developed countries. Poverty rates in Latin America are raises problems not only of economic but also of social and threatening. Consequently, the issue of social and economic inequality in these countries has become extremely acute. The political nature. purpose of the research: to identify the causes of poverty and social Social inequality is one of the most pressing problems of inequality and substantiate the main directions of poverty our time. The works of numerous modern social scientists reduction in third world countries. The research methods: are devoted to the study of this issue; it occupies an comparative analysis; index method; systematization; grouping; important place in the programs of many political parties generalization. Results. The classification of the causes of poverty and movements in many countries around the world. has been carried out and the directions of its overcoming in the The considered issue of social inequality is so popular countries of Latin America on groups of indicators have been nowadays not only because it is a concentrated defined, namely: 1) political; 2) economic; 3) demographic; 4) characteristic of a condition of a society as a whole, but also regional-geographical; 5) social; 6) qualification; 7) personal. Based on the Net Domestic Product indicator, a comparison of due to the fact that it acts as a catalyst for many other economic indicators of the studied countries has been carried out. problems of social development, and is also an index of It has been revealed that from 1990 to 2018 income inequality social justice of the society. increased in 52 of 119 countries studied, and decreased in 57 states. Social inequality is a complex and multifaceted Inequality has increased in the world’s most populous countries, phenomenon. Gender, territorial, age, class, etc. ones are all particularly China and India. In general, countries with growing different images of social inequality. However, the social- inequality are home to more than two-thirds (71%) of the world’s economic inequality is the most interesting one; it is the population. Trends in the distribution of income in the world have most important topic in political discourse and the practical been investigated by applying the Gini index, the high level of political sphere. Property inequality often generates or which is observed in Latin America (Colombia 48,9%, Panama 46,1%, Chile and Mexico 45,9%). The forecast of the impact of reinforces other types of inequality and raises the issue of the Covid-19 pandemic on this issue has been outlined; the ways the need to find other models, alternative to existing ones of of its impact on the economies of the countries have been studied. the world order. As a result of the study, the main directions and mechanisms of At the same time, addressing the causes of poverty, one can the strategy for poverty reduction and social inequality in the third often see the influence of not only purely economic factors, world countries have been identified. The implementation of the but of cultural ones, which lie in the sphere of national poverty reduction strategy presented in this academic paper may mentality, ethnocultural and religious traditions. have a positive impact on the economic situation of the population Accordingly, the problem of poverty is considered as a of Latin American countries. system one by modern science. Much attention is paid to Key words: this phenomenon at the level of the largest Poverty, Social Inequality, Poverty Reduction, Income Poverty Line, Income Distribution. intergovernmental institutions (UN, World Bank, etc.), as well as great interest is given in the general scientific community in order to study the nature of poverty. 1. Introduction Manuscript received March 5, 2021 Manuscript revised March 20, 2021 https://doi.org/10.22937/IJCSNS.2021.21.3.38 296 IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.21 No.3, March 2021 The purpose of the research is to identify the causes of Qureshi et al. in their scientific article have conducted poverty and social inequality and substantiate the main research in order to understand how knowledge sharing and directions of poverty reduction in third world countries. education can affect overcoming extreme inequality and poverty reduction [8]. Comte considered the division of labor a fundamental social fact, which is the main condition 2. Literature Review of social life. Social hierarchy, according to Comte, is determined by the natural, eternal and irresistible nature of The issue of poverty has been studied by numerous social functioning and development of the social system itself. and philosophical scholars. Smith, Malthus and Ricardo, Based on the above mentioned, he considered social eminent economists, interpreted poverty as the result of the equality an unnatural phenomenon [9]. transition from traditional to industrial society [1]. Spencer solves the issue characteristic of classical Western According to the theory of social Darwinism, which became sociology: how to ensure social order. His solution lies in the basis of liberal ideology almost 200 years ago, poverty the fact that this can be achieved through a certain was considered a natural phenomenon that had to increase interpretation and use of the principle of justice. Briefly in line with the growth of social production. Spencer speaking, this definite interpretation of justice consists in believed that poverty plays a significant role in the identifying the idea of justice and equality, expressed the development of the individual, so this phenomenon is demands of others through respect of people; combination positive for the society [2]. Neoliberalism supporter Hayek of elements of egoism and altruism in justice; shared Spencer’s viewpoint, and believed that poverty was proportionality as a component of justice, etc. The a natural phenomenon in the world that society needed to understanding of justice is the core of this approach, namely: develop [3]. “Every person is free to do whatever he wants, if he does The World Income Inequality report illustrates how overall not violate the equal freedom of another person” [2]. poverty is declining in absolute terms, and how structural Barbier has substantiated that South and East Asia, the poverty remains stable in relation to the total population [4]. Pacific region, and sub-Saharan Africa make up the Baudrillard points out that “the system is supported by its majority of the world’s poor rural areas in the coastal zone own logic and thus provides its ultimate goal. It is and have high levels of poverty. According to the results of strengthening around a certain indicator of disequilibrium, his investigation the scholar has come to conclusion that that is, including, whatever the absolute amount of wealth, promoting development in the coastal areas of these regions systematic inequality” [5]. could reduce rural poverty to restore key coastal ecosystems, Hawkins assumes that justice in societies with organic however, this requires additional policy action and solidarity based on the division of labor and contract law is investment in infrastructure [10]. much more important than in societies with mechanical Rao et al. have studied climate change and its effects on the solidarity based on the domination of the collective living standards of vulnerable populations [11]. They have consciousness. “As well as ancient people needed a proposed the creation of new models that include social common faith to live, we need justice. And we can be sure inequality and broad political mechanisms. Hallegatte and that this need will grow stronger” [6]. The essence of justice, Rozenberg also believe that economic analysis of climate from his point of view, involves the reciprocity and exact change does not take into account the problem of poverty. equivalence of goods and services exchanged by They note that rapid development can reduce the impact of individuals and groups. climate change on poverty [12]. The Fosu’s study has A liberal interpretation of the principle of social justice was analyzed data on the transformation of economic growth to developed by Rawls [7]. Formulating the basic principles of poverty reduction in developing countries, emphasizing the social justice, he returns to the idea of equality, namely: the role of income inequality. The analysis showed that the first principle: everyone should have equal rights to the growth of the average income in the country was the basis largest scheme of equal fundamental freedoms compatible for both reducing and increasing poverty [13]. Kidd, with the same schemes of freedoms for others; the second Wapling, Bailey-Athias and Tran found that the life cycle principle states that social and economic inequalities should system of social insurance transfers for people with be such that they can be expected to benefit everyone and disabilities had an overall positive impact on the lives of that everyone should have free access to status and positions.
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