AN ANALYSIS OF PRAGMATIC PRESUPPOSITIONS

IN THE EDITORIAL TEXTS

THESIS

BY:

JAMIATUL HASANAH HARAHAP

(157052001)

FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA

M E D A N

2 0 1 7

DECLARATION

AN ANALYSIS OF PRAGMATIC PRESUPPOSITIONS IN EDITORIAL

TEXTS

I certify that the thesis I wrote as one of the requirments to obtain the degree of Master of Arts from English Postgraduate Study Program, Faculty of

Cultural Sciences, University of Sumatera Utara, is Exactly my own work.

I certify that I clearly mentioned the references of the citations I used in some specific parts of this thesis based on norm, rule, and etiquette of the technique o a scientific writing.

I certify, in future, that Im willing to accept the sanction of the renovatiob of my academic degree which I receive and other sanction in accordance with the prevailing laws and regulations, provided some parts or all parts of this thesis are invented not to be my own work or to commit pragiarism.

Medan October 2017

The writer

Jamiatul Hasanah Harahap AN ANALYSIS OF PRAGMATIC PRESUPPOSITION IN THE EDITORIAL TEXTS ABSTRACT The aim of this study were (1) to find out the presupposition triggers in editorials texts of The Jakarta Post, (2) to find out the types of presupposition in editorial text of The Jakarta Post, (3) to describe the presupposition triggers realized in the types of presupposition. The study was qualitative content analysis. The source of data was The Jakarta Post online website. The data of the study were the sentences or clause which triggered the presupposed meaning in editorials. The data were identified, analyzed, and categorized based on Yule and Levinson’s theory of Presupposition. The findings of the study showed that: (1) 13 presupposition triggers were found in the editorial texts namely: definite description, factive items, implicative verbs, change of state verbs, verb of judging, iterative items, cleft sentences, temporal clauses, comparative construction, counterfactual conditional and non-restrictive relative clause, question and nonfactive items while implicit cleft with stressed constituents was not found. (2) 6 types of presupposition were found in the editorial texts namely: existential, lexical, structural, factive, nonfactive, and counterfactual presupposition. (3)The realization of definite description trigger existential presupposition which present assumptions that someone or something is exist. The realization of cleft sentence, question, temporal clause, non restrictive relative clause, and comparative construction trigger structural presupposition which can be used to treat information as presupposed (assumed to be true) and hence to be accepted as true by the reader. The realization of factive verb trigger factive presupposition which present more information in the editorial texts as a fact to make the reader trust the information in editorial text as a fact. The realization of implicative verb, change of state verb, verb of judging, and iterative items trigger lexical presupposition which present an assumption that, in using one word, the writer of the editorial can act as if another meaning (word) will be understood by the reader. The realization of nonfactive verbs trigger nonfactive presuppositionis which present some information which is assumed not to be true. The realization of counterfactual conditional trigger counterfactual presupposition which present some information that contrary to the fact.

Keywords: pragmatic, presupposition, presupposition triggers, editorial

ANALISIS PERANGGAPAN PRAGMATIKDALAM TEKS EDITORIAL ABSTRAK Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (1) untuk mengetahui pemicu peranggapan dalam teks editorial Jakarta pos, (2) untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis peranggapan dalam teks editorial Jakarta Pos, (3) untuk mendeskripsikan pemicu peranggapan yang direalisasikan dalam jenis-jenis peranggapan. Penelitian ini merupakan analisis isi kualitatif. Sumber data adalah situs online Jakarta poss. Data penelitian adalah kalimat atau klausa yang memicu dugaan makna dalam editorial. Data diidentifikasi, dianalisis, dan dikategorikan berdasarkan teori peranggapan Yule dan Levinson. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) 13 pemicu peranggapan ditemukan dalam teks editorial yaitu: definite description, factive items, implicative verbs, change of state verbs, verb of judging, iterative items, cleft sentences, temporal clauses, comparative construction, counterfactual conditional and non-restrictive relative clause, question and nonfactive items sementara implicit cleft with stressed constituents tidak ditemukan. (2) 6 jenis peranggapan ditemukan dalam teks editorial yaitu: peranggapan eksistensial, leksikal, struktural, faktual, tidakfaktif, dan kontrafaktual. (3) Realisasi definite description memicu peranggapan eksistensial yang menyajikan asumsi bahwa seseorang atau sesuatu ada. Realisasi cleft sentence, question, temporal clause, non restrictive relative clause, and comparative constructionmemicu peranggapan struktural yang dapat digunakan untuk memperlakukan informasi sebagaimana dugaan (dianggap benar) dan karenanya dapat diterima sebagai benar oleh pembaca. Realisasi factive items memicu peranggapan faktual yang menyajikan lebih banyak informasi dalam teks editorial sebagai fakta untuk membuat pembaca mempercayai informasi dalam teks editorial sebagai sebuah fakta. Realisasi implicative verb, change of state verb, verb of judging, and iterative items memicu peranggapan leksikal yang mengemukakan asumsi bahwa, dengan menggunakan satu kata, penulis editorial dapat bertindak seolah-olah makna lain (kata) akan dipahami oleh pembaca. Realisasi nonfactive verb memicu peranggapan nonfaktif yang menyajikan beberapa informasi yang dianggap tidak benar. Realisasi counterfactual conditional memicu peranggapan kontrafaktual yang menghadirkan beberapa informasi yang bertentangan dengan fakta.

Kata kunci: pragmatis, presuposisi, pemicu presuposisi, editorial ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In the name of Allah, the most Gracious and the most Merciful

May peace and blessing of Allah be upon all of us

All praises be to Allah SWT, the lord of the Universe, on the overflow of graces and mercies to mankind, who remarkably guides the writer in the process of writing the thesis. Peace and salutation be upon the greatest prophet

Muhammad SAW, his family, companions and adherents, who had civilized the world from the darkness to the lightness.

The deepest appreciation and gratitude are extended to Dr. Umar Mono, Dipl.

Trans., M.Hum and Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D as my advisers who have given thier continuous guidance, helpful correction, moral support, advice, and suggestion, without which it is doubtful that this thesis came into completion.

My deepest thank also goes to the following:

1. Prof. Dr. Runtung, Rector of University of Sumatera Utara.

2. Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S. The Dean of Faculty of Cultural Sciences

3. Dr. Ridwan Hanafiah, S. H., M.A and Dr. Umar Mono, Dipl. Trans.,

M.Hum. as the thesis examiners and the chief and the secratary of English

Postgraduate Study program with all lecturers.

4. Prof. Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A. my lecturer and also examiners of this

thesis who also gave the time and valuable enlightenment of the theory of

Pragmatics. 5. My parents ayahanda H. Sangkot Kiron Harahap, Ibunda Hj. Dahniar

Amhani Siregar, whose love and guidance are with me in whatever I

pursue. They are the ultimate role models, nobody has been more

important to me in the pursuit of this project than both of my parents.

6. The members of my family especially my two elder sisters, and eight elder

brothers who always devote their endless love, patience, encouregement,

advice and support to me to persue a higher level of education and to

contribute for human beings. My special feeling of gratefulness is

forwarded to them. Their existence gave me strength, spirit and dignity to

overcome the obstacless and not to surrender in any condition.

7. I would also like to thank to my two elder sisters, and eight elder brothers.

They were always supporting me and encouraging me with their best

wishes.

8. My gratitude also go to My beloved friends Risa Umami, Triana Lestari,

Restu Maulia and Putra Pratama who have encouraged me to finish this

thesis and who have given me continous support on the process of this

thesis writing that I will always bear in mind.

9. My wonder friend Nurhidayah for giving me useful advice, accompanying

and helping me through the process of this thesis writing. I thank her for

always being my good friend.

10. Bu Adry Wiyani Ridwan, the administration staff of English Postgraduate

Study program, for her help during my study. 11. I also thank to everyone I met and spent time together in sharing their

insights, knowledge, spirit, experiences, motivations which have

motivated me to finish my magister programme.

Finally, I realize that this thesis is far from being perfect. I do appreciate any comments and criticisms. I also hope that this thesis can bring some contribution to English Postgraduate Study program.

Medan, October 2017

Jamiatul Hasanah Harahap

TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT ...... i

LIST OF TABLE ...... ii

LIST OF FIGURES ...... iii

LIST OF SYMBOL...... iv

LIST OF APPENDICE ...... v

CHAPTER INTRODUCTION ...... 1

1.1 Background of Study...... 1 1.2 Problems of Study ...... 7 1.3 Objectives of Study ...... 8 1.4 Scopes of Study ...... 8 1.5 Significances of Study ...... 9 1.6 Definition of Technical Terms ...... 9

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 12

2.1 Theoritical Framework ...... 12

2.1.1 Presupposition ...... 12

2.1.2 Presupposition Triggers ...... 17

2.1.3 Types of Presupposition ...... 32

2.1.4 The Role of Editorial Text in Newspaper...... 34

2.2 Relevant Study ...... 37

2.3 Conceptual Framework ...... 40

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ...... 43

3.1 The Research Design ...... 43 3.2 The Data and Source of Data ...... 44 3.2.1 The Data ...... 44 3.2.2 Sources of Data ...... 44 3.3 Technique of Data Collection ...... 45 3.4 Technique of Data Analysis ...... 45

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS, AND DISCUSSION ...... 49

4.1 Data Analysis ...... 49

4.1.1 Presupposition Triggers in editorial texts of The Jakarta Post ...... 50

4.1.2 The Types of Presupposition in Editorial of The Jakarta Post ...... 65

4.1.3 The Realization of Presupposition Triggers in the Types of Presupposition ...... 75

4.2 Findings ...... 91

4.3 Discussion ...... 97

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ...... 101

5.1 Conclusion ...... 101

5.2 Suggestion ...... 103

REFERENCES ...... 104

APPENDICE ...... 109

LIST OF TABLES

No. Tittle Page

4.2 Presupposition triggers in the editorial texts of the Jakarta post ...... 92

4.2 Types of presupposition triggered by presupposition triggers in the editorial text of the Jakarta post ...... 94

LIST OF SYMBOL

No. Tittle Page

2.1 The symbol to mean presuppose ...... 32

LIST OF FIGURES

No Tittle Page

2.1 The interaction between the speaker presupposition and the sentence presupposition ...... 14

2.2 The concept of Pragmatic Presupposition ...... 17

LIST OF APPENDICE

No Tittle Page

1. The editorial Texts of The Jakarta Post ...... 109 1.1 Monday, July 3, 2017 ...... 109 1.2 Monday, July 10, 2017 ...... 112 1.3 Monday, July 17, 2017 ...... 115 1.4 Monday, July 24, 2017 ...... 118 1.5 Monday, July 31, 2017 ...... 120

2. Table of Data Analysis ...... 123 2.1 Editorial 1: Mission to Marawi ...... 123 2.2 Editorial 2: Wooing more firms to IDX ...... 132 2.3 Editorial 3: Hunting tax evaders overseas ...... 139 2.4 Editorial 4: Deposit insurer short of funds ...... 146 2.5 Editorial 5: Witchhunt: A deja vu ...... 155

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

An editorial is a type of newspaper opinion texts “intended to persuade the reader” (Biber 1988: 148 in Belmonte 2007:1). Because of their nature as opinion texts and ,consequently, being argumentative and persuasive, editorials might have more chances to influence the thinking of the reader than any other newspaper text type. Editorial writers or editors assume what they believe towards the fact. They combine their view and the fact and it makes the readers also have to believe it. Their opinion, which contains various comments to support, to criticize, to blame, to please, or against for the issues, has to be powerful and believable in order to persuade the readers. Even their opinion values positive or negative side towards the issue, the readers are brought out to trust or taken as granted. (Elyazale, 2014: 22) adds that these opinions are taken for granted as true regardless of the argument used to support it because it comes from popular belief of a society used in a particular context. Thus this opinion can be related to the presence of presupposition.

Presupposition is a pragmatics theory included in one of the branches of linguistics, that is, pragmatics. According to Yule (1996: 3) pragmatics is the science that studies the meaning of an utterance spoken by the speaker and the person who interprets the contextual meaning of what the speaker communicated is the listener. From the theory of pragmatics above, it is clear that presupposition

1 has a point that studies the interpretation of intended meaning made by the listener from the speaker’s utterances.

The definition of presupposition as Yule (1996: 25) states is “the speaker’s assumption which is unsaid when producing utterances”. There are speculations in the expression uttered by the speaker (Mey, 1993: 28). Both of the researches have the same explanation of presupposition, that is, the speaker has an assumption toward something which is not said but still delivered. There is also another explanation of presupposition. The researcher connects presupposition with the logic of philosophy. Renkema (1993: 154) states “The term

‘presupposition’ originated in philosophy of logic, where it is used to denote a special type of implicit information.” The reason of why the listener needs to denote the implicit information is because there is unsaid information in the speaker’s utterance. Thus, according to Levinson (1983: 168) presupposition is used to explain all assumptions toward the utterance and the expression that is produced by the speaker. It confirms that presupposition is the speaker’s assumption which is unsaid but communicated.

Saeed (1997) stated that presuppositions are produced by particular words or construction, together sometimes called presupposition triggers. Yule (1996) also stated that when speaker’s assumption expressed is analyzed, presupposition has been associated with the use of a large number of words, phrases, and structures.

That is why there are presupposition triggers consisting of words, phrases and structures. Similarly, Levinson (1983: 181) also stated that there are some forms called presupposition triggers that indicate presuppositions. Both the potential presupposition and the presupposition triggers have the same part in the

2 presupposition theory. They indicate the existence of presupposition in the speaker’s utterance or the writer’s statement.

Moreover, the presupposition can convey implicit meaning which means writer’s opinion may presuppose something. Since editorials are articles written by the news editor, the implied meaning that they presuppose can be marked by its triggers. Here are some following examples of presupposition triggers in editorials of the Jakarta Post:

1PT Freeport Indonesia, 2a subsidiary of US-based mining giant Freeport

McMoRan Inc., 3deserves a strong rebuke from 4the government and 5the

House of Representatives for 6its utter lack of commitment to developing a

copper smelter to comply with 7the 2016 Mining Law. (The Jakarta Post:

February 4th, 2017, ‘ Freeport’s lack of commitment ’)

Those example presented that there are seven presupposition triggers found in that sentences. The first, underlined displaying the definite description that belong to existential presupposition . It presuppose that there is PT Freeport Indonesia. It indicates that the editor has a background knowledge about the existence of PT

Freeport Indonesia, since the editor use the definite description that show the existential of something. The second underlined displaying non restrictive clause that belong to structural presupposition . It presuppose that it (a subsidiary of US- based mining giant Freeport McMoRan Inc) referring to PT Freeport Indonesia.

Since the editors has already known some information earlier that one of a subsidiary of US-based mining giant Freeport McMoRan Inc is PT Freeport

Indonesia, the use of non restrictive clause by the editor gives additional

3 information which assumed to be true. The third underlined displaying verbs of judging that belong to lexical presupposition . It presuppose that PT Preefort

Indonesia making mistake. Since the editor use verb of judging it shows that the editor judges on something, that is PT Freeport mistake. The fourth, the fifth and the seventh underlined also displaying definite description that belong to existential presupposition . It indicates that the editor has a background knowledge about the existence of the government since the editor use the definite description that show the existential of something. The six underlined displaying cleft construction that belong to structural presupposition . It presupposed that utter lack commitment caused a strong rebuke. It indicates that the editors has a background knowledge that utter lack commitment caused to a strong rebuke, since the editor used the cleft construction that show the focused element of it .

Above examples show that the underlined words, phrase, and clause trigger the presupposition. Above triggers prove that there are other linguistic constructions used in newspaper editorials which denote the presence of presupposition. Thus it means the editorials provide more factual information which is poured in their opinion. It makes the additional of the presupposition triggers in editorial text can be observed wider, especially in newspaper published in Indonesia but written in English. Overall there exist several linguistic expressions can derive the presupposition and hence they are known as presupposition triggers. Thus it is believed that each trigger has different function and meaning whenever the newspaper editors use them.

Editorials plays an important role in newspaper. Since presupposition implies the background information asserted in sentence, editorials, as part of newspaper

4 in opinion column, present explicitly the writers’ point of view on the recent issue or news. Opinions in editorials have implicit information in sentences, since they are published ‘explicit and dominant’ (Van Dijk, 1988: 124). In other word, it might be that there are less information shared them.

Moreover, opinion in editorials also formulates the proposition which contains numerous judgments. Barus (2010: 143) states that editorial always brings out a same level, which is ‘critical’. The editorialist takes a stand regarding a current affairs issue. The judgments can consist of proposition which can bring various tone of editorialist’s comments such as to evaluate, to direct, to suggest, to recommend, to patronize, to preach, to attack, to reprove, to blame, to inform, to support, etc.

It can be summed that, not only presenting their argumentation and giving recommendation, there are more ways to encourage the editorialist to attract the readers’ attention looking into editorials, especially through what linguistic expression will be used by the editorials. In addition, the presupposition triggers could become the way how the opinion exposes the background assumption shared by the newspaper editors.

Besides, the use of presupposition has been examined by some researchers.

For instance, Khaleel (2010) wrote a paper on Journal Of College Of Education

For Women entitled An Analysis of Presupposition Triggers in English

Journalistic Texts . She investigated the presupposition triggers in journalistic texts to see the main presupposition triggers used in English journalistic texts. These texts have been sampled from six different national and regional English

5 newspapers representing a range of political and regional differences. The national newspapers include The Independent, The Guardian, and the Daily Mirror. The analysis of the data has shown that English journalistic texts rely heavily on existential presuppositions (definite descriptions) whose ratio has constituted

57.7% of the studied sample. This paper seems too narrow because the only aim is to see the main presupposition triggers in english journalistic text. Since the present paper will find out the presupposition trigger in editorial text and the reason of using it, the previous paper gives an important contribution to the writer on the theory of presupposition especially those thirteen presupposition triggers proposed by levinson.

Another researchers Liang1 & Liu1 (2016) also conducted a study entitled An

Analysis of Presupposition Triggers in Hilary Clinton’s First Campaign Speech for the purpose of figuring out how Hilary succeeds in achieving her political intentions through the use of presupposition triggers. To achieve this they analyzed the presupposition triggers at both lexical and syntactic levels. They found that presupposition triggers, including lexical and syntactic ones, play an indispensable role in strengthening important information, making language more economical and vivid, motivating the interaction with the audience and drawing a closer relationship between the speaker and the audience, so as to help the speaker achieve his or her real political goals. This study is especially helpful in understanding the abundant use of presupposition triggers helps to better communicate the political messages and consequently grip the audience.

Based on explanation above, it carries the background of the problems. The first is the existence of presupposition triggers in editorial text and the second the

6 presuppositions in editorial text that triggered by the presupposition triggers based on the theory proposed Levinson (1983). And finally it presents the reason of the usage of presupposition triggers in editorial texts based on Yule’s (1996). This study is conducted whether it is interesting to recognize what kind of linguistic expressions that trigger the presupposition and denote the presence of background assumption shared by the newspaper editors in different news topics.

Additionally, it is believed that editorialist may argue the different tone of opinion or point of view towards the recent news events.

Therefore, this present study examines the presupposition triggers, the of presupposition and the realization of presupposition triggers in the type of presupposition. The Jakarta post is chosen since the object of the study have to be conducted in English and it is a daily language newspaper with high circulation and the largest English language newspapers published in Indonesia written in

English and as far as the researcher knows, the investigation of presupposition triggers in editorial texts has not been explored yet. Moreover, the goals of this newspaper are not only to improve the standard of English language media in

Indonesia but also to produce a qualified newspaper with an Indonesian perspective so the newspaper has strong presence in the printed media market.

The newspaper is also popular for their high standard of journalism, both in terms of balance and presentations. It is also considered as inspirational standard in the

Asian media and to the media everywhere (Malia 2011 cited in James

Dunn,2009). In addition, compared to another newspaper such as The Times,

Suratkabar.com online, The President Post, The Jakarta Post was the one

7 newspaper provided editorial column which used by editorialist to posture towards the recent issue so that it can be suitable to be published.

1.2 Problems of the Study

The background provides the following research statements for the problems:

1. What are the presuposition triggers found in editorials texts of The Jakarta

Post?

2. What types of presupposition do they trigger?

3. How are the presupposition triggers realized in the types of

presupposition?

1.3 Objectives of Study

Based on the formulation of the problems, the objectives of this study are:

1. To find out the presupposition triggers in editorials texts of The Jakarta

Post

2. To find out the types of presupposition in editorial text of The Jakarta Post

3. To describe the presupposition triggers realized in the typess of

presupposition

1.4 Scope of Study

The scope of the study is the editorial text from opinion column of the Jakarta

Post. All the editorial’s text are picking out on July, 1 st 2017 – July, 31 st 2017 from opinion column of the Jakarta Post weekly edition. The analysis is based on the presupposition trigers by Levinson’s (1983) and Yule’s (1996) theory.

8

1.5 Significances of Study

The findings of the study are expected to be useful and relevant theoretically and practically. Theoretically, the results of this study are useful for:

1. The enrichment of linguistic knowledge in the field of pragmatics

especially in presupposition.

2. Development studies on presupposition in discourse and pragmatic,

especially editorial text.

Practically, the results of this study are useful for:

3. Other researchers who are interested in conducting researches as a

reference for studies in pragmatics area especially presupposition.

4. The education practitioners, such as teachers or students, who can conduct

it, could use it as a suitable material in teaching learning English in the

classroom.

5. Journalists to build better understanding on assumption in editorial text

through the presupposition triggers

1.6 Definition of Technical Terms

1. Pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by

speaker (writer) and interpreted by a listener (reader).

2. Presupposition is the implicit information or proposition embedded in a

sentence or utterance

3. Presupposition Triggers is a construction or item that signals the existence

of presupposition

9

4. Lingusitic construction is a number of models of grammar that all

subscribe to the idea that knowledge of a language is based on a collection

of "form and function pairings". The "function" side covers what is

commonly understood as meaning, content, or intent; it usually extends

over both conventional fields of semantics and pragmatics.

5. Definite description is a description that uniquely describes an individual

6. Factive item is used in the classification of linguistic items referring to an

item which takes a complement clause, and where the addresser

presupposes the truth of the proposition expressed through the clause.

7. Implicative verbs are main verb carries a presupposition of some necessary

and sufficient condition which alone determine whether the event describe

in the complement took place.

8. Change of state verb is a kind of switch verb where the new state is both

describe and is presupposed not to have held prior to the change.

9. Verbs of judging is shortly judging verbs refer to the participants, events

and their evaluation.

10. Temporal clauses are another type of linguistic constrction whic related to

the time clauses with past reference.

11. Comparative construction a type of linguistic construction which

concentrate to on the degree of complement following the adjectives in

clauses.

12. Counterfactual conditional is Counter-factual constructions presuppose the

falsity of the proposition expressed in the complement clause.

10

13. Iterative iems is repitition items which refers to an event which takes place

repeatedly.

14. Cleft construction is one of structures aims to bring particular elements

into additional focus.

15. Implicit cleft with stressed constituents is linguistic construction which

marks as the indication of contrative steress whenever the sentence is

made up.

16. Non-restrictive clause is marked to loose of non restrictive relationship

which is often semantically indistinguishable from coordination (with or

without conjunction) or adverbial subordination

17. Question is linguistic construction where reflects the rest of sentence

contain the background information.

18. Editorial is a type of newspaper opinion texts “intended to persuade the

reader” (Belmonte 2007:1).

19. The Jakarta Post is a daily English language newspaper in Indonesia. The

paper is owned by PT Bina Media Tenggara, and the head office is in the

nation's capital, Jakarta.

11

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Theoritical Framework

2.1.1 Presupposition

The concept “presupposition” was raised by the eminent German logician

Frege in 1892. Presupposition refers to the implicit information of proposition embedded in a sentence or utterance. Language users might employ presupposition as a kind of avoidance strategy. That is, presupposition allows language users not to mention all the details relevant to the topic. Referring to this function of presupposition, Finch, (2000) notes:

If we had to spell out all the details every time we speak, then communicating would be an extremely lengthy and tedious. Being able to assume a certain amount of knowledge on the part of the listeners makes it possible to take shortcuts. The degree of this shortcutting, however, depends on the context in which communication takes place.” (p.165) In fact, as an inherent part of the language, “it is virtually impossible to utter or write a single sentence of any consequence without making some kind of assumption”(Bekalu, 2006 p.153).

Pragmatists argue that in addition to literal meaning, the sentence or utterance conveys a host of indirect information that can be pragmatically inferred.

Presuppositions are one part of that information (Khaleel, 2010: 524). Stalnaker

(1974) has introduced the term ‘pragmatic presupposition’ in an influential early article where he establishes the fact that in order to correctly interpret an utterance, with respect to its truth and falsity, a context is needed, e.g., (cited in

Mey, 1993: 202), as in example below:

12

• The cat is on the mat. (Khaleel, 2010: 525).

This utterance, regardless of whether it is true or false (whether or not there is a certain cat on a certain mat), presupposes that there is some cat and some mat, the addresser is referring to. The context, in which the sentence is uttered, might be the pragmatic presupposition that the addresser is complaining about the cat's dirtying that mat

Keenan (1971 cited in Akmajian et al 1995) states

Many sentences require that certain culturally defined conditions or contexts be satisfied in order for an utterance of a sentence to be understood, these conditions are naturally called presuppositions of the utterance. An utterance of a sentence pragmatically presupposes that its context is appropriate. Furthermore, Stalnaker (1973:447) introduces the notion of speaker presupposition in the familiar terms of background information:

A person’s presuppositions are the propositions whose truth he takes for granted . . . in a conversation . . . They are the background assumptions that may be used without being spoken. Stalnaker (1973: 451) then offers a natural extension of this definition of speaker presupposition to the notion of sentence presupposition.

A sentence has a presupposition just in case the use of that sentence would for some reason normally be inappropriate unless the speaker presupposed a particular proposition. In such a case, a sentence requires a presupposition. This notion of presupposition requirement will be the explication of the linguists’ notion of presupposition. Stalnaker means that there is an important interaction between sentence presupposition and speaker presupposition in order for that sentence to be interpreted as appropriate. For example, the sentence I have to pick up my sister at the airport presupposes that the addresser has a sister. This sentence will be

13 interpreted as inappropriate unless the addresser who utters this sentence presupposes that he has a sister or disposes himself to act as if he has a sister.Hence, in such a case, a sentence requires presupposition, and the appropriateness of that sentence is determined only by the internal state of the speaker.

Hence, presupposition is the result of speaker presupposition and sentence presupposition, i.e. the correlation between the speaker presupposition and the sentence presupposition leads to presupposition success as illustrated in figure

(2.1):

Sentence presupposition Speaker presupposition

Proposition

Presupposition

Figure (2.1) The interaction between the speaker presupposition and the sentence presupposition (Khaleel, 2010: 525)

Levinson (1983: 217) states that the difficulty of pragmatic presupposition arises from the fact that it is a quite varied, and actually a heterogeneous collection of quite distinct and different phenomena. Since pragmatic presuppositions vary according to the context and the beliefs of the interlocutors, they cannot be defined by reference to the sentence alone. Thus, the notion of

14 background or shared knowledge constitutes part of that difficulty. Yule (1996:

25) defines pragmatic presupposition as “something the speaker assumes to be the case prior to making an utterance”. Consider Yule’s (1996) example:

• Mary’s brother bought three horses.

In producing this utterance, the addresser is normally expected to have the presuppositions that a person called Mary exists and that she has a brother. The addresser may also hold the more specific presuppositions that Mary has only one brother and he has a lot of money. All of these presuppositions are the addresser's and all of them can be wrong. This concept of presupposition concerns knowledge which an addresser does not assert but presupposes as part of the background of a sentence, knowledge presumed to be already known to the addressee.

Jackendoff (1972, cited in Akmajian, et al, 1995: 384) proposes the presupposition of a sentence to denote “the information in the sentence that is assumed by the speaker to be shared by him and the hearer”. The following examples illustrate the notion:

1) a.Betty remembered to take her medicine.

b.Betty did not remember to take her medicine.

c.Betty was supposed to take her medicine .(Khaleel, 2010: 526)

Sentence (1a) and (1b) are said to presuppose (1c) in that the condition mentioned in (1c) must be shared information between the addresser and addressee. So, what an addresser assumes is true or is known by the addressee can be described as presupposition Yule (1996: 132). Allerton (1979: 266) adds that an addresser

15 depends, in carrying the addressee with him, on the common beliefs and knowledge he shares with the addressee, which allow him to leave certain unsaid things that have been said, or at least hinted at, earlier. For him, shared knowledge includes knowledge of the language, knowledge of a particular fact, i.e., knowledge of the world.

Glucksberg and Danks (1975: 115) observe that knowledge of the world is required to help interlocutors comprehend and interpret what they hear. Yet,

Brown and Yule (1983: 233) add that this general knowledge about the world underpins interlocutors' interpretation not only of discourse but of virtually every aspect of their experience. It is formed of various factors including linguistic knowledge, value judgments, sociocultural, political and religious beliefs, age, sex, etc. It presents each person accumulated experience which determines his/her comprehension of things, classification of objects in the world, use of language, and forming associations. Thus, what interlocutors judge as appropriate talk reflects what they know about the world. Hence, to say a sentence is meaningful is to say that it is consistent with interlocutors' presupposed knowledge of the world,

(Tyler, 1978: 33).

Moreover, Caffi (1993, cited in Mey, 1993: 203) argues that “pragmatic presuppositions not only concern knowledge, whether true or false; they concern expectations, desires, interests, claims, attitudes towards the world, fears, etc” which are supposed to be shared between the addresser and addressee.

Thus, for the success of any communication there must exist shared knowledge, and the ability to make judgments about the capacities, and needs of

16 interlocutors in different social situations. Therefore, the success of a presupposition depends on the addressor's assumptions, shared knowledge between interlocutors and their knowledge of the world as illustrated in figure

(2.2)

Shared knowledge

Pragmatic presupposition

Knowledge Addressor’s of the world assumptions or beliefs

Figure (2.2) The concept of Pragmatic Presupposition (Khaleel, 2010: 527)

2.1.2 Presupposition Triggers

Presupposition in text can be confirmed in form of words, phrases or clauses, which some linguists (Levinson: 1983; Grundy: 2000; Cumming: 2005; Griffiths:

2006; Potts: 2014) commonly called triggers. Potts (2014: 5) names ‘triggers’ as reflecting claims that these items correlate with the presence of specific presupposition. Yule (1996: 27) calls these triggers as ‘indicators of potential presupposition’, which can be trusted by the speakers toward the contex. Saeed

(1997: 97) also defines it as other types of presupposition are produced by particular words or construction. Levinson (1983: 179) also calls it as generating

17 linguistic items. Those definitions finally describe that presupposition triggers are the item that is expressed by some particular words or construction which sign the presence of presupposed meaning in text or uttarance.

These triggers aim to distinguish what is presupposed to be taken granted by the speakers or writers. Not only that they are available to enable speakers or writers disposal to communicate intended information without stating them (Zare, et al, 2012: 737). Such triggers also can stand alone in negation since presuppositions are not affected by negation of asserted part of a sentence

(Griffiths 2006: 144). This survival makes triggers in presupposition determine in part of words phrases, and clause.

Some linguists have derived some presupposition triggers. Levinson (1983:

181) determines thirteen kinds of such triggers for presupposition, as they are:

1. Definite descriptions

2. Factive items

3. Implicative verbs

4. Change of state verbs

5. Iterative items

6. Verbs of Judging

7. Temporal clauses

8. Cleft sentences

9. Implicit cleft with stressed constituents

10. Comparative construction

11. Non-restrictive Relative Clause

18

12. Counterfactual conditionals

13. Questions

The triggers show that the certain linguistic expression can trigger the presupposed meaning. thus, it can be concluded that presupposition triggers are some certain linguistic expression or item, which can be formed in lexical and structural construction, which aims to carry presupposed meaning in text. These triggers will be used to seek the ralization of them in such sentence or passage which contains presupposed meaning in text, especially in newspaper editorials.

These presupposition triggers by Levinson (1983) will be used the main reference to answer research questions no.1 in this study.

2.1.2.1 Definite Description

Seuren (1994, cited in Lamarque, 1997: 359) states that existential presuppositions are the main starting point for presupposition theory in philosophy. Most obviously, the possessive constructions in English give rise to a presupposition of existence; moreover the existential presupposition is not only assumed to be present in possessive constructions but also more generally in any name or definite noun phrase, i.e. definite description, in which the addresser is assumed to be committed to the existence of the entities named. Consider Yule’s example (1996: 20):

1. a. Mary’s dog is cute.

b. There exists someone called Mary

c. Mary has a dog.

19

Sentence (1a) presupposes (1b) and (1c); that there exists someone called Mary and she has a dog.

This means that all ‘definite names’ presuppose the existence of their referents.

However, non-definite names do not trigger a presupposition since they lack reference.

2.1.2.2 The Factive Verb

Crystal (1997: 147) argues that the term ‘factive’ is used in the classification of verbs, referring to a verb which takes a complement clause, and where the addresser presupposes the truth of the proposition expressed through the clause.

Thus, they are called ‘factive’ because they presuppose the truth of their complement clause, e.g.:

1. a. She didn't realize he was ill.

b. He was ill.

2. a. We regret telling him.

b. We told him. (Khaleel, 2010: 530)

Examples in (1) and (2) illustrate that the presupposed information following the verbs ‘realize’ and ‘regret’ is treated as a fact and is described as factive presupposition. Other examples of this set of verbs include: know; appreciate; saw; forced to; agree; make sense; amuse; bear in mind; etc. Factive predicators may involve other classes than verbs, i.e., adjectives and noun constructions .

Yule (1996:27) proposes the following examples:

20

3. a. I wasn't aware that she was married.

b. She was married.

4. a. It is odd that he left early.

b. He left early.

Other examples include be significant that; be surprising that; be tragic that; etc.

Leech (1974: 304) classifies factive presupposition into two types: ‘pure factives’ and ‘conditional factives’. The former are predicates, such as, realize; regret, etc., which are mainly associated with that–clause. The latter, are predicates such as cause; become; have to; force; see; hear; etc., mainly associated with infinitive constructions and nominalizations, e.g.:

a) Pure factives

• I am sorry that he lost his job.

‹ He lost his job.

• The politicians appreciate that the result of the election will depend on the

war.

‹ The result of the election will depend on the war.

b) Conditional factives

• He forced me to attend the meeting.

‹ I attended the meeting

• I saw aunt Agnes down three whiskies.

‹ Aunt Agnes downed three whiskies. (Khaleel, 2010: 530)

21

2.1.2.3 The Implicative Verbs

Implicative verbs are other linguistic expressions that trigger the presupposition. Karttunnen (1971: 340) says that implicative verb , such as manage, also involve presuppositions, although in a different way. She adds an implicative main verb carries a presupposition of some necessary and sufficient condition which alone determine whether the event describe in the complement took place. Here is the example to make clear to use of implicative verb toward the presupposition.

1. a. The UN managed to bring out peace.

b. The UN brings about peace (Verschueren, 1999: 28)

Sentence (1) shows the implicative verb manage presupposes that the UN tried to bring about peace (and that was not easy to do so). Furthermore, Levinson (1983:

197) formulates that to recognize the projection of presupposition that is triggered by implicative verbs in the following.

- X happened to V >> X didn’t plan or intend to V

- X avoided V-ing >> X was expected to or usually did, or ought to V

Grundy (2000: 123) adds that the presuppositions are triggered by implicative verbs such as remember, forget, manage, and happen. These words indicate the use of presupposition in the sentence.

22

2.1.2.4 The Change of State Verbs

Change of state verbs which are also called ‘aspectual verbs’ is another type of lexical presupposition. Saeed (1997: 99) states that these verbs have a kind of switch presupposition that the new state is both described and is presupposed not to have held prior to the change as shown in Saeed's following instances:

1. a. Judy started smoking cigars.

b. Judy used not to smoke cigars.

2. a. Michelle stopped seeing werewolves.

b. Michelle used to see werewolves.

Some further examples are: begin; continue; finish; take; leave; enter; come; go; arrive; etc

2.1.2.5 Iterative Items

Iterative is another type of lexical presupposition which is sometimes called restitutive or repetition items. Crystal (1997: 2006) states that iterative refers to an event which take place repeatedly. Griffiths (2006: 145) adds that triggers a presupposition about a statets or activity having axisted before. Here are the following examples of iterative verbs which triggers the presupposition.

1. a. Bill drank another cup of tea

b. Bill had drunk at least one.

2. a. The flying saucer came / didn’t come again

b. The flying saucer came before. (Levinson 1983: 182)

23

Both sentence (1a) and (2a) presuppose sentence (1b) and (2b). The iterative verbs such another and again show that events had been happened before. This make the accurence of such words or expression triggers a presupposition. Thus, in the case of lexical presupposition, the addresser’s use of particular expressions is taken to presuppose another unstated concept. Some examples of iterative can be signed as the triggers such as again, anymore, return, another time, restore, repeat, for the n-th time etc. These items can detect the presupposition in sentence.

2.1.2.6 Verbs of Judging

Some verbs of judgment produce presuppositions (Saeed, 1997: 98). Unlike other presupposition triggers, the implication in such presuppositions is not attributed to the speaker so much as to the subject of the verb of judging

(Levinson, 1983: 182). Shortly judging verbs refer to the participants, events and their evaluation.

Here are the examples to determine the use of verbs of judging that contains presupposition:

1. a. Agatha accused/ didn’t accuse Ian of plagiarism

b. (Agatha thinks) plagiarism is bad.

2. a. Ian criticized/didn’t criticize Agatha for running away

b. (Ian thinks) Agatha ran away. (Levinson, 1983: 182)

Based on the example above, sentence (1a) and (2a) presuppose sentence (1b) and

(2b). The word ‘accuse’ and ‘criticize’ show the speaker or the writer judges on

24 sometheing. That judgement realizes that the information had already known the truth by them. So that judging verb is as one of presupposition trigger.

2.1.2.7 Temporal Clauses

Temporal clausesor adverbial clauses are another type of linguistic construction of presupposition triggers. These clauses here are related to the time clauses with the past reference which triggers presupposition (Grifffiths, 2006:

146). Biber at al (1999: 194) cited that adverbial clauses are used as adverbials in the main clause. This clause can be trigger to presuppose a proposition because it can ‘convey the speaker’s or the writer’s attitude towards the information contained in the rest of teh clause (1999: 65). Here is Biber’s example below:

1. a. She wrote the book when she lived in Boston

b. She lived in Boston

Sentence (1a) above presuppose sentence (1b) that means there is a time she had live in Boston while she wrote the book. These clauses show some freedom of positioning, i.e., they are commonly placed either in initial or finel position.

Levinson (1983: 182) marks that adverbial clause use to trigger the presupposition is ‘temporal clause’, which is signed by adverbial of time for example before X, since X, after X, whenever X, as X, during X, while X, etc. These examples sign the occurance of presupposition in sentence

2.1.2.8 Cleft Sentences

Cleft sentences is one of linguistic features that can express presupposition.

Levinson (1983: 206) states that:

25

The presupposition of a cleft sentence can be identified with a proposition

formed by taking the material after the relative clause marker (who, that,

etc) and inserting a variable or indefinite existential expression like

somebody or something that agrees in number, gender with the item in focus

position.

He adds that both constructions, i.e., it-cleft and wh-cleft constructions share approximately the same presuppositions (1983: 183). Moreover, Biber et al (1999:

155) argue that a clause can be devided into two parts, each with its own verb.

They formulate it into two types:

a) It-clefts

It-cleft construction consist of:

- the pronoun it,

- a form of the verb be,

- the focused elements, with the following types such as a noun phrese, a

prepositional phrase, and adverb phrase, or an adverbial clause and

- a relative – like dependent clause introduced by that, who, which or

zero . (Biber et al, 1999: 959)

Here is the example:

1. a. It wasn’t a book that John gave to Bill

b. John didn’t give Bill a book. (Levinson, 1983: 206)

26

Here sentence (1a) displays an example It-cleft construction, while sentence (1b) presupposes something that the book is not a thing to be given to Bill, but maybe other thing. So the occurrence of such constructions triggers a presupposition.

b) Wh-clefts

Wh-cleft construction consist of:

- a clause introduced by a wh-word, usually what,

- a form of verb to be, and

- the especially focused element such as a noun phrase, an infinitive

clause, or a finite clause

(Biber at al, 1999: 959)

Here is the example:

2. a. What John lost is his wallet.

b. John lost something. (Levinson, 1983: 183)

Here sentence (2a) display a wh-cleft consruction and it presuppose in sentence

(2b). This shows that the word what is typically own point of focus to the something in the sentence.

Thus it can be concluded that cleft construction aims to bring particular elements into additional focus, which it may be contrastive (Biber, et al, 1999:

959). This means these structures can be connected with information distribution and cohesion.

27

2.1.2.9 Implicit cleft with stressed constituents

Implicit cleft with stressed contituents refers to the particular presuppositions that seem also to be triggered simply (Levinson, 1983: 183). This cleft is seen from the upper-case character come out in the sentence which marks as the indication of contrastive stress whenever the sentence is made up. The following example can explain how the implicit cleft occurs in the sentence.

1. a. Linguistics was/was not invented by CHOMSKY!

b. Someone invented linguistics. (Levinson, 1983: 183)

That example above shows that the word in upper case ‘CHOMSKY’ simply that there is a person named Chomsky invented linguistics as sentence (1b) explains it.

Hose particular upper case characters show the presence of the implied fact in the sentence that is shared by the writer to trigger his or her presipposition.

2.1.2.10 Comparative Constructions

Levinson (1983: 183) describes that comparative constructions can trigger a presupposition. But this study focuses on the use of comparative construction since it marks these trigger based on construction, such as Adjective-er + then and

As + adjective + as signal the occurence of presupposition as illustraed in the following examples:

1. a. Carol is/isn’t better linguist that Barbara

b. Barbara is a linguist

2. a. Jimmy is/isn’t as unpredictably gauches as Billy

b. Billy is unpredictably gauche (Levinson, 1983: 183)

28

Those examples imply that the use of comparative construction in sentence concentrate to on the degree of complement following the adjectives in clauses.

Biber et al (1999: 526) mentions that the basis of comparison is often implicit, so that the adressee must infer the basis from the wider context. This means particular elements into additional focus may be contrastive. Thus this means the comparative construction is formed inthe sentence may presuppose a hidden meaning.

2.1.2.11 Non-Restrictive Clauses

Levinson (1983: 184) cited that non-restrictive clauses can trigger a presupposition rather than relative clause. He explains that clauses are not affected by the negation of the main verb outside he relative clause and thus it can trigger to presupposition. This can be tasted in the following example:

1. a. The Proto- Harrappans, who flourished 2800-2650B.C., were/were not

great temple builers.

b. The Proto-Harrappans flourished 2800-2650B.C. (Levinson, 1983:

184)

Non-restrictive clause is marked to loose of non restrictive relationship which is often semantically indistinguishable from coordination (with or without conjunction) or adverbial subordination (Quirk and Greenbaum, 1973: 383).

Biber, et al (1999: 195) adds that non-restrictive clause, which is part of relative clause, give additional information which is not requird for identification. This means the speaker or the writer is already known some information earlier that

Proto-Harrappans had flourished dusring 2800-2650B.C in sentence (26).

29

After all, this concludes there are thirteen kinds of presupposition triggers based on Levinson theory. These triggers will be determined to ease the projection of presupposed meaning in text. They are analyzed in order to gather the findings and to answer the problems number 1 and number two in this study.

2.1.2.12 Counter-Factual Conditionals

The counterfatual conditional is another of linguistic construction trigger the presupposition. These modal expressions states facts contrary to how the world is.

Grundy (2000: 124) describe that counterfactual conditionals presuppose that affirmative propositions contained in the if -clause did not occur and negative propositions in the if -clause did occur. For example:

1. a. If you had send me a Christmas card last year, I would have sent you

one this year.

b. You did not send me a Christmas card last year.

2. a. If you hadn’t sent a Christmas card last year, I would have sent you one

this year.

b. You did send me a Christmas card last year. (Grundy, 2000: 125)

Those sentence (1) and (2) bring the contrary to the fact. What if -clause stated in positive senetence presuppose the contrast meaning, and just the opposite. Based on the example above, Yule (1996: 29) adds that this conditional structure of the type generally presuppose that the information in the if-clause is not true at the time of uttarance.

30

2.1.2.13 Question

The question construction are also one of linguistic expression that triggers the presupposition. Levinson (1983: 184) states that Wh-questions introduce the presupposition obtained by replacing the Wh-words by the appropriate existentially quantified variable, for example who by someone, ehere by somewhere, how by somehow, etc. Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech Svartvik (1985: 819) add that he place of wh -element contains an indefinite expression such as somebody or something and it is assumed to be true by whoever uses questions.

This means the writer presuppose the information after the WH-form is already acknowledged. Here such presupposition leads the addressee should believe in what the writer or the sowaker believes on, as example below:

1. a. Is there a professor of lingusitics at MIT?

b. Either there is a professor of linguistics at MIT or there isn’t

2. a. Where did you buy the bike?

b. You bought the bike. (Levinson, 1996: 26)

The type of presupposition illustrated in sentence (1) and (2) lead adressers to believe that the information presented is necessarily true, rather than just the presupposition of the person asking the question. In question (1), asking “is there a professor of linguistic at MIT?” shows that the adresser claimed something on the existence of proffesor of linguistics at MIT. This means that he or she presupposes the presence of someone that either there exist a professor of linguistics at MIT or there isn’t in sentence (1). Thus this yes/no question form derives implied information that can be taken for granted and this may result the

31 possible answer. Additionally, the use of questions words is also considered presenting the presupposition. In sentence (2), the use of question such as ‘where’ reflects the rest of sentence contain the background information. Its presupposition means that someone has buy the bike. Therefore, the use of question words in sentence generally matches to trigger the presupposed meaning, because they appropriae and are not invariant to negation.

2.1.3 Types of Presupposition

It has been explained that presupposition is something the speaker assumes to be case prior of making utterances (Yule, 1996:25). He also stated that presupposition has been associated with the use of a large number of words, phrases, and structure (Yule, 1996: 27). Because there are so many functions of presupposition found by linguists in their field, in this study, the writer tries to analyze the function of the presupposition based on the types of presupposition proposed by Yule. Yule described “A potential presupposition is an assumption typically associated with the use of a linguistic form (words, phrases, structure)”

(1996:27), then using the symbol >> in the utterances or sentences to mean

‘presuppose’. He divided potential presupposition into six categories.

2.1.3.1 The existential presupposition

The existential presupposition is assumed to be present either in possessive constructions (such as: your car presupposes (») you have a car) or in any definite noun phrase as in using expressions like: the King of Sweden, the cat, etc. in which the speaker presupposes the existence of the entities named.

32

2.1.3.2 The factive presupposition

The second type of presupposition is called factive presupposition since some words are used in the sentences to denote facts, such as know, realize, regret, glad, odd and aware. For example, everybody knows that John is ill presupposes that

John is ill.

2.1.3.3 The non-factive presupposition

The third type of presupposition is called non-factive presupposition, which is assumed not to be true. Verbs like dream, imagine and pretend are used with the presupposition that what follows is not true. e.g. John dreamed that he was rich presupposes that John was not rich . Moreover, Palmer (1988: 67) uses the word likely to refer to non-factive presupposition, as in It is likely that John came early , which presupposes that John might or might not come early .

2.1.3.4 The lexical presupposition

There are forms which may be treated as the source of lexical presupposition, such as manage, stop, and start . In this type, the use of one form with its asserted meaning is conventionally interpreted with the presupposition that another (non- asserted) meaning is understood. When one says that someone managed to do something , the asserted meaning is that the person succeeded in some way. But when one says that someone did not manage , the asserted meaning is that the person did not succeed. However, there is a presupposition (non-asserted) that the person tried to do that something . So, managed is conventionally interpreted as asserting 'succeeded' and presupposing 'tried' .

33

2.1.3.5 The structural presupposition

In addition to the presuppositions that are associated with the use of certain words and phrases, there are also structural presuppositions. In this case, certain sentence structures have been analyzed as conventionally and regularly presupposing that part of the structure is assumed to be true (Yule,2000: 29). One might say that speakers can use such structures to treat information as presupposed (assumed to be true) and hence to be accepted as true by the listeners. For instance, the wh- forms (i.e. when, where, etc.) can be used in this type, as in When did John leave ? It presupposes that John left . Acadian et al.

(1997: 384) state that "the pragmatic presupposition of a sentence is the set of conditions that have to be satisfied in order for the intended speech act to be appropriate in the circumstances or to be felicitous".

2.1.3.6 The counter-factual presupposition

The last type is called a counter-factual presupposition, in which what is presupposed is not only true, but is the opposite of what is true, or contrary to facts. For example, the sentence: If you were his friend you would have helped him presupposes that you are not his friend . A conditional structure of this sentence presupposes that the information in the if-clause is not true of the time of utterance.

2.1.4 The Role of Editorial in Newspaper

Mainly as a part of newspaper which cannot separate as the main part of the structure of newspaper, editorials plays an important role as the space for the

34 journalists or newspaper writers to express their opinion toward the world. Elyzale

(2014:22) states that these opinions aim to convince the reader with the certain idea of theirs.

Thus the use of linguistic expression decides the news editor’s purpose in his editorial text. Vand Djik (1992; 1995_ and Elyzale (2014) formulate some important roles of editorials in newspaper.

First, the main function of editorials is to express opinions of the newspaper and those of their editors (Elyzale, 2014: 25) Vand Dijk (1992: 243-244) mentions this as the interactional funtion where the newspaper editor intend to influence the readers with a series of arguments, which are overll contributed to the persuasive function of the editorials. Belmotes (2008:2) argues that newspaper editorials are thus contemplated as genuine axamples of written argumentation. Editors often use these editorials to explain the way the newspaper covered a sensitive or controversial subject (Weintraut, 2002). It means that editorials are published to bond the readers get into it where the news editors express their own opinion toward the news event happened recently.

Secondly, another role of editorials is to provide the information of the world in newspaper editor’s perpective. Vand Dijk (1992: 247) calls as cognitive fuction where it pertains to a specific event or situation the speaker or the writer has personally experienced or read/herad about. He (1995: 1) adds the role of editorials in the formation of public opinion stating :”for those people who read them, they help to make up their mind about the events of the world”. Elyzale

(2014: 25) also adds that editorials can provide knowledge to the reader to form or

35 change an opinion and strengthen the interaction between the reader and writer, in addition to giving the reader the opportunity to participate in decison making. The newspaper editors attemt to give the reader implicitly the information of particular matter or issue along with their opinions. Shortly, covering explicitly with editor’s opinion, editorials actually serve the background information of the events, as news stories dis, implicit and limited.

Thirdly, editorials also are published aiming to interpret the newspaper editors’ attitude toward the events. Van Dijk (1992: 244) says that they tend to directly or indirectly address influential news actors by evaluating the actions of such actors or by recommending alternative courses of action.

The last role of the editorial is to persuade the readers take into the editorialist’s perspective. As McCabe and Heilman (2007: 152) stated, in the editorial, people’s words and actions are considered and judged, and the editorialist urges the parties involved to take action in some way or another. By using certain linguistic features, the editorialist convince the readers, whther they address the subjuct or blame their act, to read deeply into the proposition and thus they can gain the readers’ expectation or curiosity toward the information which is being up discussed.

In conclusion, the explanation above shows tat in what important roles the editorials are published. Explicitly presenting full of editor’s opinions, editorials are available 1) to express the newspaper editor’s argumentation and to build the ineteraction between them and the readers, 2) to inform the readers implicitly on the general truth or the fact on the events within their argumentation, 3) to

36 interpret the newspaper editors’ attitude toward the events and 4) to persuade the readers to believe on what they have in mind and to formulate the editors’ point of view and attitude in which way the reader can look into the characteristic of thenewspaper itself.

Editorials seem to display diverse roles in newspaper. This is why editorials can be considered a main part of the newspaper. As if it notices its roles, the editorialits has an important role to edit news happened in the field become a newsworthy article. The linguistic expressions used in editorial are commonly straighforward, concise, dense, serious, and often less humorous toward the events in many aspect. Thus it is interesting to grasp what kinds of language expressios are used by the newspaper editors to trigger their presumed background knowledge.

2.2 Relevant Study

Related to the topic in this thesis, the writer finds some previous studies.

There are some previous studies that discuss presupposition. Thus they will be useful to support doing this study.

1. Khaleel (2010) wrote a paper on Journal Of College Of Education For

Women entitled An Analysis of Presupposition Triggers in English

Journalistic Texts. She investigated the presupposition triggers in

journalistic texts to see the main presupposition triggers used in English

journalistic texts. These texts have been sampled from six different

national and regional English newspapers representing a range of political

and regional differences. The national newspapers include The

37

Independent, The Guardian, and the Daily Mirror. The analysis of the data

has shown that English journalistic texts rely heavily on existential

presuppositions (definite descriptions) whose ratio has constituted 57.7%

of the studied sample. This paper seems too narrow because the only aim

is to see the main presupposition triggers in english journalistic text. Since

the present paper will find out the presupposition trigger in editorial text

and the reason of using it, this paper gives an important contribution to the

reseacher on the theory of presupposition especially those thirteen

presupposition triggers proposed by Levinson.

2. Bonyadi and Samuel (2011) in International Journal of Linguistics wrote a

paper entitled Linguistic Nature of Presupposition in American and

Persian Newspaper Editorials , where this study set out to identify the

linguistic structures employed in the newspapers editorials for triggering

the presupposed information. The finding shows that the most commonly

used linguistic structures for triggering presupposition were found to be

through Non-factive verbs and Nominalization in the two papers. The

identified linguistic devices for triggering presupposition indicated how

editorial writers made use of these devices to establish a favorable or

unfavorable bias in the editorial texts so that they can manipulate their

readers’ point of view. The analysis of the selected editorials from the two

newspapers, The New York Times and Tehran Times, revealed some

similarities and differences between the two papers. This paper quite

similar to this study, what make it differences is the editorial used in this

study is the editorial from opinion column of the Jakarta Post and the

38

reseacher also states the reason of using the presupposition triggers in the

editorial

3. Hashim (2014) in journal of International Conference on Arts, Economics

and Management also examines how existential presupposition operates in

English religious text and how it can be identified. The finding shows 64.

12% of the total number of types of existential presupposition. It

establishes a characteristic feature in this type of texts, which includes 84

occurrences of proper nouns and names of persons. It identified from the

intensive use of proper nouns and names of persons in religious texts.

Because the researcher used all types of presupposition in editorial text

include existential presupposition, this journal give the writer an important

view on how existential presupposition investigated through the use of

proper nouns and the names of persons in Islamic religious text. But

according to the researcher, this journal is not too broad because it used

only one types of presupposition.

4. Yuniardi (2015) used Presupposition theory in his thesis entitled

Presupposition As Found In “The Dark Knight” Movie . In her thesis, she

identified the types the presuppositions found in The Dark Knight movie.

She found that There are twenty presuppositions that found in the movie

then she classified it into are six types of presuppositions based on Yule’s

theory of presupposition. They are existential presupposition, factive

presupposition, non-factive presupposition, lexical presupposition,

structural presupposition, and counter-factual presupposition. This thesis

contribute to the writer’s better understanding on how those types of

39

presuppositions proposed by Yule (1993) applied in the movie, while the

researcher apply those types of presupposition in editorial text.

5. Liang1 & Liu1 (2016) conducted a study entitled An Analysis of

Presupposition Triggers in Hilary Clinton’s First Campaign Speech for

the purpose of figuring out how Hilary succeeds in achieving her political

intentions through the use of presupposition triggers. To achievef this they

analyzed the presupposition triggers at both lexical and syntactic levels.

They found that Presupposition triggers, including lexical and syntactic

ones, play an indispensable role in strengthening important information,

making language more economical and vivid, motivating the interaction

with the audience and drawing a closer relationship between the speaker

and the audience, so as to help the speaker achieve his or her real political

goals.

This study is especially helpful in understanding the abundant use of

presupposition triggers helps to better communicate the political messages

and consequently grip the audience.

2.3 Conceptual Framework

Language as an instrument of communication let people express their views and opinions form of spoken or written. By media, people can express their view toward the issue or case. Newspaper, as apart of printed media, provides a lot of information toward the case happened in local, national or international. Not only sharing information, it publishes the journalist’s point of view twoward the recent case which is called editorials. Thus editorial consist of news writer’s opinion, a

40 lot of information based on fact they present here with their assumption. This assumption based on the truth is called presupposition.

Presupposition can be described as the speaker’s or writer’s assumption which to be the case prior to making an utterance or a sentences. This meand what he or she argue or comment about somthing that might be taken for granted and trusted for the truth. These assumptions may carry implicit meaning in uttarances or statements whenever the speakers or the writers argue about the recent issue. The way they argue on something must contain particular words, phras, or clause construction that sign their argumentation might be taken as granted and it can expressed the presupposed meaning. These linguistic expressinons are commonly called trigger. The triggers are as the items formed with particular linguistic expressions that correlate the presence of specific preuppositions. Presuposition triggers can be a signal to ease the readers to distinguish what is being presupposed in their opinion. The triggers are particular linguistic expressions fulfilling not only to provide the existence of information in the newspaper editors’ opinion but they also to formulate a such strategy to attract their reader in any other reason will be found.

However, this study conducted to the use of presupposition triggers in editorial text takan from opinion column of the Jakarta Post. The Jakarta Post is chosen because of Indonesian newspaper written in English. It is interesting since the editorials express mostly opinion rather that the news report. Thus it is believed that the use of grammatical in editorial text will be different in presenting the fact.

What the editorialist presuppose can be detected by the use of linguistics items

41 which triggers the presence of the shared background knowledge, or presupposition. The triggers can be expressed into lexical items or structral construction.

Based on the description above, it is assumed that the theories in this study are related which will be helpful in analyzing the data and describing the research findings, the presupposition triggers in editorials of the Jakarta Post will be analyzed within the theory of presupposition triggers proposed by Levinson and the reason of using the presupposition triggers will be explained within the theory proposed by Yule.

42

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 Research Design

A method is a way to do something. This research applies qualitative descriptive method. Bogdan and Biklen (1992: 30) say that qualitative research is descriptive. Qualitative means to find out a theory works in different phenomena.

This research is classified as a descriptive qualitative method since the data were in the form of sentences rather than numbers. In this case, the data were derived from the editorial text of The Jakarta Post online newspaper.

Qualitative content analysis method also use in this study. Krippendorff

(1980) defined content analysis as a research technique for making replicable and valid inferences from data to their context. As for Weber (1985) it is a research methodology that utilizes a set of procedures to make valid inferences from text.

The material for the content analysis can be letters, diaries, newspaper content, folk songs, short stories, messages of Radio, Television, documents, texts or any symbols. Further, like any other research method, content analysis conforms to three basic principles of scientific method. They are:

1. Objectivity: Which means that the analysis is pursued on the basis of

explicit rules, which enable different researchers to obtain the same

results from the same documents or messages.

2. Systematic: The inclusion or exclusion of content is done according to

some consistently applied rules where by the possibility of including only

materials which support the researcher’s ideas – is eliminated.

43

3. Generalizability: The results obtained by the researcher can be applied to

other similar situations.

Since the nature of the data was the editorial text, content analysis can be applied to find out theoritically what types of presupposition used in editorial text of The Jakarta Post

3.2 Data and Source of Data

3.2.1 Data

Miles and Huberman (1984) state that the data concerned appear in words

rather than numbers. The data of this study were sentences containing

presupposition triggers in editorial texts of The Jakarta Post. There were 5

editorial texts all together taken from weekly edition.

3.2.2 Source of Data

The sources of data of this study were taken from editorial texts of The

Jakarta Post Newspaper online from July, 1st 2017 – July, 31st 2017. This

study used purposive sampling. Purposive sampling is a technique to

determine the sample by certain concideration and the technique is approriate

to qualitative research (Sugiono, 2008:218). By using purposive sample the

researcher didn’t take all editorial texts in a month but only selected editorial

texts in weekly edition because editorial text is not publish in daily edition.

There are four editorial text collected from July, 1st 2017 – July, 31st 2017

which taken from The Jakarta Post weekly edition that easily reachable for

internet users in its official website in

http://www.thejakartapost.com/channel/editorial.

44

3.3 Technique of Data Collection

According to Cresswell (2013), technique of collecting data can be classified into four: observation, interview, study of documents and study of audio-visual materials.

The study of documents will be used to collect the data for this research, the documents for this research will be gathered by downloading editorial texts from The Jakarta Post online newspaper published in July 1st 2017 – July 31 st

2017

3.4 Technique of Data Analysis

The study was conducted by using Content Analysis. Content analysis is a method of analyzing written, verbal or visual communication messages.

Content analysis is a process in which narrative data are devided into units of analysis to examie the content of a particular body of material for the purpose of identifying patterns, themes or biases (Leedy and Ormrod, 2005). Directed content analysis was chosen, the study starts with the theory, and codes are defined before and during the analysis. The sources of codes was derived from theory or relevant research findings and used the main criteria to define the coding unit used in the study.

As proposed by Prasad (2008) , the steps of doing the data analysis were done by following prosedures

45

1. Formulation of the research questions or objectives

As mentioned earlier, by making a clear statement of the research question or objective, the researcher can ensure that the analysis focuses on those aspects of content, which are relevant for the research. Content analysis is a method for analyzing textual content. Therefore, the selection of topic should be one that can be answered by analyzing the appropriate communication content. In other words, what is it that we would hope to be able to say about something by analysing the communication content or a body of text. In this case the researcher formulates three research questions.

2. Selection of communication content and sample

The next step would be to locate relevant communication content to answer the research question and to determine the time period to be covered. If the body of content is excessive, then a sample needs to be worked out. Though sampling in content analysis is not so much different from sampling in surveys, because of the unique nature of the source material used in this method, there developed some special sampling techniques for content analysis. Thus, depending upon the nature of the communication content – whether it is a new item, editorial, short story or a TV serial – the sampling techniques differ. For instance, the use of constructed week and consecutive day sampling to control the bias of cyclical trends in news coverage (Riffe, et al., 1993; Budd & Donohue, 1967), and the use of basic space unit approach (Danielson & Mullen, 1965:108-110) to take a sample from large volumes of newspaper content - are some of the examples. A typical description of samples incontent analysis specifies a topic area and time

46 period. Thus, the description of the sample for this study is the editorial of The

Jakarta Post in weekly edition which taken by purposive sampling

3. Developing content (subject) categories

Content categories can be defined as compartments or “pigeon holes” with explicitly stated boundaries into which the units of content are coded for analysis.

They in fact flow from the research question and should be anchored in a review of relevant literature and related studies. Content categories are constructed in response to the query: What classification would most efficiently yield the data needed to answer the research questions raised?. Content analysis stands or falls by its categories. Particular studies have been productive to the extent that the categories were clearly formulated and well adapted to the problem and the content (Berelson, 1952:147).

4. Finalizing units of analysis

At this stage, that is, once the categories are identified and defined in terms of the research objectives, the content analyst asks two interrelated questions. They are: a. What unit of content is to be selected for classification under the categories? And b. What system of enumeration will be used?

5. Preparing a coding schedule, pilot testing and checking inter coder

reliabilities

Defining categories and preparing coding schedule for the analysis and coding of content are simultaneous steps. A coding schedule resembles a survey questionnaire and contains different dimensions of the communication content to

47 be coded. Next, piloting the coding schedule is a crucial step before launching the full-scale content analysis. Test coding of a small sample of the material to be analyzed helps reveal inconsistencies and inadequacies in the category construction. Coding the unit of analysis into a content category is called coding.

Individuals who do coding are called coders. In this case the coder is the investigator herself.

6. Analyzing the collected data

How should the data be analyzed? . in this case the definition of the research problem gives direction to data analysis, the patterns to be examined, and the relationships to be explored.

48

CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS, AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Data analysis

The data of this study were obtained from the editorial texts of The Jakarta

Post which had been taken during 1st July 2017 until 31st July 2017. All selected clauses which were analyzed covered on the use of pragmatic theory of presupposition. The data analyzed to find the answer of the research questions about the kinds of presupposition triggers in the editorial texts, the types of presupposition they trigger and the realization of presupposition triggers in the types of presupposition.

The result of the study data were analyzed by using some steps namely formulation of the research questions or objectives, selection of communication content and sample, developing content (subject) categories, finalizing units of analysis, preparing a coding schedule, pilot testing and checking inter coder reliabilities, and analyzing the collected data. In finalizing units of analysis, the unit of analysis are sentences from editorial text. In coding data, the sentences, were coded based on presupposition triggers. The data were categorized into the use of triggers namely definite descriptions, factive verbs, implicative verbs, change of state verbs, iteratives, verbs of Judging, temporal clauses, cleft sentences, implicit cleft with stressed constituents, comparisons and contrast, non- restrictive relative clause, counterfactual conditionals, and questions. Then the coding of triggers in the sentence realize the kinds of presupposition they

49 triggered and describe the presupposition triggers realization in the kinds of presupposition.

4.1.1 Presupposition Triggers in editorial texts of The Jakarta Post

Based on the data obtained from five editorial texts of the Jakarta Post, there were 95 sentences selected. These sentences were analyzed and then finally resulted 294 occurences which detected using presupposition triggers namely definite descriptions, factive verbs, implicative verbs, change of state verbs, iterative items, verbs of judging, temporal clauses, cleft sentences, counterfactual verbs, comparative constructions, counterfactual conditionals, non restrictive relative clause, questions and nonfactive verb. These triggers of presupposition are underlined and numered then classified based on presupposition triggers.

These following explanation expanded the sample of each triggers found in them.

4.1.1.1 Definite Description

Definite description was one of presupposition triggers found with the most number of occurances in editorials of the Jakarta Post. Most obviously, the possesive constructions in English give rise to a presupposition of existence, moreover the definite description is not only assumed to be present in possessive constructions but also more generally in any name or definite noun phrase, i.e. definite description, in which the addresser is assumed to be committed to the existence of the entities named.

1. 1President Duterte’s invitation is appealing as 2the military operation the

Philippine Army is conducting directly impacts 3our national security, not

only because of 4the involvement of dozens of Indonesian “jihadists” loyal

50

to 5the Islamic State (IS) terrorist group in 6their first campaign outside of

the Middle East, but also because of 7the conflict’s possible expansion into

Indonesia. (The Editorial: Monay, July 3 rd , 2017)

The example (1) presented the use of various definite description as a trigger.

The use of definite article ‘the’ as a trigger displayed in the second underline the military operation the Philippine Army , the fourth underline the involvement of dozens of Indonesian “jihadists” , the fifth underline the Islamic State (IS) terrorist group , and the seventh underline the conflict’s possible expansion .

These noun phrases which used the article ”the” referred to definite description as one of presupposition trigger. Moreover, other form of definite description also found in term of possesive construction, such as what was displayed in the first underline President Duterte ’s invitation , the third underline our national security and the sixth underline their first campaign outside of the Middle East . These possesive construction referred to definite description as one of presupposition trigger. Another form of definite description which was used in this sentence is definite name such as in the first underline President Duterte ’s invitation . The use of any name in the sentence referred to definite description which trigger the presupposition. As one of definite description form any name trigger the presupposition in the sentence. It can be summed that any definite name, possesive construction and definite article are a kinds of definite description which trigger the presupposition. The occurrences of definite description were found mostly each sentences in the editorial texts. It can be seen in the second appendix of this thesis.

51

4.1.1.2 Factive Items

Factive items were one of presupposition triggers found in these editorial texts. The term “factive”was used in the classification of verbs, referring to a verb which takes a complement clause, and where the addresser presupposes the truth of the proposition expressed through the clause. Thus, they are called ‘factive’ because they presuppose the truth of their complement clause. The following are the examples of factive verb in the editorial texts.

2. It was recently forced to cut various expenditure allocations and revise

upward its budget deficit estimate to 2.9 percent for this year, only one

notch below the fiscal deficit ceiling of 3 percent as mandated by law,

because tax receipts are estimated to be way below the target. (The

Editorial Monday, July 17, 2017)

3. The problem, though, is that we hardly know when or from where a

financial crisis will strike. (The Editorial Monday, July 24th, 2017)

The existence of verb forced and know in example (2) and (3) showed some example of the presence of factive verbs as a trigger in editorial texts. The word forced in the sentence has the element of factuality because it was related to the time recently . The word know has the element of factivity because it asserts a personal knowledge about the truth of knowing when or from where a financial crisis will strike was hard. Not only in form of verb, clause formation consisted adjective and noun construction included in factive items as the following example:

52

4. Goldman claimed to have legally bought the shares through the negotiated

board of the IDX in 2015 from American hedge fund Platinum Partners

without being aware that those shares were tied up in a repurchase

agreement between the businessman and Platinum in return for funding.

(The Editorial Monday, July 10, 2017)

The example (4) used aware that those shares showed the use of another form of factive items, clause formation consisted adjective and noun construction has an element of factivity because it assumes the truth of the adjective aware . Other factive item, such as because, welcomed, has to sign, be able to, have signed to, be able to, given, allow, concluded, the fact is that, has increased, it shows that, that accounted, means that, remain.etc, were found to trigger the presupposition meaning in the editorial texts. The same occurances of factive item forms can be seen in the second appendix of editorial 1 number 11, 15, 25, 31, 43, 45, 50, 55,

61, 62, 63, also in editorial 2 number 4, 6, 7, 13, 16, 18, 23, 44, also in editorial 3 number 17, 25, 30, 37, 42, 45, 49, 55, 58, also in editorial 4 number 9, 15, 17, 18,

26, 27, 30, 44, of editorial 4, also in editorial 5 number 15, 19, 22, 35, 59, 65.

4.1.1.3 Implicative verb

Implicative verb were one of presupposition triggers found in these editorial texts. The following are the the examples of implicative verb in the editorial texts.

5. But with the possibility of HTI members going underground, a more

effective option managed to strengthen our democracy and the critical

thinking of our citizens. (The Editorial Monday, July 24, 2017)

53

The existence of verb managed to in example (5) showed an example of the presence of implicative verbs as a trigger in editorial texts. In saying HTI members managed to the verb ‘managed’ carries asserted and presupposed meaning. The asserted meaning is that HTI members succeesed in doing an effective option. Therefore, in saying something did not manage to do something, the asserted meaning is that something did not succeed, whereas the presupposed meaning (non-asserted) is that the person tried to do that something. So,

‘managed’ is conventionally interpreted as asserting ‘succeeded’ and presupposing ‘tried’.

As International Monetary Fund (IMF) deputy managing director Mitsuhiro

Furusawa noted in Jakarta on Wednesday, a minimum tax ratio of 15 percent

is needed to significantly accelerate growth and development. (The Editorial

Monday, July 17, 2017

The existence of verb needed to in example showed an example of the presence of implicative verbs as a trigger in editorial texts. In saying a minimum tax ratio of 15 percent is needed to the verb ‘needed’ carries asserted and presupposed meaning. The asserted meaning is that a minimum tax ratio of 15 percent was not significantly accelerate growth and development. Therefore, in saying something needed to, the asserted meaning is that something did not succeed, whereas the presupposed meaning (non-asserted) is that something tried be better. So, ‘needed’ is conventionally interpreted as asserting ‘succeeded’ and presupposing ‘tried’.

54

4.1.1.4 Change of State Verb

Change of state verb, or sometimes known as aspectual verb were found in

the analysis of presupposition triggers in the editorial texts of The Jakarta

Post. Here are the examples:

6. And the witch-hunt begins. (The Editorial, Monday, July 24, 2017)

7. This means that most small and mid-size banks that face severe liquidity

problems or insolvency will either be taken over or closed down by the

LPS. (The Editorial, Monday, July 24, 2017)

The example (6) and (7) above provided the verbs begin and taken to trigger presupposition. The word begin known as degree achievement. It was claimed that the verb begin were doing a processing act did by the actor to thepatient, in this case the witch hunt. The word taken also known as degree achievement denote that the event in this case liquidity problems or insolvency was in half progress happened. It represented the change of state verb denoted to map the event and arouse the presupposition that the event was in half progress happenend or done already for that time. The same occurances of change of state verb can be seen in the second appendix of editorial 2 number 33, also in editorial 3 number 2,

9, 14, 28, also in editorial 4 number 29, 46, 47, and in editorial 5 number 2, 38, and 42

4.1.1.5 Verbs of Judging

As one of the presupposition triggers, verb of judging was also found in the editorial texts, such as in the following examples:

55

8. The IS threat, too, looms large at home as evinced by the attacks blamed

on members of its affiliated groups, in particular against the police, since

last year. (The Editorial, Monday, July 3, 2017)

9. The threat of the dismissal of university lecturers accused of having links

to Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI) harks back to the 1960s witch-hunt

against anyone associated with communists, along with similar

crackdowns on “reds” across the United States. (The Editorial, Monday,

July 24 th , 2017)

Example (8) and (9) above showed the occurences of verb blamed and accused, which trigger the presupposition. The verb blamed made such a belief that members of its affiliated groups, in particular against the police evinced by the attacks came from islamic state. The verb accused also trigger apresupposition since it made such a belief that The threat of the dismissal of university lectures have a link to Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia. Another same occurances of verbs of judging can be seen in the second appendix of editorial 1 number 20 and 61, also in editorial 2 number 19 and in editorial 5 number 5.

4.1.1.6 Iterative Items

Iterative, or sometimes called repetition, were found in editorials to presuppose the existence of world. The iterative items were not only found in verb form, which concerned the use of prefix re -after a verb, it was also found any kind of lexical which seemed to be repeated, as in the following examples:

10. Jakartans were shocked again late Friday following an attack on two

policemen by a knife-wielding man who had prayed next to them at a

56

mosque near the National Police headquarters in South Jakarta. (The

Editorial, Monday, July 3 th , 2017)

11. The threat of the dismissal of university lecturers accused of having links

to Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI) harks back to the 1960s witch-hunt

against anyone associated with communists, along with similar

crackdowns on “reds” across the United States. (The Editorial, Monday,

July 24 th , 2017)

Example (10) and (11) above presented the use of lexical which seemed to be repeated. Another lexical item such as another, repeal, restore, too, still, and prefix re- also a kind of iterative item that trigger the presupposition in editorial text. The same occurrences of iterative items in the editorial texts can be seen in the second appendix of editorial 1 number 18, 26, 29, 32, also in editorial 2 number 45 also in editorial 3 number 15, 47, also in editorial 4 number 31 and editorial 5 number 6.

4.1.1.7 Cleft Sentence

Cleft sentences is one of presupposition triggers that also often occured in these editorial text. It consist of two types, It cleft and Wh cleft such as in the following example:

12. Indonesia especially will be able to significantly boost its tax base through

the AEOI. (The Editorial, Monday, July 17 th , 2017)

13. What makes the position of depositors even more precarious in a major

crisis is that the PPKSK Law allows the LPS to bail out only the

57

systemically important banks (the 20 largest). (The Editorial, Monday,

July 24 th , 2017)

Here sentence (12) displayed an example of It-cleft construction and sentence

(13) displayed wh-cleft consruction. So the occurances of such constructions triggers a presupposition. Not only it-cleft and wh-cleft that trigger a presupposition, another kinds of cleft sentence also found in editorial text such as a relative like dependent clause introduced by that, who, which, or zero . The following are the examples:

14. Jakartans were shocked again late Friday following an attack on two

policemen by a knife-wielding man who had prayed next to them at a

mosque near the National Police headquarters in South Jakarta. (The

Editorial, Monday, July 3 th , 2017)

15. Many of us cheer the government’s firmness on HTI and like-minded

groups who preach that a caliphate would solve all worldly problems. (The

Editorial, Monday, July 24 th 2017)

Based on the example (14) and (15) it showed that there are another form of cleft sentences found in editorial texts. It based on the theory of pragmatic presupposition which discussed in theoritical review. The data analysis showed that cleft sentences also often occured in the editorial texts of The Jakarta Post.

The same occurances of cleft sentence forms can be seen in the second appendix of editorial 1 number 6, 21, 27, 30, 69, also in editorial 2 number 5, 10, 14, 24, 35,

36, 47 also in editorial 3 number 16, 19, 33, 35, 43, 50, 54, 56, , also in editorial 4 number 3, 4, 5, 6, 35, 37, 41, 45, 55, also in editorial 5 number 26, 27, 55, 57, 62

58

4.1.1.8 Temporal Clauses

Temporal clause is one of adverbial clauses which reffered to trigger presupposition. That signed with the occurance of preposition of time such as after, during, whenever, since, before, after, when, while, as etc. The following are the example of temporal clauses used as presupposition trigger in editorial text.

16. The IS threat, too, looms large at home as evinced by the attacks blamed

on members of its affiliated groups, in particular against the police, since

last year. ( The Editorial, Monday July, 3 th , 2017)

17. While the IS is a clear and present danger for Indonesia and the region, a

decision to send military troops to help the Philippines must consider

several factors ( The Editorial, Monday July, 3 th 2017)

18. The role of campuses in the past witchhunt came to light after testimonies

presented at the International People’s Tribunal on the 1965 events last

year at The Hague in the Netherlands, where several elderly exiles,

including former students, have died. (The Editorial, Monday July 31 st

2017)

Example (16), (17) and (18) displayed the use of temporal clauses as the complement of the sentence to trigger a presupposition. the word since, while, after in the sentence showed the time of the event which called temporal clauses which denote the time of the event. Another same occurrences of temporal clauses in the editorial texts can be seen in the second appendix of editorial 1 number 9,

23, 37, 47, 48 also in editorial 2 number 8, also in editorial 3 number 24, 26 also in editorial 4 number 11,36, 38, also in editorial 5 number 33, 39, 53, 56

59

4.1.1.9 Comparative Construction

Comparative construction is one of presupposition that often occured in these editorial text. It focused on the use of comparative construction since it marks these trigger based on construction, such as Adjective-er + then nd As + adjective

+ as signal the occurence of presupposition as illustrated in the following sentences:

19. The ceiling is way higher than in most other countries, where it ranges

from $90,000 to $100,000. (The Editorial, Monday, July 24 th , 2017)

Example (19) show that the use of comparative construction in sentence trigger the presupposition. Another comparative construction used in editorial text such as more than, rather than,stronger, compared to, harder, unlike, less than, more effective, etc. The following are the examples of another comparative construction found in the editorial text

20. The House also has yet to ratify two other agreements that the government

and more than 100 other countries have signed to implement the AEOI.

(The Editorial Monday, July 17 th 2017)

21. Experience from the 1997-1998 financial and economic crisis shows that

even the closure of 15 small banks that accounted for less than 2 percent of

the total banking assets could trigger financial panic. (The Editorial,

Monday July, 24 th 2017)

22. First, the Constitution says Indonesia should contribute to maintain world

peace, meaning deployment of troops abroad is restricted to peacekeeping

60

rather than combat; our role in the UN peacekeeping forces has gained

international recognition. (The Editorial, Monday July 3 th , 2017)

Those example imply that the use of comparative construction in sentence concentrate to on the degree of complement following the adjectives in clauses.

The basis of comparison is often implicit, so that the adressee must infer the basis from the wider context. This means particular elements into additional focus may be contrastive. Thus this means the comparative construction is formed in the sentence may presuppose a hidden meaning. Another occurrences of comparative construction in the editorial texts can be seen in the second appendix of this thesis

4.1.1.10 Counterfactual conditional

Counterfactual conditional clause, or known as unreal conditional sentence, was rarely found to trigger presupposition in editorial text of The Jakarta Post.

Here are the example:

23. Only systematically important banks are entitled to short-term liquidity

credits from Bank Indonesia if they have enough securities to cover loans.

(The Editorial July, Monday, 24 th 2017)

The sentence (23) bring the contrary to the fact. What if-clause stated in positive senetence presuppose the contrast meaning, and just the opposite. Based on the example above, this conditional structure of the type generally presuppose that the information in the if-clause is not true at the time of uttarance. Another lexical such as unless also refered to countefactual conditional but it didn’t exist in these editorial text. Another occurrences of counterfactual conditional in the editorial texts can be seen in the second appendix of this thesis

61

4.1.1.11 Non restrictive relative clauses

Non restrictive relative clause is one of presupposition triggers found in editorial text of the Jakarta Post. This clause formed of relative clause of wh- words that separated with the main clause. Here are the examples

24. Dispatching forces abroad would need the approval of the House of

Representatives, which would at least first review our laws including those

on the military. (The Editorial, Monday July 3 th 2017)

25. The government has yet to work harder to meet legislative and regulatory

requirements to be able to hunt down tax evaders overseas under the

Automatic Exchange of Information (AEOI) global agreement between tax

authorities, which has been signed by more than 100 countries, including

the so-called tax-haven countries. (The Editorial, Monday July 17 th , 2017)

26. The role of campuses in the past witchhunt came to light after testimonies

presented at the International People’s Tribunal on the 1965 events last

year at The Hague in the Netherlands, where several elderly exiles,

including former students, have died.( The Editorial, Monday July 24 th ,

2017)

Example (24) (25) and (26) preseted the use of wh-word such as which and where as a presupposition trigger. Non-restrictive clause is marked to loose of non restrictive relationship which is often semantically indistinguishable from coordination (with or without conjunction) or adverbial subordination. Another occurrences of non restrictive relative clauses in the editorial texts can be seen in the second appendix of this thesis

62

4.1.1.12 Question

The question construction are also one of linguistic expression that rarely triggers the presupposition in these editorial text of the Jakarta Post. The following are the examples:

27. As we have yet to resolve this ugly chapter, can we guarantee the

traumatic events will not recur? True, we will not likely go around

butchering people in 42the name of Pancasila. (The Jakarata Post, Monday

July 24 th , 2017)

28. Other big questions then are: How could such share deals have been closed

without the knowledge of the IDX management?, why was such a big

share repo agreement not registered with the IDX? and how could the

detective bureau of the National Police have been so quick to freeze the

shares at the custodian bank while the IDX management and the Financial

Services Authority simply sat idly by? (The Jakarta Post, Monday, July

10 th 2017)

The example (27) and (28) above displayed the use of question as presupposition triggers. The question were formed in the auxilary verb and Wh- question. Another occurrences of question as a trigger in the editorial texts can be seen in the second appendix of this thesis

There were 13 presupposition triggers were found in The editorial text of The

Jakarta Post. One of presupposition triggers namely Implicit cleft with stressed constituents was not found in the editorial text of The Jakarta Post. Besides, it was

63 found also other trigger namely non factive items that were considered to trigger the presupposition.

4.1.1.13 Nonfactive items

Nonfactive items is one of presupposition triggers found in editorial text of the

Jakarta Post. The term “non factive”was used in the classification of verbs, referring to a verb which takes a complement clause, and where the addresser assumed no to be necessarily true. The following are the the examples of non factive verb in the editorial texts.

29. With this new weapon, the new rule banning mass organizations deemed

incompatible with the Pancasila state ideology, the government has banned

HTI, which campaigns for a caliphate.

In example (5) the nonfactive verb deemed is a kind of non factive verb which trigger non factive presupposition. the word deemed denote the statement was based on opinion. Since the wor deemed showed the statement basedon opinion it called nonfactive verb. The use of the word likely also refer to nonfactive items.

Such as in he following example:

30. As we have yet to resolve this ugly chapter, can we guarantee the

traumatic events will not recur? True, we will 6likely go around butchering

people in the name of Pancasila

In example (6) likey is a kind of non factive items which trigger the presupposition in the sentence. The word likely denote uncertainty of occurance.

Uncertainty of occurance was the characteristic of non factive items. Another

64 occurance of non factive items which trigger could be seen in the second appendix.

As the result there existed 13 presupposition triggers namely definite descriptions, factive verbs, implicative verbs, change of state verbs Iteratives verbs of Judging, temporal clauses, cleft sentences, comparative construction, non-restrictive relative clause, counterfactual conditionals, questions, and nonfactive items which trigger the presupposition in the editorial texts of The

Jakarta Post. These trigger had been analyzed and counted for its number occurences.

4.1.2 The Types of Presupposition in Editorial of The Jakarta Post

Presupposition triggers as a sources of presupposition has been associated with the use of those thirteen presupposition triggers (Levinson: 1983), namely definite descriptions, factive verbs, implicative verbs, change of state verbs, iteratives , verbs of Judging, temporal clauses, cleft sentences, implicit cleft with stressed constituents, comparisons and contrast, non-restrictive relative clause, counterfactual conditionals, questions. Based on Yule’s pragmatic theory of presupposition there are six types of presupposition namely existential presupposition, lexical presupposition, structural presupposition, factive presupposition, factive presupposition, non-factive presupposition, and counterfactual prespposition, which form the core of the phenomenon. However, each type of presupposition triggered by presupposition triggers. Here the writer tried to explain the types of presupposition in editorial text of The Jakarta Post which triggered by those thirteen presupposition triggers. The following

65 explanation pointed the types of presupposition based on its trigger in editorial of

The Jakarta Post, which has been analyzed by the writer.

4.1.2.1 The Existential presupposition

The first type is existential presupposition. It typically presupposes the existence of something or some ideas. It is usually triggerd by definite descriptions which are formed by using proper names, definite article, demonstrative pronoun and possesives. Below are the example of existential presupposition which triggered by definite description:

31. 1President Duterte’s invitation is appealing as 2the military operation the

Philippine Army is conducting directly impacts 3our national security, not

only because of 4the involvement of dozens of Indonesian “jihadists” loyal

to 5the Islamic State (IS) terrorist group in 6their first campaign outside of

the Middle East, but also because of 7the conflict’s possible expansion into

Indonesia. (The Editorial, Monday, July 3 rd , 2017)

In example (31) there were 7 definite description which trigger existential presupposition. In underline (1) definite name as one of definite description displayed the existence of president Duterte. In underline (2) (4) (5) and (7) definite article ‘the’ as one of definite description displayed the existence of military operation, involvment of dozens, islamic state terrorist group, and conflic’s possible expansion. In underline (3) and (6) possesive adjective as one of definite description displayed the existence of national security and first campain.

In the present study those linguistic constructions that are associated with a presupposition of existence are referred to as Existential presupposition.

66

Therefore, definite description trigger existential presupposition in the editorial text. The number of the occurences of definite description which trigger existential presupposition can be seen in the second Appendix.

4.1.2.2 Factive Presupposition

The second type of presupposition is factive presupposition. It is usually triggered by factive items. Factive items derived from some factive items such as factive verb that can conclude a fact follows. Below are the examples of factive items which trigger factive presupposition.

32. It was recently forced to cut various expenditure allocations and revise

upward its budget deficit estimate to 2.9 percent for this year, only one

notch below the fiscal deficit ceiling of 3 percent as mandated by law,

because tax receipts are estimated to be way below the target. (The

Editorial Monday, July 17, 2017)

33. The problem, though, is that we hardly know when or from where a

financial crisis will strike. (The Editorial Monday, July 24th, 2017)

The existence of verb forced and know in example (32) and (33) showed some example of the presence of factive verbs as a trigger in editorial texts. In example

(32) and (33) the factive verb forced and know are a kinds of factive items which trigger factive presupposition. The word forced in the sentence has the element of factuality because it was related to the time recently . The word know has the element of factivity because it asserts a personal knowledge about the truth of knowing when or from where a financial crisis will strike was hard. Since these verbs has the element of factuality its called factive items which trigger factive

67 presupposition. Not only in form of verb, clause formation consisted adjective and noun construction included in factive items as the following example:

34. Goldman claimed to have legally bought the shares through the negotiated

board of the IDX in 2015 from American hedge fund Platinum Partners

without being aware that those shares were tied up in a repurchase

agreement between the businessman and Platinum in return for funding.

(The Editorial Monday, July 10, 2017)

In example (34) aware that those... is a kind of factive items which trigger factive presupposition. The presupposed information following the factive items can be trated a a fact and is described as a factive presupposition. The number of the occurences of factive items which trigger existential presupposition can be seen in the second appendix.

4.1.2.3 The Non Factive Presupposition

The third type of presupposition is non factive presupposition. It is usually triggered by non factive verb. Below are the examples of non factive verb which trigger non factive presupposition.

35. With this new weapon, the new rule banning mass organizations deemed

incompatible with the Pancasila state ideology, the government has banned

HTI, which campaigns for a caliphate.

In example (35) the nonfactive verb deemed is a kind of non factive verb which trigger non factive presupposition. The word deemed denote the statement was based on opinion. Since the word deemed showed the statement based on opinion

68 it called nonfactive verb where nonfactive verb will trigger nonfactive presupposition. The use of the word likely also refer to nonfactive items. Such as in the following example:

36. As we have yet to resolve this ugly chapter, can we guarantee the

traumatic events will not recur? True, we will 6likely go around butchering

people in the name of Pancasila

In example (36) likey is a kind of non factive items which trigger the presupposition in the sentence. The word likely denote uncertainty of occurance.

Uncertainty of occurance was the characteristic of non factive items, thats why likely included in nonfactive items. Since the word likely denote uncertainty of occurance it trigger nonfactive presupposition in the sentence. Another occurance of non factive items which trigger could be seen in the second appendix.

4.1.2.4 The Lexical Presupposition

The third type of presupposition is lexical presupposition. This kind of presupposition presupposes the truth of what is stated. It is usually triggered by implicative verb, change of state verb, verbs of judging and iterative item. Below are the lexical presupposition:

37. But with the possibility of HTI members going underground, a more

effective option managed to strengthen our democracy and the critical

thinking of our citizens. (The Editorial Monday, July 24, 2017)

In example (7) the verb managed to is the kind of implicative verb which trigger the lexical presupposition.

69

38. And the witch-hunt begins. (The Editorial, Monday, July 24, 2017)

39. This means that most small and mid-size banks that face severe liquidity

problems or insolvency will either be taken over or closed down by the

LPS. (The Editorial, Monday, July 24, 2017)

In example (8) and (9) the verb begin and taken are the kind of change of state verb which trigger the lexical presupposition. Another kind of presupposition trigger which trigger lexical presupposition is verb of judging. The following are examples:

40. The IS threat, 20too, looms large at home as evinced by the attacks blamed

on members of its affiliated groups, in particular against the police, since

last year. (The Editorial, Monday, July 3, 2017)

41. The threat of the dismissal of university lecturers accused of having links

to Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI) harks back to the 1960s witch-hunt

against anyone associated with communists, along with similar

crackdowns on “reds” across the United States. (The Editorial, Monday,

July 24 th , 2017)

In example (10) and (11) the lexis blamed and accused are the kind of verb of judging which also trigger lexical presupposition. Iterative item also a kind of presupposition trigger which trigger lexical preuspposition. Here are the examples:

42. Jakartans were shocked again late Friday following an attack on two

policemen by a knife-wielding man who had prayed next to them at a

70

mosque near the National Police headquarters in South Jakarta. (The

Editorial, Monday, July 3 th , 2017)

43. The threat of the dismissal of university lecturers accused of having links

to Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI) harks back to the 1960s witch-hunt

against anyone associated with communists, along with similar

crackdowns on “reds” across the United States. (The Editorial, Monday,

July 24 th , 2017)

In example (12) and (13) the lexis again and back are iterative items which trigger lexical presupposition. Lexical presupposition is the use of one form with its asserted meaning is conventionally interpreted with the presupposition that another (non-asserted) meaning is understood. Change of state verb, verbs of judging and iterative item trigger lexical presupposition in the editorial text. The number of the occurences of change of state verb, verbs of judging and iterative item which trigger existential presupposition can be seen in the second Appendix of this thesis.

4.1.2.5 The Structural Presupposition

The fourth type of presupposition is structural presupposition. It is usually triggered by cleft constructions, question, temporal clause, non restrictive relative clause and comparison and contrast. The following are the examples:

44. Indonesia especially will be able to significantly boost its tax base through

the AEOI. (The Editorial, Monday, July 17 th , 2017)

45. What makes the position of depositors even more precarious in a major

crisis is that the PPKSK Law allows the LPS to bail out only the

71

systemically important banks (the 20 largest). (The Editorial, Monday,

July 24 th , 2017)

In example (14) and (15) it-cleft and wh-cleft are the kind of cleft constructions which trigger the structural presupposition. Another cleft construction which trigger the structural presupposition is question. Here are the examples:

46. As we have yet to resolve this ugly chapter, can we guarantee the

traumatic events will not recur? True, we will not likely go around

butchering people in 42the name of Pancasila. (The Jakarata Post, Monday

July 24 th , 2017)

47. Other big questions then are: How could such share deals have been closed

without the knowledge of the IDX management?, why was such a big

share repo agreement not registered with the IDX? and how could the

detective bureau of the National Police have been so quick to freeze the

shares at the custodian bank while the IDX management and the Financial

Services Authority simply sat idly by? (The Jakarta Post, Monday, July

10 th 2017)

In example (16) and (17) the form of question trigger the structural presupposition. Temporal clauses also trigger the structural presupposition, such as the following examples:

48. While the IS is a clear and present danger for Indonesia and the region, a

decision to send military troops to help the Philippines must consider

several factors ( The Editorial, Monday July, 3 th 2017)

72

49. The role of campuses in the past witchhunt came to light after testimonies

presented at the International People’s Tribunal on the 1965 events last

year at The Hague in the Netherlands, where several elderly exiles,

including former students, have died. (The Editorial, Monday July 31 st

2017)

In example (18) and (19) the word , while and after are the form of temporal clauses which trigger the structural presupposition. Another presuposition trigger which trigger the structural presupposition is non restrictive relative clause. Here are the examples:

50. The government has yet to work harder to meet legislative and regulatory

requirements to be able to hunt down tax evaders overseas under the

Automatic Exchange of Information (AEOI) global agreement between tax

authorities, which has been signed by more than 100 countries, including

the so-called tax-haven countries. (The Editorial, Monday July 17 th , 2017)

51. The role of campuses in the past witchhunt came to light after testimonies

presented at the International People’s Tribunal on the 1965 events last

year at The Hague in the Netherlands, where several elderly exiles,

including former students, have died.( The Editorial, Monday July 24 th ,

2017)

In example (20) and (21) the word which and where used in the form of non restrictive relative clause which trigger the structural presupposition. The last presupposition triggers which trigger the structural presupposition is comparative construction. The following are the examples:

73

52. The ceiling is way higher than in most other countries, where it ranges

from $90,000 to $100,000. (The Editorial, Monday, July 24 th , 2017)

In example (22) the word higher in the form of adjective + er as a comparative construction trigger the structural presupposition. Another form of comparative construction which trigger the structural presupposition can be seen in the second appendix.

4.1.2.6 The Counterfactual Presupposition

The fifth type of presupposition is the counterfactual presupposition. It is

usually triggered by conditional clause. The following was the example

53. Only systematically important banks are entitled to short-term liquidity

credits from Bank Indonesia if they have enough securities to cover loans.

(The Editorial July, Monday, 24 th 2017)

In example (23) the if clause is the form counterfactual conditional which

trigger the counterfactual presupposition. The presence of counterfactual

conditional if created the meaning that the fact is they didn’t have enough

securities to cover loans. It means the presence of counterfactual conditional if

create a meaning that what is presupposed is the opposite of what is true or

contrary to the facts. Since counterfactual conditional create a meaning that

what is presupposed is the opposite of what is true or contrary to the facts its

trigger counterfactual presupposition. A counterfactual presupposition has a

meaning that what is presupposed not only true, but it is the opposite of what

is true or contrary to the facts.

74

Overall, there are six types of presupposition based on Yule’s pragmatic

theory of presupposition, in the editorial of the Jakarta Post the writer found

those six types of presupposition namely existential presupposition, factive

presupposition, non factive presupposition, lexical presupposition, structural

presupposition, and counterfactual presuposition.

4.1.3 The Realization of Presupposition Triggers in the Types of

Presupposition

The thirteen types of presupposition triggers including definite description, factive verbs, implicative verb, change of state verb, iterative, verb of judging, temporal clauses, cleft sentence, implicit cleft with stressed constituents, comparison and contrast, non restrictive relative clause, counterfactual conditional, question. Those presupposition triggers denote the presence of presupposition in the speaker’s uttarance or the writer’s statement. There are six types of presupposition namely existential presupposition, factive presupposition, non factive presupposition, lexical presupposition, structural presupposition and counterfactual presupposition. Those six types of presupposition triggered by those presupposition triggers. This chapter provided a detailed analysis of the realization of presupposition triggers in the types of presupposition.

4.1.3.1 Existential presupposition

In the present study those linguistic constructions that are associated with a presupposition of existence are referred to as Existential presupposition. This kind of presupposition was realized through definite descriptions. As mentioned before definite description not only in the form of definite article but also more generally

75 in any name or definite noun phrase, possesive construction or in which the adresser is assumed to be committed to the existence of the entities named. The following excerpts exemplify this type of presupposition through the realization of definite description identified in the selected editorials of The Jakarta Post.

1. Controversy is brewing as to whether 1Indonesia should accept 2Philippine

President Rodrigo Duterte’3s request for troops to help 4his government

fight 5the terrorist group that now controls part of 6Marawi city on the

southern island of Mindanao. (The Editorial, Monday, July 3 rd , 2017)

1. >> There exist Indonesian country in the ongoing controversy.

2. >> Philiphine president is Rodrigo Duterte

3. >> Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte has a request

4. >> Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte has a govenrment

5. >> There exist the terrorist group

6. >> There exist a city named Marawi on the southern island of

Mindanao.

(The symbol “>>” is used to stand for “presupposes” and presupposition trigers are in the underlined lexical, phrasal or structural form)

The example (1) showed that there were six presupposition which included into existential presuppposition. It is existential presupposition because of the realization of definite description which are associated to the existence of something. Definite description in this sentence is presented in any definite name such as Indonesia, Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte, Marawi city. It can be assumed that those definite name are exist. Another definite description is

76 presented in definite article such as the terrorist group . Here the article the refer to the existence of terrorist group that now controls part of Marawi city. Definite description also presented through possessive constructions such as Philippine

President Rodrigo Duterte’s request, his government. It can be assume that rodrigo duterte has a request and He has the government which refer to Philipine government. This proved that the writer of the editorial shared their background kowledge formed in definite description which present the existentce of the event.

In summary, all definite description which realized in the sentence were referred to the Existential presupposition because those linguistic constructions that are associated with a presupposition of existence are referred to existential presupposition. Their occurences also were found mostly each editorials of the

Jakarta Post. Other definite description which realized in existential presupposition are: president duterte’s invitation, our national security, the involvment of dozens, the islamic state (IS), their first campaign,Jakartans, the constitution, Joko widodo,the three cities, etc were found to trigger the existential presuppositin in the editorial text of the Jakarta post.

4.1.3.2 Factive presupposition

The presupposed information after certain verbs can be categorized as either

“factive” or “non-factive”. The difference between factive and non-factive lies in their semantic properties. That is, the “truth” of the sentential complement is presupposed in factive verbs but it is not presupposed in non-factive one. Factive presupposition were triggerered by factive items or factive verb. For example, the following excerpt represents the realization of factive items in factive presupposition.

77

2. It was recently 2forced to cut various expenditure allocations and revise

upward its budget deficit estimate to 2.9 percent for this year, only one

notch below the fiscal deficit ceiling of 3 percent as mandated by law,

because tax receipts are estimated to be way below the target. (The

Editorial Monday, July 17, 2017)

2 >> to cut various expenditure allocations and revise upward its budget deficit estimate to 2.9 percent for this year wasrecently forced by the goventment

The realization of the factive verb forced in example (2) refer to factive presupposition because the factive verb that realized in the sentence to denote facts. In this case the fact is to cut various expenditure allocations and revise upward its budget deficit estimate to 2.9 percent for this year was recently forced by the govenrment. It can be said that the fact is shows through the phrase after the factive verb. In this sentence, the factive presupposition is indicated from the verb forced that can be treated as a fact.

3. The problem, though, is that we hardly 3know when or from where a

financial crisis will strike. (The Editorial Monday, July 24th, 2017)

3 >> a financial crisis will strike

The realization of the factive verb know in example (3) refer to factive presupposition because the factive verb that realized in the sentence to denote facts. In this case the fact is a financial crisis will strike. It can be said that the fact is shows through the phrase after the factive verb. In this sentence, the factive presupposition is indicated from the verb know that can be treated as a fact.

78

4. Goldman claimed to have legally bought the shares through the negotiated

board of the IDX in 2015 from American hedge fund Platinum Partners

without 4being aware that those shares were tied up in a repurchase

agreement between the businessman and Platinum in return for funding.

(The Editorial Monday, July 10, 2017)

4 >> Those shares were tied up in a repurchase agreement between the

businisman and Platinum in return for funding

The realization of the factive item in the form of it + be + adjective in example (4) refer to factive presupposition because the factive form it + be + adjective that realized in the sentence to denote facts. In this case the fact is those shares were tied up in a repurchase agreement between the businessman and

Platinum in return for funding. It can be said that the fact is shows through the phrase after the form of it + be + adjective . In this sentence, the factive presupposition is indicated from the phrase being aware that can be treated as a fact. In the editorial text of The Jakarta post another factive presupposition were triggered through because, were shocked, prayed, attacked, welcomed,said, gained, failed, desaigned, preceded, buoyed, called, asked, showed, discerned,claimed, have signed, have placed, be able to, has validated, noted etc.

The occurance of factive presupposition in the editorial presuppose the truth of their complement clause. The presupposed information following factive verb or another factive item as in the example (2) (3) (4) and another factive item mentioned above were treated as a fact where the adresser presupposes the truth of the proposition expressed through the clause. By using factive item the writer makes the eader trust the information as fact.

79

4.1.3.3 Non Factive Presupposition

The third type of presupposition is called non factive presupposition, which is assumed not to be true. It is Non Factive presupposition because it is associated with some verbs or items that are assumed not to be true. The following excerpts represents the non factive presupposition triggered by non factive verb:

5. With this new weapon, the new rule banning mass organizations 5deemed

incompatible with the Pancasila state ideology, the government has banned

HTI, which campaigns for a caliphate.

5 >> The new rule banning mass organizations incompatible with the Pancasila state ideology

The realization of non factive verb deemed in example (5) refer to non factive presupposition because the presupposition The new rule banning mass organizations incompatible with the Pancasila state ideology is not necessarily true. The nonfactive verb deemed show that the statement after it was an assumption. It can be said the statement assumed not to be necessarily true because the present of the word deemed as one of nonfactive verb.

Moreover, the word likely refer to non factive presupposition. In the editorial the writer also found the word likely used by the editorialist. The following represent the example

6. As we have yet to resolve this ugly chapter, can we guarantee the

traumatic events will not recur? True, we will 6likely go around butchering

people in the name of Pancasila

80

6 >> we might or might not go around butchering people in in the name of

Pancasila.

The realization of the word likely in example (6) refer to nonfactive presupposition because the presupposition we might or might not go around butchering people in in the name of Pancasila is not necessarily true. The word likely show that the statement after it was doubt about its certainty. It can be said the statement assumed not to be necessarily true because the present of the word likely as one of the word that trigger nonfactive presupposition. Other verbs like dream, imagine, and pretend also trigger non factive presupposition in the sentence.

4.1.3.4 Lexical presupposition

Lexical Presupposition is frequently occurring type in the selected editorial text of the Jakarta post. In this type, the use of one form with its asserted meaning is conventionally interpreted with the presupposition that another (non-asserted) meaning is understood. It is also can be said that Lexical Presupposition is the assumption that, in using one word, the speaker can act as if another meaning

(word) will be understood. Lexical presupposition triggered by implicative verb, change of state verb, verbs of judging and iterative item. The realization of those presupposition triggers in this type of presupposition can be seen in the following examples from the editorial text of the Jakarta post.

7. But with the possibility of HTI members going underground, a more

effective option 7managed to strengthen our democracy and the critical

thinking of our citizens. (The Editorial, Monday, July 24, 2017)

81

7 >> a more effective option tried to stengthen our democracy

The realization of the implicative verb managed in example (7) refer to lexical presupposition because there is the use of one form with its asserted meaning is conventionally interpreted with the presupposition that another (nonasserted) meaning is understood (Yule: 1996). The word managed indicate that a more effective option tried to do something to strengthen our democracy. It can be said that presupposition which triggered by the using of implicative word such as managed can be treated as lexical presupposition

8. And the witch-hunt 8begins. (The Editorial, Monday, July 24, 2017)

8 >> the witch-hunt is happening

The realization of change of state verb begin in the example (8) refer to lexical presupposition. The occurance of such verbs begin, start stop, continue, finish, change, cease, come, go, atc distinguished property of the much discussed set of change of state verbs known as degree achievements (Hovav and Levin, 2002:4) it was claimed that these verb doing a processing act did by the actor to the patient, in this case an object. It represented the change of state verb denoted to map the event and arouse the presupposition that event was in half progress happened or done already for that time. In this sentence it represented that the event in a half progrees happened at that time. Since change of state verb also the use of one form with its asserted meaning is conventionally interpreted with the presupposition that another (nonasserted) meaning is understood it’s include in lexical presupposition.

82

9. The threat of the dismissal of university lecturers 9accused of having links

to Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI) harks back to the 1960s witch-hunt

against anyone associated with communists, along with similar

crackdowns on “reds” across the United States. (The Editorial, Monday,

July 24 th , 2017)

9>> having links to Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI) was banned

The realization of verb of judging accused in example (9) refer to lexical presupposition because there is the use of one form with its asserted meaning is conventionally interpreted with the presupposition that another (nonasserted) meaning is understood. “the dismissal of university lecturers accused of having links to Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI)” indicates that having links to Hizbut

Tahrir Indonesia (HTI) was banned. Presupposition is triggered by the using of word accused. The word accused , criticized which realized in the sentence trigger the lexical presupposition.

10. Jakartans were shocked 10 again late Friday following an attack on two

policemen by a knife-wielding man who had prayed next to them at a

mosque near the National Police headquarters in South Jakarta. (The

Editorial, Monday, July 3 th , 2017)

10 >> Jakartans once were shocked

The realization of iterative item again , in example (10) refer to lexical presupposition because there is the use of one form with its asserted meaning is conventionally interpreted with the presupposition that another (nonasserted) meaning is understood. “Jakarta were shocked again late friday” indicates that

83

Jakarta once were shocked. Presupposition is triggered by the using of word again . And by saying " Jakarta were shocked again late friday ", The writer strives to tell the reader that jakarta hopes not to shocked again later.

Presupposition is triggered by the using of word again . The word again, also, either, another, repeal, restore, too, still, and prefix re- which realized in the sentence trigger the lexical presupposition.

4.1.3.5 Structural Presupposition

In addition to the presuppositions that are associated with the use of certain words and phrases, there are also structural presuppositions. In this case, certain sentence structures have been analyzed as conventionally and regularly presupposing that part of the structure is assumed to be true. One might say that speakers can use such structures to treat information as presupposed (assumed to be true) and hence to be accepted as true by the listeners. Certain words and phrases which trigger the presupposition is called presupposition triggers.

Structural presupposition usually triggered by cleft constructions, question, temporal clause, non restrictive relative clause and comparative construction. The following explained the realization of those presupposition trigger in the structural presupposition.

11. 11 What makes the position of depositors even more precarious in a major

crisis is that the PPKSK Law allows the LPS to bail out only the

systemically important banks (the 20 largest). (The Editorial, Monday,

July 24 th , 2017)

84

11 >> The PPKSK Law allows the LPS to bail out only the systemically important banks (the 20 largest) make the position of depositors even more precarious in a major crisis.

The realization of wh-cleft , in example (12) refer to structural presupposition because the word what is typically own point to focus to something in the sentence. It presuppose that The PPKSK Law allows the LPS to bail out only the systemically important banks (the 20 largest) is the focus thing that make the position of depositors even more precarious in a major crisis, not other thing. Not only wh-cleft, it -cleft also a kind of cleft constructions which trigger the structural presupposition. Here is the example:

12. Indonesia especially will be able to significantly boost 12 its tax base

through the AEOI. (The Editorial, Monday, July 17 th , 2017)

12 >> Indonesian tax base

The realization of it-cleft in example (13) refer to structural presupposition because it cleft here aims to bring particular elements into additional focus. It presupposes indonesia tex base that will be able to significantly boosted through the AEOI, not other country. This means that the word it typically own point to focus to something in the sentence. Thus it can be concluded that cleft construction aims to bring particular elements into additional focus, which it may be constrastive. It -clef and wh -cleft refers to structural presupposition because it is associated with certain sentences structures, where the writer treats them as presupposed information and accepted be true by listeners. It can be seen in the use of what and it in the sentence (11) and (12),

85 which is the information after what and it is already known to be case. This means that the word wh-cleft typically own point to focus to something in the sentence.so the occurence of such constructions triggers a presupposition.

The question constructions are also one of linguistic expression that triggers the structural presupposition. Wh-questions introduce the presupposition obtained by replacing the Wh-words by the appropriate existentially quantified variable, for example who by someone, ehere by somewhere, how by somehow, etc. wh-element contains an indefinite expression such as somebody or something and it is assumed to be true by whoever uses questions. This means the writer presuppose the information after the WH-form is already acknowledged. Here such presupposition leads the addressee should believe in what the writer or the sowaker believes on, as example below:

13. Other big questions then are: 1How could such share deals have been

closed without the knowledge of the IDX management?, 2why was such a

big share repo agreement not registered with the IDX? and 3how could the

detective bureau of the National Police have been so quick to freeze the

shares at the custodian bank while the IDX management and the Financial

Services Authority simply sat idly by? (The Jakarta Post, Monday, July

10 th 2017)

1 >> Such share deals have been closed without the knowledge of the IDX management

2 >> Such a big share repo agreement not registered with the IDX

86

3 >> The detective bureau of the National Police have been so quick to freeze

the shares at the custodian bank while the IDX management and the Financial

Services Authority simply sat idly by

The realization of question in example (13) refer to structural presupposition because it leads adressers to believe that the information presented is necessarily true, rather than just the presupposition of the person asking the question. In question How could such share deals have been closed without the knowledge of the IDX management shows that the use of question ‘how’ reflects the rest of sentence contain the background information. Its presupposition means that such share deals have been closed without the knowledge of the IDX management. In question why was such a big share repo agreement not registered with the IDX? shows that the use of question ‘why’ reflects the rest of sentence contain the background information that a big share repo agreement not registered with the

IDX. In question how could the detective bureau of the National Police have been so quick to freeze the shares at the custodian bank while the IDX management and the Financial Services Authority simply sat idly by? also shows that the use of question ‘how’ reflects the rest of sentence contain the background information that the detective bureau of the National Police have been so quick to freeze the shares at the custodian bank while the IDX management and the Financial

Services Authority simply satidly by.

Interrogative forms or question have been used in the editorials of the Jakarta post as a further source of presupposition. This kind of presupposition called as structural presupposition presupposes that the information embedded in the

87 question itself is necessarily true. Therefore, the realization of such question construction in sentence generally trigger structural presupposition.

Another type of linguistic construction of presupposition triggers is temporal clauses or adverbial clauses. These clauses here are related to the time clauses with the past reference which triggers presupposition. Here is The editorials’s example below:

14. The role of campuses in the past witchhunt came to light 14 after

testimonies presented at the International People’s Tribunal on the 1965

events last year at The Hague in the Netherlands, where several elderly

exiles, including former students, have died. (The Editorial, Monday July

31 st 2017)

14 >> Testimonies presented at the International People’s Tribunal

The realization of temporal after in example (14) refer to structural presupposition because the use of temporal after refer to the time testimonies presented at the International People’s Tribunal, means there is a time

Testimonies presented at the International People’s Tribunal. This clause such structures to treat information as presupposed (assumed to be true) and hence to be accepted as true by the reader. Adverbial clause use to trigger the presupposition is ‘temporal clause’, which is signed by adverbial of time for example before X, since X, after X, whenever X, as X, during X, while X, etc.

These examples sign the occurance of presupposition in sentence.

The realization of non restrictive clauses also trigger structural presupposition in the sentence. The following is the example

88

15. The government has yet to work harder to meet legislative and regulatory

requirements to be able to hunt down tax evaders overseas under the

Automatic Exchange of Information (AEOI) global agreement between tax

authorities, 15 which has been signed by more than 100 countries, including

the so-called tax-haven countries. (The Editorial, Monday July 17 th , 2017)

15 >> The Automatic Exchange of Information (AEOI) global agreement

between tax authorities has been signed

The realization of temporal non restrictive clause which in example (15) refer to structural presupposition because this clause are not affected by the negation of the main verb out side the relative clause. The present of non restrictive clause which is a part of relative clause give additional information which is not required for identification. This means the writer is already known some information erlier that The Automatic Exchange of Information (AEOI) global agreement between tax authorities has been signed. This clause such structures to treat information as presupposed (assumed to be true) and hence to be accepted as true by the reader.

Non restrictive relative clause can trigger presupposition rather than relative clause.

The last type of linguistic construction of presupposition triggers which trigger structural presupposition in the editorial of the Jakarta post is comparative constructions. Comparative constructions can trigger a presupposition. But this study focuses on the use of comparative construction since it marks these trigger based on construction, such as Adjective-er + than and As + adjective + as signal the occurence of presupposition as illustrated in the following editorial text

89

16. The ceiling is way 16 higher than in most other countries, where it ranges

from $90,000 to $100,000. (The Editorial, Monday, July 24 th , 2017)

16 >> The ceiling is low in other country

The realization of comparative construction higher than in example (16) refer to structural presupposition because the use of comparative construction in the sentence concentrate to on the degree of complement following adjectives in clauses. The basis of comparison is often implicit, so that the adressee must infer the basis from the wider context. This means particular elements into additional focus may be contrastive. Thus this means the comparative construction is formed in the sentence may presuppose a hidden meaning.

After all, this conclude that the realization of certain sentence structures such as cleft constructions, question, temporal clause, non restrictive relative clause and comparative contruction in the sentence trigger the structural presupposition which have been analyzed asconventionally and regularly presupposing that part of the structure is assumed to be true. One might say that speakers can use such structures to treat information as presupposed (assumed to be true) and hence to be accepted as true by the listeners.

4.1.3.6 Counterfactual presupposition

Counter Factual Presupposition is the most rarely occurring type in the editorial text of the Jakarta post. Counter Factual Presupposition is the type of presupposition occurs when the assumption of what is presupposed is not only untrue, but is the opposite of what is true, or contrary to facts. For instance, some

90 conditional structures, generally called counterfactual conditionals, presuppose that the information, in the if- clauses, is not true at the time of utterance.

The following explained the counter factual presupposition in the editorial text of the Jakarta post triggered by conditional clause.

20. Only systematically important banks are entitled to short-term liquidity

credits from Bank Indonesia if they have enough securities to cover loans.

(The Editorial July, Monday, 24 th 2017)

The realization of if-clause, in example (12) refer to counterfactual presupposition because we can presuppose that systematically important banks have not enough securities to cover loans. The fact is those systematically important banks have not enough securities to cover loans. The presupposition of this type can be seen from the if clause construction where the information is not true at the time of the utterance.

4.2 Findings

Based on the data analysis, there are some findings can be explained to simplify the explanation toward the presupposition triggers in editorial texts of the

Jakarta post.

1. The presupposition triggers found in editorial text of the Jakarta post.

There were thirteen presupposition triggers found in the editorial texts of the

Jakarta post. Definite description, factive items, implicative verb, verb of judging, change of state verb, iteretive items, questions, temporal clause, comparative construction, cleft sentence, counterfactual conditional and non restrictive relative

91

clause were definitely found during the data analysis, meanwhile implicit cleft

with stressed constituents was the only trigger which not found in the editorial

texts of the Jakarta post. It is believed that the stress constituents referred to the

characteristic accent and falling intonation found in spoken and were indicated by

large capital letters. Hence this trigger was not coded in any clause or sentence in

the editorial texts..

Besides, among the thirteen triggers, the occurances of presuposition triggers

were mostly found was definite description and the least one was counterfactual

conditional during the data analysis in the editorial texts. Definite description had

surpassed as the first mostly dominant presupposition trigger with 139

occcurances or 46.95% or almost a half of the whole occurances of presupposition

triggers found in the editorial texts. Other triggers followed factive verb with 47

occurances or 15.87% , cleft sentence with 37 occurances or 12.5% , comparative

construction with 21 occurances or 7.09% , temporal clauses with 16 occurances

or 5.40% , change of state verb with 11 occurances or 3.71% , iterative items with

9 occurances or 3.04% , non restrictive relative clauses with 6 occurances or

2.02% , nonfactive verbs with 6 occurances or 2.02%, question with 5 occurances

or 1.68% , implicative verb with 2 occurances or 0.67% , verb of judging wit 2

occurances or 0.67% , counterfactual conditional with 1 occurance or 0.51% and

the last nonfactive verb

Table 4.2 Presupposition triggers in the editorial texts of the Jakarta post

No. Presupposition triggers The number of Percentage

occurances in the

92

editorial text fom July

1st – July 31 st 2017

1. Definite descriptions 139 46.02%

2. Factive verbs 47 15.56%

3. Cleft sentences 37 12.25%

4. Comparative construction 21 6.95%

5. Temporal clauses 16 5.29%

6. Change of state verbs 11 3.64%

7. Iterative items 9 2.98%

8. Non restrictive relative clause 6 1.98%

9. Question 5 1.65%

10. Implicative verb 2 0.66%

11. Verb of judging 2 0.66%

12. Counterfactual conditional 1 0.33%

13. Nonfactive verb 6 1.98%

2. Types of presupposition triggered by presupposition triggers in the

editorial text of the Jakarta post

In the editorial text of the Jakarta post , all types of presupposition are found triggered by presupposition triggers. Existential presupposition was the most-used types of presupposition triggered by definite description with total 139 data out of

302 data (46.02%). The second most-used types of presupposition are the

Structural Presupposition triggered by cleft sentence, question, temporal clause,

93

non restrictive relative clause, and comparative construction with total 89 data

(29.47%). The third most-used type of presupposition are factive presupposition

triggered by factive verb with total 47 data (15.56%). The fourth-most used type

of presupposition is lexical presupposition triggered by implicative verb, change

of state verb, verb of judging, and iterative items with total 20 data (6.62%). The

fifth most-used type of presupposition is non factive presupposition triggered by

non factive verb with total 6 data (1.98%) where non factive verb was not

included in thirteen presupposition triggers proposed by Levinson. The last type is

counterfactual presupposition with total 1 data (0.33%) triggered by

counterfactual verb.

Table 4.2 Types of presupposition triggered by presupposition triggers in the

editorial text of the Jakarta post

No. Presupposition trigger Types of presupposition Total Percentage

1. Definite descriptions Existential 139 46.02%

presupposition

2. Cleft sentence, question, Structural 89 29.47%

temporal clause, non presupposition

restrictive relative clause,

and comparative

construction

3. Factive verbs Factive presupposition 47 15.56%

4. Implicative verb, change of Lexical presupposition 20 6.62%

state verb, verb of judging,

94

and iterative items

5. Non factive verb Non factive 6 1.98%

presupposition

6. Counterfactual conditional Counterfactual 1 0.33%

presupposition

3. The realization of presupposition trigger in the type of presupposition

The realization of presupposition trigers in the editorial texts trigger a presupposition in the information delivered by the editorialist in the editorial texts.

There were 6 types of presupposition namely existential presupposition, factive presupposition, nonfactive presupposition, stuctural presupposition, lexical presupposition, and counterfactual presupposition. Existential presupposition is a type of presupposition that purpose to be exist. An assumption that someone or something is exist. Definite description is one of presupposition trigger which presuppose the existence of their referents. That is why the realization of definite description in the sentence refer to existential presupposition. In the editorial text existential presupposition was the most-used types of presupposition. It can be said that the editorial text through defintite description which more realized in the editorial text of the Jakarta post.

Structural presupposition is the presupposition which associated with the use of certain sentences structures, where the writer treats them as presupposed information and accepted be true by the readers. Cleft sentence, question, temporal clause, non restrictive relative clause, and comparative construction are

95 certain sentence structures which can be used to treat information as presupposed

(assumed to be true) and hence to be accepted as true by the reader. That is why the realization of cleft sentence, question, temporal clause, non restrictive relative clause, and comparative construction refered to structural presupposition. In the editorial text structural presupposition was the second most used types of presupposition. It can be said that the editorial text used such triggers to treat information as presupposed (assumed to be true) and hence to be accepted as true by the reader.

Factive presupposition is the presupposition which shown by the use of some verbs that can be treated as a fact. Factive verb is one of presupposition triggers which used in the sentence to denote facts.that is why the realization of factive verb in the sentence refered to factive presupposition. In the editorial texts factive presupposition was the third mos used types of presupposition. It can be said that the editorial present more information in the editorial texts as a fact to make the reader trust the information in editorial text as a fact.

Lexical presupposition is the use of one form with its asserted meaning is conventionally interpreted with the presupposition that another meaning is understood. Implicative verb, change of state verb, verb of judging, and iterative items are a kind of presupposition triggers which the use of them with their asserted meaning is conventionally interpreted with the presupposition that another meaning is understood. That is why the realization of implicative verb, change of state verb, verb of judging, and iterative items refered to lexical presupposition. It can be said that the editorial texts present an assumption that, in using one word, the writer of the editorial can act as if another meaning (word)

96 will be understood by the reader through implicative verb, change of state verb, verb of judging, and iterative items which realized in the editorial text of the

Jakarta post.

Nonfactive presuppositionis is the presupposition which associated with some verbs that are assumed not to be true. Non factive verbs such dream, imagine, and pretend etc were used to presuppose that what follows is not true. That is why the realization of nonfactive verb refered to nonfactive presupposition. It can be said that the editorial texts present some information which is assumed not to be true through non factive verb which realized in the editorial text of the Jakarta post.

Counterfactual presupposition is a type in which what is presupposed in not only not true but its the opposite of what is true or contrary to the facts.

Counterfactual conditional is one of presupposition triggers which presuppose that affirmative propositions contained in the if -clause did not occur and negative proposition in the if -clause did occur. That is why the realization of counterfactual conditional refered to counterfactual presupposition. It can be said that the editorial text present some information that contrary to the fact through counterfactual conditional which realized in the editorial texts of the Jakarta post.

4.3 Discussion

The occurances of presupposition triggers in the editorial of the Jakarta post had affected the result of tis study. Since the realization of its triggers occured variously, the findings of this study formed the relation between presupposition and editorials.

97

Firsly, it can be seen on figure 4.1 that the occurances of definite description became the most dominant trigger among others found during the analysis due to the editorialist would like to present the existence of persons or things as a matter of fact on the event. Sometimes the use of pronoun we, us, our in the present of noun phrase such as our democracy and the critical thinking of our citizens ...(The

Editorial, Monday July 24, 2017) showed that the newspaper editors presented and felt themselves as part of Indonesian people. This meant that what Lowell

(2008: 191) stated editorials provide reliable evidence that is also necessary in order to balance facts and opinion when writing an effective editorials. Most of the editorials use it to minimize the subject or things explained in the sentence.

The second most frequent trigger occured in editorials of the Jakarta post was factive verb where the editorialist present more information in the editorial texts as a fact to make the reader trust the information in editorial text as a fact.

Meanwhile the occurance of judging verb, which was found rarely in the editorial text proved that the editorialist put their position to be neutral commentator without taking a part to supposrt one side or party. In example The threat of the dismissal of university lecturers accused of having links to Hizbut Tahrir

Indonesia (HTI) ...(The editorial, Monday, July 24th, 2017), they formulated the result of Indonesian government’s act. Claiming their position as the readers, the editorialist put their power to conclude the action of the actor.

In the other said, implicit cleft with stressed constituents was not found in editorials since there was no found the sentence form its linguistic expression.

Implicit cleft reffered to the characteristic accent and falling intonation found in spoken and were indicated by large capital letters. Hence this trigger was not

98 coded the stated realization in any clause or sentence in editorials, implicit clefts with stressed constituents was considered to include triggereing presupposition in editorials.

Other trigger were also found in editorial texts. Even though they were not included in Levinson’s theory, this trigger was claimed by other researcher. Non factive verb was to be the trigger referring to the study of presupposition triggers.

This trigger was intentionally examined to formulate the occurance of presupposition triggers in the editorials. It can be summed that there are thirteen presupposition triggers found in aditorials of the Jakarta post as theresult of data analysis in table 4.1.

However, presupposition is identified with the speaker’s or writer’s assumption which taken for granted. The presupposition triggers can be the way of people stated their assumption-based-truth by associating the triggers with the types of presupposition proposed by Yule’s pragmatic theory of presupposition.

As finding stated, the most type found in the editorial texts is existential presupposition, proved the editorial text present more assumption that someone or something is exist through definite description which more realized in the editorial text of the Jakarta post. Since the presupposition refers to the assumption based on fact stated by the writers, it can be seen that the function of presupposition triggers that triggered the type of presupposition played an important roles of their usage to the editorialist. Structural presupposition used by news editors aiming to treat information as presupposed (assumed to be true) and hence to be accepted as true by the reader. Factive presupposition used by news editor to present more information in the editorial texts as a fact to make the

99 reader trust the information in editorial text as a fact. Lexical presupposition used by the news editor to present an assumption that, in using one word, news editor can act as if another meaning (word) will be understood by. Nonfactive presuppositionis used by the news edotor to present some information which is assumed not to be true through non factive verb. Counterfactual presupposition used by news editors to present some information that contrary to the fact through counterfactual conditional which realized in the editorial texts of the Jakarta post.

Comparing to other research, morover, the result of the research seems to be similar to the previous research which had conducted before. Similarly, this study found the same result as the other reseacher did in her study, where she conducted the research by using two theories of presupposition proposed by levinson and

Yule and the object of her study was english journalistic text. Bonyadi study showed a different result that non factive verb were the most frequently employed presupposition triggers. Even though the application of pragmatic theory of presupposition was different, the result seems as same as this study. Overall, these relevant studies explained that presupposition in newspaper nearly similar but some were differet depending on the source of data or theory being used.

Considering the findings of the result of this study, the occurance of presupposition triggers gave much contribution to the roles of editorials, beside commonly as space for news editors’ to express their opinion. It could be understood that the newspaper editors provide the existence of their backgrond assumtion to simplify the explanation since langusge in editorials should be concise, simple and dense form of opinion. This factual information indeed aimed to give the truth value to support what the news editors commented or argued on.

100

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

This study focused on analysis of presupposition in the editorial text of the

Jakarta post. It was aimed to find out the presupposition triggers, the type of presupposition and realization of presupposition triggers in the type of presupposition in editorial text of the Jakarta post. After analysing 5 editorial text of the Jakarta post, there are some conclusion that can be drawn as the following.

1) There were twelve presupposition triggers were found in The editorial text

of The Jakarta Post. One of presupposition triggers namely Implicit cleft

with stressed constituents was not found in the editorial text of The Jakarta

Post. As the result there existed thirteen presupposition triggers namely

definite descriptions, factive verbs, implicative verbs, change of state

verbs Iteratives verbs of Judging, temporal clauses, cleft sentences,

comparative construction, non-restrictive relative clause, counterfactual

conditionals, questions, and the last one is nonfactive verb which was not

included in those thirteen presupposition triggers. This trigger was claimed

by other researcher to be the trigger referring to nonfactive presupposition.

2) In the editorial text of the Jakarta post , all types of presupposition were

found triggered by levinson’s presupposition triggers. The realization of

definite description trigger existential presupposition which The second

most-used types of presupposition are the Structural Presupposition

triggered by cleft sentence, question, temporal clause, non restrictive

101

relative clause, and comparative construction. The third most-used type of

presupposition are factive presupposition triggered by factive verb. The

fourth-most used type of presupposition is lexical presupposition triggered

by implicative verb, change of state verb, verb of judging, and iterative

items. The fifth most-used type of presupposition is non factive

presupposition triggered by non factive verb. The last type is

counterfactual presupposition triggered by counterfactual verb.

3) The realization of presupposition trigers in the editorial texts trigger a

presupposition in the information delivered by the news editor in the

editorial texts. There were 6 types of presupposition namely existential

presupposition, factive presupposition, nonfactive presupposition, stuctural

presupposition, lexical presupposition, and counterfactual presupposition.

The realization of definite description trigger existential presupposition

which present assumptions that someone or something is exist. The

realization of cleft sentence, question, temporal clause, non restrictive

relative clause, and comparative construction trigger structural

presupposition which can be used to treat information as presupposed

(assumed to be true) and hence to be accepted as true by the reader. The

realization of factive verb trigger factive presupposition which present

more information in the editorial texts as a fact to make the reader trust the

information in editorial text as a fact. The realization of implicative verb,

change of state verb, verb of judging, and iterative items trigger lexical

presupposition which present an assumption that, in using one word, the

writer of the editorial can act as if another meaning (word) will be

102

understood by the reader. The realization of nonfactive verbs trigger

nonfactive presuppositionis which present some information which is

assumed not to be true. The realization of counterfactual conditional

trigger counterfactual presupposition which present some information that

contrary to the fact.

5.2 Suggestion

Based on the conclusion stated above, this study has some suggestions to the readers as provided in the following items.

1) To other researcher, it is suggested that this study could be further

expanded in examining the presupposition in different news topics or

comparing different newspaper toward the use of pragmatic theory of

presupposition, which maight appear the different result.

2) To all readers, it is suggested to use this study as reference to consent for

understanding the application of pragmatic thery of presupposition in

written media, especially editorial of newspaper.

3) The journalist, it is suggested to elaborate more various linguistic

expression to attract the reader’s attention to read at them, and to meake

the editorials readable and informative serving their opinion.

103

REFERENCE

Acadian, A., Former, A., and Garnish, R. 1997. Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication . London: Mit Press.

Aditya, B. N. 2014. A Pragmatic Analysis of Presupposition In Genndy Tartakovsky’s Hotel Transylvania . Thesis.Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta State University.

Akmajian, A.; Demers, R.; Farmer, A. and Harnish, R. (1995) Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Allerton, D. J. 1979. Essentials of Grammatical Theory: A Consensus View of Syntax and Morphology . London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Bekalu, M.A. 2006. Presuppositions in news discourse. Discourse & Society . London: SAGE Publications

Belmonte, A, I. 2007. “Newspaper Editorials and Comment Articles: A Cinderella Genre?”, in A. I, Belmonte, (ed.), Different Approaches to Newspaper Opinion Discourse, http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=2546733.

Berelson, B. 1952. Content analysis in communication research. New York: The Free Press

Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad,S. and Finegan, E. 1999. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English . Hongkong: Longman

Brown, G. and Yule, G. 1983. Discourse Analysis . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Caffi, C. 1993 Pragmatic Presupposition . In Encyclopedia of Languages and Linguistics. Oxford: Pergamon.

Creswell, J. W. 2013. Research Design . Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. London: Sage

104

Crystal,D. 1997. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics . London: Macmillan

Cummings, L. 2005. A Multidisciplinary Perspective Pragmatics . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press

Dunn, James, D.G. 2009. The Living Word (2nd edition ). Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press

Elyazale, N. 2014. Characteristics of Newspaper Editorials: ‘Chouftchouf’ in ‘Almassae’ Moroccan Newspaper as a Case Study . Journal of New Media and Mass Communication. Vol.32. http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/NMMC/article/view/18405

Finch, Geoffrey 2000 Key concepts in Language and linguistics . Hamshire: Palgrave Macmillan.

Glucksberg, S. and Danks, J. H. 1975 Experimental Psycholinguistics , Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Griffiths, P. 2006. An Introduction to English Semantics and Pragmatics, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press

Grundy, P. 2000. Doing Pragmatics (Second Edition) . London: Arnold

Heinberg, Nancy A. 1988. The Discource Function of Cleft Sentence in Spoken English. (http://www.sfu.ca/~hedberg/LSA_1988_final.pdf, Retrieved on July 21 st , 2017)

Hovav, Malka R. And Levin, B. 2000. Change of State Verbs: Implications for Theories of Argument Projection, (http://web.stanford.edu/- laurik/publications/archive/implicative.pdf, Retrieved on July 22 nd , 2017)

Humardiana, A. 2009. A Study On Presupposition Used In Weekender Magazine’s Advertisments . Thesis. Yogyakarta. Sanata Dharma University.

Jackendoff, R. 1972. Semantic interpretation in Generative Grammar. Cambridge: MIT Press.

105

Keenan, E. L. 1971. Two Kinds of Presupposition in Natural Language in Fillmore and Langendoen, Studies in Linguistic Semantics. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Krippendorff, K. 1980. Content Analysis: An introduction to its methodology London: Sage.

Leech, G. 1974. Semantics . Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Levinson. S. C. 1983. Pragmatics . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Malia, E. 2011. Structral Ambiguity In Headlines News of The Jakarta Post. State university of Medan.

Mey, L. 1993. Pragmatics , Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

Miles, M.B & Huberman, A.M. 1984. Qualitative Data Analysis . London: Sage

Palmer, F. R. 1988. Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Potts, C. 2014. Presupposition and Implicature . In Lappin, Shalo and Fox, Chris. Handbook of Contemporary Semantics (Second Edition).

Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G. and Svartvik, J. 1985. Comprehensive Grammar of the English Lnaguage. London: Longman

Renkema, J. 1993. Discourse Studies. An introductory Textbook. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins

Saeed, J. 1997. Semantics . Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

Seuren, P.A.M. 1994. Presupposition , in Lamarque Peter V. and R.E Asher (eds). 1997. Concise Encyclopedia of Philosophy of Language, Oxford: Elsevier Science Ltd, pp.359-69.

Stalnaker, R. 1973. Presuppositions , Journal of Philosophical Logic 2: 447- 457.

Stalnaker, R. 1974. Pragmatic Presuppositions , in Milton K. Munitz and Peter K. Unger (eds.) Semantics and Philosophy , New York: New York University Press.

106

Sugiono. 2008. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R& D. Bandung: Alfabeta

Tyler, S., A. 1978. The said and the unsaid . New York: Academic Press.

Van Dijk, T. A. 1988. News Analysis. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates

Verschueren, J. 1999. Understanding Pragmatics . China: Edward Arnold.

Weber. R.P. 1985. Basic content analysis. New Delhi: Sage

Yule, G. 1996. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Journals:

Abrusman, M.2011. Triggering Verbal Presupposition . A SALT Journal Vol 20, pp 684-701. (http://elanguage.net/journals/salt/article/viewFile/20.684/1449, Retrieved on March 24th,2015)

Bekalu, M.A. 2006. Presupposition in News Discourse . Sage Journals: Article of Discourse and Society. Vol 17 (2): 147-17210.1177/0957926506060248 (http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0957926506060248?journalC ode=dasa Retrieved on March 21 st 2017)

Bonyadi, A. and Samuel, M. 2011. Linguistic Nature of Presupposition in American and Persian Newspaper Editorials . International Journal of Linguistics. 2011, Vol. 3, No.1: E4 ISSN 1948-5425. (http://www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/ijl/article/viewFile/554/pdf Retrieved on March 22 nd 2017)

Hashim, S.S.M. 2014. Existential Presupposition in Religious Islamic Text: Pragmatic Implications. International Conference on Arts, Economics and Management (ICAEM’14) (http://icehm.org/upload/5289ED0314011.pdf Retrieved on March 17 th 2017)

Karttunen L. 1791. Implicative Verbs. (http://web.stanford.edu/laurik/publication/archive/implicative.pff,Retrieved on Merch 24 th , 2017)

107

Khaleel, Layth M. 2010. An Analysis of Presupposition Triggers in English Journalistic Text. A Journal of College of Education for Women Vol. 2, No.2, pp 523-551. (http://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&ald=1945, Retrieved on February 13 th , 2017)

Liang 1, R. and Liu 1, Y. 2016. An Analysis of Presupposition Triggers in Hilary Clinton’s First Campaign Speech. International Journal of English Linguistics; Vol. 6, No. 5; 2016 ISSN 1923-869X E-ISSN 1923-8703 (http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v6n5p68 Retrieved on March 25 th , 2017)

Prasad, B.D. 2008. Content Analysis. A method of Social Science 1 Research.CSS . Journal of Research methods for social work. (http://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=FlLwzm0AAAAJ&hl=en retrieved on June 22 nd , 2017)

Zare. J. 2012. Presupposition Trigger – A Comparative Analysis of Broacast News Discourse. International Journal of Linguistics. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v4i3.2002

108

1. The editorial Texts of The Jakarta Post

EDITORIAL: Mission to Marawi

The Jakarta Post

Jakarta | Mon, July 3, 2017 | 08:24 am

Controversy is brewing as to whether Indonesia should accept Philippine

President Rodrigo Duterte’s request for troops to help his government fight the terrorist group that now controls part of Marawi city on the southern island of

Mindanao.

President Duterte’s invitation is appealing as the military operation the Philippine

Army is conducting directly impacts our national security, not only because of the involvement of dozens of Indonesian “jihadists” loyal to the Islamic State (IS) terrorist group in their first campaign outside of the Middle East, but also because of the conflict’s possible expansion into Indonesia.

The IS threat, too, looms large at home as evinced by the attacks blamed on members of its affiliated groups, in particular against the police, since last year.

Jakartans were shocked again late Friday following an attack on two policemen by a knife-wielding man who had prayed next to them at a mosque near the National

Police headquarters in South Jakarta. Also, on the second day of Idul Fitri on June

25, two alleged IS supporters, one of whom spent six months in Syria in 2013, attacked North Sumatra Police headquarters in Medan, stabbing an on-duty officer to death.

109

Authorities also suspect that Indonesian-born IS leader Bahrum Naim, the alleged mastermind behind the January 2016 attack outside the Sarinah department store in Central Jakarta and of strikes in Jakarta, West Java and Central Java at the end of last year, will plot more terrorism acts while luring more youths to IS through his network here.

Unsurprisingly, Coordinating Political, Legal and Security Affairs Minister

Wiranto welcomed President Duterte’s call. Wiranto said Indonesia will discuss international coordination with neighbors Australia, New Zealand, Brunei,

Malaysia and the Philippines soon to eradicate IS in Southeast Asia.

While the IS is a clear and present danger for Indonesia and the region, a decision to send military troops to help the Philippines must consider several factors.

First, the Constitution says Indonesia should contribute to maintain world peace, meaning deployment of troops abroad is restricted to peacekeeping rather than combat; our role in the UN peacekeeping forces has gained international recognition. Dispatching forces abroad would need the approval of the House of

Representatives, which would at least first review our laws including those on the military.

Second, the Indonesian Military (TNI) may lack training for urban warfare particularly in unfamiliar territory — an apparent difficulty facing the Philippine

Army so far. Failed plans have cost us decades of war. In the mid-1970s military operations in the now independent Timor Leste were designed to last a few months at best to defeat the guerillas; similar predictions of a short war preceded the conflict against the Free Aceh Movement (GAM).

110

Third, a lack of preparedness for an overseas mission would sap the state budget needed for infrastructure and our defense system.

In aiding the Philippines we must first share stronger resources that are immediately available — such as by sharing information or participating in coordinated marine patrols to block the terrorist group’s supply lines — for the sake of regional security

111

EDITORIAL: Wooing more firms to IDX

The Jakarta Post

Jakarta | Mon, July 10, 2017 | 08:09 am

Apparently buoyed by the upgrading of Indonesia’s sovereign risks to investment grade by the Standard & Poor’s Global Rating service in May, President Joko

“Jokowi” Widodo last week called on companies that make a significant portion of their earnings in the country to sell their shares through the Indonesia Stock

Exchange (IDX).

Jokowi rhetorically asked during a visit to the stock exchange on Tuesday why many big companies that made profits in the mining, plantation and property sectors in the country listed their shares in Singapore, Hong Kong or New York, instead of at the IDX.

Data at the IDX showed that 52 big companies operating in the aforementioned sectors that had a combined market capitalization of about US$32 billion chose to list their shares in the three cities Jokowi mentioned, instead of in Jakarta, but the primary reason can easily be discerned from the key market indicators.

Although Indonesia has Southeast Asia’s largest economy, the IDX has remained relatively small, shallow and less liquid compared to bourses in other major economies in the region. The IDX had only about 550 listings with total market capitalization of $480 billion, compared to 755 listings in Singapore with $717 billion, 900 in Kuala Lumpur with $410 billion and 525 in Bangkok with $442 billion.

112

Jokowi’s promise to directly talk to each of the 52 companies to persuade them to have their shares listed in the IDX could be a very positive signal from the national leadership, but that would be far from sufficient to convince them to have their shares traded in the IDX.

The key factors to wooing more companies to the IDX is the capacity, liquidity and credibility of the exchange. The Financial Services Authority as the capital market regulator needs to work harder to strengthen the credibility of the exchange by preventing insider trading and other unfair market practices.

The regulator should improve the mechanism of investor-protection by casting a broad enforcement net to detect and prevent accounting and financial fraud and to ensure that markets are fair, efficient and transparent.

In this context, the manner in which the South Jakarta District Court would settle the current dispute between investment bank Goldman Sachs International and local businessman Benny Tjokrosaputro over the ownership of 425 million shares of the publicly listed PT Hanson International property developer worth around

$22 million could affect the credibility and integrity of the exchange.

Goldman claimed to have legally bought the shares through the negotiated board of the IDX in 2015 from American hedge fund Platinum Partners without being aware that those shares were tied up in a repurchase agreement between the businessman and Platinum in return for funding. This raised questions about the standard of transparency and disclosure at the IDX.

Other big questions then are: How could such share deals have been closed without the knowledge of the IDX management, why was such a big share repo

113 agreement not registered with the IDX and how could the detective bureau of the

National Police have been so quick to freeze the shares at the custodian bank while the IDX management and the Financial Services Authority simply sat idly by?

114

EDITORIAL: Hunting tax evaders overseas The Jakarta Post

Jakarta | Mon, July 17, 2017 | 08:17 am

The government has yet to work harder to meet legislative and regulatory requirements to be able to hunt down tax evaders overseas under the Automatic

Exchange of Information (AEOI) global agreement between tax authorities, which has been signed by more than 100 countries, including the so-called tax-haven countries.

First of all, the House of Representatives still needs to achieve a national political consensus to approve Presidential Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 1/17 on access to financial information and accounts for taxation purposes.

Without endorsement of the regulation in lieu of law, Indonesia will not be able to avail of the AEOI. The House also has yet to ratify two other agreements that the government and more than 100 other countries have signed to implement the

AEOI.One of them is the multilateral competent authority agreement (MCAA) that lays out an international framework to facilitate the automatic exchange of information.

The MCAA enables signatory countries to implement the AEOI without first going through time-consuming and complex negotiations for multiple bilateral agreements. The other agreement is on common reporting standards for the AEOI.

Then the government still also has to sign an international agreement on the

115 confidentiality and protection of data before Indonesia can start sharing financial data automatically with other countries.

Unlike Indonesia, Singapore has completed all the necessary instruments to implement the AEOI. Many countries have placed high expectations on the AEOI mechanism to hunt down tax evaders and to minimize tax avoidance and prevent money laundering. Indonesia especially will be able to significantly boost its tax base through the AEOI. For example, the nine-month tax amnesty that ended in

March was able to uncover more than Rp 1 quadrillion (US$86 billion) in financial and fixed assets overseas owned by Indonesians. About 60 percent of the amount was parked in Singapore. The tax pardon also uncovered another Rp

3.7 quadrillion worth of assets within the country that had remained outside of the tax net. The tax amnesty has validated the perception that tax evasion in the country has been massive, as can also be seen in the very low tax ratio (tax revenues as a percentage of gross domestic product) of just 10.30 percent, among the lowest in the ASEAN region. As International Monetary Fund (IMF) deputy managing director Mitsuhiro Furusawa noted in Jakarta on Wednesday, a minimum tax ratio of 15 percent is needed to significantly accelerate growth and development. Certainly, strengthening revenue mobilization also requires a wide range of other measures, including a more vigorous tax collection effort and efficient and clean tax administration. But given the huge amount of assets that rich Indonesians have parked overseas, the AEOI mechanism will be helpful indeed. The government is desperately seeking more tax revenue. It was recently forced to cut various expenditure allocations and revise upward its budget deficit estimate to 2.9 percent for this year, only one notch below the fiscal deficit ceiling

116 of 3 percent as mandated by law, because tax receipts are estimated to be way below the target.

117

EDITORIAL: Deposit insurer short of funds

The Jakarta Post

Jakarta | Mon, July 24, 2017 | 08:10 am

The government should take seriously a warning from the Deposit Insurance

Corporation (LPS) about its gross funding inadequacy, which raises questions about its ability to reimburse depositors of major banks in case of a crisis.

It now collects premiums at a fixed rate of 0.2 percent of total deposits from all banks, without considering their specific level of risk. The 2016 Financial System

Crisis Prevention and Mitigation (PPKSK) Law does allow the LPS to issue bonds, but only in an emergency, when bond yields are unusually very high.

The latest assessment of Indonesia’s financial system stability by the International

Monetary Fund concluded in May that systemic risk is low and the banking system appears generally resilient to severe shocks.

The problem, though, is that we hardly know when or from where a financial crisis will strike. Indonesia in particularly is vulnerable to sudden shocks in the global economy, given the dominance of foreign portfolio investors. Foreigners own at least 50 percent of shares and 40 percent of bonds traded on secondary markets, among the highest in the region.

Experience from the 1997-1998 financial and economic crisis shows that even the closure of 15 small banks that accounted for less than 2 percent of the total banking assets could trigger financial panic.

118

The vulnerabiliy has increased, because the number of commercial banks (120 at present) is still too high to allow effective supervision. Even though the 20 largest banks account for more than 85 percent of total banking assets, financial distress hitting several banks at once could trigger a major crisis.

The LPS told an international conference on deposit insurance in Yogyakarta last week that, as of April, it had only about Rp 80 trillion (US$6 billion) in bailout funds, while the estimated 100 small and medium-size banks with capital ranging from less than Rp 1 trillion to Rp 5 trillion had more than Rp 740 trillion in third- party deposits and the 20 largest banks held more than Rp 4 quadrillion.

What makes the position of depositors even more precarious in a major crisis is that the PPKSK Law allows the LPS to bail out only the systemically important banks (the 20 largest). This means that most small and mid-size banks that face severe liquidity problems or insolvency will either be taken over or closed down by the LPS. Only systematically important banks are entitled to short-term liquidity credits from Bank Indonesia if they have enough securities to cover loans.

Given the absence of alternative sources of funds for the LPS in the near future, it is perhaps time now for the government to revise down the Rp 2 billion ceiling on deposits covered by the LPS to prompt depositors to move their savings to big banks, thereby accelerating the industry’s consolidation. The ceiling is way higher than in most other countries, where it ranges from $90,000 to $100,000.

The financial system is now fairly stable and strong enough to weather such a reform.

119

EDITORIAL: Witchhunt: A deja vu The Jakarta Post

Jakarta | Mon, July 31, 2017 | 07:53 am

And the witch-hunt begins. The threat of the dismissal of university lecturers accused of having links to Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI) harks back to the 1960s witch-hunt against anyone associated with communists, along with similar crackdowns on “reds” across the United States.

With this new weapon, the new rule banning mass organizations deemed incompatible with the Pancasila state ideology, the government has banned HTI, which campaigns for a caliphate.

Recently, Research, Technology and Higher Education Minister Muhammad

Nasir said state-employed lecturers who were HTI members would be sent three written warnings, each valid for 30 days, to leave the organization or be fired.

Home Minister Tjahjo Kumolo said regional heads must identify any official with

HTI links. Jakarta Governor Djarot Saiful Hidayat suggested civil servants linked to HTI or similar groups should have their citizenship revoked.

Many of us cheer the government’s firmness on HTI and like-minded groups who preach that a caliphate would solve all worldly problems.

No thanks, we prefer the option where no one can hide behind a God. But commitment to democracy faces a test with the instincts to crush HTI and its supporters.

120

Clearly, we haven’t learned from history, when the state and the army, helped massively by the people egged on by religious figures, hunted down “reds” among students, educators, neighbors and even family members.

Hundreds of thousands were arbitrarily arrested and executed; others vanished.

Their offspring remain stigmatized.

The role of campuses in the past witchhunt came to light after testimonies presented at the International People’s Tribunal on the 1965 events last year at

The Hague in the Netherlands, where several elderly exiles, including former students, have died.

As we have yet to resolve this ugly chapter, can we guarantee the traumatic events will not recur? True, we will likely go around butchering people in the name of

Pancasila.

Still, jumping on the witchhunt bandwagon is tempting, given the mad savagery of the Islamic State (IS) movement, which also appeals to Indonesians outside

HTI. But with the possibility of HTI members going underground, a more effective option managed to strengthen our democracy and the critical thinking of our citizens. Besides, crushing anyone today is futile. A Gadjah Mada University

(UGM) lecturer who is on the list immediately expressed defiance, saying that his preaching would continue despite the ban.

The attraction will remain for simple solutions with little need to think, with blind trust in the authorities monopolizing interpretation of the law of God. Today’s distress in facing growing extremism exposes us to similar yearnings for quick solutions.

121

However, what is needed is strong leadership in protecting all citizens. Law enforcers should no longer stand by as vigilantes intimidate anyone seen as infidels, just because leaders fear upsetting Islamists.

Critical citizens will not be fooled into defending God or the religious fervors of nationalism.

122

2. Table of Data Analysis

2.1 Editorial I : Mission to Marawi

The Jakarta Post | Editorial | Monday, July 3, 2017

No Sentence Presupposition triggers Types of presupposition Presupposition 1. Controversy is brewing as to whether 1. Definite description 1. Existential 1) There exist Indonesian country in the 1Indonesia should accept 2Philippine President 2. Definite description presupposition ongoing controversy. Rodrigo Duterte’3s request for troops to help 3. Definite description 2. Existential 2) Philiphine president is Rodrigo 4his government fight 5the terrorist group 6that 4. Definite description presupposition Duterte now controls part of 7Marawi city on the 5. Definite description 3. Existential 3) Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte southern island of Mindanao. 6. Cleft sentence presupposition has a request 7. Definite description 4. Existential 4) Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte presupposition has a govenrment 5. Existential 5) There exist the terrorist group presupposition 6) The terrorist group now controls part 6. Structural of Marawi city on the southern island presupposition of Mindanao 7. Existential 7) There exist a city named Marawi on presupposition the southern island of Mindanao. 2. 8President Duterte’s invitation is appealing 9as 8. Definite description 8. Existential 8) President Duterte has an invitation

121 the military operation the Philippine Army is 9. Temporal clause presupposition 9) There exist a time the military conducting directly impacts 10 our national 10. Definite description 9. Structural operation the Philippine Army is security, not only 11 because of 12 the 11. Factive verb presupposition conducting involvement of dozens of Indonesian 12. Definite description 10. Existential 10) We have national security “jihadists” loyal to 13 the Islamic State (IS) 13. Definite description presupposition 11) The involvement of dozens of terrorist group in 14 their first campaign outside 14. Definite description 11. Factive Indonesian “jihadists” loyal to the of the Middle East, but also 15 because of 16 the 15. Factive item presupposition Islamic State (IS) terrorist group in conflict’s possible expansion into Indonesia. 16. Definite description 12. Existential their presupposition 12) There exist an involvement of dozens 13. Existential of Indonesian “jihadists” loyal to the presupposition Islamic State (IS) terrorist group in 14. Existential their first campaign outside of the presupposition Middle East 15. Factive 13) There is Islamic State (IS) terrorist presupposition group 16. Existential 14) They have the first campaign outside presupposition of the Middle East 15) There is conflict’s possible expansion into Indonesia. 16) The conflict’s possible expansion into

122

Indonesia. 3. 17 The IS threat, 18 too, looms large at home as 17. Definite description 17. Existential 17) There is Islamic state threat evinced by 19 the attacks 20 blamed on members 18. Iterative item presupposition 18) There once existed another thing of 21 its affiliated groups, in particular against 19. Definite description 18. Lexical looms large at home 22 the police, 23 since last year. 20. Verb of judging presupposition 19) There exist attacks 21. Cleft sentence 19. Existential 20) Members of its affiliated groups is the 22. Definite description presupposition target the of the IS threat 23. Temporal clause 20. Lexical 21) Afiliation group presupposition 22) There is a police 21. Structural 23) Last year was the time of members of presupposition its affiliated groups, in particular 22. Existential against the police presupposition 23. Structural presupposition

4. 24 Jakartans were 25 shocked 26 again late Friday 24. Definite description 24. Existential 24) There exist Jakartans following an attack on two policemen by a 25. Factive verb presupposition 25) Late Friday following an attack on knife-wielding man 27 who had 28 prayed next to 26. Iterative item 25. Factive two policemen by a knife-wielding them at a mosque near the National Police 27. Cleft sentence presupposition man

123

headquarters in South Jakarta. 28. Factive verb 26. lexical 26) Jakartans once were shocked presupposition 27) a knife-wielding man prayed next to 27. Structural two policemen at a mosque near the presupposition National Police headquarters in South 28. Factive Jakarta. presupposition 28) Next to the two policemen, a man was prayed

5. 29 Also, on the second day of Idul Fitri on June 29. Iterative item 29. Lexical 29) There once a thing happened before 25, two alleged IS supporters, one of 30 whom 30. Cleft sentence presupposition the second day of Idul Fitri on June spent six months in Syria in 2013, 31 attacked 31. Factive verb 30. Structural 25 North Sumatra Police headquarters in Medan, presupposition 30) One of the two alleged IS supporters stabbing an on-duty officer to death. 31. Factive spent six months in Syria in 2013 presupposition 31) North Sumatra Police headquarters in Medan, stabbing an on-duty officer to death.

6. Authorities 32 also 33 suspect that Indonesian- 32. Iterative items 32. Lexical 32) Other than authorities suspect that born IS leader 34 Bahrum Naim, 35 the alleged 33. Nonfactive verb presupposition Indonesian-born IS leader Bahrum

124

mastermind behind the January 2016 attack 34. Definite description 33. Nonfactive Naim outside 36 the Sarinah department store in 35. Definite presupposition 33) Authorities suspect that Indonesian- Central Jakarta and of strikes in Jakarta, West description 34. Existential born IS leader Bahrum Naim, Java and Central Java 37 at the end of last year, 36. Definite description presupposition 34) There exist Bahrun Naim Indonesian- will plot 38 more terrorism acts 39 while luring 37. Temporal clause 35. Existential born IS leader Bahrum Naim 40 more youths to IS through 41 his network 38. Comparative presupposition 35) The alleged mastermind behind the here. construction 36. Existential January 2016 exist Bahrun Naim 39. Temporal clauses presupposition 36) There exist the Sarinah department 40. Comparative 37. Structural store in Central Jakarta and of strikes construction presupposition in Jakarta 41. Definite description 38. Structural 37) At the end of last year was the time of presuppositin the January 2016 attack outside the 39. Structural Sarinah department store in Central presupposition Jakarta and of strikes in Jakarta, West 40. Structural Java and Central Java presupposition 38) There existed many terrorism acts 41. Existential 39) More youth lured to IS presupposition 40) There existed many youth lured to IS 41) He (Bahrun Naim) has a network 7. Unsurprisingly, Coordinating Political, Legal 42. Definite description 42. Existential 42) There exist Minister Wiranto

125

and Security Affairs 42 Minister Wiranto 43. Factive verb presupposition Coordinating Political, Legal and 43 welcomed 44 President Duterte’s call. 44. Definite description 43. Factive Security Affairs presupposition 43) President Duterte’s call accepted by 44. Existential Minister Wiranto presupposition 44) President Dutertes has a call for Minister Wiranto

8. Wiranto 45 said Indonesia will discuss 45. Factive verb 45. Factive 45) Indonesia will discuss international international coordination with neighbors 46. Definite description presupposition coordination with neighbors 46 Australia, New Zealand, Brunei, Malaysia 47. Temporal clause 46. Existential Australia, New Zealand, Brunei, and the Philippines 47 soon to eradicate IS in presupposition Malaysia and the Philippines soon to Southeast Asia. 47. Structural eradicate IS in Southeast Asia presupposition 46) There are indonesian neighbors: Australia, New Zealand, Brunei, Malaysia and the Philippines 47) IS in Southeast Asia will be eridicated 9. 48 While the IS is a clear and present danger for 48. Temporal clause 48. Structural 48) The IS is a clear and present danger Indonesia and the region, 49 a decision to send 49. Definite description presupposition for Indonesia and the region military troops to help the Philippines must 50. Factive verb 49. Existential 49) There was a decision to send military

126

50 consider several factors. presupposition troops to help the Philippines 50. Factive 50) There was several factors presupposition 10. First, 51 the Constitution 52 says Indonesia 51. Definite description 51. Existential 51) There is the constitution of Indonesia should contribute to maintain world peace, 52. Non factive verb presupposition 52) Indonesia should contribute to meaning deployment of troops abroad is 53. Comparative 52. Non factive maintain world peace restricted to peacekeeping 53 rather than description presupposition 53) deployment of troops abroad is combat; 54 our role in the UN peacekeeping 54. Definite description 53. Structural restricted to peacekeeping forces has 55 gained international recognition. 55. Factive verb presupposition 54) we have role in the UN peacekeeping 54. Existential forces presupposition 55) There is international recognition for 55. Factive our role in the UN peacekeeping presupposition forces

11. Dispatching forces abroad would need 56 the 56. Definite description 56. Existential 56) There exist an approval of the House of approval of the House of Representatives, 57. Non restrictive presupposition Representatives 57 which would at least first review 58 our laws relative clause 57. Structural 57) Our laws would at least first review including those on the military. 58. Definite description presupposition 58) We have laws 58. Existential presupposition

127

12. Second, 59 the Indonesian Military (TNI) may 59. Definite description 59. Existential 59) There is Indonesian Military (TNI) lack training for urban warfare particularly in 60. Definite description presupposition 60) There exist an apparent difficulty facing unfamiliar territory — 60 an apparent difficulty 60. Existential the Philippine Army so far. facing the Philippine Army so far. presupposition

13. 61 Failed plans have cost us decades of war. 61. Factive verb 61. Factive 61) Plans have cost us decades of war presupposition 14. In the mid-1970s military operations in the 62. Factive verb 62. Factive 62) In the mid-1970s military operations now independent Timor Leste were 62 designed 63. Factive verb presupposition in the now independent Timor Leste to last a few months at best to defeat the 64. Definite description 63. Factive 63) The conflict against the Free Aceh guerillas; similar predictions of a short war presupposition Movement (GAM). 63 preceded the conflict against 64 the Free Aceh 64. Existential 64) There exist the conflict against the Movement (GAM). presupposition Free Aceh Movement (GAM).

15. Third, 65 a lack of preparedness for an overseas 65. Definite description 65. Existential 65) There exist a lack of preparedness for mission would sap 66 the state budget needed 66. Definite description presupposition an overseas mission for infrastructure and 67 our defense system. 67. Definite description 66. Existential 66) There exist state budget for presupposition infrastructure 67. Existential 67) We have fense system presupposition

128

16. In aiding the Philippines we must first share 68. Comparative 68. Structural 68) Our resources was strong 68 stronger resources 69 that are immediately construction presupposition 69) Stronger resources immediately available — such as by sharing information or 69. Cleft senttence 69. Structural available participating in coordinated marine patrols to 70. Definite description presupposition 70) There exist terrorist group suply lines block 70 the terrorist group’s supply lines for 71. Definite description 70. Existential 71) There exist the sake of regional 71 the sake of regional security presupposition security 71. Existential presupposition

129

2.2 Editorial 2 : Wooing more firms to IDX

The Jakarta Post | Editorial | Monday, July 10, 2017

No Sentence Presupposition Triggers Types of Presupposition Presupposition 1. Apparently 1buoyed by the upgrading of 1. Factive verb 1. Factive 1) the upgrading of Indonesia’s sovereign Indonesia’s sovereign risks to investment 2. Definite description presupposition risks to investment grade by the Standard grade by 2the Standard & Poor’s Global Rating 3. Definite description 2. Existential & Poor’s Global Rating service in May, service in May, 3President Joko “Jokowi” 4. Factive verb presupposition President Joko “Jokowi” Widodo last Widodo last week 4called on companies 5that 5. Cleft sentence 3. Existential week called on companies make a significant portion of their earnings in 6. Factive verb presupposition 2) There exist the Standard & Poor’s Global the country to 6sell their shares through the 4. Factive Rating service in May Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). presupposition 3) There exist President Joko “Jokowi” 5. Structural Widodo presupposition 4) Companies got a call from president 6. Factive Jokowi presupposition 5) Companies make a significant portion of their earnings in the country 6) Companies have to sell their shares through the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX).

130

2. Jokowi rhetorically 7asked 8during a visit to the 7. Factive verb 7. Factive 7) Jokowi visited the stock exchange on stock exchange on Tuesday 9why many big 8. Temporal clause presupposition Tuesday companies 10 that made profits in 11 the mining, 9. Wh-question 8. Structural 8) Tuesday was the time Jokowi visited the plantation and property sectors in the country 10. Cleft sentence presupposition stock exchange listed 12 their shares in Singapore, Hong Kong 11. Definite description 9. Structural 9) Many big companies that made profits in or New York, instead of at the IDX. 12. Definite description presupposition the mining, plantation and property 10. Structural sectors in the country listed their shares in presupposition Singapore, Hong Kong or New York, 11. Existential instead of at the IDX. presupposition 10) Many big companies made profits in the 12. Existential mining, plantation and property sectors in presupposition the country 11) There exist the mining, plantation and property sectors in the country 12) Big companies’s shares

3. Data at the IDX 13 showed that 52 big 13. Factive verb 13. Factive 13) 52 big companies operating in the companies operating in the aforementioned 14. Cleft sentence presupposition aforementioned sectors that had a sectors 14 that had a combined market 15. Definite description 14. Structural combined market capitalization of about capitalization of about US$32 billion choose to 16. Factive verb presupposition US$32 billion choose to list their shares

131

list their shares in 15 the three cities Jokowi 15. Existential in the three cities Jokowi mentioned, mentioned, instead of in Jakarta, but the presupposition instead of in Jakarta primary reason can easily be 16 discerned from 16. Factive 14) 52 big companies had a combined market the key market indicators. presupposition capitalization of about US$32 billion 15) There are Singapore, Hong Kong or New York the three cities Jokowi mentioned 16) The key market indicators show the primary reason

4. Although 17 Indonesia has Southeast Asia’s 17. Definite description 17. Existential 17) There exist Indonesian country that has largest economy, the IDX has 19 remained 18. Factive verb presupposition Southeast Asia’s largest economy relatively small, shallow and less liquid 19. Comparative 18. Factive 18) The IDX relatively small, shallow and 20 compared to bourses in other major construction presupposition less liquid economies in the region. 19. Structural 19) Bourses in other major economies in the

presupposition region relatively bigger than the IDX

5. The IDX had 20 only about 550 listings with 20. Definite description 20. Existential 20) There exist 550 listings with total market total market capitalization of $480 billion, 21. Comparative presupposition capitalization of $480 billion 21 compared to 755 listings in Singapore with construction 21. Structural 21) The IDX has lower total market $717 billion, 900 in Kuala Lumpur with $410 presupposition capitalization than Singapore

132

billion and 525 in Bangkok with $442 billion. 6. 22 Jokowi’s promise to directly talk to each of 22. Definite description 22. Existential 22) Jokowi has a promise the 52 companies to persuade them to have 23. Factive item presupposition 23) Jokowi’s promise was a very positive their shares listed in the IDX 23 could be a very 24. Cleft sentence 23. Factive signal from the national leadership positive signal from the national leadership, presupposition 24) Jokowi’s promise to directly talk to each but 24 that would be far from sufficient to 24. Structural of the 52 companies to persuade them to convince them to have their shares traded in presupposition have their shares listed in the IDX would the IDX. be far from sufficient to convince them to have their shares traded in the IDX.

7. 25 The key factors to wooing 26 more companies 25. Definite description 25. Existential 25) There is the key factors to wooing more to the IDX is the capacity, liquidity and 26. Comparative presuppsition companies credibility of the exchange. constraction 26. Structural 26) There are many componies at the IDX presupposition 8. 27 The Financial Services Authority as 28 the 27. Definite description 27. Existential 27) There exist The Financial Services capital market regulator needs to work 29 harder 28. Definite description presupposition Authority to strengthen 30 the credibility of the exchange 29. Comparative 28. Existential 28) There exist the capital market regulator by preventing insider trading and 31 other unfair construction preupposition 29) The Financial Services Authority have market practices. 30. Definite description 29. Structural been working hard 31. Definite description presupposition 30) There exist the credibility of the exchange

133

30. Existential 31) There exist another unfair market presupposition practices 31. Existential presupposition

9. 32 The regulator should 33 improve 34 the 32. Definite description 32. Existential 32) There is the reguator in IDX mechanism of investor-protection by casting a 33. Change of state presupposition 33) The regulation still low broad enforcement net to detect and prevent verb 33. Lexical 34) There exist the mecanism of investor- accounting and financial fraud and to ensure 34. Definite description presupposition protection 35 that markets are fair, efficient and 35. Cleft sentence 34. Existential 35) markets are fair, efficient and transparent. transparent. presupposition 35. Structural presupposition 10. In this context, the manner in 36 which 37 the 36. Cleft sentence 36. Structural 36) the South Jakarta District Court would South Jakarta District Court would settle 38 the 37. Definite description presupposition settle the current dispute current dispute between investment bank 38. Definite description 37. Existential 37) There exist the South Jakarta District Goldman Sachs International and local 39. Definite description presupposition Court businessman 39 Benny Tjokrosaputro over 40 the 40. Definite description 38. Existential 38) There exist the current dispute between ownership of 425 million shares of the publicly 41. Definite description presupposition investment bank Goldman Sachs listed 41 PT Hanson International property 42. Definite description 39. Existential International and local businessman

134

developer worth around $22 million could presupposition Benny Tjokrosaputro affect 42 the credibility and integrity of the 40. Existential 39) There exist local businessman, Benny exchange. presupposition Tjokrosaputro 41. Existential 40) There exist the ownership of 425 million presupposition shares of the publicly 42. Existential 41) There exist PT Hanson International presupposition property developer 42) There exist the credibility and integrity of the exchange 11. Goldman 43 claimed to have legally bought the 43. Non factive verb 43. Non factive 43) Goldman have legally bought the shares shares through the negotiated board of the IDX 44. Factive verb presupposition 44) Those shares were tied up in a repurchase in 2015 from American hedge fund Platinum 45. Iterative 44. Factive agreement Partners without 44 being aware that those 46. Definite description presupposition 45) There once existed purchase agreement shares were tied up in a 45 repurchase 45. Lexical between the businessman and Platinum agreement between 46 the businessman and presupposition 46) There exist the businessman and Platinum Platinum in return for funding. 46. Existential presupposition 12. 46 This raised questions about 47 the standard of 47. Cleft sentence 47. Structural 47) Something has raised questions transparency and disclosure at the IDX. 48. Definite description presupposition 48) The exist the standard of transparency and 48. Existential disclosure at the IDX

135

presupposition 13. 48 Other big questions then are: 49 How could 49. Definite description 49. Existential 49) There exist another big question such share deals have been closed without the 50. Wh-question presupposition 50) Such share deals have been closed knowledge of the IDX management?, 50 why 51. Wh-question 50. Structural without the knowledge of the IDX was such a big share repo agreement not 52. Wh-question presupposition management registered with the IDX? and 51 how could the 51. Structural 51) Such a big share repo agreement not detective bureau of the National Police have presupposition registered with the IDX been so quick to freeze the shares at the 52. Structural 52) The detective bureau of the National custodian bank while the IDX management presupposition Police have been so quick to freeze the and the Financial Services Authority simply shares at the custodian bank while the sat idly by? IDX management and the Financial Services Authority simply sat idly by

136

2.3 Editorial 3 : Hunting tax evaders overseas

The Jakarta Post | Editorial | Monday, July 17, 2017

No. Sentence Presupposition Triggers Types of presupposition Presupposition 1. 1The government 2has yet to work 3harder to 1. Definite 1. Existential 1) There is a government (indonesian meet legislative and regulatory requirements to Description presupposition government) be able to hunt down tax evaders overseas 2. Change of state 2. Lexical 2) The government will work harder to meet under 4the Automatic Exchange of Information verb presupposition legislative and regulatory requirements (AEOI) global agreement between tax 3. Comparative 3. Structural 3) meet legislative and regulatory authorities, 5which has been signed by 6more construction presupposition requirements to be able to hunt down tax than 100 countries, including 7the so-called 4. Definite description 4. Existential evaders overseas is hard tax-haven countries. 5. Non restrictive presupposition 4) There exist the Automatic Exchange of relative clause 5. Structural Information (AEOI) global agreement 6. Comparative presupposition between tax authorities construction 6. Structural 5) The Automatic Exchange of Information 7. Definite description presupposition (AEOI) global agreement between tax 7. Existential authorities has been signed presupposition 6) There were 100 countries signed the AEOI global agreement 7) There exist so-called tax- haven countries.

137

2. First of all, 8the House of Representatives 9still 8. Definite description 8. Existential 8) There exist the House of Representatives needs to achieve a national political consensus 9. Change of state presupposition 9) The House of Representatives has yet to to approve 10 Presidential Regulation in Lieu of verb 9. Lexical achieve a national political consensus Law No. 1/17 on access to financial 10. Definite description presupposition 10) There exist Presidential Regulation in information and accounts for taxation 10. Existential Lieu of Law No. 1/17 purposes. presupposition 3. Without 11 endorsement of the regulation in lieu 11. Definite description 11. Existential 11) There exist endorsement of the regulation of law, Indonesia will not be able to avail of 12. Definite description presuppoition in lieu of law 12 the AEOI. 12. Existential 12) There exist the AEO presupposition 4. The House 13 also 14 has yet to ratify 15 two other 13. Iterative 13. Lexical 13) Lexical presupposition agreements 16 that 17 the government and more 14. Change of state presupposition 14) The House will ratify two other than 100 other countries have signed to verb 14. Lexical agreements implement the AEOI. 15. Definite description presupposition 15) There exist two agreements 16. Cleft sentence 15. Existential 16) Two other agreements the government 17. Factive verb presupposition and more than 100 other countries have 16. Structural signed presupposition 17) to implement the AEOI the government 17. Factive and more than 100 other countries have to presupposition sign two other agreeement

138

5. One of them is 21 the multilateral competent 18. Definite description 18. Existential 18) There exist the multilateral competent authority agreement (MCAA) 22 that lays out an 19. Cleft sentence presupposition authority agreement (MCAA) international framework to facilitate the 19. Strucrtural 19) the multilateral competent authority automatic exchange of information. presupposition agreement (MCAA) lays out an international framework to facilitate the automatic exchange of information. 6. 20 The MCAA 21 enables signatory countries to 20. Definite description 20. Existential 20) There exist MCAA implement the AEOI without first going 21. Non factive verb presupposition 21) The MCAA enables signatory countries through time-consuming and complex 21. Non factive implement the AEOI without first going negotiations for multiple bilateral agreements. presupposition through time-consuming and complex negotiations for multiple bilateral agreements. 7. 25 The other agreement is on common reporting 22. Definite description 22. Existential 22) There exist the other agreement standards for the AEOI. presupposition

8. Then 26 the government 27 still also 28 has to sign 23. Definite description 23. Existential 23) Indonesian government an international agreement on the 24. Temporal clause presupposition 24) The government once has signed the confidentiality and protection of data 26 before 25. Factive verb 24. Lexical previous agreement Indonesia can start sharing financial data 26. Temporal clause presupposition 25) There was an international agreement on

139

automatically with other countries. 25. Factive the confidentiality and protection of data presupposition 26) Indonesia can start sharing financial data 26. Structural automatically with other countries. presupposition 9. 27 Unlike Indonesia, Singapore 28 has completed 27. Comparative 27. Structural 27) Singapore faster than Indonesia in all the necessary instruments to implement the construction presupposition completing all the necessary instruments AEOI. 28. Change of state 28. Lexical to implement the AEOI. verb presupposition 28) all the necessary instruments ready to implement the AEOI. 10. 29 Many countries 30 have placed high 29. Definite description 29. Existential 29) There exist many country expectations on the AEOI mechanism to hunt 30. Factive verb presupposition 30) The AEOI mechanism to hunt down tax down tax evaders and to minimize tax 30. Factive evaders and to minimize tax avoidance avoidance and prevent money laundering. presupposition and prevent money laundering was the high expactations of many countries 11. 31 Indonesia especially will 32 be able to 31. Definite description 31. Existential 31) There exist Indonesian country significantly boost 33 its tax base through the 32. Factive verb presupposition 32) Its tax base through the AEOI will be AEOI. 33. Cleft sentence 32. Factive boosted by Indonesia presupposition 33) Indonesian tax base 33. Structural presupposition

140

12. For example, 34 the nine-month tax amnesty 34. Definite description 34. Existential 34) There exist the nine-month tax amnesty 35 that ended in March was able to uncover 35. Cleft sentence presupposition 35) the nine-month tax amnesty ended in 36 more than Rp 1 quadrillion (US$86 billion) 36. Comparative 35. Structural March in financial and fixed assets overseas owned by construction presupposition 36) There was Rp 1 quadrillion (US$86 Indonesians. 36. Structural billion) in financial and fixed assets presupposition overseas owned by Indonesians 13. About 60 percent of the amount was 37 parked 37. Factive verb 37) 60 percent of the amount was parked in in Singapore. Singapore. 14. 38 The tax pardon also uncovered 39 another Rp 38. Definite description 37. Factive 38) There exist the tax pardon 3.7 quadrillion worth of assets within the 39. Definite description presupposition 39) There exist Rp 3.7 quadrillion worth of country 40 that had remained outside of the tax 40. Cleft sentence 38. Existential assets within the country net. presupposition 40) another Rp 3.7 quadrillion worth of assets 39. Existential within the country had remained outside presupposition of the tax net. 40. Structural presupposition 15. 41 The tax amnesty 42 has validated the 41. Definite description 41. Existential 41) There exist the tax amnesty perception 43 that tax evasion in the country has 42. Factive verb presupposition 42) The perception that tax evasion in the been massive, as can also be seen in the very 43. Cleft sentence 42. Factive country has been massive low tax ratio (tax revenues as a percentage of presupposition 43) Tax evasion in the country has been

141

gross domestic product) of just 10.30 percent, 43. Structural massive among the lowest in the ASEAN region. presupposition

16. As 44 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 44. Definite description 44. Existential 44) There exist International Monetary Fund deputy managing director Mitsuhiro Furusawa 45. Factive verb presupposition (IMF) deputy managing director 45 noted in Jakarta on Wednesday, a minimum 46. Implicative verb 45. Factive Mitsuhiro Furusawa tax ratio of 15 percent is 46 needed to presupposition 45) a minimum tax ratio of 15 percent is significantly accelerate growth and 46. Lexical needed to significantly accelerate growth development. presupposition and development. 46) a minimum tax ratio of 15 percent accelerate growth and development 17. Certainly, strengthening revenue mobilization 47. Iterative 47. Lexical 47) There once existed a wide range of other 47 also requires a wide range of other measures, 48. Comparative presupposition measures including a 48 more vigorous tax collection construction 48. Structural 48) There were many vigorous tax collection effort and efficient and clean tax presupposition effort and efficient and clean tax administration. administration 18. But 49 given the huge amount of assets 50 that 49. Factive verb 49. Factive 49) the huge amount of assets that rich rich Indonesians have parked overseas, 51 the 50. Cleft sentence presupposition Indonesians have parked overseas AEOI mechanism will be helpful indeed. 51. Definite description 50. Structural 50) Rich Indonesians have parked overseas presupposition 51) There exist the AEOI mechanism

142

51. Existential presupposition 19. 52 The government is desperately seeking 52. Definite description 52. Existential 52) There exist indonesian government 53 more tax revenue. 53. Comparative presupposition 53) There are many tax revenue construction 53. Structural presupposition 20. 54 It was recently 55 forced to cut various 54. Cleft sentence 54. Structural 54) Indonesian govrnment was recently expenditure allocations and revise upward 56 its 55. Factive verb presupposition forced to cut various expenditure budget deficit estimate to 2.9 percent for this 56. Cleft sentence 55. Factive allocations year, only one notch below 57 the fiscal deficit 57. Definite description presupposition 55) Various expenditure allocations will be ceiling of 3 percent as mandated by law, 58. Factive verb 56. Structural cut 58 because tax receipts are estimated to be way presupposition 56) Various expenditure allocations budget below the target. 57. Existential deficit estimate to 2.9 percent for this year presupposition 57) There exist the fiscal deficit ceiling of 3 58. Factive percent as mandated by law presupposition 58) Tax receipts are estimated to be way below the target

143

2.4 Editorial 4 : Deposit insurer short of funds

The Jakarta Post | Editorial | Monday, July 24, 2017

No. Sentences Presupposition Triggers Types of Presupposition Presupposition

1. 1The government should take seriously 2a 1. Definite description 1. Existential 1) There is a government referring to warning from the Deposit Insurance Presupposition Indonesian government 2. Definite description Corporation (LPS) about 3its gross funding 2. Existential 2) There exist a warning from the Deposit inadequacy, 4which raises questions about its 3. Cleft sentence presupposition Insurance Corporation (LPS) ability to reimburse depositors of major banks 4. Cleft sentence in case of a crisis. 3. Structural 3) The deposite Insurance corporation’s 5. Cleft sentence presupposition (LPS) warning is is gross funding inadequacy 4. Structural presupposition 4) Gross funding inadequacy raises questions 5. Structural presupposition 5) The Deposit Insurance Corporation (LPS) ability to reimburse depositors of major banks in case of a crisis.

2. 6It now collects premiums at a fixed rate of 0.2 6. Cleft sentence 6. Structural 6)

144

percent of total deposits from all banks, 7. Definite description presupposition 7) There exist specific level of risk of all without considering 7their specific level of banks 7. Existential risk. presupposition

3. 8The 2016 Financial System Crisis Prevention 8. Definite description 8. Existential 8) There is Financial System Crisis and Mitigation (PPKSK) Law does 9allow the presupposition Prevention and Mitigation (PPKSK) Law 9. Factive verb LPS to issue bonds, but only in 10 an in 2016 9. Factive emergency, 11 when bond yields are unusually 10. Definite description presupposition 9) Bonds issued by the LPS very high. 11. Temporal clause 10. Existential 10) There exis an amergency presupposition 11) Bond yields are unusually very high. 11. Structural presupposition

4. 12 The latest assessment of 13 Indonesia’s 12. Definite description 12. Existential 12) There is the latest assessment of financial system stability by 14 the International presupposition Indonesia’s financial system stability 13. Definite description Monetary Fund 15 concluded in May that 13. Existential 13) Indonesa has financial system stability systemic risk is low and the banking system 14. Definite description presupposition appears generally resilient to severe shocks. 14) There exist the International Monetary 15. Factive verb 14. Existential Fund

145

presupposition 15) Systemic risk is low and the banking system appears generally resilient to 15. Factive severe shocks. presupposition

5. 16 The problem, though, 17 is that we hardly 16. Definite description 16. Existential 16) There is the problem 18 know when or from where a financial crisis presupposition 17. Factive verb 17) We hardly know when or from where a will strike. 17. Factive financial crisis will strike. 18. Factive verb presupposition 18) a financial crisis will strike. 18. Factive

presupposition

6. Indonesia in 19 particularly is vulnerable to 19. Conventional item 19. Lexical 19) Other country in generally are vulnerable sudden shocks in 20 the global economy, given presupposition to sudden shocks in the global economy 20. Definite description 21 the dominance of foreign portfolio investors. 20. Existential 20) There exist the global economy 21. Definite description presupposition 21) There exist the dominance of foreign 21. Existential portfolio investors. presupposition

146

7. 22 Foreigners 23 own at least 50 percent of shares 22. Definite description 22. Existential 22) There exist foreigners in Indonesia and 40 percent of bonds traded on secondary presupposition 23. Definite description 23) Foreigners has 50 percent of shares and markets, among 24 the highest in the region. 23. Existential 40 percent of bonds traded on secondary 24. Definite description presupposition markets

24. Existential 24) There is the highest shares and bonds in presupposition the region.

8. Experience from 25 the 1997-1998 financial and 25. Definite description 25. Existential 25) There was a financial and economic crisis economic crisis 26 shows that even the closure presupposition in the 1997-1998 26. Factive verb of 15 small banks 27 that accounted for 28 less 26. Factive 26) Even the closure of 15 small banks that than 2 percent of the total banking assets could 27. Factive verb presupposition accounted for less than 2 percent of the trigger financial panic. 28. Comparative total banking assets could trigger financial 27. Factive contraction panic presupposition 27) The total banking assets less than 2 28. Structural percent could trigger financial panic presupposition

147

28) Th e total banking assets is 1 percent

9. The vulnerabiliy 29 has increased, 30 because the 29. Change of state 29. Lexical 29) The vulnerabily used not to be increased number of commercial banks (120 at present) verb presupposition 30) The number of commercial banks (120 at is 31 still too high to allow effective supervision. 30. Factive item 30. Factive present) is still too high to allow effective presupposition supervision. 31. Iterative particle 31. Lexical 31) The number of commercial banks (120 at presupposition present) is still too high before

10. Even though 32 the 20 largest banks account for 32. Definite description 32. Existential 32) There exist the 20 largest banks 33 more than 85 percent of total banking assets, presupposition 33. Comparison and 33) The total banking assets is 85 percent financial distress hitting several banks at once contrast 33. Structural could trigger a major crisis. presupposition

11. 34 The LPS told an international conference on 34. Definite description 34. Existential 34) There is LPS deposit insurance in Yogyakarta last week presupposition 35. Cleft sentence 35) As of April, it had only about Rp 80 35 that, 36 as of April, 37 it had only about Rp 80 35. Structural trillion (US$6 billion) in bailout funds trillion (US$6 billion) in bailout funds, 38 while 36. Temporal clause presupposition the estimated 100 small and medium-size 36) It had only about Rp 80 trillion (US$6

148

banks with capital ranging from 39 less than Rp 37. Cleft sentence 36. Structural billion) in bailout funds 1 trillion to Rp 5 trillion had 40 more than Rp presupposition 38. Temporal clause 37) The fund only about Rp 80 trillion (US$6 740 trillion in third-party deposits and the 20 37. Structural billion) in bailout funds largest banks held more than Rp 4 quadrillion. 39. Comparison and presupposition contrast 38) The estimated 100 small and medium-size 38. Structural banks with capital ranging from less than 40. Comparison and presupposition Rp 1 trillion to Rp 5 trillion had more contrast than Rp 740 trillion in third-party deposits 39. Structural presupposition 39) capital ranging is 900 million

40. Comparison and 40) Medium-size banks with capital ranging contrast from less than Rp 1 trillion to Rp 5 trillion had Rp 740 trillion in third-party deposits

12. 41 What makes 42 the position of depositors even 41. Cleft sentence 41. Structural 41) The PPKSK Law allows the LPS to bail more precarious in a major crisis is that the presupposition out only the systemically important banks 42. Definite description PPKSK Law allows the LPS to bail out only (the 20 largest) make the position of 42. Existential 43 the systemically important banks (the 20 43. Definite description depositors even more precarious in a presupposition largest). major crisis.

43. Existential 42) There is the position of depositors in a

149

presupposition major crisis

43) There exist the systemically important banks (the 20 largest).

13. This 44 means that most small and mid-size 44. Factive verb 44. Factive 44) Most small and mid-size banks that face banks 45 that face severe liquidity problems or presupposition severe liquidity problems or insolvency 45. Cleft sentence insolvency will either be 46 taken over or will either be taken over or closed down 45. Structural 47 closed down by the LPS. 46. Change of state by the LPS. presupposition verb 45) Most small and mid-size banks face 46. Lexical 47. Change of state severe liquidity problems or insolvency presupposition verb 46) Most small and mid-size banks is 47. Lexical available presupposition 47) Most small and mid-size banks still open

14. Only systematically important banks are 48. Counterfactual 48. Counterfactual 48) Systematically important banks have not entitled to short-term liquidity credits from conditional presupposition enough securities to cover loans. Bank Indonesia 48 if they have enough securities to cover loans.

150

15. Given the absence of alternative sources of 49. Counterfactual 49. Non-factive 49) Someday for the government to revise funds for the LPS in the near future, it is adverb presupposition down the Rp 2 billion ceiling on deposits 49 perhaps time now for the government to 50. Definite description 50. Existential 50) Depsitors have savings revise down the Rp 2 billion ceiling on presupposition deposits covered by the LPS to prompt 51. Definite description 51) There exist industry’s consolidation depositors to move 50 their savings to big banks, 51. Existential thereby accelerating 51 the industry’s presupposition consolidation.

16. The ceiling is way 52 higher than in most 53 other 52. Comparative 52. Structural 52) The ceiling is low in other country countries,54 where 55 it ranges from $90,000 to construction presupposition 53) There exist another country $100,000. 53. Definite description 53. Existential 54) The ceiling ranges from $90,000 to presupposition 54. Non restrictive $100,000 relative clause 54. Structural 55) Higher way of the ceiling ranges from presupposition 55. Cleft sentence $90,000 to $100,000 55. Structural

presupposition

151

17. 56 The financial system is now fairly stable and 56. Definite description 56. Existential 56) There exist the financial system strong enough to weather such a reform. presupposition

152

2.5 Editorial 5 : Witchhunt: A deja vu

The Jakarta Post | Editorial | Monday, July 31, 2017

No. Sentence Presupposition triggers Types of Presupposition Presupposition 1. And 1the witch-hunt 2begins. 1. Definite description 1. Existential 1) There exist the witch-hunt 2. Change of State presupposition 2) The witch-hunt is happen Verb 2. Lexical presupposition

3. 3The threat of the dismissal of university 4. Definite description 3. Existential 3) There exist the threat of the dismissal of lecturers 4accused of having links to Hizbut 5. Verb of Judging presupposition university lecturers Tahrir Indonesia (HTI) harks 5back to 6the 6. Iterative item 4. Lexical 4) having links to Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia 1960s witch-hunt against the 1960s witch-hunt 7. Definite description presupposition (HTI) was banned against anyone associated with communists, 8. Definite description 5. Lexical 5) There once happened the 1960s witch- along with similar crackdowns on “reds” preuppoosition hunt across 7the United States. 6. Existential 6) There was the 1960s witch-hunt presupposition 7) There exist a country namely the United 7. Existential States. presupposition 2. With 8this new weapon, 9the new rule banning 9. Definite description 8. existential 8) there exist the new weapon

153

mass organizations 10 deemed incompatible 10. Definite description presupposition 9) there exist the new rule with 11 the Pancasila state ideology, 12 the 11. Non factive verb 9. existential 10) banning mass organizations incompatible government has banned HTI, 13 which 12. Definite description presupposition with the Pancasila state ideology campaigns for a caliphate. 13. Definite description 10. non factive 11) there exist the Pancasila state ideology 14. Non Restrictive presupposition 12) there exist Indonesian government Relative Clause 11. existential 13) HTI campaigns for a caliphate presupposition 12. structural presupposition 13. Structural presupposition

3. Recently, 14 Research, Technology and Higher 14. Definite description 15. Existential 14) There exist Research, Technology and Education Minister Muhammad Nasir 15 said 15. Factive verb presupposition Higher Education Minister Muhammad state-employed lecturers 16 who were HTI 16. Cleft sentence 16. Factive Nasir members would be sent three written warnings, 17. Definite description presupposition 15) State-employed lecturers 16who were each valid for 30 days, to leave 16 the 17. Structural HTI members would be sent three written organization or be fired. presupposition warnings 18. Existential 16) state-employed lecturers were HTI

154

presupposition members 17) there exist an organization (HTI organization)

4. 18 Home Minister Tjahjo Kumolo 19 said 18. Definite description 19. Existential 18) There exist Home Minister Tjahjo regional heads must identify any official with 19. Factive verb presupposition Kumolo 20 HTI links. 20. Definite description 20. Factive 19) Regional heads must identify any official presupposition with HTI links 21. Existential 20) There exist HTI links presuposition 5. 21 Jakarta Governor Djarot Saiful Hidayat 21. Definite description 22. Existential 21) There exist Jakarta Governor Djarot 22 suggested civil servants linked to HTI or 22. Factive presupposition Saiful Hidayat similar groups should have 23 their citizenship presupposition 23. Factive 22) Civil servants linked to HTI or similar revoked. 23. Definite description presupposition groups should have 20their citizenship 24. Existential revoked. presupposition 23) civil servants or similar groups citizenship revoked

6. 24 Many of us cheer 25 the government’s 24. Definite description 25. Existential 24) there exist many of Indonesian people firmness on HTI and like-minded groups 26 who 25. Definite description presupposition 25) The government has firmness

155

preach 27 that a caliphate would solve all 26. Cleft sentence 26. Existential 26) HTI and like-minded groups preach that a worldly problems. 27. Cleft sentence presupposition caliphate would solve all worldly 27. Structural problems. presupposition 27) a caliphate would solve all worldly 28. Structural problems. presupposition

7. No thanks, we 28 prefer 29 the option 30 where no 29. Comparative 28. Structural 28) We like another option one can hide behind a God. construction presupposition 29) There exist an option 30. Definite description 29. Existential 30) No one can hide behind a God 31. Cleft sentence presupposition 30. Structural presupposition

8. But commitment to democracy 31 faces a test 31. Non factive verb 31. Nonfactive 31) a test with the instincts to crush HTI with the instincts to crush HTI and 32 its 32. Cleft Sentence presupposition and its supporters. supporters. 32. Structural 32) HTI Ssuporters presupposition

9. Clearly, we haven’t learned from history, 33. Temporal Clause 33. Structural 33) The state and the army, helped

156

33 when the state and the army, helped presupposition massively by the people egged on by massively by the people egged on by religious religious figures figures, hunted down “reds” among students, educators, neighbors and even family members. 10. 34 Hundreds of thousands were 35 arbitrarily 34. Definite 34. Existential 34) Hundred of thousands people egged on by arrested and executed; others vanished. Description presupposition religious figures members. 35. Factive verb 35. Factive 35) Hundreds of thousands were arbitrarily presupposition arrested and executed; others vanished. 11. 36 Their offspring remain stigmatized. 36. Definite description 36. Existential 36) the people egged on by religious figures has presupposition offspring 12. 37 The role of campuses in the past witchhunt 37. Definite description 37. existential 37) there exist the role of campuses 38 came to light 39 after testimonies presented at 38. Change of state presupposition 38) there once existed the role of campuses in the 40 the International People’s Tribunal on the verbs 38. Lexical past witchhunt\ 1965 events last year at The Hague in the 39. Temporal Clause presupposition 39) testimonies presented at the International Netherlands, 41 where several elderly exiles, 40. Definite description 39. Structural People’s Tribunal including former students, have died. 41. Non Restrictive presupposition 40) there exist the International People’s Tribunal Relative Clause 40. Existential 41) Several elderly exiles, including former presupposition students, have died 41. Structural

157

presupposition 13. 42 As we have yet to resolve this ugly chapter, 42. Change of state 42. Lexical 42) we have yet to resolve this ugly chapter 43 can we guarantee the traumatic events will verb presupposition 43) we guarantee the traumatic events will not not recur? True, we will 44 likely go around 43. Question 43. Structural recur butchering people in 45 the name of Pancasila. 44. Non factive verb presupposition 44) we might or might not go around butchering 45. Definite description 44. Nonfactive people in in the name of Pancasila. presupposition 45) There exist Pancasila 45. Existential presupposition 14. Still, jumping on the witchhunt bandwagon is 46. Definite description 46. Existential 46) There exist the Islamic State (IS) movement tempting, given the mad savagery of 46 the 47. Non Restrictive presuppsition 47) the Islamic State (IS) movement, also appeals Islamic State (IS) movement, 47 which also Relative Clause 47. Structural to Indonesians outside HTI appeals to Indonesians outside HTI. presupposition 15. But with 48 the possibility of HTI members 48. Definite description 48. Existential 48) There exist the possibility of HTI members going underground, 49 a more effective option 49. Comparative presupposition going underground 50 managed to strengthen 51 our democracy and construction 49. Structural 49) There exist a more effective option 52 the critical thinking of our citizens. 50. Implicative verb presupposition 50) a more effective option tried to stengthen our 51. Definite description 50. Lexical democracy 52. Definite description presupposition 51) we have democracy 51. Existential 52) there exist the critical thinking of our citizens.

158

presupposition 52. Existential presupposition 16. Besides, crushing anyone 53 today is futile. 53. Temporal clause 53. Structural 53) crushing anyone is futile presupposition 17. 54 A Gadjah Mada University (UGM) lecturer 54. Definite description 54. Existential 54) There exist A Gadjah Mada University 55 who is on the list 56 immediately expressed 55. Cleft sentence presuppositio (UGM) lecturer defiance, saying 57 that his preaching would 56. Temporal Clause 55. Structural 55) A Gadjah Mada University (UGM) lecturer continue despite the ban. 57. Cleft sentence presupposition on the list 56. Structural 56) A Gadjah Mada University (UGM) lecturer presupposition on the list expressed defiance 57. Structural 57) His preaching would continue despite the ban presupposition 18. 58 The attraction will 59 remain for simple 58. Definite description 58. Existential 58) There exist The attraction solutions with little need to think, with blind 59. Factive Verb presupposition 59) We need to think about the attraction trust in 60 the authorities monopolizing 60. Definite description 59. Factive 60) There exist the authorities monopolizing interpretation of the law of God. presuposition interpretation of the law of God. 60. Existential presupposition

159

19. 61 Today’s distress in facing growing 61. Definite description 61. Existential 61) There exist distress today extremism exposes us to similar yearnings for presuposition quick solutions. 20. However, 62 what is needed is strong leadership 62. Cleft Sentence 62. Structral 62) We need strong leadership in protecting all in protecting all citizens. presupposition citizens.

21. 63 Law enforcers should no longer stand by as 63. Definite description 63. Existential 63) There exist law enforcers vigilantes 64 intimidate anyone seen as infidels, 64. Non factive verb presupposition 64) anyone seen as infidels just 65 because leaders fear upsetting Islamists. 65. Factive verb 64. Non factive 65) leaders fear upsetting Islamists. presupposition 65. Factive presupposition

22. 66 Critical citizens will not be fooled into 66. Definite description 66. Existential 66) There exist Critical citizens defending God or 67 the religious fervors of 67. Definite description presupposition 67) There exist the religious fervors of nationalism. 67. Existential nationalism. presupposition

160