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Cull of the Wild a Contemporary Analysis of Wildlife Trapping in the United States

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Cull of the Wild a Contemporary Analysis of Wildlife Trapping in the United States Cull of the Wild A Contemporary Analysis of Wildlife Trapping in the United States Animal Protection Institute Sacramento, California Edited by Camilla H. Fox and Christopher M. Papouchis, MS With special thanks for their contributions to Barbara Lawrie, Dena Jones, MS, Karen Hirsch, Gil Lamont, Nicole Paquette, Esq., Jim Bringle, Monica Engebretson, Debbie Giles, Jean C. Hofve, DVM, Elizabeth Colleran, DVM, and Martin Ring. Funded in part by Edith J. Goode Residuary Trust The William H. & Mattie Wattis Harris Foundation The Norcross Wildlife Foundation Founded in 1968, the Animal Protection Institute is a national nonprofit organization dedicated to advocating for the protection of animals from cruelty and exploitation. Copyright © 2004 Animal Protection Institute Cover and interior design © TLC Graphics, www.TLCGraphics.com Indexing Services: Carolyn Acheson Cover photo: © Jeremy Woodhouse/Photodisc Green All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. For further information about the Animal Protection Institute and its programs, contact: Animal Protection Institute P.O. Box 22505 Sacramento, CA 95822 Phone: (916) 447-3085 Fax: (916) 447-3070 Email: [email protected] Web: www.api4animals.org Printed by Bang Publishing, Brainerd, Minnesota, USA ISBN 0-9709322-0-0 Library of Congress ©2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword . v Preface . vii Introduction . ix CHAPTERS 1. Trapping in North America: A Historical Overview . 1 2. Refuting the Myths . 23 3. Trapping Devices, Methods, and Research . 31 Primary Types of Traps Used by Fur Trappers in the United States . 31 A Critical Review of Trap Research . 41 The Use of Injury Scales in the Assessment of Trap-Related Injuries . 55 4. The Development of International Trapping Standards . 61 5. State Trapping Regulations . 71 6. Trapping on Public Lands: National Wildlife Refuges . 113 7. Targeting Trapping through Public Policy . 121 Afterword . 135 APPENDIX I: Additional References and Resources . 137 APPENDIX II: State Wildlife Agencies . 141 APPENDIX III: Notes on Number of Animals Trapped in the United States . 145 APPENDIX IV: Annotated Bibliography of Trap Research . 169 APPENDIX V: Results of 1997 Survey by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Regarding Trapping Programs in the National Wildlife Refuge System from 1992 to 1996 . 191 Glossary of Terms . 211 Photograph and Illustration Credits . 213 Index . 214 iii FOREWORD Trapping advocates want us to a guide for improving how we go believe that trapping can be about interacting with other humane and that there are no animals. Many thanks to the alternatives to this barbaric and Animal Protection Institute for timeworn practice. Regardless of undertaking this time-consuming how “humane” one tries to be, project. It will certainly be an however, trapping is extremely extremely valuable contribution. I inhumane and too often results in wish this book were available serious physical and psychological when I studied coyotes. At the end damage to the victim. The very of my time studying coyotes, I thought that many of our animal vowed never to trap another kin experience serious lifelong psychological harm coyote. I remember, and am continually haunted should they survive being trapped is foreign to by, the eyes of each and every coyote staring up at many people. Nonetheless, animals can suffer psy- me, pleading to be released, crying (if they could) to chological damage as painful to them as it is to be freed, because of their fear and psychological humans. I often wonder how those who trap trauma and perhaps hidden physical injuries. I also animals would like being trapped themselves? I came to realize that until different and more doubt they’d like it very much. Well, neither do humane methods were available, I just might not be other animals. able to conduct a particular study. Trading off new knowledge for coyote trauma wasn’t an acceptable Cull of the Wild is a timely and timeless contribu- road to travel. Given our big brains and collective tion. It is loaded with useful and hard-to-find data wisdom, I know that we could develop more concerning all aspects of trapping. While such humane alternatives rapidly when we have to activities as commercial fur trapping are indeed interfere in the lives of other animals, when it is in dying industries, unfortunately, they aren’t yet the best interests of an individual. If there was a dead. Trapping is also used in other venues as moratorium on leghold traps today, I have no human interests continue to widely and wantonly doubt that trappers would quickly develop humane trump those of other animals. We seem to have a alternatives. It’s amazing what we can do when strong urge to dominate nature — to redecorate it we’re pressured to do it. — to move animals around from place to place, to control populations, and to kill animals when they Historical precedence and convenience have to be become nuisances, impediments to building new put aside for more humane practices and love for homes, shopping malls, and parking lots. Cull of other animals. As a result, the world will have less the Wild dispels many of the myths used to justify cruelty, and I doubt that anyone would disagree trapping, be it for fur or “nuisance” or predator with the fact that a world with less cruelty and control and makes a compelling case that use of more compassion would be a better world in body-gripping traps is not only unnecessary, it is which to live and to raise children. increasingly unjustifiable in a society that calls itself civilized. Marc Bekoff Professor of Biology, So, my suggestion is a simple one — read this University of Colorado, Boulder wonderful book, share it with others, and use it as Editor, The Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior v PREFACE In 1863, Charles Darwin public about the horrors of called the leghold trap one of trapping and the painful truth the cruelest devices ever behind fur. In advocating for invented by man, stating, the protection of furbearing “Few men could endure to animals and an end to watch for five minutes an animal struggling in a commercial fur trapping, I have learned two trap with a torn limb … Some … will wonder important lessons. First, most people don’t know how such cruelty can have been permitted to that trapping is still legal in the United States; and continue in these days of civilization.”1 second, most people are deeply disturbed by the pain and suffering trapped animals are forced to Despite Darwin’s admonitions almost 140 years endure. When shown a picture of an animal ago, the steel-jaw leghold trap remains one of the mangled by a body-gripping trap, people generally most commonly used traps in the United States. react with a mixture of revulsion and empathy. While 80 countries have recognized the cruelty of Some turn away at the sight of such graphic cruelty. the leghold trap and banned its use, including the Others are so moved that they feel compelled to member countries of the European Union, the help. It is the job of animal advocates to channel U.S. continues to promote its use. Private and this compassion into action. government trappers set hundreds of leghold and other body-gripping traps on public and private National public opinion polls show that the lands for profit, recreation, and for “wildlife majority of Americans oppose the use of body- management” purposes. gripping traps and the killing of animals for their fur. When given the opportunity to ban such Few people who witness the brutality of body- practices at the ballot box, the public has gripping traps in action can endure the sight for supported trapping prohibitions. From 1994 to long. I was 17 when I first saw a leghold trap up 2000, voters in Arizona, California, Colorado, close. While attending the World Society for the Massachusetts, and Washington passed state Protection of Animals international conference in ballot initiatives that banned or severely restricted Luxembourg, I was moved to tears by a heart- certain traps and trapping practices. wrenching film that showed trapped animals writhing in pain and terror. I watched in Such public opposition has led to a dramatic mesmerized shock as animals frantically struggled decline in trapping. Today, less than 150,000 for freedom, ripping tendons and severing limbs in Americans (less than 1/10 of 1% of the population) a vain attempt to free themselves from the trap’s trap and kill animals for profit or recreation, vice-like grip. I saw the power with which a leghold compared to more than 800,000 who trapped trap could maim an animal, and later, when trying wildlife in the early 1980s. Still, these remaining to set one myself, nearly crushed my finger as I acci- commercial and recreational fur trappers trap and dentally triggered the trap’s jaws. Little did I know kill more than 4 million animals each year. Millions that a decade later I would be exposing the cruelty more are trapped and killed in predator and of trapping to audiences as blissfully ignorant as I “nuisance” wildlife control programs. was at that age. State and federal wildlife agencies must acknowl- Since then, I have set hundreds of leghold traps, edge that a growing majority of Americans who snares, and Conibear kill-traps to educate the oppose the use of cruel traps are demanding that vii CULL OF THE WILD “management” of wildlife be humane, selective, of separateness from, and domination over, the and, preferably, non-lethal. These agencies have natural world, and stifles human evolution toward two choices: They can either change with the a more just and peaceful society.
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