DOCSLIB.ORG

Music and Entertainment in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan: Ideology and Legacy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Music and Entertainment in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan: Ideology and Legacy MUSIC AND ENTERTAINMENT IN POST-SOVIET KAZAKHSTAN: IDEOLOGY AND LEGACY BY MARGARETHE ANN ADAMS DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Musicology in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2011 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Donna A. Buchanan, Chair Associate Professor Lilya Kaganovsky Associate Professor Gabriel Solis Professor Thomas Turino Abstract My dissertation examines the interplay between ideology and entertainment as reflected in the holiday cycle of post-Soviet Kazakhstan. During a two-year ethnographic study of holiday celebrations and expressive culture in Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and China between 2004 and 2006, I attended state-sponsored celebrations as well as holiday events at religious establishments, children’s daycares and schools, and observed the social, familial watching of televised holiday programs. I conducted the bulk of my fieldwork in Almaty, the cosmopolitan former capital of Kazakhstan, with shorter stints in Kazakh areas of China and Mongolia. National and transnational ideologies and networks are intricately involved in musical celebrations in Kazakhstan and the Kazakhstani diaspora. My work examines how the state navigates between Kazakh nationalism and multiethnic harmony, a precarious balance that President Nazarbev has thus far has maintained fairly well, and how this managing of diversity dovetails with other important large-scale ideologies like Islam and globalism. In particular, I observe the use of calendars, zodiacs and habits of celebration as tools and reflections of nation building. In Central Asian New Year (Nauryz), for example, I look at the state’s effort to strengthen Kazakh nationhood, on the one hand, and the adherence to alternate identities on the other. The cosmopolitan nature of Almaty, where I conducted the bulk of my research, is reflected in celebrations such as Purim in the Almaty synagogue and Easter in a Korean church, both of which involve complicated, transnational networks of funding and religious leadership. In dramatic, musical, and dance performances staged during these holidays, conflicting narratives from home and abroad bring to life the concurrent, overlapping ideologies at play in such celebrations. Because I wanted this study to look both forward and back, I examine how both Soviet legacy and post-Soviet developments (particularly transnational religious, diasporic and business networks) have informed nationality policy, holiday celebrations and public cultural formations. My work on Kazakhstani celebrations of May 9 (Victory Day, WWII) is particularly revealing of the lasting import of the Soviet legacy. Interviews reflect ambiguous and contrasting opinions on Kazakhstan’s involvement in WWII, and the ubiquitous May 9 performances of romantic Soviet war songs reveal lasting loyalty to and nostalgia for the Soviet past. ! ""! Acknowledgments I would like to extend my thanks to Donna Buchanan for her rock solid support and guidance throughout the preparation, research, and writing of this dissertation; to Thomas Turino for teaching me how to define terms and play the banjo; to Bruno Nettl, Charles Capwell, Isabel Wong, Mark Steinberg, and Douglas Northrop for their input and encouragement in the early stages of this project; to Gabriel Solis and Lilya Kaganovsky for agreeing to serve on my defense committee; to the Fulbright-Hays Doctoral Dissertation Research Fellowship Program, the Social Science Research Council International Doctoral Research Fellowship Program and the S.S.R.C Eurasia Program for financial support during the research and writing phases; to the Russian, East European, and Eurasian Center at the University of Illinois for funding my Kazakh language study and my first trip to Kazakhstan; to my parents and extended family who have been so patient with our many years spent abroad; to Sarah Long, Jennifer Fraser, and Tanya Lee for their camaraderie, commiseration, and advice; to all of the friends, colleagues, and teachers in Kazakhstan who made this dissertation possible; to Boris Stremlin for providing intellectual fodder and unwavering support; and to my daughters, Sara and Sofie, for being such troopers and for providing much needed diversion. ! """! TABLE OF CONTENTS Notes on Transliterations………………………………………………………………………….v Chapter One: Ideologies in Motion: Globalism, Nationalism, Eurasianism, and the Soviet Legacy…………………………………………………………...1 Chapter Two: Musical and Historical Overview………………………………………………...23 Chapter Three: Independence Day: Kazakh Nationalism, Eurasianism, and the Friendship of the Peoples…………………………………………………..49 Chapter Four: Winter in Kazakhstan: Calendars, Seasonality, and Rhythmicity in Everyday Life..………..…………………..…………………………….76 Chapter Five: Nauryz……….……………………………...……………………………….......112 Chapter Six: Spring Holidays: Transnational Networks and Diasporas.……………………….132 Chapter Seven: May 9: The 60th Anniversary of Victory Day……………………………..….152 Chapter Eight: Islam and National Ideology…………………………………………..……….191 Conclusion.…….…..…………………………………………………………………..……….220 Glossary of Terms….…………………………………………………………………………...228 Appendix A…………………………………………………………………..…………………229 Appendix B…………………………………………………………………..…………………242 Works Cited…….…………………………………………………………………….………...244 ! "#! Notes on Transliterations For Russian words, I use the American Library Association-Library of Congress (ALA- LC) system, without the eliding symbols; thus I use ia for ! and iu for ". For Kazakh I use a modified ALA-LC transliteration system (see appendix for full table), notably using [ü] for [#] and [ö] for [$], instead of the less recognizable ALA-LC symbols for these letters. I make exceptions for proper names with officially recognized transliterations, notably Kazakhstan (instead of Qazaqstan) and the names of well-known figures like Kurmangazy and Korkyt (instead of Qurmangazy and Qorqyt). ! "! CHAPTER ONE IDEOLOGIES IN MOTION Globalism, Nationalism, Eurasianism, and the Soviet Legacy As an ethnomusicologist specializing in Central Asia, I work in an area that is inherently multidisciplinary, bridging anthropology, expressive culture, communications, and Central Asian studies. My geographic concentration is similarly complex, located at the crossroads of the settled oasis civilizations of Central Asia and traditionally nomadic Inner Asia, and wedged between the ideological, cultural, and historical influences of China and Soviet/Imperial Russia. My scholarship therefore takes into account a constellation of ideological forces at work in the region, including socialism, nationalism, globalism, and a rising regional ideology known as Eurasianism. My dissertation, a study of the political aspects of entertainment and habits of celebration surrounding post-Soviet Kazakhstani holidays, examines the interplay between these large-scale ideologies and their articulation in expressive culture. I came to this project with a background in Russian and Chinese popular culture and ideology, after writing my Master’s thesis comparing Chinese and Soviet nationality policies and their impact on the performing arts. Having witnessed Chinese and Soviet holidays while studying in Moscow and later working in Sichuan Province, I was familiar with the “Friendship of the Peoples” model of internal ethnic relations that these state celebrations so colorfully displayed. When I first began my fieldwork in Kazakhstan I was interested in elucidating how the Kazakhstani government positions itself as a forward-looking, young nation, while maintaining many core ideas from the Soviet era. From this basic concept, sometime in the middle of my fieldwork I began trying to pull together the relationships between the important large-scale ideologies: nationalism, Islam, Eurasianism, globalism, and Soviet-style ! 1 internationalism. Because I wanted this study to look both forward and back, I tried to address how both the Soviet legacy and post-Soviet developments (particularly transnational religious, diasporic, and business networks) have informed nationality policy, holiday celebrations, and public cultural formations in Kazakhstan. As I investigated how the state navigates the slippery path between Kazakh nationalism and multiethnic harmony, a precarious balance that Kazakhstan thus far has maintained fairly well since gaining independence in 1991, I began to understand that this internal political dynamic mirrors a larger backdrop, the building of a Kazakhstani state ideology that articulates with globalism, Eurasianism, and—to some extent— Islam. Fieldwork Sites, Methodology, and Ethnographic Approaches During my two-year ethnographic study of holiday celebrations and expressive culture in Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and China between 2004 and 2006, I conducted the bulk of my fieldwork in Almaty, the former capital and currently largest city in Kazakhstan. I also spent time in southern Kazakhstan (Shimkent, Kyzylorda, and surrounding pilgrimage areas) and Bayan Olgi, an ethnic Kazakh area of western Mongolia, and Urumqi, the capital of Xinjiang Province in northwest China whose population includes many Kazakhs, Uygurs, and other Turkic Muslims. My research in Mongolia and China has contributed to my understanding of Kazakh diasporic relations, while my work in Almaty encompasses many different ethnic groups in this cosmopolitan city. I attended many state-sponsored, open-air celebrations, as well as semi-public and private events at religious establishments,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sounds of War and Peace: Soundscapes of European Cities in 1945
    10 This book vividly evokes for the reader the sound world of a number of Eu- Renata Tańczuk / Sławomir Wieczorek (eds.) ropean cities in the last year of the Second World War. It allows the reader to “hear” elements of the soundscapes of Amsterdam, Dortmund, Lwów/Lviv, Warsaw and Breslau/Wrocław that are bound up with the traumatising experi- ences of violence, threats and death. Exploiting to the full methodologies and research tools developed in the fields of sound and soundscape studies, the Sounds of War and Peace authors analyse their reflections on autobiographical texts and art. The studies demonstrate the role urban sounds played in the inhabitants’ forging a sense of 1945 Soundscapes of European Cities in 1945 identity as they adapted to new living conditions. The chapters also shed light on the ideological forces at work in the creation of urban sound space. Sounds of War and Peace. War Sounds of Soundscapes of European Cities in Volume 10 Eastern European Studies in Musicology Edited by Maciej Gołąb Renata Tańczuk is a professor of Cultural Studies at the University of Wrocław, Poland. Sławomir Wieczorek is a faculty member of the Institute of Musicology at the University of Wrocław, Poland. Renata Tańczuk / Sławomir Wieczorek (eds.) · Wieczorek / Sławomir Tańczuk Renata ISBN 978-3-631-75336-1 EESM 10_275336_Wieczorek_SG_A5HC globalL.indd 1 16.04.18 14:11 10 This book vividly evokes for the reader the sound world of a number of Eu- Renata Tańczuk / Sławomir Wieczorek (eds.) ropean cities in the last year of the Second World War. It allows the reader to “hear” elements of the soundscapes of Amsterdam, Dortmund, Lwów/Lviv, Warsaw and Breslau/Wrocław that are bound up with the traumatising experi- ences of violence, threats and death.
    [Show full text]
  • Advent Traditions,Saint Nicholas Day in Czech Republic,Best Beer Pubs in Prague,Czech Republic the Beer Nation,Prague the Capita
    Advent Traditions Advent is a start of liturgical season of 4 Sundays before Christmas. People happily expect Christmas and the coming of Saviour. Even the word “advent” come from Latin word adventus, which means “coming”. It’s time of meditation and charity. Earlier it was time of Lenten, when celebrations, dancing and singing were banned. Advent Lenten disallowed eating meat, only fish were allowed. This Lenten ended with shining of first star on Christmas Eve. Today this season is connected with preparations to Christmas, buying gifts, sweets baking, chores and house decorating. Czech Advent and Christmas Markets For many Czechs it’s a magical time scented with cinnamon, vanilla and mulled wine. In bigger cities, Christmas markets take place and with their atmosphere they are the longest markets of the year. In many stands you can buy gifts for your closed ones. Handmade scarfs, hats and gloves with colourful motives, homemade soaps, candles, ceramics, wickerworks and wooden toys. There’s also presentation of traditional crafts. Right on front of your eyes you can have your text or image engraved on glass and smith can make you a horseshoe for luck. In other stands you can taste roasted almonds, chestnuts, trdelník, potato chips and local specials. People would drink mulled wine, hot mead or punch while watching at Christmas tree. Customs and traditions With advent season there are several traditions and customs in Czech Rep., which survive to this day with small changes. Advent wreath Advent wreath is the most common tradition and you can find in every household. People often make them themselves from twigs and decorate it with cones, bows and rowan.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 Trade and the Economy(Second Half Of
    ISBN 92-3-103985-7 Introduction 2 TRADE AND THE ECONOMY(SECOND HALF OF NINETEENTH CENTURY TO EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY)* C. Poujol and V. Fourniau Contents Introduction ....................................... 51 The agrarian question .................................. 56 Infrastructure ...................................... 61 Manufacturing and trade ................................ 68 Transforming societies ................................. 73 Conclusion ....................................... 76 Introduction Russian colonization in Central Asia may have been the last phase of an expansion of the Russian state that had begun centuries earlier. However, in terms of area, it represented the largest extent of non-Russian lands to fall under Russian control, and in a rather short period: between 1820 (the year of major political and administrative decisions aimed at the Little and Middle Kazakh Hordes, or Zhuzs) and 1885 (the year of the capture of Merv). The conquest of Central Asia also brought into the Russian empire the largest non-Russian population in an equally short time. The population of Central Asia (Steppe and Turkistan regions, including the territories that were to have protectorate status forced on them) was 9–10 million in the mid-nineteenth century. * See Map 1. 51 ISBN 92-3-103985-7 Introduction Although the motivations of the Russian empire in conquering these vast territories were essentially strategic and political, they quickly assumed a major economic dimension. They combined all the functions attributed by colonial powers
    [Show full text]
  • President Addresses First Joint Session of New Kazakh Parliament
    +5° / +1°C WEDNESDAY, MARCH 30, 2016 No 6 (96) www.astanatimes.com President Addresses First Exit Poll Says Nur Otan Joint Session of New Kazakh Wins Overwhelmingly as Parliament, Sets Priorities Mazhilis Retains Previous Makeup greens Birlik (Unity) grabbed mea- By Galiaskar Seitzhan ger 0.35 percent. This outcome is basically a virtual repetition of the ASTANA – President Nursultan previous parliamentary election in Nazarbayev-led Nur Otan Party January 2012, which ended with won 82 percent of the popular vote very similar results. in the parliamentary election in Turnout, however, proved strong- Kazakhstan, according to exit poll er this time setting a new record in results announced at midnight on the country’s electoral history and March 21. beating the result from four years The survey also showed the ruling ago when 75.45 percent of regis- party will be opposed by the same tered voters showed up at the polls. parties in the new convocation of Yulia Kuchinskaya, head of the President Nursultan Nazarbayev (at the speaking rostrum) addresses the first joint session of the Senate and the Mazhilis on March 25. the Mazhilis (the national legisla- Astana-based Institute of Democ- ture’s lower chamber) as it was the racy sociological survey company pro-business Ak zhol Democratic According to Kazakhstan’s Cen- niversary of independence with Nazarbayev recalled that the omy of Kazakhstan. Various social Party and leftist Communist Peo- tral Election Commission Chair- By Malika orazgaliyeva the newly elected parliament. 25th anniversary of Kazakhstan’s problems grow even in relatively ple’s Party again barely crossed the man (CEC) Kuandyk Turgankulov, Three parties and nine members independence coincided with a prosperous countries, he noted.
    [Show full text]
  • Editorial by Nicolás Smirnoff
    WWW.PRENSARIO.TV WWW.PRENSARIO.TV //// EDITORIAL BY NICOLÁS SMIRNOFF CEE: ups & downs at the new digital era Central & Eastern Europe is going forward through the new digital era with its own tips. The region has suffered a deep crisis from 2008 to 2017- 2018, with many economies Prensario just standing up. This has International meant rare investment pow- er and long-term plans, but at the same time the change ©2018 EDITORIAL PRENSARIO SRL PAYMENTS TO THE ORDER OF moves fast and comparing to EDITORIAL PRENSARIO SRL other territories, CEE shows OR BY CREDIT CARD. REGISTRO NACIONAL DE DERECHO strong digital poles and de- DE AUTOR Nº 10878 velopment appeals. Argentina: In favor, most of the biggest broadcast- OTT platforms? It is what main broadcasters Las Casas 3535 ers are group of channels that include many of the world are doing, to compete better in CP: 1238 the new converged market and to generate Buenos Aires, Argentina countries, so it is easier to set up cross region- Tel: (+54-11) 4924-7908 al plans and to generate high-scale moves. proper synergies. If content business moves Fax: (+54-11) 4925-2507 On the opposite, there are many different to franchise management, it is important to USA: languages and audiences, so it is difficult to be flexible enough to any formula. 12307 SW 133 Court - Suite #1432 spread solutions that work to every context. This Natpe Budapest? It promises to be bet- Miami, Florida 33186-USA Phone: (305) 890-1813 Russia is a big Internet pole and now it is ter than last ones, with the region going up Email: [email protected] also a big production hub for international and the need of pushing more and more col- Website: www.prensario.tv companies setting up studios or coproduc- laborations.
    [Show full text]
  • Turkish President Turgut Özal's Impact on Nursultan
    TURKISH PRESIDENT TURGUT ÖZAL’S IMPACT ON NURSULTAN NAZARBAYEV’S PERCEPTION OF TURKEY* Nursultan Nazarbayev'ın Türkiye Algısına Tugut Özal'ın Etkisi Din Muhammed AMETBEK** Abstract Nursultan Nazarbayev as the founding President of Kazakhstan played a determinant role in the formation of Kazakh foreign policy. In this respect, the article examines Nazarbayev’s perception of Turkey as a decision maker in foreign policy are based on observation rather than realities. Nazarbayev is aware of the fact that the national identity of Kazakhstan is divided between two competing poles; Russian and Kazakh, in a broader sense; Slavic and Turkic. From this perspective, Nazarbayev’s perception of Turkey is significant as it is not only related to foreign policy but at the same time the national identity of Kazakhstan. The study argues that the President of Republic of Turkey of early 1990s Turgut Özal with his active diplomacy towards Kazakhstan contributed to the positive image of Turkey. The research concludes that close and reliable relations between Nazarbayev and Özal became the basis of a strategic part- nership between Kazakhstan and Turkey. Keywords: Turgut Özal, Nursultan Nazarbayev, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Perception, National Identity Özet Kazakistan’ın kurucu Cumhurbaşkanı Nursultan Nazarbayev’in, Kazak dış politi- kasının oluşumunda belirleyici rol üstlendiği kesindir. Bu bağlamda, makale, Nazarba- yev’in Türkiye algısını ele almaktadır. Çünkü inşacı ekolün iddiasına dış politika kararları gerçeklere değil algı üzerine alınmaktadır. Nazarbayev Kazakistan’ın ulusal kimliğinin Rus ve Kazak olarak, daha geniş kapsamda Slav ve Türk olarak yarışan iki kutba ayrıldığının farkındadır. Buradan hareketle, Nazarbayev’in Türkiye algısı, yal- nızca dış politika açısından değil aynı zamanda Kazakistan’ın ulusal kimliği açısından da önemlidir.
    [Show full text]
  • 26 June COVID-19 Situation Report
    №6 (ISSUED BIWEEKLY) 26 JUNE 2020 COVID-19 SITUATION REPORT HIGHLIGHTS UN SUPPORTS SAFE RE-OPENING OF SCHOOLS The widespread closure of educational facilities in response to the COVID-19 pandemic presented an unprecedented risk to the education and well-being of children, especially the most vulnerable, who rely heavily on schools for their education, health, safety and nutrition. The new UNICEF guidelines provide practical guidance to central and local executive authorities on how to work together to ensure the right of every child to education, health and safety while returning to school. Schools should assess their readiness to open after quarantine and provide an improved and safe learning environment and comprehensive support for The UN Country Team in Kazakhstan congratulates the healthcare workers of Kazakhstan children, including health, nutrition, psychosocial support and quality assurance of water, sanitation and hygiene facilities. A NEW COVID-19 SURGE IN KAZAKHSTAN More on socio-economic response on page 2. NUR-SULTAN – Kazakhstan celebrated on 21 June the Healthcare Workers Day, on the occasion of which President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev decreed to award the most distinguished medical workers with medals and orders. The UN Country Team has also congratulated the medical workers, noting their outstanding contribution in UN CALLS FOR EQUAL fighting the COVID-19 outbreak. DISTRIBUTION OF WORK DURING COVID-19 Over the past three months, the medical workers have faced an unprecedented LOCKDOWN amount of work under quarantine in their hospitals away from their families to fight the pandemic. The number of COVID-19 cases is gradually growing in Kazakhstan, despite the restricted lockdown measures and information campaigns.
    [Show full text]
  • Santa Claus from Country to Country
    Santa Claus from Country to Country Lesson topic: Various ways Santa is portrayed in different countries Content Concepts: -Learn about various Santa Claus legends United States, Belgium, Brazil, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, New Zealand, Romania, Russia, Netherlands, Spain, Chile. -Social Studies, history, map skills -Reading (list of library books) -Math problems -Science projects -Craft projects -Writing practice -Gaming skills -Music (list of Christmas CD’s) Proficiency levels: Grades 4 - 6 Information, Materials, Resources: Social Studies, History, and Map skills United States: The modern portrayal of Santa Claus frequently depicts him listening to the Christmas wishes of young children. Santa Claus (also known as Saint Nicholas, Saint Nick, Father Christmas, Kris Kringle, Santy or simply Santa) is a folklore figure in various cultures who distributes gifts to children, normally on Christmas Eve . Each name is a variation of Saint Nicholas , but refers to Santa Claus. In today's North American, European and worldwide celebration of Christmas, people young and old simply refer to the hero of the season as Santa , or Santa Claus. (Wikipedia) Conventionally, Santa Claus is portrayed as a kindly, round-bellied, merry, bespectacled white man in a red coat trimmed with white fur, with a long white beard . On Christmas Eve, he rides in his sleigh pulled by flying reindeer from house to house to give presents to children. To enter the house, Santa Claus comes down the chimney and exits through the fireplace . During the rest of the year he lives together with his wife Mrs. Claus and his elves manufacturing toys . Some modern depictions of Santa (often in advertising and popular entertainment) will show the elves and Santa's workshop as more of a processing and distribution facility, ordering and receiving the toys from various toy manufacturers from across the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Politics of Titular Identity and State- Legitimization: the Unique Case of Post- Colonial and Post-Communist Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan
    The University of Chicago Politics of Titular Identity and State- Legitimization: The Unique Case of Post- Colonial and Post-Communist Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan By Zhanar Irgebay July 2021 A paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Masters of Arts degree in the Master of Arts Program in the Committee on International relations Faculty Advisor: Russel Zanca Preceptor: Nick Campbell-Seremetis Table of Contents Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………..3 Methodology…...………………………………………………………………………………….5 Literature Review………………………………………………………………………………….6 Historical Background…………………………………………………………………………….9 Case Analysis…………………………………………………………………………………….16 Post-Communist Nation-Building; Neo-Patrimonial and Clan Politics…………………18 Post-Colonial Nation-Building and Naturalization Policies……………………………..21 Connection to pre-Russian Empire………………………………………………………24 Politics of Religion………………………………………………………………………26 Politics of Language……………………………………………………………………..27 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………….29 References………………………………………………………………………………………..32 Figures Figure 1. Population of Kazakh Autonomous Social Soviet Republic based on Major Ethnic Groups in 1926…………………………………………………9 Figure 2. Population of Kazakh Autonomous Social Soviet Republic based on Major Ethnic Groups in 1989……………………………………………..…10 Figure 3. Population of Kyrgyz Autonomous Social Soviet Republic based on Major Ethnic Groups in 1926………………………………………………..11 Figure 4. Population of Kyrgyz Autonomous Social Soviet Republic based on Major Ethnic Groups
    [Show full text]
  • Ehy Is Santa Claus Russian
    Ehy Is Santa Claus Russian Is Maury militarized or deiform after trodden Joachim backwaters so grandioso? Realizable and protandrous Marshall still anylicenced forecourts. his indignity between-decks. Dimitri remains cardiopulmonary after Murray effervescing rationally or diphthongized She ehy is santa claus russian nesting dolls, mean that should think i work, or receive your email. Some countries celebrate russian christmas ehy is santa claus russian? You have not entered any email address. His array was indescribably fantastic. According to various legends, Ded Moroz lives somewhere in the north, where it is always cold. As with each morning with officers and its use of his granddaughter, but babushka is unclear. What unusual monuments can Moscow boast of? Instead, you might ask a few questions back. Nicholas was her idea has scientists want to satisfy our customer clicks on how could she made to kotlas ehy is santa claus russian. Her countenance was keen and nervous, but benignant. The bible clearly hates what shaft are and threatens you any death simply confirm you happen could be gay and not straight in So follow the bible says I must. Ded Moroz is much taller than Santa Claus. Santa Claus, and Kysh Babay take part in a procession in Bauman Street in central Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia, during. Sorry, the coupon has expired. In folk art, the Snow Queen may share some physical similarities with Snegurochka. Like Atlas Obscura and get our latest and greatest stories in your Facebook feed. Katherine Lee Bates, original edition and text. Download the app and start practicing today. Claus live ehy is santa claus russian.
    [Show full text]
  • The Soviet Experiment: Playing with Weeks
    The Soviet Experiment: Playing with Weeks By eLaine Vornholt Laura Lee Vornholt-Jones oviet reform of the Gregorian calendar was very different from the French reform during the Revolution. While it did not set aside the Gregorian calendar year, the new reform S completely restructured the weeks. The official reason was for greater productivity from workers and factories, but like the French reform before it, the Soviet calendar reform was in large part a reaction against religion. In May of 1929, Yurii M. Larin proposed a continuous production week.1 While at first his proposal was lightly dismissed, by the very next month he had won the support of Joseph Stalin, premier of the Soviet Union. Any opposition to the proposed reform was quickly crushed as “Counterrevolutionary bureaucratic sabotage.”2 Two months later on August 26, 1929, the Council of People’s Commissars (CPC) decreed that all productive enterprises were to transition from the traditional work week interrupted by a weekend, to a continuous production week. Further, the CPC stated that it was “essential that the systematically prepared transition of undertakings and institutions to continuous production should begin during the economic year 1929-1930.”3 The idea appeared simple: divide all workers into shifts. This applied not only to factory 1 The Soviet Union had been on the Gregorian calendar for only 11 years. On January 25, 1918, the Council of People’s Commissars (CPC) decreed that the Soviet Union would no longer use the Julian calendar but would switch to the Gregorian calendar. This was done February 14, 1918.
    [Show full text]
  • 13.Clinic(Almaty).Pdf
    Ministry of healthcare of the Republic of Kazakhstan IMPLEMENTATION OF INVESTMENT PROJECTS IN THE HEALTH SECTOR 11 December 2019 Hospital PPP program for 2020-2025 Creating a network of hospitals that provide the main volume of high-tech inpatient care № Region Beds Commissioning year Implementation 1 Atyrau 500 2024 2 Тaraz 500 2024 3 Кostanay 500 2024 PPP jointly with EBRD 4 Коkshetau 630 2025 (2 step concession ) 5 Pavlodar 500 2025 6 Almaty (university hospital) 300 2025 7 Кaraganda 330 2025 8 Karaganda (university hospital) 300 2025 PPP 9 Аktau 500 2025 (2 step concession ) 10 Аktobe 350 2025 Documentation development National 11 Ust’-Kamenogors 330 2025 operator with с IFO 12 Almaty (university hospital) 1400 2024 13 Nur-Sultan (university hospital) 800 2023 PPP 14 Petropavlovsk 510 2023 (direct negotiations 15 Turkestan 630 2022 on a Private financial initiative) 16 Rehabilitation center «DARU» 350 2023 17 Ust’-Kamenogors (region project) 300 2024 PPP (2 step tender procedures) Total PPP project 8 730 18 Кyzylorda (pilot project) 500 2024 EBRD loan Total in loan 500 19 Shymkent 1000 2023 Private building 20 Almaty (Eurasia Power) 200 2023 Total 10 430 Petropavlovsk, Turkestan, Almaty, Nur-Sultan – MoH received offer from potential investors State Hospital program PPP 2020-2025 56% total depreciation of 510 Kostanay beds medical facilities of the Petropavlovsk Republic of Kazakhstan Kokshetau Nur-Sultan Pavlodar 500 800 beds 630 500 beds beds beds level of medical equipment 73% Aktobe Ust- 350 Karaganda Kamenogorsk 20 new hospitals instead of 40 beds 630 beds 630 beds outdated Atyrau 500 beds 18 hospitals out of 20 go into state ownership Kyzylorda Turkestan 500 beds 630 Taraz Almaty Aktau beds 500 beds 1900 beds 500 beds 50 years the life of the asset Shymkent 1000 beds Total investment: 2 707* mln.
    [Show full text]