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Profiles and Results from Survey Work at Ha’Atafu, Manuka, Koulo and Lofanga

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Profiles and Results from Survey Work at Ha’Atafu, Manuka, Koulo and Lofanga PACIFIC REGIONAL OCEANIC AND COASTAL FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (PROCFish/C/CoFish) TONGA COUNTRY REPORT: PROFILES AND RESULTS FROM SURVEY WORK AT HA’ATAFU, MANUKA, KOULO AND LOFANGA (November and December 2001; March to June 2002; April to June, September and October 2008 ) by Kim Friedman, Silvia Pinca, Mecki Kronen, Pierre Boblin, Lindsay Chapman, Franck Magron, Aliti Vun isea and Pierre Labrosse This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Community The views expressed herein are those of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community and do not reflect the official opinion of the European Community i ©Copyright Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), 2009 All rights for commercial / for profit reproduction or translation, in any form, reserved. SPC authorises the partial reproduction or translation of this material for scientific, educational or research purposes, provided SPC and the source document are properly acknowledged. Permission to reproduce the document and/or translate in whole, in any form, whether for commercial / for profit or non-profit purposes, must be requested in writing. Original SPC artwork may not be altered or separately published without permission. Original text: English Secretariat of the Pacific Community Cataloguing-in-publication data Tonga country report: profiles and results from survey work at Ha’atafu, Manuka, Koulo and Lofanga (November and December 2001; March to June 2002; April to June, September and October 2008) / by Kim Friedman, Silvia Pinca, Mecki Kronen, Pierre Boblin, Lindsay Chapman, Franck Magron, Aliti Vunisea and Pierre Labrosse (Pacific Regional Oceanic and Coastal Fisheries Development Programme (PROCFish/C/CoFish) / Secretariat of the Pacific Community) I. Friedman, Kim. II. Pinca, Silvia. III. Kronen, Mecki. IV. Boblin, Pierre. V. Chapman, Lindsay. VI. Magron, Franck. VII. Vunisea, Aliti. VIII. Labrosse, Pierre. IX. Title. X. Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Reef Fisheries Observatory. XI. Series. 1. Marine resources — Tonga — Statistics. 2. Fisheries — Tonga — Statistics. 3. Fisheries — Economic aspects — Tonga. 338.372 099 612 AACR2 ISBN: 978-982-00-0390-3 Secretariat of the Pacific Community Coastal Fisheries Programme BP D5, 98848 Noumea Cedex, New Caledonia Tel: +687 26 00 00 Fax: +687 26 38 18 Email: [email protected] http://www.spc.int/ Prepared for publication and printed at Secretariat of the Pacific Community headquarters Noumea, New Caledonia, 2009 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) acknowledges with gratitude the funding support provided by the European Commission for the implementation of the Pacific Regional Oceanic and Coastal Fisheries Development Programme (PROCFish, coastal component) 1 and the MacArthur Foundation, who funded the early work in the Kingdom of Tonga in 2001–2002 under “The joint application of demography and ecology in evaluating the role of coastal fisheries resources in Pacific Islands: the DemEcoFish project”. SPC also acknowledges the collaborative support of the staff of the Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Forests and Fisheries (formerly the Ministry of Fisheries) and others for their in-country assistance, in particular Dr Sione Vailala Matoto, Secretary for Fisheries; Mr ‘Ulunga Fa’anunu, Deputy Secretary for Fisheries; Mr Tala’ofa Loto’ahea, former Officer in Charge at Ha’apai Fisheries and Mr Tevita ‘Ahoafi, Officer in Charge at Ha’apai Fisheries; Ms Silika Ngahe, Officer in Charge at Vava’u Fisheries; Mr Siola’a Malimali, Fisheries Officer; Ms Mele Makasini, Community Section; Mr Martini Finau, Aquaculture Section; Mr Poasi Fale Ngaluafe, Aquaculture Section; Ms Fina Vili and Mr Fanueli Tongaonevai, Fisheries Officers Ha'apai; Mr Enelio Liufau, Environment Officer from Wallis assisting the finfish team; the boat operators and guides at all six locations; and the Elders, community members, fishers and people from the survey sites. The preparation of this report has been a team effort, given the amount of information gathered and the need to present the results in a useable format. SPC staff who assisted with the production of this report were Ms Céline Barré, report compiling, formatting and layout; Ms Sarah Langi, report editing; Ms Youngmi Choi, cover design; and the SPC Translation Section for translating the executive summary; their assistance is acknowledged with thanks. In addition, thanks are provided to Dr Serge Andrefouet and his team for the provision and analysis of satellite images used in this report for the calculation of reef-habitat surfaces. More information on this project is provided in Appendix 5. 1 CoFish and PROCFish/C are part of the same programme, with CoFish covering the countries of Niue, Nauru, Federated States of Micronesia, Palau, Marshall Islands and Cook Islands (ACP countries covered under EDF 9 funding) and PROCFish/C countries covered under EDF 8 funding (the ACP countries: Fiji, Tonga, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Samoa, Tuvalu and Kiribati, and French overseas countries and territories (OCTs): New Caledonia, French Polynesia, and Wallis and Futuna). Therefore, CoFish and PROCFish/C are used synonymously in all country reports. iii PROCFish/C and CoFish staff work (or used to work) for the Secretariat of the Pacific Community, BP D5, 98848 Noumea Cedex, New Caledonia under this EU-funded project. All PROCFish/C and CoFish staff work as a team, so even those not directly involved in fieldwork usually assist in data analysis, report writing, or reviewing drafts of site and country reports. The team is made up of: - Lindsay Chapman, Coastal Fisheries Programme Manager - Kim Friedman, Senior Reef Fisheries Scientist (invertebrates) - Mecki Kronen, Community Fisheries Scientist - Franck Magron, Reef Fisheries Information Manager - Silvia Pinca, Senior Reef Fisheries Scientist (finfish) - Ribanataake Awira, Reef Fisheries Officer (finfish) - Kalo Pakoa, Reef Fisheries Officer (invertebrates) - Pierre Boblin, Reef Fisheries Officer (finfish) - Emmanuel Tardy, Reef Fisheries Officer (invertebrates) - Marie-Therese Bui, Project Administrator - Ferral Lasi, previous Reef Fisheries Officer (invertebrates) - Aliti Vunisea, previous Community Fisheries Scientist - Samasoni Sauni, previous Senior Reef Fisheries Scientist (finfish) - Laurent Vigliola, previous Senior Reef Fisheries Scientist (finfish) iv TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY IX RÉSUMÉ XIX ACRONYMS XXXI 1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1 1.1 The PROCFish and CoFish programmes 1 1.2 PROCFish/C and CoFish methodologies 2 1.2.1 Socioeconomic assessment 2 1.2.2 Finfish resource assessment 3 1.2.3 Invertebrate resource assessment 5 1.3 Tonga 6 1.3.1 General 6 1.3.2 The fisheries sector 8 1.3.3 Socioeconomics of fisheries 18 1.3.4 Fisheries research activities 19 1.3.5 Fisheries management 19 1.4 Selection of sites in Tonga 20 2. PROFILE AND RESULTS FOR HA’ATAFU 21 2.1 Site characteristics 21 2.2 Socioeconomic survey: Ha’atafu 21 2.2.1 The role of fisheries in the Ha’atafu community: fishery demographics, income and seafood consumption patterns 22 2.2.2 Fishing strategies and gear: Ha’atafu 25 2.2.4 Catch composition and volume – finfish: Ha’atafu 30 2.2.5 Catch composition and volume – invertebrates: Ha’atafu 34 2.2.6 Fisheries management issues: Ha’atafu 38 2.2.8 Discussion and conclusions: socioeconomics in Ha’atafu 38 2.3 Finfish resource surveys: Ha’atafu 40 2.3.1 Finfish assessment results: Ha’atafu 40 2.3.2 Discussion and conclusions: finfish resources in Ha’atafu 51 2.4 Invertebrate resource surveys: Ha’atafu 52 2.4.1 Giant clams: Ha’atafu 55 2.4.2 Mother-of-pearl species (MOP) – trochus and pearl oysters: Ha’atafu 57 2.4.3 Infaunal species and groups: Ha’atafu 61 2.4.4 Other gastropods and bivalves: Ha’atafu 63 2.4.5 Lobsters: Ha’atafu 64 2.4.6 Sea cucumbers: Ha’atafu 64 2.4.7 Other echinoderms: Ha’atafu 67 2.4.8 Discussion and conclusions: invertebrate resources in Ha’atafu 70 2.5 Overall recommendations for Ha’atafu 72 3. PROFILE AND RESULTS FOR MANUKA 75 3.1. Site characteristics 75 3.2. Socioeconomic survey: Manuka 75 3.2.1 The role of fisheries in the Manuka community: fishery demographics, income and seafood consumption patterns 76 3.2.2 Fishing strategies and gear: Manuka 80 3.2.3 Catch composition and volume – finfish: Manuka 84 3.2.4 Catch composition and volume – invertebrates: Manuka 88 3.2.5 Fisheries management: Manuka 92 3.2.6 Discussion and conclusions: socioeconomics in Manuka 92 3.3 Finfish resource surveys: Manuka 94 3.3.1 Finfish assessment results: Manuka 94 3.3.2 Discussion and conclusions: finfish resources in Manuka 105 3.4 Invertebrate resources: Manuka 106 v 3.4.1 Giant clams: Manuka 109 3.4.2 Mother-of-pearl species (MOP) – trochus and pearl oysters: Manuka 111 3.4.3 Infaunal species and groups: Manuka 113 3.4.4 Other gastropods and bivalves: Manuka 117 3.4.5 Lobsters: Manuka 117 3.4.6 Sea cucumbers: Manuka 118 3.4.7 Other echinoderms: Manuka 120 3.4.8 Discussion and conclusions: invertebrate resources in Manuka 123 3.5 Overall recommendations for Manuka 125 4. PROFILE AND RESULTS FOR KOULO 127 4.1. Site characteristics 127 4.2. Socioeconomic survey: Koulo 127 4.2.1 The role of fisheries in the Koulo community: fishery demographics, income and seafood consumption patterns 128 4.2.2 Fishing strategies and gear: Koulo 131 4.2.3 Catch composition and volume – finfish: Koulo 135 4.2.4 Catch composition and volume – invertebrates: Koulo 139 4.2.5 Management issues: Koulo 142 4.2.6 Discussion and conclusions: socioeconomics in Koulo 143 4.3 Finfish resource surveys: Koulo 144 4.3.1 Finfish assessment results: Koulo 145 4.3.2 Discussion and conclusions: finfish resources in Koulo 153 4.4 Invertebrate resources: Koulo 154 4.4.1 Giant clams: Koulo 156 4.4.2 Mother-of-pearl species (MOP) – trochus and pearl oysters: Koulo 158 4.4.3 Infaunal species and groups: Koulo 161 4.4.4 Other gastropods and bivalves: Koulo 161 4.4.5 Lobsters: Koulo 161 4.4.6 Sea cucumbers: Koulo 162 4.4.7 Other echinoderms: Koulo 165 4.4.8 Discussion and conclusions: invertebrate resources in Koulo 167 4.5 Overall recommendations for Koulo 169 5.
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