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Directions of Ground-Water Flow and Locations of Ground-Water Divides in the Lost River Watershed Near Orleans, Indiana

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Directions of Ground-Water Flow and Locations of Ground-Water Divides in the Lost River Watershed Near Orleans, Indiana DIRECTIONS OF GROUND-WATER FLOW AND LOCATIONS OF GROUND-WATER DIVIDES IN THE LOST RIVER WATERSHED NEAR ORLEANS, INDIANA By E. Randall Bayless, Charles J. Taylor, and Mark S. Hopkins Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4195 Indianapolis, Indiana 1994 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Gordon P. Eaton, Director For additional information, write to: Copies of this report can be purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Earth Science Information Center Water Resources Division Open-File Reports Section 5957 Lakeside Boulevard Box25286, MS 517 Indianapolis, IN 46278-1996 Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 CONTENTS Abstract ................................................................................. 1 Introduction .............................................................................. 2 Purpose and Scope ..................................................................... 4 Previous Investigations.................................................................. 4 Acknowledgments ..................................................................... 5 Description of Study Area ................................................................... 5 Physiography and Geology............................................................... 5 Description of Aquifers ................................................................. 5 General Hydrology..................................................................... 6 Methods................................................................................. 6 Water-Level Measurements and Construction of a Composite Ground-Water Level-Surface Map ....... 6 Dye Injection and Collection, Analysis for Presence of Dye, and Quality Assurance.................. 7 General Description of the Composite Ground-Water-Level Surface.................................. 9 Dye-Tracing Tests ......................................................................... 10 Directions of Ground-Water-Row and Locations of Ground-Water Divides ............................ 13 Directions of Ground-Water-Flow in Selected Areas........................................... 13 Sinkhole-Drainage Belt............................................................ 13 Flood Creek Watershed ............................................................ 14 Orleans Karst Valley .............................................................. 14 Locations of Ground-Water Divides........................................................ 15 Orangeville Rise-Rise of Lost River Ground-Water Divide................................ 15 Orangeville Rise-Twin Caves Ground-Water Divide ..................................... 15 Orangeville Rise-Hamer Cave Ground-Water Divide..................................... 16 Northwestern Ground-Water Divides for the Orangeville Rise.............................. 16 Summary ................................................................................ 16 Selected References........................................................................ 18 Appendix: References with Annotations ....................................................... 22 ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Map showing regional hydrogeologic features, physiographic units, and location of the study area.... 3 Hi Directions of Ground-Water Flow and Locations of Ground-Water Divides in the Lost River Watershed CONTENTS Continued PLATES [Plates are in pocket] 1. Map showing ground-water divides, karst features, and topography near Orleans, Indiana 2. Map showing composite ground-water-level surface and dye traces near Orleans, Indiana TABLES 1. Data and summary statistics for reported and measured ground-water levels near Orleans, Indiana............................................................................ 9 2. Locations of dye-injection sites, dye-recovery sites, and dates of injection and recovery, Orleans area, Indiana........................................................................ 10 Contents iv CONVERSION FACTORS, VERTICAL DATUM, AND WATER-QUALITY UNITS Multiply By To obtain foot (ft) 0.3048 meter foot per day (ft/d) 0.3048 meter per day mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer mile per day (mi/d) 1.609 kilometer per day foot per mile (ft/mi) 0.1894 meter per kilometer square mile (mi2) 2.59 square kilometer pound (Ib) 0.4536 kilogram gallon (gal) 3.787 liter cubic feet per second (ft /s) 28.32 liter per second Sea level: In this report, "sea level" refers to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 a geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of the first-order level nets of the United States and Canada, formerly called Sea Level Datum of 1929. Abbreviated metric units used in this report: Chemical concentrations and some masses and volumes are given in metric units. Chemical concentration is given in milligrams per liter (mg/L), a unit expressing a unit of concentration of chemical constituents in solution as weight (milligrams) of solute per unit volume (liter) of water. In places, mass is given as kilograms (kg), and volume is given in liters (L). v Directions of Ground-Water Flow and Locations of Ground-Water Divides in the Lost River Watershed DIRECTIONS OF GROUND-WATER FLOW AND LOCATIONS OF GROUND-WATER DIVIDES IN THE LOST RIVER WATERSHED NEAR ORLEANS, INDIANA by E. Randall Bayless, Charles J. Taylor, and Mark S. Hopkins ABSTRACT water-level measurements were made at 11 of the 175 wells to evaluate the assumption The Mitchell Plain, a physiographic unit that these water levels provided an accurate in south central Indiana, is a classic example representation of the ground-water-level of karst topography. The town of Orleans, surface. The mean difference at the 11 Ind., which is in the Mitchell Plain, is a site of synoptic sites was 8.3 ft; the total drop in frequent flooding. Factors that enhance the water-table altitude across the study area is potential for flooding in Orleans may include about 180 ft. The composite ground-water (1) location of the town in a karst valley, level-surface map was used as a basis for (2) a high runoff-rainfall relation for a loess- identifying subsurface-drainage divides and and residuum-covered area that drains into directions of ground-water flow. an occluded sinkhole near the center of Eight dye-tracing tests were done from Orleans, and (3) an overtaxed subsurface- November 15, 1993, through March 3, 1994, drainage system during periods of intense to examine the accuracy of ground-water rainfall. The U.S. Geological Survey, in divides delineated on the composite ground- cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of water level-surface map. Dye was injected Engineers, conducted a study during October at seven swallow holes and one storm- 1993-April 1994 to improve an understanding infiltration well. Most of the tests were done of the hydrology of the Lost River Watershed during high-flow conditions-periods following near Orleans. substantial rainfall when the dry bed of Lost A composite ground-water potentio- River was inundated. Five dye clouds metric-surface map was constructed by use emerged at Orangeville Rise, approximately of static water levels from about 175 well- 4.5 mi southwest of Orleans, and two dye driller's records on file with the Indiana clouds emerged at Hamer Cave Spring at Department of Natural Resources. Synoptic Spring Mill State Park, 4.5 mi northeast of Abstract 1 Orleans. In the eighth test, dye injected into INTRODUCTION a shallow storm-infiltration well apparently did not enter the conduit-flow-dominated part The Mitchell Plain, a physiographic unit in of the karst aquifer; instead, it moved through south-central Indiana, is a classic example of karst topography (Schneider, 1966). Karst topography a shallow, perched ground-water-flow system forms in humid subtropical and tropical climates to resurge in seeps and springs discharging to where carbonate bedrock is near land surface. The an intermittent tributary in the upstream area interaction between infiltrating precipitation that of the Lost River Watershed. contains weak, natural acids and the near-surface carbonate bedrock creates features that typify karst Dye-trace observations made during topography and drainage systems disappearing this study were coevaluated with similar streams, sinkholes, caves, and springs. The hydrologic system in areas of karst topography information from previous studies and indicate can be difficult to understand because surface- that (1) ground-water divides inferred from and subsurface-drainage systems are nearly the composite ground-water level-surface map inseparable. are accurate, (2) topographic divides south of Orleans, Ind., which is in the Mitchell Orleans coincide with ground-water drainage Plain (fig. 1), is a site of frequent flooding (Malott, divides, and (3) subsurface piracy has created 1952). Several hydrologic and anthropogenic noncoincident surface- and ground-water factors may contribute to the flooding. These factors include (1) location of the town in a karst divides in the area northeast of Orleans. valley, (2) a high runoff-rainfall relation for a Three drainage areas, each having loess- and residuum-covered area that drains into an occluded sink near the center of Orleans, and distinctive karst-drainage characteristics and (4) an overtaxed subsurface-drainage system affecting the drainage to and from Orleans, during periods of intense rainfall. were identified. For purposes of this report, The U.S.
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