Bryozoan Guide

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Dr. James A. Rice Professor and Fisheries and Pond Management Extension Specialist Bryozoans are generally considered a sign of good water quality, and normally aren't a problem. Bryozoans are among the most abundant freshwater invertebrates that are found attached to submerged surfaces. Commonly known as "moss animals," these tiny colonial organisms live in aquatic environments where they feed on diatoms, green algae, bacteria, rotifers, protozoa, and even an occasional tiny crustacean or nematode. Like the corals, these sessile creatures were thought to be plants until the mid-1700s. The majority of bryozoans are marine (several thousand species), but one class, the Phylactolaemata, is found exclusively in fresh water. Pectinatella magnifica, one species belonging to this class, is commonly found in freshwater lakes and rivers in North America. Most people call them "jelly blobs" or just plain "blobs" given their appearance. Each colony is a collection of genetically identical organisms (zooids) that exude a protective matrix, a gelatin-like substance made mostly of water, firm but slimy to the touch. The surface appears divided into rosettes, each containing 12-18 zooids. Massive colonies may exceed two feet (60 centimeters) in diameter and contain upwards of two million zooids, although more typical sizes are one foot or less. Colonies form on submerged logs, twigs, and even wooden docks. Brought to the surface, jelly blobs exude a pungent aroma that may be 1 linked to chemicals released by the organisms to inhibit fish predation or reduce competition for growing space. Few other organisms are willing to grow next to the magnificent jelly blob. Here are a couple sites with pictures and info on bryozoans: A good site with pictures and descriptions: http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/conn.river/bryozoa.html A site that covers the class of freshwater bryozoans: http://www.civgeo.rmit.edu.au/bryozoa/famsys.html#Phylactolaemata Another decent web picture of a freshwater bryozoan: http://www.civgeo.rmit.edu.au/bryozoa/phylactolaemata/pectinatellidae/pectmag.jpg 2.

Recommended publications

World-Wide Distribution of the Bryozoan Pectinatella Magnifica (Leidy 1851)

96 European Journal of Environmental Sciences WORLD-WIDE DISTRIBUTION OF THE BRYOZOAN PECTINATELLA MAGNIFICA (LEIDY 1851) ZUZANA BALOUNOVÁ1, EVA PECHOUŠKOVÁ1, JOSEF RAJCHARD1,*, VÍT JOZA1, and JAN ŠINKO2 1 Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, CZ 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic 2 Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia, CZ 389 01, Vodňany, Czech Republic * Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Pectinatella magnifica (Leidy 1851) is an invasive freshwater colonial animal belonging to the phylum Bryozoa. It is native to the area east of the Mississippi River, from Ontario to Florida. Currently it occurs throughout North America and the first record for it outside that continent was for Bille near Hamburg in 1883. Later, it was found in the Elbe (Havel by Spandau), in Tegeler See, a pond in Wroclaw and in Silesia and Brandenburg. In addition, floatoblasts of P. magnifica were found in the upper Elbe in Germany in the 1950s. Then, P. magnifica spread to the area of Spandau in Berlin and the Oder, and Wroclaw. It is also recorded in Romania and Turkey. In France, it was recorded occurring in the area called Franche-Comté in 1994. Its occurrence in the Netherlands was first reported in 2003 and then each following year. The newest discoveries are for the Rhine basin in the area between Luxembourg and Germany. Recently, it was also recorded in the Czech Republic and Austria. Besides Europe and North America, it is also recorded in Japan and Korea. The statoblasts of P. magnifica are spread by flowing water, zoochory and probably also by anthropochory.
Taxonomic Study of Freshwater Bryozoans from Jeju Island, Korea

Journal of Species Research 6(Special Edition):129-134, 2017 Taxonomic study of freshwater bryozoans from Jeju Island, Korea Hyun Sook Chae1, Hyun Jong Kil2 and Ji Eun Seo3,* 1Department of Food-Biotechnology, Woosuk University, Jeonbuk 55338, Republic of Korea 2Animal Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea 3Department of Eco-Biological Science, Woosuk University, Chungbuk 27841, Republic of Korea *Correspondent: [email protected] This study aims to investigate the freshwater bryozoans of Jeju Island off the Korean Peninsula for the first time. To date, twelve species has been reported from the mainland of Korea. However, no study of freshwater bryozoans has ever been conducted on Korean islands including Jeju Island, which is the largest island in Korea. Five species in three genera Fredericella, Plumatella and Stephanella, from Jeju Island are described. Of which, three species, Fredericella indica, Plumatella mukaii and P. rugosa, are new records of Korean bryozoan fauna. As a result of this study, the number of identified Korean freshwater bryozoans is now 15 species, including 12 phylactolaemates and three gymnolaemates. Keywords: freshwater bryozoans, Fredericella, Jeju Island, Plumatella, Stephanella Ⓒ 2017 National Institute of Biological Resources DOI:10.12651/JSR.2017.6(S).129 INTRODUCTION from nine natural and artificial reservoirs and ponds on Jeju Island from 2015 to 2016 (Fig. 1). Colonies were The phylum Bryozoa consists of three classes, the collected from the substrata, such as water caltrop and Phylactolaemata, members of which are found in fresh- wood. Floatoblasts were collected by examining floating water, and the Stenolaemata and Gymnolaemata, which debris that had accumulated downwind or downstream are found mostly in marine habitat.
Studies on Fresh-Water Byrozoa. XVII, Michigan Bryozoa

STUDIES ON FRESH-WATER BRYOZOA, XVII. MICHIGAN BRYOZOA MARY D. ROGICK, College of New Roche lie, New Rochelle, N. Y. AND HENRY VAN DER SCHALIE, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. INTRODUCTION The purpose of the present study is to record the occurrence of several bryozoan species from localities new to Michigan and other regions; to compile a list of the bryozoa previously recorded from Michigan; and to correct or revise the identifica- tion of some of the species collected long ago. Records published by various writers from 1882 through 1949 have reported the following bryozoa from different Michigan localities, sometimes under synonyms or outmoded names: Class ECTOPROCTA Order GYMNOLAEMATA * Family Paludicellidae 1. Paludicella articulata (Ehrenberg) 1831 ORDER PHYLACTOLAEMATA Family Cristatellidae 2. Cristatella mucedo Cuvier 1798 Family Fredericellidae 3. Fredericella sultana (Blumenbach) 1779 Family Lophopodidae 4. Pectinatella magnifica Leidy 1851 Family PRimatellidae 5. Hyalinella punctata (Hancock) 1850 6. Plumatella casmiana Oka 1907 7. Plumatella or bis per ma Kellicott 1882 8. Plumatella repens (Linnaeus) 1758 9. Plumatella repens var. coralloides (Allman) 1850 10. Plumatella repens var. emarginata (Allman) 1844 11. Stolella indica Annandale 1909 The recorded localities for the above list of bryozoa are named in Table I. The sixteen references from which the Table was compiled are on file with both authors and are not here reproduced. To the above listed species the present study adds the following two new Michigan records: Class ECTOPROCTA Family Plumatellidae Plumatella repens var. jugalis (Allman) 1850 Class ENTOPROCTA Family Urnatellidae Urnatella gracilis Leidy 1851 In addition to the Urnatella gracilis and the Plumatella repens jugalis three other bryozoa (Paludicella articulata, Plumatella casmiana and Plumatella repens var.
AFLP Reveals Low Genetic Diversity of the Bryozoan Pectinatella Magnifica (Leidy, 1851) in the Czech Republic

This is a repository copy of AFLP reveals low genetic diversity of the bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica (Leidy, 1851) in the Czech Republic. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/129044/ Version: Published Version Article: Moravcová, Vendula, Moravcová, Jana, Čurn, Vladislav et al. (3 more authors) (2017) AFLP reveals low genetic diversity of the bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica (Leidy, 1851) in the Czech Republic. Journal of biological research (Thessalonike, Greece). 12. p. 6. ISSN 1790-045X https://doi.org/10.1186/s40709-017-0069-8 Reuse This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licence. This licence allows you to distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the work, even commercially, as long as you credit the authors for the original work. More information and the full terms of the licence here: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Moravcová et al. J of Biol Res-Thessaloniki (2017) 24:12 DOI 10.1186/s40709-017-0069-8 Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki SHORT REPORT Open Access AFLP reveals low genetic diversity of the bryozoan Pectinatella magniﬁca (Leidy, 1851) in the Czech Republic Vendula Moravcová1, Jana Moravcová1, Vladislav Čurn1, Zuzana Balounová1, Josef Rajchard1 and Lenka Havlíčková1,2* Abstract Background: Non-native species have aroused scientific interest because of their ability to successfully colonise areas to which they have been introduced, despite their sometimes limited genetic variation compared to their native range.
Unesco-Eolss Sample Chapters

FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE - Myxozoan Biology And Ecology - Dr. Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla and Oswaldo Palenzuela MYXOZOAN BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla and Oswaldo Palenzuela Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain Keywords: Myxozoa, Myxosporea, Actinosporea, Malacosporea, Metazoa, Parasites, Fish Pathology, Invertebrates, Taxonomy, Phylogeny, Cell Biology, Life Cycle Contents 1. Introduction 2. Phylogeny 3. Morphology and Taxonomy 3.1. Spore Morphology 3.2. Taxonomy 4. Life Cycle 4.1. Life Cycle of Myxosporea 4.2. Life Cycle of Malacosporea 5. Cell Biology and Development 6. Ecological Aspects 6.1. Hosts 6.2. Habitats 6.3. Environmental Cues 7. Pathology 7.1. General Remarks 7.2. Pathogenic Effects of Myxozoans 7.2.1. Effects on Invertebrates 7.2.2. Effects on Fish 7.2.3. Effects on non-fish Vertebrates Acknowledgements Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketches Summary UNESCO-EOLSS The phylum Myxozoa is a group of microscopic metazoans with an obligate endoparasitic lifestyle.SAMPLE Traditionally regarded CHAPTERS as protists, research findings during the last decades have dramatically changed our knowledge of these organisms, nowadays understood as examples of early metazoan evolution and extreme adaptation to parasitic lifestyles. Two distinct classes of myxozoans, Myxosporea and Malacosporea, are characterized by profound differences in rDNA evolution and well supported by differential biological and developmental features. This notwithstanding, most of the existing Myxosporea subtaxa require revision in the light of molecular phylogeny data. Most known myxozoans exhibit diheteroxenous cycles, alternating between a vertebrate host (mostly fish but also other poikilothermic vertebrates, and exceptionally birds and mammals) and an invertebrate (mainly annelids and bryozoans but possibly other ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE - Myxozoan Biology And Ecology - Dr.
Recolonization of Freshwater Ecosystems Inferred from Phylogenetic Relationships Nikola KoletiC1, Maja Novosel2, Nives RajeviC2 & Damjan FranjeviC2

Bryozoans are returning home: recolonization of freshwater ecosystems inferred from phylogenetic relationships Nikola Koletic1, Maja Novosel2, Nives Rajevic2 & Damjan Franjevic2 1Institute for Research and Development of Sustainable Ecosystems, Jagodno 100a, 10410 Velika Gorica, Croatia 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia Keywords Abstract COI, Gymnolaemata, ITS2, Phylactolaemata, rRNA genes. Bryozoans are aquatic invertebrates that inhabit all types of aquatic ecosystems. They are small animals that form large colonies by asexual budding. Colonies Correspondence can reach the size of several tens of centimeters, while individual units within a Damjan Franjevic, Department of Biology, colony are the size of a few millimeters. Each individual within a colony works Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, as a separate zooid and is genetically identical to each other individual within Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. the same colony. Most freshwater species of bryozoans belong to the Phylacto- Tel: +385 1 48 77 757; Fax: +385 1 48 26 260; laemata class, while several species that tolerate brackish water belong to the E-mail: [email protected] Gymnolaemata class. Tissue samples for this study were collected in the rivers of Adriatic and Danube basin and in the wetland areas in the continental part Funding Information of Croatia (Europe). Freshwater and brackish taxons of bryozoans were geneti- This research was supported by Adris cally analyzed for the purpose of creating phylogenetic relationships between foundation project: “The genetic freshwater and brackish taxons of the Phylactolaemata and Gymnolaemata clas- identiﬁcation of Croatian autochthonous ses and determining the role of brackish species in colonizing freshwater and species”.
Taxonomy, Distribution, and Ecology of the Freshwater Bryozoans (Ectoprocta) of Eastern Canada

Taxonomy, distribution, and ecology of the freshwater bryozoans (Ectoprocta) of eastern Canada ANTHONYRICC IARDI Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Doctor Penfield Avenue, Montre'al, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada AND HENRYM. REISWIG Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University, 859 Sherhrooke Street West, Montre'al, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada Received October 5, 1993 Accepted December 17, 1993 RICCIARDI,A., and REISWIG,H.M. 1994. Taxonomy, distribution, and ecology of the freshwater bryozoans (Ectoprocta) of eastern Canada. Can. J. Zool. 72: 339-3 5 9. The freshwater Bryozoa (Ectoprocta) are one of the most poorly known faunal groups in Canada. A recent survey of 80 freshwater habitats in eastern Canada (from Ontario to Newfoundland) revealed 14 species of bryozoans, representing 56% of described species in North America. The greatest numbers of species and specimens were found in alkaline waters (pH 7.0-9.8) near lake outflows, wherever hard substrates were present. Paludicella articulata, Cristatella mucedo, Fredericella indica, and Plumatella fungosa are among the most frequently encountered, widely distributed, and eurytopic species. Pottsiella erecta and Plumatella fruticosa are rare, and new to eastern Canada. Lophopodella carteri, an exotic Asian species discovered in Lake Erie in the early 1930s, has become firmly established in the lower Ottawa and upper St. Lawrence rivers. Detailed notes on taxonomy, morphology, distribution, and ecology are given for each bryozoan. New limits of tolerance to water temperature, pH, and calcium and magnesium hardness are established for several species. A taxonomic key to the freshwater bryozoans of eastern Canada, including a key to statoblast types, is presented for the first time.
CNIDARIA Corals, Medusae, Hydroids, Myxozoans

FOUR Phylum CNIDARIA corals, medusae, hydroids, myxozoans STEPHEN D. CAIRNS, LISA-ANN GERSHWIN, FRED J. BROOK, PHILIP PUGH, ELLIOT W. Dawson, OscaR OcaÑA V., WILLEM VERvooRT, GARY WILLIAMS, JEANETTE E. Watson, DENNIS M. OPREsko, PETER SCHUCHERT, P. MICHAEL HINE, DENNIS P. GORDON, HAMISH J. CAMPBELL, ANTHONY J. WRIGHT, JUAN A. SÁNCHEZ, DAPHNE G. FAUTIN his ancient phylum of mostly marine organisms is best known for its contribution to geomorphological features, forming thousands of square Tkilometres of coral reefs in warm tropical waters. Their fossil remains contribute to some limestones. Cnidarians are also significant components of the plankton, where large medusae – popularly called jellyfish – and colonial forms like Portuguese man-of-war and stringy siphonophores prey on other organisms including small fish. Some of these species are justly feared by humans for their stings, which in some cases can be fatal. Certainly, most New Zealanders will have encountered cnidarians when rambling along beaches and fossicking in rock pools where sea anemones and diminutive bushy hydroids abound. In New Zealand’s fiords and in deeper water on seamounts, black corals and branching gorgonians can form veritable trees five metres high or more. In contrast, inland inhabitants of continental landmasses who have never, or rarely, seen an ocean or visited a seashore can hardly be impressed with the Cnidaria as a phylum – freshwater cnidarians are relatively few, restricted to tiny hydras, the branching hydroid Cordylophora, and rare medusae. Worldwide, there are about 10,000 described species, with perhaps half as many again undescribed. All cnidarians have nettle cells known as nematocysts (or cnidae – from the Greek, knide, a nettle), extraordinarily complex structures that are effectively invaginated coiled tubes within a cell.
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Cod și Nume proiect: POIM 2014+ 120008 Managementul adecvat al speciilor invazive din România, în conformitate cu Regulamentul UE 1143/2014 referitor la prevenirea și gestionarea introducerii și răspândirii speciilor alogene invazive RAPORT PRIVIND CĂILE DE INTRODUCERE A SPECIILOR DE NEVERTEBRATE DULCICOLE ALOGENE ÎN ROMÂNIA ŞI A PUNCTELOR FIERBINȚI CE NECESITĂ STUDIU DETALIAT, INCLUSIV O HARTĂ A PUNCTELOR FIERBINŢI ŞI A CĂILOR POSIBILE DE MIGRAŢIE A SPECIILOR DE NEVERTEBRATE DULCICOLE ALOGENE DIN ROMÂNIA Activitatea 1.4. Inventarierea – cartarea speciilor alogene invazive de nevertebrate dulcicole și elaborarea listei naționale a speciilor alogene invazive de nevertebrate dulcicole Subactivitatea 1.4.4. Identificarea cartografică a căilor de introducere a speciilor de nevertebrate dulcicole alogene în România şi a punctelor fierbinți ce necesită studiu detaliat Proiect cofinanțat din Fondul European de Dezvoltare Regională prin Programul Operațional Infrastructură Mare 2014-2020 1 Titlul proiectului: Managementul adecvat al speciilor invazive din România, în conformitate cu Regulamentul UE 1143/2014 referitor la prevenirea și gestionarea introducerii și răspândirii speciilor alogene invazive Cod proiect: POIM2014+ 120008 Obiectivul general al proiectului este de a crea instrumentele ştiinţifice şi administrative necesare pentru managementul eficient al speciilor invazive din România, în conformitate cu Regulamentul UE 1143/2014 privind prevenirea si gestionarea introducerii si raspândirii speciilor alogene invazive. Data încheierii contractului:
Mineralogical and Elemental Composition of Pectinatella Magnifica

minerals Article Mineralogical and Elemental Composition of Pectinatella magniﬁca and Its Statoblasts Kazue Tazaki 1,*, Atsuko Fukuyama 2, Fumie Tazaki 3, Masayuki Okuno 4, Yumiko Hashida 5, Shozo Hashida 5, Teruaki Takehara 6, Keiichi Nakamura 7 and Tomohiro Kato 8 1 Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan 2 Headquarters for Innovative Society Academia Cooperation, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan; [email protected] 3 Department of Occupational Therapy, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, 158 Mizuma, Kaizuka, Osaka Prefecture 597-0104, Japan; [email protected] 4 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan; [email protected] 5 Kahokugata Lake Institute, Na 9-9, Kitachujo, Tsubata, Kahokugun, Ishikawa 929-0342, Japan; [email protected] (Y.H.); [email protected] (S.H.) 6 Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahokugun, Ishikawa 929-0342, Japan; [email protected] 7 Yamato Environment Analysis Co., Ltd, 273 Santanda, Kawakita, Nomi-gun, Ishikawa 923-1253, Japan; [email protected] 8 Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel./Fax: +81-76-223-6977 Received: 19 March 2018; Accepted: 31 May 2018; Published: 7 June 2018 Abstract: Several massive colonies of Pectinatella magniﬁca have been observed during the summer almost every year since 1974 in agricultural reservoir ponds and lakes with dirty freshwater environments in Ishikawa, Japan, which has posed serious environmental problems on the shores of Hokuriku District.
Transcriptome Analysis Elucidates the Key Responses of Bryozoan Fredericella Sultana During the Development of Tetracapsuloides Bryosalmonae (Myxozoa)

International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Transcriptome Analysis Elucidates the Key Responses of Bryozoan Fredericella sultana during the Development of Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (Myxozoa) Gokhlesh Kumar 1,* , Reinhard Ertl 2 , Jerri L. Bartholomew 3 and Mansour El-Matbouli 1 1 Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] 2 VetCore Facility, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] 3 Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-3804, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 8 July 2020; Accepted: 13 August 2020; Published: 17 August 2020 Abstract: Bryozoans are sessile, filter-feeding, and colony-building invertebrate organisms. Fredericella sultana is a well known primary host of the myxozoan parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae. There have been no attempts to identify the cellular responses induced in F. sultana during the T. bryosalmonae development. We therefore performed transcriptome analysis with the aim of identifying candidate genes and biological pathways of F. sultana involved in the response to T. bryosalmonae. A total of 1166 differentially up- and downregulated genes were identified in the infected F. sultana. Gene ontology of biological processes of upregulated genes pointed to the involvement of the innate immune response, establishment of protein localization, and ribosome biogenesis, while the downregulated genes were involved in mitotic spindle assembly, viral entry into the host cell, and response to nitric oxide. Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2 signaling was identified as a top canonical pathway and MYCN as a top upstream regulator in the differentially expressed genes. Our study provides the first transcriptional profiling data on the F.
Lobban & Schefter 2008

Micronesica 40(1/2): 253–273, 2008 Freshwater biodiversity of Guam. 1. Introduction, with new records of ciliates and a heliozoan CHRISTOPHER S. LOBBAN and MARÍA SCHEFTER Division of Natural Sciences, College of Natural & Applied Sciences, University of Guam, Mangilao, GU 96923 Abstract—Inland waters are the most endangered ecosystems in the world because of complex threats and management problems, yet the freshwater microbial eukaryotes and microinvertebrates are generally not well known and from Guam are virtually unknown. Photo- documentation can provide useful information on such organisms. In this paper we document protists from mostly lentic inland waters of Guam and report twelve freshwater ciliates, especially peritrichs, which are the first records of ciliates from Guam or Micronesia. We also report a species of Raphidiophrys (Heliozoa). Undergraduate students can meaningfully contribute to knowledge of regional biodiversity through individual or class projects using photodocumentation. Introduction Biodiversity has become an important field of study since it was first recognized as a concept some 20 years ago. It includes the totality of heritable variation at all levels, including numbers of species, in an ecosystem or the world (Wilson 1997). Biodiversity encompasses our recognition of the “ecosystem services” provided by organisms, the interconnectedness of species, and the impact of human activities, including global warming, on ecosystems and biodiversity (Reaka-Kudla et al. 1997). Current interest in biodiversity has prompted global bioinformatics efforts to identify species through DNA “barcodes” (Hebert et al. 2002) and to make databases accessible through the Internet (Ratnasingham & Hebert 2007, Encyclopedia of Life 2008). Biodiversity patterns are often contrasted between terrestrial ecosystems, with high endemism, and marine ecosystems, with low endemism except in the most remote archipelagoes (e.g., Hawai‘i), but patterns in Oceania suggest that this contrast may not be so clear as it seemed (Paulay & Meyer 2002).