Lost River Field Trip for the Indiana Water Resources Association

Home , Harrison Spring, Lost River (Indiana)

Richard L. Powell

Introduction

This guidebook primarily covers karst features TIPTON TILL PLAIN and subterranean drainage within parts of the PUTNAM SHELBY M JOHNSON Mill Creek and Lost River watersheds located on A RTI NEW CASTLE TILL PLAINS the Mitchell Plateau and Crawford Upland phys- NSV MORGAN ILLE AND DRAINAGEWAYS iographic units (Gray, 2000, p. 8–9, and Malott, HI LLS

1922, p. 94–102 and 187–247) (fig. 1). The Mitch- CLAY ell Plateau encompasses about 1,200 square OWEN miles, underlain primarily with westward dip- NO BARTHOLOMEW RM

ping, predominately carbonate strata of the Blue A DECATUR N BROWN

River and Sanders Groups. The Crawford Up- S MONROE C land covers about 2,500 square miles consisting O U T T

P S of clastic and carbonate strata of the Chester Se- L B W GREENE A

N U U R A

A D ries and lowermost Pennsylvanian Age units. The G

JENNINGS

E T A L

S Mitchell Plateau and the eastern portion of the H

LAWRENCE Crawford Upland are known for their karst fea- M JACKSON

I T L tures and caverns and are world renowned for C

O P H W E the karst features of the Lost River area, owing MARTIN L L L

C A

K C U T N

R primarily to the publications of Clyde A. Malott. D A

DAVIESS

A T A C L

O F SCOTT S U O W R M L The “Mitchell plain” was originally named by D A WASHINGTON N D J. W. Beede (1911, p. 95) for the excellent sink- ORANGE

W hole topography in the vicinity of Mitchell, Indi- Upper Lost River P

L TO

A S LS T E ana. Clyde A. Malott (1922, p. 94) formalized the IL Drainage Basin L E CLARK H A U name “Mitchell plain” in The Physiography of In- HAR C diana. A significant factor for the development DUBOIS U FLOYD of karst features on the Mississippian Age car- P CRAWFORD L A N bonates was the fact that the Mitchell plain wasBOON VILLE D more accurately a plateau—the “Mitchell PlaH-ILLS HARRISON PERRY er teau” as described by Richard L. Powell (1966, iv R SPENCER

PIKE

EXPLANATION p. 119) and Henry H. Gray (2000, p. 8–9)—

in recognition of deeply incised major surface Wisconsin glacial extent

drainage in places and development of cavern- Y Pre-Wisconsin glacial extent io Oh K ous subsurface passages somewhat at grade C U with the incised streams. The division between 0 15 30 Miles T E N the Mitchell Plateau has been called the Ches- K N ter escarpment (Malott, 1948, p. 239), befitting the eastward-facing cuesta developed on the upper part of the Blue River Group and the lower Figure 1. Map showing the location of the Upper Lost River drain- part of the West Baden Group, but was formal- age area within the Mitchell Plateau and the Crawford Upland ly named the “Springfield Escarpment” by Gray (modified from Gray, 2000, plate 1). (2000, p. 8). 2 Bryantsville Rabbitville Rivervale

k e e r C

l l 4N 1E 4N 1E

4N 1W

i M 50 4N 2W 4N 1W Inn Spring Mitchell 4N 1W Mill 4N 1E 4N 2W 3N 1E 3N 2W 3N 1W State Park 1 60 60

Moorestown 60 5 Georgia 60 300 3N 2W 3N 1W LAWRENCE COUNTY ORANGE COUNTY Bonds 3N 1E 3N 1W 3N 1W 200

Hindostan Orleans

337

ST LO 37

3N 1E 3N 1W 3N 2W

2 2N 2W 2N 1W 2N 1E RI 200 VER ER V

2N 1W I R 300

Orangeville 525 2N 1E

7 500 500

600 6 ST 3 110 LO

350 4 400 2N 1W 2N 2W 625 350

LO S T

725 RI VE Lick R

r e

150 e 37

k Prospect 56 150 West Baden Springs Abydel 56 L ic 8 k Stampers Creek 56 2N 1E 2N 1W Paoli 2N 2W 1N 1W 1N 1E 1N 2W Creek 9

i c k 56 French Lick

150

EXPLANATION C

r e e k 1N 1W 1N 2W 7 145Trip Stop Trip Route 37 150 56 350 US, State, County Roads Chambersburg 0 1 2 3 Miles N

Figure 2. Route map for the Lost River Field trip. 3

Subsequent to the papers on Lost River by Ma- others (1994), Earth Tech (1995), and Buehler lott (1922a, 1929, 1932, 1945?, 1949a, 1949b, and and others (2002), that better defined the size of 1952), Malott and Shrock (1933), and Childs the Lost River drainage system. (1940), were several guidebooks for field trips by various authors, but which contained little new The Lost River portion of the field trip consists information. A few new caves were mapped, in of Stops 1 through 7 (fig. 2). Stop 8 is at the West particular, more than 20 miles of passages in the Baden Springs Hotel and Stop 9 is at a gasoline Lost River Cave system (Deebel, 2007, p. 27). station in Paoli. The route to Stop 1, Twin Caves, But the major accomplishment since 1952 was the type locality of the karst window and the the addition of a series of dye traces by Murdock sinkhole terrain southeast of Mitchell, type lo- and Powell (1968), Bassett (1976), Bolton (1980), cality of the Mitchell Plain of C.A. Malott (1922, W. W. Engineering & Science (1994), Bayless and p. 94), is shown on Figure 3.

Inn

EXPLANATION

Trip Route 7 Trip Stop

0 1,000 2,000 Feet N

Figure 2. Map of a portion of the Mitchell Quadrangle showing the type area of the Mitchell Plain of Malott (1922, p. 94) and the route to Twin Caves, Stop 1. 4

Stop 1 – Twin caves

Twin Caves (fig. 4) is a collapse sinkhole called by solution and erosion (fig. 5). The karst win- a “karst window’ by Malott (1932, p. 290), ow- dow at Twin Caves exposes about 200 feet of ing to the fact that the collapse provides a view stream passage. The roof of the cave is general- or window into the cavern and cave stream that ly within the St. Louis Limestone above the con- caused the collapse. Twin Caves was designated tact with the Salem Limestone. Bronson Caves, as the type locality by W. P. Von Osinski (1935). located about 500 feet north of Twin Caves, is The collapse of the cave roof at Twin Caves pro- a second example of a karst window. The cave gressed upward through about 50 feet of rock, stream exits its subterranean route at pictur-

the collapsed material dumping into the cave esque Donaldson Cave, located about640 2,500 feet stream; this material was removed progressively to the northwest.

640 640

675 635 630 A' N 645 650 650

650

650 Bronson

615 620 Caves

625

650 650 600 PARK ROAD

625

650

Twin 625 600

625 Caves 635 600 625 645

0 125 250 feet 645 640 LAWRENCEPORT ROAD 5' Contour Interval A

660

Figure 4. Map of the Twin Caves and Bronson Caves karst windows in Spring615 Mill State Park. Lidar base map and digital 625 compilation by Matthew Johnson, Indiana Geological Survey. 620

635 630 620 620 630

620 645

650 5

road A' A 650 road Twin Bronson 650 Caves Caves St Louis dam Limestone 600 600

rlp ow direction Salem Limestone

0 125 250 feet

Figure 5. Generalized south-to-north cross section along cave passages of Twin and Bronson Caves. 6

Stop 2 – flow conditions

Do not exit the vehicle. This stop is to view the ized as typical of the sinkhole plain of the Mitch- current flow condition of Lost River about a mile ell Plateau. Although some sinkholes are present upstream of the “1st Sink” of Lost River (figs. 6 in places, much of the drainage area is typically and 7). Lost River drains about 62 square miles surface drainage on relatively thick clay depos- above the First Sink from drainage in Orange its. The flood plain of Lost River is about 1,500 and Washington Counties that is not character- feet wide at this point.

TO STOP 5 EXPLANATION N Trip Route 2 Trip Stop Swallowhole

0 1,000 2,000 Feet

FIRST SINK OF LOST RIVER 3

MILES CAVE

PRINCIPAL DRY WEATHER SINKS 4 STEIN SWALLOW CR HOLE EEK

S TURNER ER P SWALLOW AM W T OVERFLO HOLES S

R OU TE

Figure 6. Topographic map showing the field trip route to Stops 2 through 5. 7 Figure 7. Map the karst showing major features of the LostFigure 7. River subterranean area drainage (Malott, fig. 2). 1952, 8

STOP 3 – Fisher’s ford bridge

Quickly exit vehicles, using caution. The First Sinks of Lost River are located about 1,700 feet northeast of the bridge. These sinks consist of some surface drainage filtering into gravel during most of the year. The flood plain is about 1,300 feet wide at this point.

The upland area to the northwest and southeast of this location are along the eastern margin of the sinkhole plain of the Mitchell Plateau. Lost River is here in the area where it is partly incised into the flood plain and the flood plain is nar- rowing and deepening to become the “dry-bed’’ of Lost River.

STOP 4 – Johnson bridge

Quickly exit vehicles, using caution. The Prin- per mile in the upper 12.5 miles of its course cipal Dry-Weather Sinks of Lost River are locat- primarily across the Mitchell Plateau. The dry- ed about 1,500 feet northeast of the bridge. The bed increases to 20 to 50 feet deep and a gradi- flood plain of Lost River is generally about 500 ent about 11 feet per mile for the next 6.5 miles feet wide and consists mainly of the dry-bed. generally where it is crossing into the Crawford Miles Cave, located about 1,400 feet upstream of Upland. The last 4 miles of the dry-bed to the the Principal Dry-Weather Sinks, consists of 2,800 Orangeville Rise has a gradient less than 4 feet feet of passages that are about 10 feet high and per mile. 20 feet wide (R. E. Bates, 1932, unpublished map and notes). The map shows three side passages Generally, the Principal Dry-Weather Sinks mark entering the cave, drainage from swallow holes the end of surface drainage of Lost River dur- or sinkholes. There is at least one swallow hole ing most of the summer and during dry periods, a few hundred feet west of the bridge, possibly leaving no water in the dry-bed all of the way to now decorated with corn stalks, that is the site of the Orangeville Rise. Light rain will cause this the vortex in a swallow hole during a flood event sink to overflow and channel water downstream photographed by C. A. Malott (1952, p. 200). to a progression of small and large swallow holes. Heavy continuous rainfall will be carried The direct distance from the Principal Dry- the full length of the dry-bed to the Orangeville Weather Sinks of Lost River to the Rise at Rise. Orangeville is about 6.5 miles along a nearly east to west line, but the sinuous course of the dry- About 19 square miles of drainage sinks at the bed is 23 miles, more than 3 times the direct dis- Sinks of Stamper’s Creek, located about three tance, along a meandering incised course that miles to the southeast, but during exceptional ranges from 2 miles south and 2 miles north of storms some of the overflow water from Stamp- the direct route (fig. 7). The dry-bed is 12 to 16 er’s Creek flows overland to Lost River in the vi- feet in depth and has a gradient of about 4 feet cinity of the Principal Dry-Weather Sinks. 9

STOP 5 – excavated sinkhole

A sinkhole was excavated to a depth of about 55 feet where a stream with crawfish and other critters was encountered (fig. 8). Bedrock was found within the bottom few feet. The stream was dye traced to Hamer Cave in Spring Mill State Park.

Figure 8. Sketch map showing location of excavated sinkhole. 10

STOP 6 – Wesley chapel gulf

Quickly exit vehicles and follow south along scends about 160 feet to a large passage about mowed path to and down into Wesley Chapel 10 feet high and 30 feet wide for a distance of at Gulf, which is owned by the U.S. Forest Service least 200 feet (S. D. Maegerlein, 1983, personal (fig. 9). Wesley Chapel Gulf was named by Elrod commun.). This passage is about 45 feet below and McIntire (1876, p. 215), but has also been normal pool level and extends northeastward called the “Shirley gulf,” and is labeled the at an altitude of about 510 feet (fig. 11). During “Elrod Gulf” by the U.S. Geological Survey on its periods of stormwater discharge the initial flow 1:24,000-scale topographic map. follows a 20-foot-deep channel along the south- ern rim of the gulf to a series of swallow holes The steep perimeter of the collapse sinkhole at and terminating at a major swallow hole near Wesley Chapel Gulf encloses about 8.3 acres and the entrance to underground passages of Lost contains an alluvial floor of 6.1 acres, is 1,070 River. During some floods the water has flowed feet long and 325 to 350 feet wide, making the northwestward in channels 5 feet deep along gulf one of the more impressive karst features in the western edge of the gulf. Extreme storms the Lost River area (fig. 10). can cause water to flow out of the rise pit, fill all of the channels, and overflow the entire floor of The steep perimeter of the rim of the gulf is from the gulf to a depth of 3 to 5 feet. During the time about 25 to 95 feet high. Nearly the entire floor that the gulf was mapped in 1931, Malott (1932, of the gulf is an alluvial flood plain created by p. 294) counted 100 swallow holes in the floor deposition of sediment from storm waters dis- of the gulf. charged from the Gulf Rise of Lost River located in the southeast end of the gulf. A submerged C. A. Malott (1932, fig. 3 and p. 308) and R. R. cave passage with a diameter of about 3 feet de- Shrock mapped 5,175 feet of passages in the

EXPLANATION N Trip Route 7 Trip Stop MATHER’S Stormwater STORMWATER RISE Rise YODER 0 1,000 2,000 Feet STORMWATER RISE

7 ORANGEVILLE RISE

Wesley Chapel Gulf RISE OF LOST RIVER

Figure 9. Topographic map showing the field trip route to Wesley Chapel Gulf, Stop 6, and the Orangeville Rise, Stop 7. 11

Lost River subterranean system. The map pub- The mapped passages of the underground Lost lished in 1952 (Malott, 1952, p. 214) retained a River Cave System were extended to 20.55 miles reduced version of the map published in 1932, as of January 2007 (Deebel, 2007, p. 37) (fig. 12). (dated 1931) but with the addition of about 200 The initial survey work was in Boiling Spring feet of additional mapped passages, which made and Elrod Caves in 1996, but started in Lost Riv- the mapped length more than 1 mile. The laby- er Cave in Wesley Chapel Gulf in January 1997 rinth or network character of some of the un- as a project by members of the St. Joseph Val- derground extent of the cave is evident from the ley Grotto of the National Speleological Society. map and the descriptions provided by Malott, in- Ninety-two people were involved with the sur- cluding the broad extent of the passage in Elrod vey and 18 of them mapped more than a mile Cave where circular area 90 feet in diameter of of passages. More than 250 leads remain to be the ceiling had collapsed. mapped in the system.

Figure 10. Topographic map of Wesley Chapel Gulf by C. A. Malott (1932, fig. 3). 12 N WOLFE SINK (1) CLEMENTS SINK (1) LOWER FISHING CREEK ROCKING CHAIR SINK (10) STAMPERS CREEK SINK (1,2) STAMPERS SINK (10) ASIN 2N 1E 1N 1E TRASH PILE Chambersburg MOSQUITO CREEK SINK (2) MOSQUITO DILLARD SPRING CAVE B MATITY SINKS (1) MATITY IVER 60 3N 1E 4N 1E R 300 OST

NEW UPPER SINK (3)

BUDDHA CAVE

TWIN CAVES KARST WINDOW R

E L

State Park

337

Spring Mill V k

e DONALDSON CAVE SPRING

RAINAGE r

C R

i l

SINKHOLE (7) RIDGETOP

LICK CREEK SINK (1)

RUBBLE SPRING

TRASHED SINKHOLE (8)

CCC

SPRING

SINK (10)

ENTRANCE

CHASE CAVE

300 200

56 3N 1E 2N 1E

SINKHOLE (7)

SPRING

IVER ROCKY BOTTOM R T HAMER CAVE

HALMOON SPRING

S O

RUSTY CAR SINK (10) L

LAW SINK (10) LAW MILL SPRING PRINCIPAL DRY-WEATHER PRINCIPAL THE LOST RIVER SINKS OF 1ST SINK OF LOST RIVER E T 150

I LOST RIVER SINK (1,2) SALKELD HOLE (7) SWALLOW H

110 WIND CAVE SPRING WIND CAVE 350 SOLDIER MOSS (12) 37 GAPING MAW SINK (10) GAPING MAW OLD GATEHOUSE SINK (10) OLD GATEHOUSE WHISTLING CAVE SPRING WHISTLING CAVE SWALLOW HOLE (7) SWALLOW ORLEANS WWTP (1,2)

Orleans

STEIN HOLES SWALLOW INDUSTRY PARK SINKHOLE (7) PARK INDUSTRY

NORTHSIDE SINK (10) NORTHSIDE COUNTY LINE HOLE (7) SWALLOW 2N 1E 1E 2N 2N

SINK (10) K

3N 1E 1E 3N 3N

R (12)

BURNT STUMP (12)

(12)

4N 1E 1E 4N 4N

2N 1W 2N

(12) 1W 2N 37 F

3N 1W 1W 3N 3N

4N 1W 4N

4N 1W 4N SINK (1)

(12)

FLOOD CREEK

TURNER

T HOLES SWALLOW S

A Paoli E

S-1 (6) Mitchell S-2 (6)

R 500

E V

ORANGE COUNTY ORANGE LAWRENCE COUNTY LAWRENCE R

(6) MT. HOREB MT. DRAIN (2) ISE

(6) (6) S-3 (6)

S-4 (6) TOLLIVER

R ASIN

FEATURE 20 FEATURE HOLE (8) SWALLOW WILSON SINK (6)

T HOLE SWALLOW

S 56

O L (6) 60 (6) (6) (6) MOTHER’S RISES STORMWATER 150 (6) CAVE (2) CAVE (6) (5) BLUE SPRING CAVE (2ND DISCOVERY, 6) (2ND DISCOVERY, (4) MAPLE GROVE

Inferred Subsurface Divide 2N 1W 1N 1W RAINAGE (BUHL ENTRANCE) BLUE SPRING CAVE RANGEVILLE D O FEATURE 13 (8) FEATURE YODER WESLEY CHAPEL GULF (4TH DISCOVERY) 3 Miles BLUE SPRING CAVE STORMWATER RISE STORMWATER SPIRNG 525 (3RD DISCOVERY) BLUE SPRING CAVE (See Below) PLESS CAVE 3N 1W 2N 1W Inferred subsurface Inferred divide drainage Lost River & Rise Orangeville basins drainage 4N 1W 3N 1W FEATURE 12 FEATURE HOLE (8) SWALLOW (7) Bayless and Others, 1994 (7) Bayless and Others, 1995 Tech, (8) Earth 1999 Unpublished, (9) Buehler, 2002 (10) Buehler and Others, 2007 Tech, (11) Earth 2009 Tech, (12) Earth

(BOAT DOCK) (BOAT eek ORANGEVILLE RISE r

C 2 BLACK HOLLOW (2) CAVE SPRING RISE

RISE OF LOST RIVER BLUE SPRING CAVE

WADSWORTH CREEK WADSWORTH SINK (1,2)

1N 1W 1W 1N 1N

2N 1W 2N 50 1W 2N

Abydel 3N 1W 1W 3N 3N

4N 1W 1W 4N 4N

1N 2W 1N 600 2W 1N

Georgia EXPLANATION 2N 2W 2W 2N 2N

3N 2W 2W 3N 3N 4N 2W 4N 4N 2W 4N Orangeville 1 56 BLUE SPRING 625 SHOWFARM (1) CAVE (8) Dye Injection Point and Data Source Injection Point and Data Source Dye Spring Monitoring Point Other Dye Swallowhole Vector Trace Dye Urban Area US & State Highways County Roads 150 56 2N 2W 1N 2W 3N 2W 4N 2W 350 0 60 725

3N 2W 2N 2W 150

Information Test Sources of Tracer 1968 and Murdock, (1) Powell 1974; 1976 (2) Bassett, 1980 (3) Bolton, 1985 (4) Allee, Personal communication 1993, T., (5) Gray, 1994 WW Engineering & Science, (6)

T S R

(8) E O L IV R

13 N WOLFE SINK (1) CLEMENTS SINK (1) LOWER FISHING CREEK ROCKING CHAIR SINK (10) STAMPERS CREEK SINK (1,2) STAMPERS SINK (10) ASIN 2N 1E 1N 1E TRASH PILE Chambersburg MOSQUITO CREEK SINK (2) MOSQUITO DILLARD SPRING CAVE B MATITY SINKS (1) MATITY IVER 60 3N 1E 4N 1E R 300 OST

NEW UPPER SINK (3)

BUDDHA CAVE

TWIN CAVES KARST WINDOW R

E L

State Park

337

Spring Mill V k

I e

e DONALDSON CAVE SPRING

RAINAGE r

C R

i l l

SINKHOLE (7) RIDGETOP

LICK CREEK SINK (1)

RUBBLE SPRING

TRASHED SINKHOLE (8)

CCC

SPRING

SINK (10)

ENTRANCE

CHASE CAVE

300 200

56 3N 1E 2N 1E

SINKHOLE (7)

SPRING

IVER ROCKY BOTTOM R T HAMER CAVE

HALMOON SPRING

S O

RUSTY CAR SINK (10) L

LAW SINK (10) LAW MILL SPRING PRINCIPAL DRY-WEATHER PRINCIPAL THE LOST RIVER SINKS OF 1ST SINK OF LOST RIVER E T 150

I LOST RIVER SINK (1,2) SALKELD HOLE (7) SWALLOW H

Orleans

STEIN HOLES SWALLOW INDUSTRY PARK SINKHOLE (7) PARK INDUSTRY

NORTHSIDE SINK (10) NORTHSIDE COUNTY LINE HOLE (7) SWALLOW 2N 1E 1E 2N 2N

SINK (10) K

3N 1E 1E 3N 3N

R (12)

BURNT STUMP (12)

(12)

4N 1E 1E 4N 4N

2N 1W 2N

(12) 1W 2N 37 F

3N 1W 1W 3N 3N

4N 1W 4N

4N 1W 4N SINK (1)

(12)

FLOOD CREEK

TURNER

T HOLES SWALLOW S

A Paoli E

S-1 (6) Mitchell S-2 (6)

R 500

E V

ORANGE COUNTY ORANGE LAWRENCE COUNTY LAWRENCE R

(6) MT. HOREB MT. DRAIN (2) ISE

(6) (6) S-3 (6)

S-4 (6) TOLLIVER

R ASIN

FEATURE 20 FEATURE HOLE (8) SWALLOW WILSON SINK (6)

T HOLE SWALLOW

S 56

O L (6) 60 (6) (6) (6) MOTHER’S RISES STORMWATER 150 (6) CAVE (2) CAVE (6) (5) BLUE SPRING CAVE (2ND DISCOVERY, 6) (2ND DISCOVERY, (4) MAPLE GROVE

(BOAT DOCK) (BOAT eek ORANGEVILLE RISE r

C 2 BLACK HOLLOW (2) CAVE SPRING RISE

RISE OF LOST RIVER BLUE SPRING CAVE

WADSWORTH CREEK WADSWORTH SINK (1,2)

1N 1W 1W 1N 1N

2N 1W 2N 50 1W 2N

Abydel 3N 1W 1W 3N 3N

4N 1W 1W 4N 4N

1N 2W 1N 600 2W 1N

Georgia EXPLANATION 2N 2W 2W 2N 2N

3N 2W 2N 2W 150

Information Test Sources of Tracer 1968 and Murdock, (1) Powell 1974; 1976 (2) Bassett, 1980 (3) Bolton, 1985 (4) Allee, Personal communication 1993, T., (5) Gray, 1994 WW Engineering & Science, (6)

T S R

(8) E O L IV R

Plate 1. Map showing completed dye trace Map dye completed showing vectors the Creek,Plate in area ofSpring 1. Cavern, Rise, Blue Mill Lost Orangeville River and Lick Creek basins (modified drainage from John by Bassett, compiled map 2009, for Earth AECOM). Tech 14

Elrod Cave

Wesley Chapel Gulf

600 600 Wesley Chapel Gulf Rise Gulf Cave alluvium of Lost River 550 550

500 500 N 0 150 300 feet

Figure 11. Idealized block diagram showing subterranean drainage at Wesley Chapel Gulf. 15 N Wesley Chapel Gulf 6 Trip Route Trip Trip Stop 7 2,000 Feet 1,000 EXPLANATION 7 0 Stormwater Rise Stormwater System Lost River Cave Figure 12. Topographic map showing the showing map subterranean routes Topographic of more than of passages164). 20 miles ofFigure 12. thep. Lost River Cave System (modified from Deebel, 2007, 16

STOP 7 – Orangeville Rise and lunch stop

The Orangeville Rise is the resurgence of cates the subsurface flow has attained a full pipe- subterranean drainage from the area adjacent flow condition. The amount of sulfate ions, as to the north of the drainage basin of Lost River. well as sodium, chloride, and magnesium, was The Rise of Lost River is not currently accessible reduced greatly with increased flow of floodwa- to visitation, nor is the Rise of Lost River as ter through the system, indicating that a finite scenic as the Orangeville Rise. The Orangeville amount of sulfate was derived from underlying Rise consists of two or more openings just in gypsum beds but was diluted with increased front of the limestone ledge at a depth of about stormwater flow (fig. 15) (Bassett, 1974, p. 47). 20 feet during periods of normal flow (fig. 13) (Quinlan and others, 1983, p. 76). Divers have The true Rise of Lost River is located about 0.8 entered flooded passages for several feet at a miles south-southeast of Orangeville. The Rise depth about 10 feet below the bottom of the of Lost River is a nearly vertical solution en- basin. larged pit about 160 feet deep (fig. 16) (Quinlan and others, 1983, p. 77). A large, as yet unex- The Orangeville Rise is the second largest spring plored passage, may be approximately in the in Indiana, the Rise of Lost River is the third stratigraphic position of the gypsum beds in the largest spring, although there is little difference St. Louis Limestone. between the two. Harrison Spring in Harrison County, Indiana, is the largest, based on low flow A specific continuous hydrograph record for the estimates. The minimum measured discharge at Rise of Lost River is lacking. Heavy storms cause the Orangeville Rise is 8.9 cfs and the maximum flow from a half-dozen or more stormwater rises discharge has a limit at about 180 cfs (Bassett, in the dry-bed 2 to 5 miles above the Rise of Lost 1974, p. 30 and fig. 12) (fig. 14). The limit on River; the fact that such storms cause overland discharge at the Orangeville Rise is caused by flow and flooding within the dry-bed suggests discharges of floodwaters at the Mather’s Storm- there is likely a similar maximum subterranean water Rises, located about 2.5 miles northeast of flow limit on the Rise of Lost River as at the Or- Orangeville, into the dry-bed about 8 miles up- angeville Rise. stream of the Rise at Orangeville. The limit indi-

A A' 18' A A'

2' 0 0 10 5 20 N 10 30 meters feet

feet 0 50

meters 0 5 10 15

Figure 13. Sketch map and cross section of the Orangeville Rise by Steven Maegerlein (Quinlan and others, 1983, p. 76). 17

200

Orangeville Rise 100 Datum Elevation = 483.6 ft

50 Q (c.f.s.)

2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 Stage (ft.)

Figure 14. Graph showing the recorded flow regime of the Orangeville Rise (modified from Bassett, 1974, p.30, fig. 12).

200 Orangeville Rise Y= 542 X-.636

r2 = .88 Y¯ = 59 100 (ppm)

4 50 SO

10 20 50 100 200 Q (c.f.s.)

Figure 15. Graph showing the decrease of sulfate with increase of flood waters (modified from Bassett, 1974, p. 47). 18

meters feet 0 0

10 40 log jam

120

160 ? 50 ?

Figure 16. Sketch cross section showing the Rise of Lost River by Steven Maegerlein (Quinlan and others, 1983, p. 77). 19

STOP 8 – West Baden Springs Hotel

This will be a quick stop to observe the resto- ration of this historic hotel (fig. 17) by Bill and Gayle Cook.

Figure 17. Photograph of the West Baden Springs Hotel in French Lick, Indiana.

STOP 9 – Circle A 104 gasoline station

This site is an active gasoline sales station on bedrock voids, the development of the correc- Main Street, Paoli, Indiana, that has been active tive action plan to remove the petroleum resid- since the 1930s. A petroleum release at this site uals from groundwater, the implementation of was reported to the Indiana Department of En- the corrective action plan, and the operation and vironmental Management on March 5, 2008. We maintenance of the petroleum remediation sys- will focus on the site characterization activities, tem. There are a couple of closed stations along including evaluation of petroleum distillate in Main Street, U.S. Hwy. 150, west of this site. 20

acknowledgments References Cited

This field trip would not have been possible without the contribution of many people. First, Aley, T. J., 1970, Hydrologic service trip to Wayne- I must acknowledge the abundant publications Hoosier: Memo to files, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, of Clyde A. Malott, whose detailed knowledge Forest Service, May 4, 1970, 5 p. of the Lost River area is likely unequaled by any- Allee, N. J., 1985, Letter from Step- Saver Convenience one. Secondly, I must thank the staff of the In- Store Division to the State Board of Health, Divi- diana Water Resources Association who made sion of Water Pollution Control, 6 p. this trip happen: Mark S. Hopkins and Jeffrey D. Bassett, J. L., 1974, Hydrology and geochemistry of Martin with the U.S. Geological Survey, India- karst terrain, upper Lost River drainage basin, napolis; and Rosemarie N. Hansel with the Mar- Indiana: Bloomington, Indiana University, mas- ion County Health Department, who arranged ter’s thesis, 102 p., 30 figs., 6 tables. and rearranged the transportation. I have great ———, 1976, Hydrology and geochemistry of the appreciation for Ginger Korinek, Lost River Wa- upper Lost River drainage, Indiana: Bulletin of tershed Coordinator, U.S. Department of Agri- the National Speleological Society, v. 38, n. 4, culture, Paoli, for helping on the initial route p. 80 - 87. selection and for arrangements related to dye Bates, R. E., 1932, unpublished map of Miles Cave and tracing from the vicinity of Orleans. notes. Bayless, E. R., Taylor, C. J., and Hopkins, M. S., 1994, A great thank you to the staff of the Indiana Geo- Directions of ground-water flow and locations of logical Survey: Todd Thomspon, who requested ground water divides in the Lost River watershed staff support for this project; Barbara Hill and near Orleans, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey John Day, who scanned illustrations; Matthew Water Resources Investigations Report 94-4195, Johnson and Laura Montgrain, who generat- 25 p., 1 fig., 2 pls., 2 tables. ed all the digital maps and illustrations, and to Beede, J. W., 1911, The cycle of subterranean drainage Deborah DeChurch, who edited and formatted as illustrated in the Bloomington, Ind., Quadran- the guidebook. gle: Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Sci- ence, 1910, p. 81–111, 32 figs. I must especially thank John Bassett for supply- Bolton, D. W., 1980, Water chemistry of springs in the ing information on dye tracing that he conduct- St Louis Limestone, Lawrence County, Indiana: ed and absorbed from other writers. Samuel Bloomington, Indiana University, master’s thesis, Frushour, David Everton, and Keith Dunlap con- 100 p. tributed information related to cave maps. Buehler, M. A., Hasenmueller, N. R., Krothe, N. C., Powell, R. L., Branam, T. D., Comer, J. C., Ennis, Special thanks to a few landowners who allowed M. V., Frushour, S., Rexroad, C. B., and Smith, R., us to visit their property, particularly to the 2002, Water quality and karst hydrology of the White River Co-op south of Orleans and to the Spring Mill Lake drainage basin, south-central management of the West Baden Springs Hotel Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey, Spring Mill for access to their facility. Last, but not least, to Lake Watershed Poster, 3 panels. Thelma Talbert, with the Orangeville Communi- Childs, L., 1940, A study of a karst area in Orange and ty Center, who allowed us to use their facilities Lawrence Counties, Indiana: Bloomington, In- for a lunch and rest stop. diana University, master’s thesis, 111 p., 4 pls., 6 figs., 1 map. Deebel, M., 2007, The discovery and exploration of the Lost River Cave System, Orange County, In- diana, 1996–2007, in Back underground in In- diana, Guidebook for the 2007 National Con- vention of the National Speleological Society, p. 27–38. 21

Earth Tech, 1995, Delineation of sinkhole drainage Powell, R. L., 1966, Caves, speleology and karst hy- routes utilizing fluorescent dye tracing tech- drology, in Natural features of Indiana, the Indi- niques along State Route 60 between Mitchell ana sesquicentennial volume: Indianapolis, Indi- and U. S. Highway 50, Lawrence County, Indiana: ana Academy of Science, p. 116–130, 5 figs. Report to the Indiana Department of Transpor- ———, 1987, The Orangeville Rise and Lost River, In- tation, Environmental Assessment Section, 17 p., diana: Geological Society of America Centennial 4 figs., 3 tables, 1 plate. Field Guide-North Central Section, p. 375–380, Earth Tech AECOM, 2009, Groundwater tracer test In- 5 figs. vestigations, Town of Orleans, wastewater treat- Quinlan, J. F., Ewers, R. O., Ray, J. A., Powell, R. L., ment plant, Orange County, Indiana: Report sub- and Krothe, N. C., 1983, Ground-water hydrol- mitted to Permits Branch, Indiana Department ogy and geomorphology of the Mammoth Cave of Environmental Management, 10 p., 3 figs., region, Kentucky, and of the Mitchell Plain, In- 3 tbls., 3 apps. diana (Field Trip 7), in Shaver, R. H., and Sun- Elrod, M. N., and McIntire, E. S., 1876, Orange Coun- derman, J. A., eds., Field trips in midwestern ge- ty: Indiana Geological Survey Annual Report 7, ology: Geological Society of America, Indiana p. 203–239. Geological Survey and Department of Geology, Gray, H. H., 2000, Physiographic divisions of Indiana: Indiana University, v. 2, p. 1–85, 48 figs. Indiana Geological Survey Special Report 61, Von Osinski, W. P., 1935, 1935, Karst windows: Pro- 15 p., 2 figs., 1 plate. ceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science, Malott, C. A., 1922, The physiography of Indiana, in 1934, v. 44, p. 161–165, 2 figs. Handbook of Indiana Geology, Indiana Depart- W W Engineering & Science, 1994, Delineation of ment of Conservation Publication 21, part 2, sinkhole drainage routes utilizing fluorescent p. 59-–256, 51 figs., 3 plates, 1 table. dye tracing procedures, Highway 37 Improve- ———, 1929, Three cavern pictures: Proceedings ment Project, Lawrence County, Indiana: Report of the Indiana Academy of Science, 1928, v. 38, prepared for the Indiana Department of Trans- p. 201–206; Indiana Department of Conservation portation Environmental Assessment Section, 17 Publication 136. p., 2 figs., 1 plate, 1 table. ———, 1932, Lost River at Wesley Chapel Gulf, Or- ange County, Indiana: Proceedings of the Indi- ana Academy of Science, 1931, v. 41, p. 285–316, 12 figs.; Indiana Department of Conservation Publication 149. ———, 1945?, Significant features of the Indiana karst: Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Sci- ence, 1944, v. 54, p. 8–24, 11 figs. ———, 1949?, Hudelson Cavern, a stormwater route of underground Lost River, Orange County, Indi- ana: Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Sci- ence, 1948, v. 58, p. 236–243, 1 fig. ———, 1952, The swallow-holes of Lost River, Or- ange County, Indiana: Proceedings of the Indi- ana Academy of Science, 1951, v. 61, p. 187–231, 16 figs. Malott, C. A., and Shrock, R. R., 1933, Mud stalag- mites: American Journal of Science, ser. 5, v. 25, p. 55–60, 2 figs. Murdock, S. H., and Powell, R. L., 1968, Subterranean drainage routes of Lost River, Orange County, In- diana: Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science, v. 77, p. 250–255, 1 fig., 1 table.