Returning an Entire Near-Earth Asteroid in Support of Human Exploration Beyond Low-Earth Orbit
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
New Voyage to Rendezvous with a Small Asteroid Rotating with a Short Period
Hayabusa2 Extended Mission: New Voyage to Rendezvous with a Small Asteroid Rotating with a Short Period M. Hirabayashi1, Y. Mimasu2, N. Sakatani3, S. Watanabe4, Y. Tsuda2, T. Saiki2, S. Kikuchi2, T. Kouyama5, M. Yoshikawa2, S. Tanaka2, S. Nakazawa2, Y. Takei2, F. Terui2, H. Takeuchi2, A. Fujii2, T. Iwata2, K. Tsumura6, S. Matsuura7, Y. Shimaki2, S. Urakawa8, Y. Ishibashi9, S. Hasegawa2, M. Ishiguro10, D. Kuroda11, S. Okumura8, S. Sugita12, T. Okada2, S. Kameda3, S. Kamata13, A. Higuchi14, H. Senshu15, H. Noda16, K. Matsumoto16, R. Suetsugu17, T. Hirai15, K. Kitazato18, D. Farnocchia19, S.P. Naidu19, D.J. Tholen20, C.W. Hergenrother21, R.J. Whiteley22, N. A. Moskovitz23, P.A. Abell24, and the Hayabusa2 extended mission study group. 1Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA ([email protected]) 2Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Kanagawa, Japan 3Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan 4Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan 5National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan 6Tokyo City University, Tokyo, Japan 7Kwansei Gakuin University, Hyogo, Japan 8Japan Spaceguard Association, Okayama, Japan 9Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan 10Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea 11Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 12University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 13Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan 14University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan 15Chiba Institute of Technology, Chiba, Japan 16National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Iwate, Japan 17National Institute of Technology, Oshima College, Yamaguchi, Japan 18University of Aizu, Fukushima, Japan 19Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA 20University of Hawai’i, Manoa, HI, USA 21University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA 22Asgard Research, Denver, CO, USA 23Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, AZ, USA 24NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA 1 Highlights 1. -
Potential Resources on and from the Asteroids/Comets; Threats
ASTEROIDS AND COMETS: POTENTIAL RESOURCES LECTURE 21 NEEP 533 HARRISON H. SCHMITT EROS C-TYPE NASA/NEAR SHOEMAKER/APL 11X11X34 KM ASTEROIDS IN GENERAL 1.3 GM/CM3 MAIN BELT ASTEROIDS BETWEEN JUPITER AND MARS NEAR EARTH ASTEROIDS SOME MAY BE SPENT COMETS EARTH CROSSING ASTEROIDS SOME MAY BE SPENT COMETS “CENTAUR” ASTEROIDS BETWEEN JUPITER AND URANUS CHIRON, 1979 VA, AND 133P/ELST-PIZARRO ALSO HAVE COMET- LIKE BEHAVIOR “TROJAN” ASTEROIDS JUPITER’S ORBIT AND CONTROLLED BY IT GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS RUBBLE PILES (?) NO ASTEROID >150M ROTATES FASTER THAN ONE REVOLUTION PER 2 HOURS CALCULATED LIMIT FOR RUBBLE TO STAY TOGETHER 1998 KY26 IS 30M IN DIAMETER, ROTATES IN 10.7 MIN. AND MAY BE SOLID MAY BE A TRANSITION IN ORBITAL CHARACTERISTICS AND / OR COMPOSITION BETWEEN SOME ASTEROIDS AND COMETS • S-TYPE OTHER ASTEROIDS – INNER ASTEROID BELT – EVIDENCE OF HEATING AND DIFFERENTIATION – 29 TELESCOPIC SPECTRA (Binzel, et al., 1996) • INTERMEDIATE BETWEEN S-TYPE AND ORDINARY CHONDRITES – 1. DISTINCT ROCK TYPES VS DIVERSE LARGER BODIES – 2. ABUNDANCE OF OPAQUE MATERIALS – 3. FRESH SURFACES (MOST LIKELY) • BASALTIC ACHONDRITES (6%) – 4 VESTA AT 2.36 AU [MAIN BELT PARENT (?)] – TOUTATIS - NEA (RADAR STUDY) • 4.5X2.4X1.9KM, 2.1 GM/CM3, TWO ROTATIONS, I.E., TUMBLING (5.4 AND 7.3 DAYS) – 1459 MAGNYA AT 3.15 AU [FRAGMENT OF LARGER BODY (?)] EROS • (Lazzaro, et al, 2000, Science, 288) C-TYPE (REVISED BY GRS DATA) 11X11X33 KM 2.7 GM/CM3 5.27 HR ROTATION NASA/NEAR SHOEMAKER/APL OTHER ASTEROIDS • D-TYPE CARBONACEOUS CHONDRITE (BEYOND MAIN BELT ASTEROIDS) – TAGISH -
Asteroid Retrieval Mission
Where you can put your asteroid Nathan Strange, Damon Landau, and ARRM team NASA/JPL-CalTech © 2014 California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged. Distant Retrograde Orbits Works for Earth, Moon, Mars, Phobos, Deimos etc… very stable orbits Other Lunar Storage Orbit Options • Lagrange Points – Earth-Moon L1/L2 • Unstable; this instability enables many interesting low-energy transfers but vehicles require active station keeping to stay in vicinity of L1/L2 – Earth-Moon L4/L5 • Some orbits in this region is may be stable, but are difficult for MPCV to reach • Lunar Weakly Captured Orbits – These are the transition from high lunar orbits to Lagrange point orbits – They are a new and less well understood class of orbits that could be long term stable and could be easier for the MPCV to reach than DROs – More study is needed to determine if these are good options • Intermittent Capture – Weakly captured Earth orbit, escapes and is then recaptured a year later • Earth Orbit with Lunar Gravity Assists – Many options with Earth-Moon gravity assist tours Backflip Orbits • A backflip orbit is two flybys half a rev apart • Could be done with the Moon, Earth or Mars. Backflip orbit • Lunar backflips are nice plane because they could be used to “catch and release” asteroids • Earth backflips are nice orbits in which to construct things out of asteroids before sending them on to places like Earth- Earth or Moon orbit plane Mars cyclers 4 Example Mars Cyclers Two-Synodic-Period Cycler Three-Synodic-Period Cycler Possibly Ballistic Chen, et al., “Powered Earth-Mars Cycler with Three Synodic-Period Repeat Time,” Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Sept.-Oct. -
Asteroid Retrieval Feasibility Study
Asteroid Retrieval Feasibility Study 2 April 2012 Prepared for the: Keck Institute for Space Studies California Institute of Technology Jet Propulsion Laboratory Pasadena, California 1 2 Authors and Study Participants NAME Organization E-Mail Signature John Brophy Co-Leader / NASA JPL / Caltech [email protected] Fred Culick Co-Leader / Caltech [email protected] Co -Leader / The Planetary Louis Friedman [email protected] Society Carlton Allen NASA JSC [email protected] David Baughman Naval Postgraduate School [email protected] NASA ARC/Carnegie Mellon Julie Bellerose [email protected] University Bruce Betts The Planetary Society [email protected] Mike Brown Caltech [email protected] Michael Busch UCLA [email protected] John Casani NASA JPL [email protected] Marcello Coradini ESA [email protected] John Dankanich NASA GRC [email protected] Paul Dimotakis Caltech [email protected] Harvard -Smithsonian Center for Martin Elvis [email protected] Astrophysics Ian Garrick-Bethel UCSC [email protected] Bob Gershman NASA JPL [email protected] Florida Institute for Human and Tom Jones [email protected] Machine Cognition Damon Landau NASA JPL [email protected] Chris Lewicki Arkyd Astronautics [email protected] John Lewis University of Arizona [email protected] Pedro Llanos USC [email protected] Mark Lupisella NASA GSFC [email protected] Dan Mazanek NASA LaRC [email protected] Prakhar Mehrotra Caltech [email protected] -
Asteroid Retrieval Feasibility
Asteroid Retrieval Feasibility ESA ESTEC: March 14, 2012 Louis Friedman & Marco Tantardini 1 STUDY Co-Leads John Brophy (NASA JPL) Fred Culick (Caltech) Louis Friedman (The Planetary Society) • Carl Allen (NASA JSC) • John Lewis (University of Arizona) • David Baughman (Naval Postgraduate School) • Pedro Llanos (USC) • Julie Bellerose (NASA ARC) • Mark Lupisella (NASA GSFC) • Bruce Betts (The Planetary Society) • Dan Mazanek (NASA LaRC) • Mike Brown (Caltech) • Prakhar Mehrotra (Caltech) • Michael Busch (UCLA) • Joe Nuth (NASA GSFC) • John Casani (NASA JPL) • Kevin Parkin (NASA ARC) • Marcello Coradini (ESA) • Rusty Schweickart (B612 Foundation) • John Dankanich (NASA GRC) • Guru Singh (NASA JPL) • Paul Dimotakis (Caltech) • Nathan Strange (NASA JPL) • Martin Elvis (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics) • Marco Tantardini (The Planetary Society) • Ian Garrick-Bethell (UCSC) • Brian Wilcox (NASA JPL) • Robert Gershman (NASA JPL) • Colin Williams (NASA JPL) • Tom Jones (Florida Institute for Human and Machine • Willie Williams (NASA JSC) Cognition) • Don Yeomans (NASA JPL) • Damon Landau (NASA JPL) • Chris Lewicki (Arkyd Astronautics) Two Workshops – Sept 2011, Feb 2012 2 • Near human mission target beyond the Moon • First step on flexible path into the solar system • Test bed for human exploration operations • Asteroid Exploration/ Resource Utilization • Water • Propellants • Materials for radiation shielding • Science 3 Planetary Society Presentation to ESA 1. Objectives 2. Target Identification 3. Destinations and Investigations 4. Flight System and Capture Mechanism 5. Mission and Trajectory Design 6. Mission Benefits 7. COMPASS Study 8. Conclusions 9. Roadmap 10. Follow-up 4 Planetary Society Presentation to ESA • Determine the feasibility of robotically capturing and returning a small near-Earth asteroid to the vicinity of the Earth using technology available in this decade. -
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration Planetary Astronomy Program
FRS 347320 FINAL REPORT FOR GRANT NAG5-3938 SUBMITTED TO: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration Planetary Astronomy Program TITLE: Beginning Research with the 1.8-meter Spacewatch Telescope ORGANIZATION: The University of Arizona Lunar and Planetary Laboratory PERIOD OF GRANT: 1996 Dec. 1 - 2000 Nov. 30 PERIOD REPORTED ON: 1996 Dec. I - 2001 Feb. 9 2._o[ PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Tom Gehrels Date Professor Lunar and Planetary Laboratory University of Arizona Kuiper Space Sciences Building 1629 East University Boulevard Tucson, AZ 85721-0092 Phone: 520/621-6970 FAX: 520/621-1940 Email: [email protected] BUSINESS REPRESENTATIVE: Ms. Lynn A. Lane Senior Business Manager Lunar and Planetary Laboratory University of Arizona Kuiper Space Sciences Building 1629 East University Boulevard Tucson, AZ 85721-0092 Phone: 520/621-6966 FAX: 520/621-4933 Email: [email protected] c:_w_nnsaknag53938.fnl Participating Professionals (all at the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory): Terrence H. Bressi (B. S., Astron. & Physics) Engineer Anne S. Descour (M. S., Computer Science) Senior Systems Programmer Tom Gehrels (Ph. D., Astronomy) Professor, observer, and PI Robert Jedicke (Ph.D., Physics) Principal Research Specialist Jeffrey A. Larsen (Ph. D., Astronomy) Principal Research Specialist and observer Robert S. McMiUan (Ph.D., Astronomy) Associate Research Scientist & observer Joseph L. Montani (M. S., Astronomy) Senior Research Specialist and observer Marcus L. Perry (B. A., Astronomy) (Chief) Staff Engineer James V. Scotti (B. S., Astronomy) Senior Research Specialist and observer PROJECT SUMMARY The purpose of this grant was to bring the Spacewatch 1.8-m telescope to operational status for research on asteroids and comets. -
SPACEWATCH SEARCH for MATERIAL RESOURCES NEAR EARTH Robert S
SPACEWATCH SEARCH FOR MATERIAL RESOURCES NEAR EARTH Robert S. McMillan Lunar & Planetary Laboratory University of Arizona Tucson, AZ Abstract smaller than 100 m. Spacewatch can find the large NEOs while they are as far away as the main asteroid Since 1989 the Spacewatch Project has belt, near the aphelia of their orbits. It is important discovered more than 192 Near-Earth Objects (NEOs). that the discoveries ofNEOs are made with a system of By virtue of a fainter limit of detection compared to known biases and known absolute efficiency so that the other surveys, Spacewatch finds a higher proportion of true distributions versus absolute magnitude and orbital small asteroids (less than 300 meters in diameter). One elements and the total number of objects can be of these, 1998 KY26, is the most accessible to spacecraft extrapolated accurately. The absolute sensitivity and among asteroids with well-known orbits. Spacewatch efficiency of Spacewatch scans have been 10 11 has provided the first- and so far the only- empirical characterized. • information on the critical specific energy and tensile strength of asteroid material. These parameters are With more NEOs found with the well relevant to the mechanics of large-scale mining. Our understood Spacewatch system and more thorough new 1.8-meter telescope will reach a magnitude fainter analyses, more refined understanding of the present than the venerable 0.9-m Spacewatch Telescope. It distributions of NEOs as well as the mechanism by will help NEOs discovered on previous apparitions to which they left the main· belt should be possible. be recovered years later, thus improving knowledge of Spacewatch initially debiased in the four "dimensions" their orbital elements well enough that they will not be of (a, e, i, H), a procedure that is appropriate for · lost. -
Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous: Mission Summary 351
Cheng: Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous: Mission Summary 351 Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous: Mission Summary Andrew F. Cheng The Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory On February 14, 2000, the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous spacecraft (NEAR Shoemaker) began the first orbital study of an asteroid, the near-Earth object 433 Eros. Almost a year later, on February 12, 2001, NEAR Shoemaker completed its mission by landing on the asteroid and acquiring data from its surface. NEAR Shoemaker’s intensive study has found an average density of 2.67 ± 0.03, almost uniform within the asteroid. Based upon solar fluorescence X-ray spectra obtained from orbit, the abundance of major rock-forming elements at Eros may be consistent with that of ordinary chondrite meteorites except for a depletion in S. Such a composition would be consistent with spatially resolved, visible and near-infrared (NIR) spectra of the surface. Gamma-ray spectra from the surface show Fe to be depleted from chondritic values, but not K. Eros is not a highly differentiated body, but some degree of partial melting or differentiation cannot be ruled out. No evidence has been found for compositional heterogeneity or an intrinsic magnetic field. The surface is covered by a regolith estimated at tens of meters thick, formed by successive impacts. Some areas have lesser surface age and were apparently more recently dis- turbed or covered by regolith. A small center of mass offset from the center of figure suggests regionally nonuniform regolith thickness or internal density variation. Blocks have a nonuniform distribution consistent with emplacement of ejecta from the youngest large crater. -
Issue #87 of Lunar and Planetary Information Bulletin
Lunar and Planetary Information BULLETIN Fall 1999/NUMBER 87 • LUNAR AND PLANETARY INSTITUTE • UNIVERSITIES SPACE RESEARCH ASSOCIATION CONTENTS EXTRASOLAR PLANETS THE EFFECT OF PLANET DISCOVERIES ON FACTOR fp NEWS FROM SPACE NEW IN PRINT FIRE IN THE SKY SPECTROSCOPY OF THE MARTIAN SURFACE CALENDAR PREVIOUSPREVIOUS ISSUESISSUES n recent years, headlines have trumpeted the beginning of a I new era in humanity’s exploration of the universe: “A Parade of New Planets” (Scientific American), “Universal truth: Ours EXTRASOLAR Isn’t Only Solar System” (Houston Chronicle), “Three Planets Found Around Sunlike Star” (Astronomy). With more than 20 extrasolar planet or planet candidate discoveries having been announced in the press since 1995 (many PLANETS: discovered by the planet-searching team of Geoff Marcy and Paul Butler of San Francisco State University), it would seem that the detection of planets outside our own solar system has become a commonplace, even routine affair. Such discoveries capture the imagination of the public and the scientific community, in no THE small part because the thought of planets circling distant stars appeals to our basic human existential yearning for meaning. SEARCH In short, the philosophical implication for the discovery of true extrasolar planets (and the ostensible reason why the discovery of FOR extrasolar planets seems to draw such publicity) is akin to when the fictional mariner Robinson Crusoe first spotted a footprint in NEW the sand after 20 years of living alone on a desert island. It’s not exactly a signal from above, but the news of possible extrasolar WORLDS planets, coupled with the recent debate regarding fossilized life forms in martian meteorites, heralds the beginning of a new way of thinking about our place in the universe. -
Satellite Capture Mechanism in a Sun-Planet-Binary Four-Body System
Satellite capture mechanism in a sun-planet-binary four-body system Shengping Gong*, Miao Li † School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing China, 100084 Abstract This paper studies the binary disruption problem and asteroid capture mechanism in a sun-planet-binary four-body system. Firstly, the binary disruption condition is studied and the result shows that the binary is always disrupted at the perigee of their orbit instantaneously. Secondly, an analytic expression to describe the energy exchange between the binary is derived based on the ‘instantaneous disruption’ hypothesis. The analytic result is validated through numerical integration. We obtain the energy exchange in encounters simultaneously by the analytic expression and numerical integration. The maximum deviation of this two results is always less than 25% and the mean deviation is about 8.69%. The analytic expression can give us an intuitive description of the energy exchange between the binary. It indicates that the energy change depends on the hyperbolic shape of the binary orbit with respect to the planet, the masses of planet and the primary member of the binary, the binary phase at perigee. We can illustrate the capture/escape processes and give the capture/escape region of the binary clearly by numerical simulation. We analyse the influence of some critical *Associate professor, School of Aerospace Engineering; [email protected] † PhD candidate, School of Aerospace Engineering; [email protected] 1 factors to the capture region finally. Key words: binary; capture mechanism; disruption; analytic derivation; numerical results 1 Introduction In the last decade, hundreds of irregular satellites orbiting giant planets have been found in our solar system. -
Week 5: January 26-February 1, 2020
5# Ice & Stone 2020 Week 5: January 26-February 1, 2020 Presented by The Earthrise Institute About Ice And Stone 2020 It is my pleasure to welcome all educators, students, topics include: main-belt asteroids, near-Earth asteroids, and anybody else who might be interested, to Ice and “Great Comets,” spacecraft visits (both past and Stone 2020. This is an educational package I have put future), meteorites, and “small bodies” in popular together to cover the so-called “small bodies” of the literature and music. solar system, which in general means asteroids and comets, although this also includes the small moons of Throughout 2020 there will be various comets that are the various planets as well as meteors, meteorites, and visible in our skies and various asteroids passing by Earth interplanetary dust. Although these objects may be -- some of which are already known, some of which “small” compared to the planets of our solar system, will be discovered “in the act” -- and there will also be they are nevertheless of high interest and importance various asteroids of the main asteroid belt that are visible for several reasons, including: as well as “occultations” of stars by various asteroids visible from certain locations on Earth’s surface. Ice a) they are believed to be the “leftovers” from the and Stone 2020 will make note of these occasions and formation of the solar system, so studying them provides appearances as they take place. The “Comet Resource valuable insights into our origins, including Earth and of Center” at the Earthrise web site contains information life on Earth, including ourselves; about the brighter comets that are visible in the sky at any given time and, for those who are interested, I will b) we have learned that this process isn’t over yet, and also occasionally share information about the goings-on that there are still objects out there that can impact in my life as I observe these comets. -
Cosmic Research
2 3 4 РЕФЕРАТ Отчет 463 с., 105 рис., 54 табл., 128 источн., 3 прил. Расчет орбит, гравитационные маневры, астероидная опасность, пилотируемые миссии, точки либрации. В отчете представлены промежуточные результаты по запланированным направлениям работ в рамках проекта. Отчет разбит на семь глав. Первая глава отчета посвящена проблеме, касающейся навигации космического аппарата с помощью измерительных средств, имеющихся на борту. Имеются в виду оптические приборы, используемые в стандартном режиме как датчики ориентации аппарата. Известно, что во многих космических миссиях эти приборы применялись также в качестве источников информации для определения орбитальных параметров полета. Во второй главе отчета дается краткое описание математического аппарата, разработанного для расчетов и оптимизации орбит перелета к астероидам, представляющим практически полный список околоземных астероидов. При этом значительное внимание уделяется решению проблемы обширности этого списка. Разработанный комплекс программ позволяет проводить оптимизацию по сумме скоростей отлета от Земли и подлета к астероиду. В данном отчете публикуются результаты расчетов, выполненных с помощью упомянутого комплекса. В приводимых таблицах приводятся гиперболические скорости отлета, а также даты отлета и прилета для интервала старта вплоть до 2030 года. Значительная часть исследований была посвящена вопросам исследования траекторий перелетов к планетам и астероидам с использованием гравитационных маневров у планет с выходом на орбиту около планет, используемых для гравитационного