DOCSLIB.ORG

Inequality and Democratization: an Elite-Competition Approach

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Inequality and Democratization: an Elite-Competition Approach Inequality and Democratization: An Elite-Competition Approach Ben Ansell and David Samuels Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Why Democracy? . 1 1.2 Democracy or Property? The Redistributivist Thesis . 2 1.3 Puzzles for the Redistributivist Approach . 4 1.4 Democracy and Property? . 7 1.5 Democracy, Property, and Elite Competition . 10 1.6 Plan of the Book . 15 2 Inequality, Development, and Distribution 19 2.1 Introduction . 19 2.2 Inequality and Class Structure: A Thought Experiment . 21 2.3 Inequality and Class Structure: Historical Examples . 26 2.4 Conclusion: Implications of Social Tables . 39 3 Actors and Interests 42 3.1 Introduction . 42 3.2 Inequality, Income and Interests . 43 3.3 Inequality, Income and Interests and the 2nd Reform Act . 51 3.4 Other Cases . 60 3.4.1 Imperial Germany . 60 3.4.2 19th Century Sweden . 62 3.4.3 20th-century South Korea . 63 3.4.4 Contemporary China . 65 3.5 Conclusion . 68 4 An Elite Competition Model of Democratization 70 4.1 Introduction . 70 4.2 The Redistributivist Approach . 71 i ii CONTENTS 4.2.1 Introduction . 71 4.2.2 Boix’s Argument . 72 4.2.3 Acemoglu and Robinson’s Argument . 73 4.3 Rethinking Assumptions . 75 4.4 An Elite-Competition Model of Democratization . 82 4.4.1 Introduction . 82 4.4.2 The Economic Model . 82 4.4.3 The Political Model . 86 4.5 Conclusion . 105 4.6 Appendix: Thinking about Asset Mobility . 106 5 Assessing the Relationship between Inequality and Democratization 109 5.1 Introduction . 109 5.2 Quantitative Research on Inequality and Regime Change . 110 5.3 Dependent and Independent Variables . 112 5.3.1 Conceptualizing Democracy . 112 5.3.2 Conceptualizing Inequality . 114 5.3.3 Control Variables . 116 5.4 Empirical Analysis . 117 5.4.1 Democracy as a Dichotomous Measure, 1820 to 1992 . 117 5.4.2 Democracy as a Dichotomous Measure, 1955 to 1999 . 126 5.4.3 Democracy as a Continuous Measure, 1820 to 1992 . 129 5.4.4 Democracy as a Continuous Measure, 1955 to 2004 . 131 5.4.5 Instrumental Variables and Checks on Exogeneity . 133 5.5 Conclusion . 136 6 Inequality and Democratization: Empirical Extensions 139 6.1 Introduction . 139 6.2 Varieties of Regimes . 140 6.2.1 Autocracy, Partial Democracy, and Full Democracy . 140 6.2.2 Polity Thresholds . 141 6.2.3 Decomposing the Elements of Democracy . 147 6.3 Inequality and Regime Change at Different Levels of Development 150 6.4 The Impact of Asset-Mobility . 152 6.5 Conclusion . 155 CONTENTS iii 7 Democracy, Inequality and Public Spending: Reassessing the Evi- dence 157 7.1 Introduction . 157 7.2 Democracy and Redistribution: Theoretical Expectations . 159 7.3 Redistribution 1880 to 1930: Reexamining the Evidence . 163 7.3.1 Sample . 165 7.3.2 Dependent Variables . 166 7.3.3 Independent Variables . 167 7.3.4 Aggregate Public Spending . 168 7.3.5 Disaggregating Public Spending . 179 7.3.6 Spending 1880-1930: Summary . 182 7.4 Findings: 1950-1999 . 182 7.5 Conclusion . 187 8 Democracy, Redistribution, and Preferences 188 8.1 Introduction . 188 8.2 Preferences over Redistribution and Democracy: Theory . 190 8.3 Preferences over Redistribution: Empirics . 195 8.3.1 Data and Sample . 197 8.3.2 Income, Inequality, and Redistributive Preferences . 201 8.3.3 ‘Typical’ Redistributive Preferences and Inequality . 204 8.4 Preferences over Democracy: Empirics . 210 8.4.1 Attitudes towards State Ownership . 210 8.4.2 Support for Democracy: Expectations . 213 8.4.3 Attitudes toward Democracy . 214 8.5 Conclusion: Interpreting our Results . 222 8.A Estimation Technique for Two-Stage Analysis . 224 9 Conclusion 226 Bibliography 234 List of Tables 1.1a Income and Land Inequality: Probability of Democratization . 14 1.1b Income and Land Inequality: Example Cases . 14 2.1 Income Distribution in China, 1880 . 27 2.2 Social Table for the UK, 1867 (adult males only, income in £) . 30 2.3 Social Table for Germany 1882 . 33 2.4 Social Table for Russia 1904 . 35 2.5 Social Table for Peru 1876 . 36 2.6 Social Table for Chile 1861 . 37 2.7 Social Table for Java 1924 . 38 3.1 Size of the Working Class . 50 4.1 Expected Effects of Different Forms of Inequality on Choices of Bourgeoisie and Elites . 97 4.2 Expected Effects of Different Forms of Inequality on Choices of Bourgeoisie and Masses . 105 5.1 Democracy as a Dichotomous Variable, 1820-1992 . 118 5.2 Predicted Yearly Probability of a Democratic Transition, 1820 to 1992 . 119 5.3 Conditional Logit Specifications, 1820-1992 . 121 5.4 Testing Functional Forms 1820-1992: Democracy as a Dichoto- mous Variable . 123 5.5 Democracy as a Dichotomous Variable, 1955-2004 (BAR Data) . 127 5.6 Examining the Polity Index 1820-1992 . 129 5.7 Examining the Polity Index 1955-2004 . 132 5.8 Instrumental Variables Tests: BM Gini 1820-1992 . 135 5.9 Instrumental Variables Tests: BAR Gini 1950-2000 . 137 iv LIST OF TABLES v 6.1a Regime Change Probabilities: BM Gini .30 to .55 . 141 6.1b Regime Change Probabilities: Rural Inequality 0 to .95 . 142 6.2 Goertz Components of Polity Index . 149 6.3 High and Low Income Countries . 151 6.4 Capital Shares . 154 7.1 1880-1930 Total Social Spending: Democracy Dummy . 169 7.2 1880-1930 Total Social Spending: Polity Score . 173 7.3 1880-1930 Total Social Spending and Turnout . 175 7.4 1880-1930 Total Social Spending and Left Vote Share . 178 7.5 1880-1930 Types of Spending: Democracy Dummy . 180 7.6 1880-1930 Types of Spending: Polity Score . 181 7.7 1950-1999 Total Government Consumption . 184 8.1 Competing Hypotheses about Preferences . 196 8.2 Autocracies Under Analysis . 199 8.3 The Effect of Income on Redistributive Preferences . 202 8.4 Effects of Inequality on Citizens’ Typical Redistributive Preferences206 8.5 Preferences over State Ownership . 212 8.6a Views on whether Democracy is Desirable: Binary . 215 8.6b Views on whether Democracy is Desirable: Ordered . 218 8.6c Probability of Believing Democracy is Very Desirable: Effects of Income and Redistribution Preferences . 219 8.6d Probability of Believing Democracy is Very Desirable: Effects of Income and State Ownership Preferences . 219 8.7 Views on whether Democracy is Good for the Economy . 221 List of Figures 2.1 An Equal Society . 22 2.2 An Unequal Society . 23 2.3 China’s Gini Coefficient 1985 to 2010 . 27 4.1 The Partial Democracy Game . 90 4.2 The Joint Democracy Game . 98 5.1 Linear Estimates of Probability of Democratic Transition 1820- 1992 (BM Gini ) using Model 1 of Table 5.4 . 125 5.2 Quadratic Estimates of Probability of Democratic Transition 1820- 1992 (BM Gini ) using Model 2 of Table 5.4 . 125 6.1 Effects of Shift from 5th to 95th Percentile of BM Gini on Per Period Probability of Transition for Polity Thresholds . 143 6.2 Effects of Shift from 5th to 95th Percentile of Rural Inequality on Per Period Probability of Transition for Polity Thresholds: His- torical Dataset . 145 6.3 Effects of Shift from 5th to 95th Percentile of BAR Gini on Per Period Probability of Transition for Polity Thresholds . 146 6.4 Effects of Shift from 5th to 95th Percentile of Rural Inequality on Per Period Probability of Transition for Polity Thresholds:Modern Dataset . 146 7.1 The Effects of Democratization (0 to 1) on Social Spending at Different Levels of Rural Inequality . 171 7.2 The Effects of Democratization (0 to 1) on Social Spending at Different Levels of Income Inequality . 171 7.3 The Effects of Turnout on Social Spending at Different Levels of Rural Inequality . 176 vi LIST OF FIGURES vii 7.4 The Effects of Turnout on Social Spending at Different Levels of Income Inequality . 176 7.5 The Marginal Effect of the Polity Score on Government Con- sumption at Different Levels of Income Inequality . 186 8.1a Redistributivist Preference Formation Model . 190 8.1b Elite-Competition View of Redistributive Preferences . 191 8.1c Elite Competition View of Democracy Preferences . 192 8.2 Effect of Income on Redistributive Preferences . 203 8.3a Fifth Percentile . 207 8.3b Twenty-fifth Percentile . 208 8.3c Median Citizen . 208 8.3d Seventy-fifth Percentile . 209 8.3e Ninety-fifth Percentile . 209 8.4 Effect of Income on State Ownership Preferences at Varying Lev- els of Inequality . 213 Preface In light of recent experience, the question is not whether democracy will rob prop- erty owners of their property, but whether propertied interests will rob common men of their chief weapon of defense against exploitation, democracy. Lippincott ([1938] 1974, 238) Our intellectual journey began with a question Samuels raised to Ansell. Long a student of Brazilian politics, Samuels also taught a graduate seminar on democ- ratization. Reading Boix and Acemoglu and Robinson’s.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Club Good Intermediaries∗
    Club Good Intermediaries∗ Simon Loertscher† Leslie M. Marx‡ September 4, 2016 Abstract The emergence and ubiquitous presence in everyday life of digital goods such as songs, movies, and e-books give renewed salience to the problem of providing public goods with exclusion. Because digital goods are typically traded via inter- mediaries like iTunes, Amazon, and Netflix, the question arises as to the optimal pricing mechanism for such club good intermediaries. We derive the direct Bayesian optimal mechanism for allocating club goods when the mechanism designer is an intermediary that neither produces nor consumes the goods, and we develop an indirect mechanism that implements this mechanism. We also derive sufficient con- ditions for the intermediary-optimal mechanism to be implementable with revenue sharing contracts, which are widely used in e-business. Keywords: revenue maximization, excludable public goods, two-sided platforms, optimal pricing, digital goods JEL Classification: C72, D82, L13 ∗We thank seminar participants at the 34th Australasian Economic Theory Workshop, C´edric Wasser, and an anonymous referee for helpful comments. †Department of Economics, Level 4, FBE Building, 111 Barry Street, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia. Email: [email protected]. ‡The Fuqua School of Business, Duke University, 100 Fuqua Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA: Email: [email protected]. 1 Introduction The issue of optimal public goods provision has achieved new salience with the emergence of digital goods like e-books, downloadable songs, and movies along with new technologies that make exclusion and distribution possible at negligible marginal costs. An aspect not present in the analysis of excludable public goods or “club goods” in the age of the internet is that consumers gain access to these digital goods via an intermediary such as Amazon, iTunes, Spotify, or Netflix rather than contracting directly with the producer of the club good as they might with the owner of a country club.
    [Show full text]
  • “Free Riding” in Civil Wars? Violence, Insurgency, and the Collective Action Problem
    NÚMERO 139 STATHIS N. KALYVAS MATTHEW ADAM KOCHER How Free is “Free Riding” in Civil Wars? Violence, Insurgency, and the Collective Action Problem JUNIO 2006 www.cide.edu Las colecciones de Documentos de Trabajo del CIDE representan un medio para difundir los avances de la labor de investigación y para permitir que los autores reciban comentarios antes de su publicación definitiva. Se agradecerá que los comentarios se hagan llegar directamente al (los) autor(es). • D.R. ® 2006. Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas, carretera México-Toluca 3655 (km 16.5), Lomas de Santa Fe, 01210, México, D.F. Tel. 5727•9800 exts. 2202, 2203, 2417 Fax: 5727•9885 y 5292•1304. Correo electrónico: [email protected] www.cide.edu Producción a cargo del (los) autor(es), por lo que tanto el contenido como el estilo y la redacción son su responsabilidad. Acknowledgements Thanks to Abbey Steele for research assistance, and to Zeynep Bulutgil, Eddie Camp, Sergio Galaz García, Adria Lawrence, Nicholas Sambanis, Jonah Schulhofer-Wohl, Justin Fox. Versions of this paper were presented at the Sawyer Seminar on Mass Killing, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Science (CASBS); the Comparative Politics Workshop, Department of Political Science, Yale University; and the Laboratory on Comparative Ethnic Processes (LiCEP). Thanks to all the participants for their generous attention and thoughful commentary. Abstract That rebels face a collective action problem is one of the most widely shared assumptions in the literature on civil wars. We argue that the collective action paradigm can be both descriptively inaccurate and analytically misleading as applied to civil wars —which are uniquely characterized by large-scale violence.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction: the Lusophone World at War, 1914-1918 and Beyond
    Introduction: The Lusophone World at War, 1914-1918 and Beyond Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses1 On March 9, 1916, Germany declared war in Portugal. In response, Lisbon sent a fighting force, the Corpo Expedicionário Português [CEP], to France, where it held a portion of the Western Front until April 9, 1918. In addition, a number of smaller expeditions were dispatched to secure Mozambique and, if possible, participate in the conquest of German East Africa. Both theatres of war were a source of frustration for the Portuguese, and participation in the conflict fell far short of the hopes deposited in it by its defenders. As interventionist politicians slowly lost control over the country’s destiny after the war’s end, the conflict faded from the public’s awareness, its memory kept alive essentially among those who had direct experience with combat. For decades, Portugal’s participation in World War I was generally ignored, or reduced to a historical cul-de-sac, a pointless, if expensive, military episode. However, our understanding of the conflict’s impact on Portugal and its importance in the subsequent course of the country’s history has increased immeasurably over the past twenty years. The centenary commemorations for both the Republic, in 2010, and the Great War itself, starting in 2014, have naturally contributed to this process. In March of 2016, on the hundredth anniversary of Portugal’s intervention in the conflict, a colloquium was held at Brown University as an attempt to insert Portugal’s war experience into a wider, but intimately related, context: that of the Lusophone world.
    [Show full text]
  • Of Clubs and Conflict: the Dissolvant Power of Social Capital in Kivu (D.R.Congo)
    Of clubs and conflict: the dissolvant power of social capital in Kivu (D.R.Congo) Frank Van Acker (University of Antwerp, Faculty of Applied Economics and Development Studies, Antwerp, Belgium) Written for the 8th IASCP Conference, Bloomington, Indiana 31 May to 4 June 2000 1. Introduction Stretched out over 500 km along the borders of the Democratic Republic of Congo with the republics of Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi, lie the Congolese provinces of North and South Kivu. These provinces consist of highlands and volcanoes to the East, and lowlands to the West. As such, they mirror the conditions of the crowded and fertile highlands of Rwanda to one side, and those of the underpopulated Congo basin to the other. Currently the Kivu is notorious as a hotbed of problems and conflicts, where rebellious armies and peasant militias hold sway. Yet this kind of turmoil is not new; as far back as the 1920’s, conflicts regularly erupted. Clearly, the particular location and history of the provinces are pertinent in looking for an explanation. The colonial history of the region is one in which Rwandan and Burundian peasants were resettled in the Kivu to supply labor to the large coffee and tea estates and cattle ranches situated in the highlands there. After Congolese independence in 1960, the nature of the problem changed but not the problem itself; peasants of neighboring countries continued to flock to Kivu to escape the crowded conditions of their own homelands. Consequently, the biggest post-independence bone of content in the Kivu is that of nationality. In various political seesaw movements, nationality was granted to these immigrants and repealed again according to political convenience.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Goods and Club Goods
    0750 PUBLIC GOODS AND CLUB GOODS Patrick McNutt Chairperson, Competition Authority, Dublin and Research Associate, Department of Political Science, University of Dublin © Copyright 1999 Patrick McNutt Abstract Public goods contrast with private goods. Pure public goods have the unique characteristics of non-excludability and non-rivalry in consumption while private goods are sold to those who can afford to pay the market price. The under-supply equilibrium of a public goods provision is an important aspect of the provision of public goods. The economic theory of clubs represents an attempt to explain the under-supply equilibrium of a public goods provision. It raises many different and controversial issues which impinge on government policy in the public sector. In many respects, a club provision proffers an alternative to a central government provision of local public goods. The salient characteristic of a club, the excludability factor, may militate against an equal and democratic distribution of the club good. At the level of voluntary clubs, with which Buchanan was originally concerned, club theory can critically appraise the efforts at achieving optimal membership of the club and the maximum utility of club members. As the literature introduces increasing problems with cooperation then it behoves law and economics scholars to research and develop non-market and/or non-cooperative solutions to an optimal provision of public goods. JEL classification: D60, D71, K00. Keywords: Free Rider, Pareto Optimality, Club Goods, Excludability and Non-rivalry, Coase Theorem, Homogeneity 1. Introduction Pure public goods as originally defined by Samuelson (1954) have the unique characteristics of non-excludability and non-rivalry in consumption.
    [Show full text]
  • Conference Program (PDF)
    THE 42ND ANNUAL SCIENTIFIC MEETING OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY (ISPP) Empowering Citizens in Illiberal Times: The Political Psychology of Oppression and Resistance 12 July - 15 July 2019 Lisbon, Portugal InterContinental Lisbon TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS • Welcome Letter from President 2 • Welcome Letter from Lisbon Program Chairs 5 • Welcome Letter from Early Career Committee Chair 8 • Schedule Overview 10 • Section Chairs 11 • Featured Panels/CWC/Floor Plans 12 • Summary of Special Events/Poster Sessions/Plenaries 16 • Award Winners for 2019 20 • Call for Roberta Sigel Paper Award 21 • Call for Best Dissertation Award 22 • Call for Proposals & Papers, Berlin 2020 23 • Berlin, Germany, 14 - 17 July 2020 25 • Schedule at a Glance 29 o Friday, July 12 o Saturday, July 13 o Sunday, July 14 Monday, July 15 o • Sessions by Section 43 • Sessions by Day with Details 52 o Friday, July 12 o Saturday, July 13 o Sunday, July 14 Monday, July 15 o • Additional Conference Information 159 • List of ISPP Officers 160 • Membership Information 164 • Index of Participants 166 Cover Photo Credit: Visit Lisboa Photo Credit 2020 Announcement: Visit Berlin Please note that photographs and video are taken during the course of the conference. These images may be used in ISPP marketing materials, on the ISPP web site, and other products relating to ISPP. By attending, you consent to your image being used in ISPP- related materials, web sites, and similar. Page | 1 WELCOME LETTER From the President Empowering Citizens in Illiberal Times: The Political Psychology of Oppression and Resistance Welcome to the 42nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the International Society of Political Psychology and to the wonderful city of Lisbon, Portugal! The city and surrounding countryside have many charms, which I hope will catch your eye and make for an enjoyable visit.
    [Show full text]
  • Zbwleibniz-Informationszentrum
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Engerer, Hella Working Paper Security Economics: Definition and Capacity Economics of Security Working Paper, No. 5 Provided in Cooperation with: German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin) Suggested Citation: Engerer, Hella (2009) : Security Economics: Definition and Capacity, Economics of Security Working Paper, No. 5, Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung (DIW), Berlin This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/119331 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Economics of Security Working Paper Series Hella Engerer Security Economics: Definition and Capacity January 2009 Economics of Security Working Paper 5 This publication is an output of EUSECON, a research project supported by the European Commission’s Seventh Framework Programme.
    [Show full text]
  • Agricultural and Food Value Chains As Clubs 1
    Available online at www.centmapress.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON FOOD SYSTEM Proceedings in DYNAMICS System Dynamics and Innovation in Food Networks 2018 Consciously Pursued Joint Action: Agricultural and Food Value Chains as Clubs 1 Euan Fleming, Garry Griffith, Stuart Mounter and Derek Baker The authors are all with the Centre for Agribusiness, UNE Business School, University of New England, Armidale, Australia [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRACT Certain members of a population consciously and deliberately decide to take joint action to provide particular types of goods or services that are at least partly excludable and at least partly congestible because it is too costly to provide such goods individually. These goods are called club goods or collective goods. We first define some key concepts in club theory and public choice. This includes the prospects for determining the optimal level of membership of a club, how to determine the optimal level and range of provision of services by a club, and consideration of the dynamics of club membership. Then we examine the ways in which club theory can help provide an alternative approach to recognising and overcoming market failure in agricultural and food value chains. We note that useful insights can be gained by considering value chains as ‘latent clubs’. That is, they are systems that exist but which are either inactive or have not been fully developed, but which have the potential for improvement through collective action. If value chain members do exploit an opportunity to reap the rewards of collective action, then forming a club that comprises the whole chain or a subset of chain members offers an efficient organisation design to do so.
    [Show full text]
  • 0750 Public Goods and Club Goods
    0750 PUBLIC GOODS AND CLUB GOODS Patrick McNutt Chairperson, Competition Authority, Dublin and Research Associate, Department of Political Science, University of Dublin © Copyright 1999 Patrick McNutt Abstract Public goods contrast with private goods. Pure public goods have the unique characteristics of non-excludability and non-rivalry in consumption while private goods are sold to those who can afford to pay the market price. The under-supply equilibrium of a public goods provision is an important aspect of the provision of public goods. The economic theory of clubs represents an attempt to explain the under-supply equilibrium of a public goods provision. It raises many different and controversial issues which impinge on government policy in the public sector. In many respects, a club provision proffers an alternative to a central government provision of local public goods. The salient characteristic of a club, the excludability factor, may militate against an equal and democratic distribution of the club good. At the level of voluntary clubs, with which Buchanan was originally concerned, club theory can critically appraise the efforts at achieving optimal membership of the club and the maximum utility of club members. As the literature introduces increasing problems with cooperation then it behoves law and economics scholars to research and develop non-market and/or non-cooperative solutions to an optimal provision of public goods. JEL classification: D60, D71, K00. Keywords: Free Rider, Pareto Optimality, Club Goods, Excludability and Non-rivalry, Coase Theorem, Homogeneity 1. Introduction Pure public goods as originally defined by Samuelson (1954) have the unique characteristics of non-excludability and non-rivalry in consumption.
    [Show full text]
  • What Were the Effects of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake on Eighteenth-Century Religious
    Extracting testable hypotheses from historical scholarship: What were the effects of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake on eighteenth-century religious minds? Abstract (149) This paper articulates two competing explanations about cognitive effects of the Lisbon earthquake of 1755 and preliminarily assesses them against historical documents. Humanities scholars' voluminous writings on the earthquake imply a Secularizing Interpretation on which the earthquake caused cognitive change across social classes and geographical regions. Results from the cognitive science of religion yield a Supernatural Punishment account denying cognitive changes implied by the Secularizing Hypothesis and instead implying people interpreted this earthquake as caused by God on purpose as a punishment on the out-group. This paper advocates the Supernatural Punishment account in two steps. A preliminary review of writings of philosophers and elites reveals little to no secularizing cognitive change. A preliminary review of writings of religious authors reveals increases in religious and Supernatural Punishment cognition after the earthquake. This project suggests interdisciplinary methods for researchers in the Humanities with which to put their interpretations to the test. 1 Paper (10479) Correspondence of the Dutch in Lisbon at the time of the Lisbon earthquake reveals that The Hague’s ambassador to Portugal Charles Bosc de la Calmette was moved by the suffering and desperation he witnessed amongst Lisboan Roman Catholics (De Jong 1955). Ambassador from 1751-1758, Calmette was a Huguenot who knew desperation. His Protestant family fled to Holland from persecution by Catholics in France. A letter dated 6 November 1755 written by Abraham Castres, King George II’s envoy, indicates Castres and Calmette were the first ambassadors to have an audience with King Jose after the earthquake.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 8: Externalities and Public Goods
    Chapter 8 Externalities and Public Goods 8.1 What is an Externality? We just showed that competitive markets result in Pareto optimal allocations — that is the market acts to make sure that those who value goods the most receive them, and those that can produce goods at the least cost produce them, and there is no way that everybody in society could be made better off. Thisgaveusthefirst and second welfare theorems — the market allocates commodities efficiently, and any efficient allocation can be derived by a market with suitable ex ante transfers of wealth. Now we will take a look at one important circumstance where the welfare theorems do not hold. When we talked about commodities in the past, they were always what are called “private goods.” That is, they were such that they were consumed by only one person, and that person’s consumption of the good had no effect on other people’s utility. But, this is not true of all goods. Think, for example, of a local bakery that produces bread. Earlier, we said that each person purchases the quantity of bread where the marginal benefit of consuming an additional loaf is just equal to the price of a loaf, and each firm produces bread up to the point where the marginal cost of producing the loaf is just equal to its price. In equilibrium, then, the marginal benefitofeating an additional loaf of bread is just equal to the marginal cost of producing an additional loaf. But, think about the following. People who walk by the bakery get the benefit from the pleasant smell of baking bread, and this is not incorporated into the price of bread.
    [Show full text]
  • Transition Elite and Consolidation Elite
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Jasiecki, Krzysztof Article The changing roles of the post-transitional economic elite in Poland Journal for East European Management Studies Provided in Cooperation with: Rainer Hampp Verlag Suggested Citation: Jasiecki, Krzysztof (2008) : The changing roles of the post-transitional economic elite in Poland, Journal for East European Management Studies, ISSN 0949-6181, Rainer Hampp Verlag, Mering, Vol. 13, Iss. 4, pp. 327-359 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/84077 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Krzysztof Jasiecki The changing roles of the post-transitional economic elite in Poland* Krzysztof Jasiecki** The study characterised evolution of the role of a new economic elite in Poland using the three-elite-generations metaphor: breakthrough elite, transition elite and consolidation elite.
    [Show full text]