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Major Components of Flow in the Republican River During Drought

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Major Components of Flow in the Republican River During Drought U.S. Department of the Interior Major Components of Flow in the Republican U.S. Geological Survey River During Drought Conditions from Near Hardy, Nebraska, to Concordia, Kansas Reservoir for use by the KBID is distrib­ streamflow in the Republican River at Background uted by a network of canals that begins Concordia, which is at the downstream just upstream of the gaging station on end of the study area. A companion study Streamflow in the Republican River White Rock Creek at Lovewell. The lands of flow from Concordia to Clay Center, from the Nebraska-Kansas stateline to irrigated by the KBID in the study area Kansas, is being conducted by the Kansas Milford Lake, Kansas (fig. 1), was below are the flat to gently rolling uplands west Geological Survey. normal from March 1988 through June of the Republican River that are drained 1992 because of drought conditions in the by Buffalo and White Rock Creeks and The drought period from March river's drainage basin and probably part of the valley east of the river (fig. 1). 1988 through June 1992 was chosen for because of increased ground- and surface- study to take advantage of the hydrologic water usage. The Republican River is the This fact sheet briefly summarizes and water-use data available for this main source of inflow to Milford Lake; the preliminary results of a study by the period. Monthly major-component and water released from Milford Lake may be U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to quan­ water-budget estimates were quantified used for industrial, municipal, and agri­ tify those components that have the most using data available from the BOR, the cultural purposes and for maintenance of effect on streamflow in the Republican KBID, the Kansas Department of Agri­ instream uses. Therefore, any loss of flow River during drought conditions from culture, Division of Water Resources in the Republican River decreases the near Hardy. Nebraska, to Concordia, Kan­ (DWR), and the USGS. The monthly amount of water available to replenish sas. A water budget describing the hydro- interval was chosen as a compromise storage in Milford Lake for downstream logic system of flow in this section of the among the varying intervals (daily to uses and may. if the losses are large Republican River was developed using annual) of the available data. enough, cause flow to fall below the mini­ these major components of flow. Monthly mum desirable streamflow (MDS) estimates of the major components of This study was done in cooperation requirement at Concordia, Kansas, set by flow are compared to monthly water-bud­ with the Kansas Water Office and sup­ Kansas law K.S.A. 82a-703a. get estimates, and monthly water-budget ported in part by the Kansas State Water estimates are compared to measured Plan Fund. Following the droughts and floods of the 1930's, the Bureau of Reclamation (BOR) and U.S. Army Corps of Engi­ neers began construction of a series of dams and surface-water irrigation net­ works intended to reduce flooding and to provide water for agriculture. The Kansas Bostwick Irrigation District (KBID) (fig. 1), which was built by BOR and began operation in the study area in 1958, receives most of its water from requested releases from Harlan County Dam in Harlan Nebraska; Harlan County Dam, which County. Guide Rock was completed in 1952, generally does Dam \ \ Belleville Republican not release water unless it is requested by an irrigation district or precipitation is abundant. The releases for the KBID flow down the Republican River and are diverted at Guide Rock, Nebraska, by the Superior-Courtland Diversion Dam (com­ pleted in 1952) into the Courtland Canal, which transports the water to Lovewell Reservoir in Kansas. Lovewell Reser­ voir, which was completed in 1957, gen­ U.S. Geological Survey streamflow- gaging station T I T erally does not release water unless it is 0 5 10 15 KILOMETERS requested by the KBID or precipitation is abundant. Water released from Lovewell Figure 1. Location of Republican River and study area in Kansas. amounts at Belleville, Kansas, were simi­ during the drought of 1952-57 (compare Droughts lar during the three droughts, streamflow figs. 2B and 2C). in the Republican River near Hardy, Climate is of great importance in the Nebraska, generally decreased after Har- study area because most of the area's lan County Dam was completed in 1952. Components of Flow economy is dependent on raising crops and livestock. The climate of the study Although precipitation was greater Components that contribute or area is subhumid (Kansas Water during the drought of 1988-92 than dur­ remove water from a hydrologic system Resources Board, 1961, p. 27), with aver­ ing the drought of 1952-57 (figs. 2B and can be estimated as part of a water bud­ age annual precipitation (1951-80) rang­ 2C, table 1), streamflow was less near get, which can be used to describe the ing from 25 to 29 inches per year from Hardy, Nebraska, and at Concordia, Kan­ system. Components that contribute water west to east (Hedman and Engel, 1989). sas (table 1), during the 1988-92 drought. to the hydrologic system of the study area Recorded annual precipitation at a long- The decrease in streamflow may be due in from outside the area are the Republican term weather station at Belleville, Kansas, part to diversion of water from the Repub­ River itself, the Courtland Canal, and the has varied from 11.79 inches in 1934 to lican River upstream of Hardy for use by movement of ground water through the 49.46 inches in 1993 (fig. 2). This unpre­ the KBID and other irrigators. Stream- adjacent aquifer. Within the study area, dictability and lack of precipitation in flow gains between the gaging stations precipitation is the main source of water some years has led to poor crop yields or near Hardy, Nebraska, and at Concordia, to the hydrologic system. For example, crop failures in the study area. Kansas, during the 1988-92 drought were precipitation may fall directly into water almost double the gains during the 1952- bodies; move by overland flow into tribu­ Droughts occur when precipitation 57 drought (table 1). The larger stream- taries, canals, or the Republican River; or is less than average for several consecu­ flow gains during the 1988-92 drought infiltrate into the ground where it may be tive years (Clement, 1991, p. 288). The probably were caused by canal return used by plants or continue down to the data in figure 2 and table 1 show the two flows from the KBID, which did not water table (fig. 3). Evaporation from regional droughts during \929-4l and begin full operation until 1958. At times water bodies and the land surface and 1952-57 identified by Clement (1991) during the 1952-57 and 1988-92 evaporation and transpiration (evapo- and the drought during 1988-92. Contin­ droughts, the streamflow at Concordia, transpiration) by plants remove water uous precipitation and streamflow data Kansas, was less than the MDS. Stream- from the hydrologic system within the before 1931 are not available for sites in flow at Concordia, Kansas, during Sep­ study area, whereas the Republican River or near the study area. Figure 2A and tember through November 1991 was itself and ground-water movement table 1 show that, although precipitation much less than the MDS than at any time through the adjacent aquifer remove (A) OCTOBER 1931-SEPTEMBER 1995 i i 1 i . 1 i i . , . 1 . , , 1 i , , i , , . | , , , , | , , . | . | = 50 1 ' L co g 40 . At Belleville, Kansas 1 ^ *?n EXPLANATION 2 ^20 PRECIPPERYEAR ^. 10 Precipitation - Average annual precipitation 0 ,, 1 ,,,,!, , , 1 , , , 1 , , , , 1 , , , , 1 , , , i 1 , , , , 1 , , , , 1 i i , , 1 i i i i 1 (1932-51 and 1952-95) 2,000,000 _' ' i ' ' i i I i i ,,,,,,,,, i i i |_ STREAMFLOW, 1,000,000 ^^Harlan, County Dam completed INACRE-FEET 500,000 Average annual gaged 200,000 '_ Near Hardy, Nebraska streamflow (1932-51 and 100,000 x- Kansas Bostwick Irrigation 50,000 / District completed Gaged streamflow 1952-95) 20,000 mnnn " i i 1 , , 1 i , , i , , , i i , i i , r 1932 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 (B) OCTOBER 1951-SEPTEMBER 1957 (C) OCTOBER 1987-SEPTEMBER 1992 gS 10 At Concordia, Kansas £co ^ 8 2 LLJ t; /Precipitation /; EXPLANATION a. o^ o? 6 s Precipitation ^3^^ ^ -Average monthly precipitation £^ 2 n (1952-95) 0 100,000 1 ' I 1 """ ' ' ' ' 1 '">'»""| iiiiinnii |i, ,11 in, i M in , i Sft! 50,000 3 £ £ 20,000 - . Minimum desirable streamflow S= ih o 10,000 < £ 2 5,000 cc < £ 2,000 fe ^ °- 1,000 _ Gaged streamflow Gaged streamflow Fnn r.nl.iiiniT 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Figure 2. Precipitation and gaged streamflow in the study area: A, Average annual, October 1931-September 1995; B, Average monthly, October 1952-September 1956; C, Average monthly, October 1987-September 1992. (Sources: precipitation data from National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina, 1996; streamflow data from U.S. Geological Survey, Lawrence, Kansas, 1996) Table 1. Comparison of average annual precipitation and streamflow during three of flow used to describe flow in the drought and three reference periods in the study area Republican River in the study area are apstreomflow near Hardy, Nebraska, plus [Precipitation is average annual precipitation in inches per year; streamflow is average annual streamflow in acre-feet per year; --, no data; purple shading indicates drought periods. Precipitation data from National tributary flow (including municipal and Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina, 1996.
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