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Die Süßwasserbryozoen in Der Fauna Europaea 2004

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Die Süßwasserbryozoen in Der Fauna Europaea 2004 ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Denisia Jahr/Year: 2005 Band/Volume: 0016 Autor(en)/Author(s): Massard Jos. A., Geimer Gaby Artikel/Article: Die Süßwasserbryozoen in der Fauna Europaea 2004: Karten und Kommentare / The freshwater bryozoans in the Fauna Europaea 2004 database: distribution maps and comments 167-174 © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Die Süßwasserbryozoen in der Fauna Europaea 2004: Karten und Kommentare J.A. MASSARD & G. GEIMER Abstract: The freshwater bryozoans in the Fauna Europaea 2004 database: distribution maps and comments. The lists and the distribution maps of the European freshwater bryozoans provided by the Fauna Europaea database, which went online in December 2004, are analysed and discussed. Comments on doubtful species or newly recorded species not yet included in the database complete the paper. Key words: Freshwater bryozoans, Europe, Fauna Europaea database, distribution maps, zoogeography. Einleitung Die Autoren des vorliegenden Beitrags zeichneten bei diesem Projekt für die Süß- Seit Mitte Dezember 2004 steht die er- wasserbryozoen verantwortlich (MASSARD ste Version der Fauna-Europaea-Datenbank & GEIMER 2004). unter der Adresse http://www.faunaeur.org im Internet zur Verfügung, womit ein gewal- tiges Unterfangen, das vor vier Jahren be- Artenzahlen gonnen hat, zu einem vorläufigen Abschluß Mit 19 von rund 129.600 Arten, die au- gekommen ist. Im Laufe des Jahres 2005 soll genblicklich in der Datei erfasst sind, stellen aber bereits ein erstes Update erfolgen. die Süßwasserbryozoen ein recht bescheide- Das Fauna-Europaea-Projekt wurde von nes Kontingent dar. der Europäischen Kommission im Rahmen Österreich ist mit zehn Arten vertreten; des „Fifth Framework Programme" unter- die Liste stimmt mit derjenigen des im Jah- stützt. Ziel des Unternehmens war es, eine re 2002 abgeschlossenen Aqem Projekts Datenbank mit den wissenschaftlichen Na- überein (Aqem Project 2004). Belgien men und der geographischen Verbreitung kommt auf 11 Arten, Großbritannien auf aller auf dem Lande oder im Süßwasser vor- 12, Italien auf 13, Frankreich ebenfalls (ab kommenden Metazoen Europas aufzustellen. 2005 jedoch vierzehn; siehe: MASSARD & Taxonomen aus ganz Europa haben hierbei GEIMER 2005). Den Rekord hält Deutsch- mitgewirkt. Koordiniert wurde das Projekt land mit 17 Arten (davon eine jedoch unsi- von dem Zoologischen Museum in Amster- cher). Für die noch nicht erwähnten Nach- dam (Universität Amsterdam), in Zu- barländer Österreichs gelten folgende Zah- sammenarbeit mit der Universität Kopenha- len: Schweiz: 8 Arten, Tschechien: 10 Ar- gen, dem Museum National d'Histoire Na- ten, Slowakei: 8 Arten, Ungarn: 10 Arten, turelle in Paris sowie dem Institut und Mu- Slowenien: 7 Arten. Aus Lichtenstein ste- seum für Zoologie der Polnischen Akademie hen keine Daten zur Verfügung. Dies ist der Wissenschaften in Warschau. auch der Fall für andere Kleinstaaten: An- dorra, Monaco, San Marino, Vatikan. Aus Die Arten sind nach Ländern erfasst Luxemburg dagegen sind neun Arten be- worden, wobei die zu den einzelnen Ländern schrieben worden. gehörenden Inseln oder Enklaven gesondert berücksichtigt worden sind. Russland ist in Zu den weißen Flecken auf der europäi- Denisia 16, zugleich Kataloge der OÖ. Landesmuseen mehrere Gebiete aufgetrennt worden. schen Verbreitungskarte der Süßwasserbryo- Neue Serie 28 (2005), 167-174 © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at zoen gehören auch eine Reihe von Inseln den heutigen Bryozoologen, hätte JULLIEN (z.B. Azoren, Madeira, Balearen, Sizilien, nicht die kuriose Idee gehabt, FrederkeUa Malta, Kreta, Zypern), aber auch größere sultana als eine Monstruosität seiner P. lud- Länder: Bosnien und Herzegowina, Alba- figa zu betrachten und die Existenz von F. nien, Mazedonien, Griechenland, Türkei sultana als autonome Art abzustreiten, was (europäischer Teil), Moldawien, Litauen. ihn allerdings nicht daran hindert, sie in sei- Wenig erforscht sind Portugal (1 Art) und nem Text weiterhin als F. sultana zu führen. die Bundesrepublik Jugoslawien (2 Arten). So verfahren auch KAFKA (1887) und SCHMIDT (1885), die sichtlich nicht ganz Probleme beim Aufstellen der von JULLIENs P. lucifuga überzeugt sind. Der Listen Name P. lucifuga taucht übrigens noch Jahr- zehnte später bei LOPPENS (1948) auf- sozu- Beim Aufstellen der Listen der in den sagen ab lebendes Fossil der Bryozoen-Taxo- einzelnen Ländern vorkommenden Arten nomie —, wobei für LACOURT (1949) nicht von Süßwasserbryozoen hat es eine Reihe ganz klar ist, ob LOPPENS hiermit nun P. fru- von Problemen gegeben. Von vielen Län- ticosa oder P. emarginata meinte. LOPPENS' dern fehlen rezente Artenliste und es kann Zeichnung entspricht allerdings eher P. fru- nur auf ältere, teils noch aus dem 19. Jahr- ticosa (GEIMER & MASSARD 1986). Was CA- hundert stammende Veröffentlichungen zu- NU (1920) unter P. lucifuga versteht, ist im rückgegriffen werden. So gehen die Daten Einzelfall nicht herauszufinden (GEIMER & für Estland zum Beispiel in erster Linie auf MASSARD 1986). SCHMIDT (1885) und KRAEPELIN (1887) zu- rück; im Falle von Finland handelt es sich Nicht nur KRAEPELIN (1887) sondern um LEVANDER (1908). auch spätere Autoren haben P. repens und P. fungosa nicht als getrennte Arten angese- Nicht ausgeschlossen werden kann, dass hen. TORIUMI (1971) ist kategorisch: beide in dem einen oder anderen faunistischen In- Arten können nicht voneinander unter- ventar neueren Datums auch Bryozoen auf- schieden werden. Hiermit steht er im gelistet worden sind, die uns aber unbe- Gegensatz zu WiEBACH (1960) und LA- kannt geblieben sind. Sprachliche Probleme COURT (1968). MUNDY & THORPE (1979) - insbesondere im Falle der Länder aus Ost- weisen erhebliche genetische Unterschiede europa - haben zusätzlich die Erschließung zwischen den beiden Arten nach; GEIMER & der Fundangaben erschwert. MASSARD (1986, 1987) zeigen, dass man sie Dazu gesellen sich noch taxonomische deutlich anhand der spezifischen Oberflä- Schwierigkeiten. Arten wie Plumatella repens chenstruktur ihrer Flottoblasten (unter dem und P. fungosa sind nicht immer leicht zu Rasterelektronenmikroskop!) unterscheiden unterscheiden, und manch ältere Literatur- kann. Also doch zwei verschiedene Arten! angabe ist kaum einzuordnen. Das Zurück- greifen auf ältere Veröffentlichungen wirft Verbreitungskarten auch knifflige Synonymie-Fragen auf. Zur Nomenklatur von KRAEPELIN (1887) gehö- Für jede einzelne Art liefert die Fauna ren Arten wie Plumatetta princeps und P. poly- Europaea eine Karte, welche ihre Verbrei- morpha mit verschiedenen Varietäten. Die tung in den verschiedenen Ländern auf sehr erstgenannte Art regruppiert P. emarginata anschauliche Art und Weise dokumentiert. (var. cc emarginata, wahrscheinlich auch var. Hier werden bekannte Tatsachen untermau- ymuscosa sowie var. Sspongiosa) und P. fruti- ert: Plumatella repens, P. fungosa, Cristatella cosa (var. ßfruacosa). KRAEPELINS P. polymor- mucedo, Fredericeüa sultana und Paludicella pha umfasst P. repens (var. a repens) und P. articulata sind die am weitesten verbreiteten fungosa (var. 5 fungosa), anerkennt daneben Arten. Sie kommen praktisch im ganzen aber auch noch die schwieriger zu klassieren- Gebiet vor - wobei anzunehmen ist, dass den var. ßappressa und var. ycaespitosa. dies auch für die Länder, aus denen keine Daten vorliegen, zutrifft. Bei JULLIEN (1885) gehört Plumatella fru- ticosa in die Synonymie von P. lucifuga VAU- Sehen wir uns nun einige Beispiele von CHER 1804 - eigentlich kein Problem für Verbreitungskarten an. 168 © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Plumatella fruticosa (Abb. 1) biet nach Westen vorgedrungen, in Verbin- dung mit dem Handel mit Zuchtfischen Die Art ist in den meisten Teilen Euro- (:.B. Gras- und Silberkarpfen) und / oder als pas vertreten. Abgesehen von den Ländern Folge einer Verbreitung durch Wasservögel aus denen keine Daten vorliegen, ist festzu- (GEIMER & MASSARD 1986)? Eine verbind- stellen, dass P. fruticosa noch nicht auf der liche Antwort auf diese Fragen gibt es au- iberischen Halbinsel gefunden worden ist, genblicklich nicht. auch nicht in Lettland, Litauen, in der Kali- ningrad-Region und in Island. Als nicht ab- gesichert gilt ihr Vorkommen in der Slowa- Plumatella geimermassardi kei (Aqem Project 2004; keine prä:ise Refe- (Abb. 3) renz) und in Slowenien (DFS 2004; die Art Bei Plumatella geimermassardi handelt es wird mit Fragezeichen geführt). sich um eine neue, erst im Jahre 2004 be- Abb. 1: Verbreitungskarte von Plumatella schriebene Art (WOOD & OKAMURA 2004). fruticosa ALLMAN 1844. © Fauna Europaea. Plumatella casmiana (Abb. 2) Das Typus-Material wurde im August 2000 von Tim Wood und Vivian Rimmer im Tuf- Diese 1907 aus Japan beschriebene Art ty's Corner Lake, einem See im Dinton Legende zu den Verbreitungskarten: war ab 1915 aus Russland bekannt. 1961 Country Park (südlich von Reading, Berks- B nachgewiesen wurde ihr Vorkommen im Balaton-See in hire, U.K.) gefunden. Andere Funde aus Ungarn festgestellt; 1963 berichtete WIE- I fraglich England sowie aus Irland und Nord-Irland, BACH von ihrer Entdeckung im Jahre 1961 B nicht nachgewiesen dann aus Italien, wo M.I. Taticchi die neue bei Arles in Frankreich. Später wurde die «c keine Angaben Art an mehreren Stellen festgestellt hat, ka- Art dann immer häufiger in Europa aufge- men hinzu. Einen bei MASSARD et al. funden. Die einzelnen Etappen sind bei
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