The General Assembly Concerning the Ap Have Been Certain Changes in the Membership of the Portionment, Under Article 17, Paragraph 2, of the Organization
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When Fear Is Substituted for Reason: European and Western Government Policies Regarding National Security 1789-1919
WHEN FEAR IS SUBSTITUTED FOR REASON: EUROPEAN AND WESTERN GOVERNMENT POLICIES REGARDING NATIONAL SECURITY 1789-1919 Norma Lisa Flores A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December 2012 Committee: Dr. Beth Griech-Polelle, Advisor Dr. Mark Simon Graduate Faculty Representative Dr. Michael Brooks Dr. Geoff Howes Dr. Michael Jakobson © 2012 Norma Lisa Flores All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Dr. Beth Griech-Polelle, Advisor Although the twentieth century is perceived as the era of international wars and revolutions, the basis of these proceedings are actually rooted in the events of the nineteenth century. When anything that challenged the authority of the state – concepts based on enlightenment, immigration, or socialism – were deemed to be a threat to the status quo and immediately eliminated by way of legal restrictions. Once the façade of the Old World was completely severed following the Great War, nations in Europe and throughout the West started to revive various nineteenth century laws in an attempt to suppress the outbreak of radicalism that preceded the 1919 revolutions. What this dissertation offers is an extended understanding of how nineteenth century government policies toward radicalism fostered an environment of increased national security during Germany’s 1919 Spartacist Uprising and the 1919/1920 Palmer Raids in the United States. Using the French Revolution as a starting point, this study allows the reader the opportunity to put events like the 1848 revolutions, the rise of the First and Second Internationals, political fallouts, nineteenth century imperialism, nativism, Social Darwinism, and movements for self-government into a broader historical context. -
Case of Maya Indigenous Communities of Belize, Inter-Am
REPORT Nº 96/03 CASE 12.053 MAYA INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES OF THE TOLEDO DISTRICT BELIZE October 24, 2003 I. SUMMARY 1. This report concerns a petition presented to the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights (the "Commission”) against the State of Belize (the "State" or “Belize”) on August 7, 1998 by the Indian Law Resource Center and the Toledo Maya Cultural Council (the “Petitioners”). The petition claims that the State is responsible for violating rights under the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man (the “American Declaration”) that the Mopan and Ke’kchi Maya People of the Toledo District of Southern Belize (the “Maya people of the Toledo District” or the “Maya people”) are alleged to have over certain lands and natural resources.1 2. The Petitioners claim that the State has violated Articles I, II, III, VI, XI, XVIII, XX and XXIII of the American Declaration in respect of lands traditionally used and occupied by the Maya people, by granting logging and oil concessions in and otherwise failing to adequately protect those lands, failing to recognize and secure the territorial rights of the Maya people in those lands, and failing to afford the Maya people judicial protection of their rights and interests in the lands due to delays in court proceedings instituted by them. According to the Petitioners, the State’s contraventions have impacted negatively on the natural environment upon which the Maya people depend for subsistence, have jeopardized the Maya people and their culture, and threaten to cause further damage in the future. 3. The State has indicated before the Commission that applicable law and the facts presented by the Petitioners are unclear as to whether the Maya people may have aboriginal rights in the lands under dispute, although at the same time it has recognized in negotiations outside of the Commission proceedings that the Maya people have rights in lands in the Toledo District based upon their longstanding use and occupancy of that territory. -
DOCUMENT RESUME Situation Report
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 104 671 SE 018 820 TITLE Situation Report--Australia, The Gambia, Papua and New Guinea, Rhodesia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Tanzania, Tonga, and Western Samoa. INSTITUTION International Planned Parenthood Federation, London (England). PUB DATE 75 NOTE 56p. EDRS PRICE MF-$0.76 HC-$3.32 PLUS POSTAGE DESCRIPTORS Contraception; Demography; *Family Planning; *Foreign Countries; *Population Trends; Programs; Resource Materials; Social Welfare; *Statistical Data ABSTRACT Data relating to population and family planning in nine foreign countries are presented in these situation reports. Countries included are Australia, The Gambia, Papua and New Guinea, .Rhodesia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Tanzania, Tonga, and Western Somoa. Information is provided under three topics, statistical information, general background information, and family planning situation, where appropriate and if it is available. Statistical information includes the area, total population, population growth rate, birth rate, death rate, infant mortality rate, women in fertile age group, population under 15, urban population_and others. This information is provided for 1950, 1960, and the present, in most cases. General background covers ethnic groups, language, religion, economy, communication/education, and medical/social welfare. Family planning situation considers family planning associations and personnel; government opportunities for individuals, families, and medical personnel; research and evaluation program plans; government programs; and related supporting organizations. Bibliographic sources are given. (TK) Situation Distribution uS OCPARTMENT OF HEALTH. Report EDUCATiONS.VaLFACIE NACIONAL INSTI iuTe:. OF 1771:717%7 PLL%$41-P40 4_,.;" TX :4(7.. kE,t+.E.D P.L. ;AT,.t'44lair. 747 4 -4: 4E L % % 7,4 AUSTRALIA NOVEMBER 1974 STATISTICS 1960 LATEST AVAILABLE FIGURES ) 1. -
Country Coding Units
INSTITUTE Country Coding Units v11.1 - March 2021 Copyright © University of Gothenburg, V-Dem Institute All rights reserved Suggested citation: Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, and Lisa Gastaldi. 2021. ”V-Dem Country Coding Units v11.1” Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. Funders: We are very grateful for our funders’ support over the years, which has made this ven- ture possible. To learn more about our funders, please visit: https://www.v-dem.net/en/about/ funders/ For questions: [email protected] 1 Contents Suggested citation: . .1 1 Notes 7 1.1 ”Country” . .7 2 Africa 9 2.1 Central Africa . .9 2.1.1 Cameroon (108) . .9 2.1.2 Central African Republic (71) . .9 2.1.3 Chad (109) . .9 2.1.4 Democratic Republic of the Congo (111) . .9 2.1.5 Equatorial Guinea (160) . .9 2.1.6 Gabon (116) . .9 2.1.7 Republic of the Congo (112) . 10 2.1.8 Sao Tome and Principe (196) . 10 2.2 East/Horn of Africa . 10 2.2.1 Burundi (69) . 10 2.2.2 Comoros (153) . 10 2.2.3 Djibouti (113) . 10 2.2.4 Eritrea (115) . 10 2.2.5 Ethiopia (38) . 10 2.2.6 Kenya (40) . 11 2.2.7 Malawi (87) . 11 2.2.8 Mauritius (180) . 11 2.2.9 Rwanda (129) . 11 2.2.10 Seychelles (199) . 11 2.2.11 Somalia (130) . 11 2.2.12 Somaliland (139) . 11 2.2.13 South Sudan (32) . 11 2.2.14 Sudan (33) . -
Colonial Administration Records (Migrated Archives): Basutoland (Lesotho) FCO 141/293 to 141/1021
Colonial administration records (migrated archives): Basutoland (Lesotho) FCO 141/293 to 141/1021 Most of these files date from the late 1940s participation of Basotho soldiers in the Second Constitutional development and politics to the early 1960s, as the British government World War. There is included a large group of considered the future constitution of Basutoland, files concerning the medicine murders/liretlo FCO 141/294-295: Constitutional reform in although there is also some earlier material. Many which occurred in Basutoland during the late Basutoland (1953-59) – of them concern constitutional developments 1940s and 1950s, and their relation to political concerns the development of during the 1950s, including the establishment and administrative change. For research already representative government of a legislative assembly in the late 1950s and undertaken on this area see: Colin Murray and through the establishment of a the legislative election in 1960. Many of the files Peter Sanders, Medicine Murder in Colonial Lesotho legislative assembly. concern constitutional development. There is (Edinburgh UP 2005). also substantial material on the Chief designate FCO 141/318: Basutoland Constitutional Constantine Bereng Seeiso and the role of the http://www.history.ukzn.ac.za/files/sempapers/ Commission; attitude of Basutoland British authorities in his education and their Murray2004.pdf Congress Party (1962); concerns promotion of him as Chief designate. relations with South Africa. The Resident Commisioners of Basutoland from At the same time, the British government 1945 to 1966 were: Charles Arden-Clarke (1942-46), FCO 141/320: Constitutional Review Commission considered the incorporation of Basutoland into Aubrey Thompson (1947-51), Edwin Arrowsmith (1961-1962); discussion of form South Africa, a position which became increasingly (1951-55), Alan Chaplin (1955-61) and Alexander of constitution leading up to less tenable as the Nationalist Party consolidated Giles (1961-66). -
In the Court of Appeal of Belize, Ad 2010
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF BELIZE, A.D. 2010 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 30 OF 2010 BETWEEN: BRITISH CARIBBEAN BANK LIMITED Appellant AND THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF BELIZE First Respondent THE MINISTER OF PUBLIC UTILITIES Second Respondent CIVIL APPEAL NO. 31 OF 2010 BETWEEN: DEAN BOYCE Appellant AND THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF BELIZE First Respondent THE MINISTER OF PUBLIC UTILITIES Second Respondent BEFORE: The Hon. Mr Justice Morrison Justice of Appeal The Hon. Mr Justice Alleyne Justice of Appeal The Hon. Mr Justice Carey Justice of Appeal Eamon Courtenay SC and Mrs Ashanti ArthursMarin for the appellant British Caribbean Bank Limited. Godfrey P. Smith SC and Mrs Magali Marin Young for the appellant Dean C. Boyce. Ms Lois Young SC and Nigel Hawke for the respondents in both appeals. __ 25, 26, 27 and 28 January 2011, 24 June 2011 MORRISON JA: An overview [1] By section 3 of the Belize Telecommunications (Amendment) Act, 2009 (‘the Acquisition Act’), which came into force on 25 August 2009, the Belize 1 Telecommunications Act (‘the Telecoms Act’) was amended to add a new Part XII (sections 63 to 74). Section 63(1) of the Telecoms Act, as amended, now provides among other things that where the Minister of Public Utilities (‘the Minister’) considers that control over telecommunications should be acquired “for a public purpose”, he may acquire for and on behalf of the Government of Belize (‘GOB’), “all such property as he may, from time to time, consider necessary to take possession of and to assume control over telecommunications, and every such order shall be prima facie evidence that the property to which it relates is required for a public purpose”. -
An Exploratory Study on Labour Recruitment And
An Exploratory Study on Labour Recruitment and Migrant Worker Protection Mechanisms in West Africa: The Case of Côte d’Ivoire, the Gambia, Ghana, Nigeria and Senegal This exploratory study has been produced as part of the International Organization for Migration’s (IOM) “Promoting Responsible Recruitment from West Africa to the Gulf (GCC) Region” project funded by the Migration Resource Allocation Committee (MIRAC).* It has been managed by the Labour Migration and Human Development (LHD) Division at the Regional Office for West and Central Africa in Dakar and the IOM country mission in Abidjan. The preliminary research for this report, conducted from August to December 2018, was funded by the FMM Project (Support Free Movement of Persons and Migration in West Africa). The contents of this study are the sole responsibility of the authors and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of IOM. Additionally, IOM does not endorse any of the private recruitment agencies described in this study. IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the study do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. -
Supreme Court Claim No. 493 and 646 of 2019
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF BELIZE, A.D. 2020 CLAIM NO. 493 of 2019 SHANTEL BERRY CLAIMANT AND COMMISSIONER OF POLICE 1st DEFENDANT ATTORNEY GENERAL OF BELIZE 2nd DEFENDANT CLAIM NO. 646 of 2019 ALEEYA WADE CLAIMANT AND COMMISSIONER OF POLICE 1st DEFENDANT ATTORNEY GENERAL OF BELIZE 2nd DEFENDANT BEFORE the Honourable Madam Justice Sonya Young Decision 29th January, 2021 Appearances: Mr. Anthony Sylvestre and Ms. Leslie D. Mendez for the Claimants. Mrs. Samantha Matute-Tucker for the Defendants. KEYWORDS: Constitutional Law - Police Standing Orders - Policy - Directive - Dreadlocks - Female Police Officer - Freedom of Religion - Freedom of Expression - Discrimination Page 1 JUDGMENT 1. In 2016, the young black women at South Africa’s Pretoria Girls High School were advised to “discipline” their hair by relaxing it. Similarly, Shantel Berry and Aleeya Wade, two (2) female police officers of African descent, had been formally warned to remove their dreadlocks in order to conform to the Police Regulations. By refusing to comply, they now face disciplinary action. 2. Ms. Berry, a twenty-four year old woman, began growing her locks at age seventeen (17). It was, for her, the first step towards adherence to the Rastafarian faith of which her family members were followers. When she entered the National Police Training Academy in August 2015, she was advised then to remove her dreadlocks and she complied. 3. She was also given basic training on the Police Standing Orders, which guides an officer’s behavior and conduct including grooming. During training, she was never specifically told that these regulations prohibited police officers from wearing locks nor did she raise any concern in relation to the prohibitions which were contained therein. -
Exploring Institutional Evolution in the Development Planning System of a Small Island State: Malta
By Cassar, R., 2012 Exploring Institutional Evolution in the Development Planning System of a Small Island State: Malta Kerli Kirsimaa Exploring Institutional Evolution in the Development Planning System of a Small Island State: Malta Supervision: Dr. Arnold van der Valk; Land Use Planning Group, Wageningen University Dr.Paul Gauci; University of Malta: Department of Spatial Planning and Infrastructure, Faculty for the Built Environment Second reviewer: Dr.ir. Gerrit-Jan Carsjens Land Use Planning Group Wageningen University Author: Kerli Kirsimaa Reg. No. 890217436030 [email protected] Study Program: Urban Environmental Management, Land Use Planning Group Course code: LUP-80436 (36 ECTS) Wageningen, October, 2013 Abstract Malta is a small densely populated island state in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea. Similarly to other small (island) states, Malta has to take into consideration the many challenges that its smallness brings to the country. The history of having been a British colony for 150 years has made Malta adopt most of its administrative and parliamentary system from the United Kingdom. As the Maltese Public Law was at the time already based on British model, the adoption of British planning legislation does not appear to have been questioned. What took place followed the concept of institutional transplantation, the transfer of institutions from one setting to another. Since the economic, political, cultural and spatial characteristics of the countries vary, the theory, developed by De Jong and Lalenis, that questions whether a transferred land use planning model is appropriate for the host society, can be applied. In Malta the first serious planning system was set up as late as in 1992 through the establishment of the Planning Authority which, to some extent, was based on British planning practices. -
The History of Banjul, the Gambia, 1816 -1965
HEART OF BANJUL: THE HISTORY OF BANJUL, THE GAMBIA, 1816 -1965 By Matthew James Park A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of History- Doctor of Philosophy 2016 ABSTRACT HEART OF BANJUL: THE HISTORY OF BANJUL, THE GAMBIA, 1816-1965 By Matthew James Park This dissertation is a history of Banjul (formerly Bathurst), the capital city of The Gambia during the period of colonial rule. It is the first dissertation-length history of the city. “Heart of Banjul” engages with the history of Banjul (formerly Bathurst); the capital city of The Gambia. Based on a close reading of archival and primary sources, including government reports and correspondences, missionary letters, journals, and published accounts, travelers accounts, and autobiographical materials, the dissertation attempts to reconstruct the city and understand how various parts of the city came together out of necessity (though never harmoniously). In the spaces where different kinds of people, shifting power structures, and nonhuman actors came together something which could be called a city emerged. Chapter 1, “Intestines of the State,” covers most of the 19 th century and traces how the proto-colonial state and its interlocutors gradually erected administration over The Gambia. Rather than a teleology of colonial takeover, the chapter presents the creation of the colonial state as a series of stops and starts experienced as conflicts between the Bathurst administration and a number of challengers to its sovereignty including Gambian warrior kings, marabouts, criminals, French authorities, the British administration in Sierra Leone, missionaries, merchants, and disease. Chapter 2, “The Circulatory System,” engages with conflicts between the state, merchants, Gambian kings, and urban dwellers. -
The Mineral Industry of the Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, and Senegal
THE MINERAL INDUSTRIES OF THE GAMBIA, GUINEA-BISSAU, AND SENEGAL By Philip A. Szczesniak THE GAMBIA for economic development. In November 1999, the Government of Guinea-Bissau passed The mineral industry of The Gambia was a minor component a new mining law to reform mineral exploration and mine of the national economy, with some oil exploration and development and production. The new Mines and Minerals Act production of clays for brick, laterite, sand and gravel, and silica allows a maximum lease size of 10,000 hectares (ha) for sand. The Gambian economy was dominated by agriculture and exploration and mining, an unlimited area for prospecting tourism. licenses, and 1 to 4 ha (contiguous) for artisanal mining. Fusion Oil and Gas plc of Australia signed a 6-year oil Mining leases are valid for 25 years and can be automatically exploration/production license for a 5,000-square-kilometer renewed upon application. Prospecting licenses are granted for (km2) offshore tract (World Oil, 2000, p. 91). Other companies 2-year periods with unlimited renewals. with oil interests in The Gambia were Planet Oil International The country’s proven mineral reserves consisted of 110 Mt of plc (a subsidiary of Hardman Resources NL of Australia) and bauxite at an average grade of 44% Al2O3 and 4% SiO2 and 100 Balmain Resources Pty Ltd. of Australia. Mt of phosphate rock that contains 30% P2O5 (U.S. Agency for Carnegie Corporation Ltd. of Australia announced positive International Development, 1998, Guinea-Bissau investing— results of a test for zircon in a high-grade stockpile within their Location specific mining and offshore drilling, accessed license area in The Gambia; the company noted that arranging November 3, 1998, at URL http://www.investgb.com/engv/ efficient and low-cost operations to produce a commercially emine.html). -
Malta's Constitution of 1964 with Amendments Through 2016
PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:38 constituteproject.org Malta's Constitution of 1964 with Amendments through 2016 Subsequently amended This complete constitution has been generated from excerpts of texts from the repository of the Comparative Constitutions Project, and distributed on constituteproject.org. constituteproject.org PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:38 Table of contents CHAPTER I: The Republic of Malta . 7 1. The Republic and its territories . 7 2. Religion . 7 3. National Flag . 8 4. National Anthem . 8 5. Language . 8 6. Constitution to be supreme law . 8 CHAPTER II: Declaration of Principles . 8 7. Right to work . 8 8. Promotion of culture, etc . 8 9. Safeguarding of landscape and historical and artistic patrimony . 9 10. Compulsory and free primary education . 9 11. Educational interests . 9 12. Protection of work . 9 13. Hours of work . 9 14. Equal rights of men and women . 9 15. Minimum age for paid labour . 9 16. Safeguarding labour of minors . 9 17. Social assistance and insurance . 9 18. Encouragement of private economic enterprise . 10 19. Protection of artisan trades . 10 20. Encouragement of co-operatives . 10 20A. Participation of Maltese citizens living abroad . 10 21. Application of the principles contained in this Chapter . 10 CHAPTER III: Citizenship . 10 22. Citizenship regulated by law . 10 23. Commonwealth citizens . 10 24. Criminal liability of Commonwealth citizens . 11 25. Acquisition of citizenship by birth or descent by persons born on or after appointed day . 11 26. Marriage to citizen of Malta . 11 27. Dual citizenship . 11 28 and 29 . 11 30. Powers of Parliament . 11 31.