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La Chiesa Santa Maria Della Salute

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La Chiesa Santa Maria Della Salute LA CHIESA SANTA MARIA DELLA SALUTE La Basilique Santa Maria della Salute fut construite dans le quartier du Dorsoduro, le long du Canal, presque { la pointe de l’île. Sa construction fut décidée par le Sénat, qui avait promis l’édification d’une église si la Vierge mettait fin à la terrible épidémie de peste qui sévissait en 1630. Après avoir décimé un tiers de la population, l’épidémie a reculé, et c’est le projet de l’architecte Baldassare Longhena qui est retenu. La construction commença en 1631 et le monument fut inauguré en 1681. Cependant, la construction ne s’acheva qu’en 1687. L’architecte vénitien y aura consacré 50 ans de sa vie, mais il n’assistera pas aux 5 dernières années de construction. 1. La peste de 1630 En juin 1630, la peste ravage depuis quelques temps déjà Mantoue et sa région. A Venise, les premiers cas suspects sont isolés dans l’île de San Clemente ; mais cette précaution est vaine. La chaleur de l’été et la forte concentration urbaine d’une ville comptant alors le nombre (déj{ considérable pour l’époque) de 150 000 habitants ne font que propager l’épidémie que rien ne semble pouvoir enrayer. L’administration de la République est paralysée. Le 22 octobre 1630, le doge Niccolò Contarini (qui sera lui-même victime du fléau) et le Sénat, à la demande du patriarche, font le vœu d’édifier une église dédiée { Notre-Dame della Salute (le mot signifiant { la fois santé et salut) et de s’y rendre solennellement chaque année { la date anniversaire de la fin de l’épidémie. Le projet est confié { l’architecte Baldassare Longhena, architecte baroque vénitien qui fut l’élève de Vincenzo Scamozzi. La première pierre de l’édifice est posée en 1631, le 1e avril, sur un terrain ayant appartenu { l’ordre des Chevaliers Teutoniques (ordre militaire médiéval dissous en 1592 par le pape Clément VIII). Lorsque l’épidémie est officiellement considérée comme terminée, le bilan est lourd : on estime que 80 000 habitants de la lagune ont succombé au fléau. La basilique, quant à elle, est consacrée le 9 novembre 1687, et le 21 novembre de chaque année se fête la Fête de la Salute. 2. L’architecture Le lieu retenu est situé sur le Grand canal et à proximité de la place Saint- Marc. L’architecte Longhena a conçu la basilique de forme octogonale pour évoquer une couronne dédiée à la Vierge. L’extérieur de la basilique est richement décoré de statues. Sur la façade principale, on peut y trouver les 4 évangélistes (Marc, Matthieu, Luc, et Jean) et au sommet du fronton, une Vierge { l’enfant. La basilique est munie d’une double coupole, dont la plus grande a un diamètre de 24 mètres et est soutenue par huit colonnes de 15 mètres de haut, sur une base octogonale. Au sommet de la plus grande coupole se trouve une statue de la Vierge. Au sommet de la deuxième coupole (la plus petite) trône une statue de Saint-Marc. Sous la basilique se trouverait près d’un million de pieux en bois pour soutenir la structure colossale. L’originalité de son architecture, réside dans les orecchioni (« grandes oreilles » en italien) : ce sont les volutes en spirale coiffées de statues qui assurent la transition entre le dôme et les façades. A l’intérieur de Santa Maria della Salute se trouve un vaste espace central entouré de 6 chapelles. Le sol est de marbres paré de motifs géométriques. Le maître-autel abrite une icône byzantine de la Vierge ainsi qu’un groupe de sculptures représentant une Vierge { l’enfant sauvant Venise de la peste. Les trois autels sur la droite de l'entrée principale sont décorés avec des scènes de la vie de la Vierge Marie, patronne de l'église, de Luca Giordano. Santa Maria della Salute possède plusieurs peintures remarquables de Titien et du Tintoret, la plupart visible dans la sacristie. Dans l'une des chapelles on peut admirer la descente du Saint Esprit du Titien. L'ascension de la Vierge, L'arrivée du Saint Esprit, de Luca Giordano de Titien Caïn et Abel, de Titien La Madonne Priant, de Sassoferrato Sources des informations : http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Venezia-punta_della_dogana.jpg http://www.venise-tourisme.com/eglise-santa-maria-salute.html http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilique_Santa_Maria_della_Salute_de_Venise http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Salute#Interior Sources photographiques : http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Venezia-punta_della_dogana.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Venedig_s_maria_della_salut.jpg http://a136.idata.over-blog.com/2/78/36/09/Venise-2011/Salute--orecchioni--DSC08366.JPG http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sassoferrato_Madonna_1.jpg http://www.bobandnellasworld.com/Italy%202009/Venice/AcrossCanal/AcrossCanal3.html http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Titian_-_Cain_and_Abel.JPG?uselang=fr .
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