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Vision and the Nobel Prize a Visão E Prêmio Nobel Fábio Barreto Morais1 1

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Vision and the Nobel Prize a Visão E Prêmio Nobel Fábio Barreto Morais1 1 A RQUIVOS B RASILEIROS DE REVIEW ARTICLE Vision and the Nobel Prize A visão e Prêmio Nobel Fábio Barreto Morais1 1. Hospital de Olhos de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE, Brazil. ABSTRACT | The Nobel Prize is the world’s foremost honor (descolamento da retina). Outros cientistas ganharam o prêmio for scientific advances in medicine and other areas. Founded com pesquisas relacionadas à visão: Ragnar Granit, Haldan by Alfred Nobel, the prizes have been awarded annually since Hartline e George Wald (química e fisiologia da visão); David 1901. We reviewed the literature on persons who have won Hubel e Torsten Wiesel (processamento no sistema visual). or competed for this prize in subjects related to vision and Peter Medawar é a única pessoa que nasceu no Brasil a ganhar ophthalmology. The topics were divided into vision physiology, o prêmio. diagnostic and therapeutic methods, disease mechanism, and Descritores: Prêmio Nobel; Oftalmologia; Visão; Laureados; miscellaneous categories. Allvar Gullstrand is the only ophthal- Fisiologia mologist to win a Nobel Prize; he is also the only one to receive it for work in ophthalmology. Other ophthalmologists that have been nominated were Hjalmar Schiötz (tonometer), Karl Koller INTRODUCTION (topical anesthesia), and Jules Gonin (retinal detachment). The Nobel Prize is the world’s foremost honor in Other scientists have won the prize for eye-related research: Ragnar Granit, Haldan Hartline and George Wald (chemistry recognition of cultural and/or scientific advances for and physiology of vision), and David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel activities related to chemistry, physics, physiology or (processing in the visual system). Peter Medawar is the only medicine, literature, economics, and peace. Every year, person born in Brazil to have won the Nobel Prize. in October, candidates who have done work of great value for the good of humanity in these areas are chosen Keywords: Nobel Prize; Ophthalmology; Vision; Laureates; to receive the prize in December 10, the birthday of the Physiology creator of the award, Alfred Nobel. RESUMO | O Prêmio Nobel é a principal honraria do mundo The history of the prize begins with Alfred Nobel, para avanços científicos em medicina e outras áreas. Fundada the inventor of dynamite. After experiencing displea- por Alfred Nobel, os prêmios são concedidos anualmente desde sure for the death and destruction caused by his inven- 1901. Revisamos a literatura sobre pessoas que ganharam ou tion, Nobel proposed creation of an award that would competiram por esse prêmio em assuntos relacionados à visão e honor those who, in the future, would serve the good oftalmologia. Os tópicos foram divididos em fisiologia da visão, of humanity. He left his fortune of SEK 32 million for métodos diagnósticos e terapêuticos, mecanismo de doenças e variados. Allvar Gullstrand não é o único oftalmologista a ganhar the creation of an institute to administer the prize, the um Nobel, porém é o único a recebê-lo por contribuições na Nobel Foundation. The first award ceremony took pla- oftalmologia. Outros oftalmologistas foram nomeados: Hjalmar ce in 1901 at the Royal Conservatory of Stockholm(1). Schiötz (tonometro), Karl Koller (anestesia tópica) e Jules Gonin These awards are given annually by the Royal Academy of Sciences of Sweden, Swedish Academy, Norwegian Nobel Committee, and Karolinska Institute to indivi- duals and organizations that have contributed exceptio- nally in the above areas(2). Considering the scarcity of specific literature on this Submitted for publication: August 24, 2017 Accepted for publication: September 29, 2017 important topic in the history of ophthalmology, we Funding: No specific financial support was available for this study. reviewed the scientific literature on people who won or Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest: None of the authors have any potential conflict of interest to disclose. competed for the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology, Correspondence author: Fábio B. Morais. and also the prizes in other areas related to ophthal- Rua Joaquim Goes, 88/301 - Aracaju, SE - 49020-130 - Brazil E-mail: [email protected] mology, such as physics. This content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attributions 4.0 International License. ■ http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/0004-2749.20180035 Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2018;81(2):161-5 161 Vision and the Nobel Prize TOPICS Ragnar Granit was born in Helsinki, Finland. He used Only one individual who practiced ophthalmology microelectrodes to measure nerve impulses. He showed for a significant period has ever received a Nobel Prize. that light on the retina elicits excitatory and inhibitory This was Allvar Gullstrand, a Swede who was awarded signals as measured in the optic nerves; the sum of these the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1911. effects helps to produce images perceived by the brain. Although Gullstrand often is said to be the only Nobel Granit also worked on development of the electrore ti- laureate who was an ophthalmologist, this is incorrect. nogram (ERG), with which he and his colleagues studied Fritz Pregl, an Austrian ophthalmologist who deserted the basic principles of color vision. The ERG remains a the eye for analytical chemistry, received the Nobel Prize major investigative tool in clinical and research studies in Chemistry in 1923. Walter Hess, a Swiss ophthalmo- in ophthalmology. logist and physiologist, was awarded the Nobel Prize in A New Yorker, George Wald, studied the chemistry of Physiology or Medicine in 1949 for his work on autono- the retina and found that rhodopsin is made up of opsin, a mic control by the hypothalamus. Therefore, although protein, and retinal, an aldehyde of vitamin A. He then Gullstrand is not the only ophthalmologist to win a Nobel showed that light causes breakdown of the rhodopsin Prize, he is to date the only ophthalmologist who has molecule, with darkness reversing the process. From been given a Nobel Prize for work in ophthalmology(3). these findings, Wald postulated that night blindness Other ophthalmologists have been nominated, but was due to vitamin A deficiency. In the 1950s, Wald and not selected, for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medi- colleagues isolated other retinal pigments related to vitamin A and demonstrated their role in color vision cine. Hjalmar Schiötz was considered for his tonometer, and color blindness. as was Karl Koller for his discovery of topical anesthesia Born in Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania, and educated at in the eye. Jules Gonin nearly received the award for Johns Hopkins University, Haldan Keffer Hartline began his innovations in retinal detachment surgery. The No- studying impulse transmission in the well-differentiated bel Prize has been awarded to other scientists whose optic nerve fibers of horseshoe crabs. He discovered work concerns the function of the eye. In 1967, Ragnar that signal rates are proportional to the intensity of light Granit, Haldan Keffer Hartline, and George Wald were falling on the photoreceptors, and that in the visual designees for their contributions to our understanding system of the frog, the nerve fibers are activated according of the chemistry and physiology of vision. In 1981, David to the type of light, brightness, and object movement. Hubel and Torsten Wiesel were recipients for their work Hartline also elucidated the mechanisms of signal pro- on information processing in the visual system(4). Peter cessing in the retina, night vision, and the recognition of Brian Medawar is worth mentioning as the only person patterns and motion by the retina. born in Brazil to win a Nobel Prize. For his research Although many of the theories of Granit, Wald, and on corneas with the theory of acquired immunological Hartline have changed, the research methods they de- tolerance, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or veloped and the basic concepts they advanced were Medicine in 1960 with Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet(5). cru cial for the growth of cognitive neuroscience and For didactic purposes, we divided this review into neuro-ophthalmology(6). to pics related to the physiology of vision, diagnostic and therapeutic methods, mechanisms of disease, and mis- David H. Hubel and Torsten Wiesel (WON) cellaneous categories (some laureates whose research Torsten Nils Wiesel, a Swedish neurophysiologist, has some relation to ophthalmology). to gether with David Hunter Hubel, a Canadian neuro- phy siologist, received the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physio logy Physiology of vision or Medicine for their discoveries concerning in­­for mation Ragnar Granit, Haldan Keffer Hartline, processing in the visual system. The prize was shared and George Wald (WON) with Roger W. Sperry for his independent research on The 1967 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was the cerebral hemispheres(7). awarded jointly to Ragnar Granit, Haldan Keffer Hartline, The work of Hubel and Wiesel was a quantum step and George Wald “for their discoveries concerning the in our understanding of the visual system(8). Their work primary physiological and chemical visual processes in it provided fundamental insight into information pro- the eye.” cessing in the visual system and laid the foundation for 162 Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2018;81(2):161-5 Morais FB the field of visual neuroscience. They had many achieve- declined.) In 1910 and 1911, Gullstrand was nomina- ments, including, but not limited to, the discovery of ted for the Nobel Prize in Physics. In 1911, the Nobel orientation selectivity in visual cortex neurons and Committee for Physics, of which he was a member, characterization of the columnar organization of visual suggested that he receive the prize. At the same time, cortex through their discovery of orientation columns the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine was and ocular-dominance columns(9). They received the considering him for their prize. Gullstrand declined the Nobel Prize for two major contributions: their work on Nobel Prize in Physics in favor of the Nobel Prize in de velopment of the visual system, which involved a Physiology or Medicine(12).
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