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4 ~''7.. (~Y~ ,.5.,.Je~J INDICTMENT ACTE D'accusation ~AM~ I SOU ~~~’’ ~~-7.. ~3- ~"4 (~y~,.5.,.j e~j ICTR CRIHINAL REGISTRy INTERNATIONALCRIMINAL R72E;’¢ED TRIBUNAL PENAL INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA mil. SEP 28 P ~4~,~ LE RWANDA Ca~e No,. ICTR-99- THE PROSECUTOR LE PROCUREUR Dt TRIBINAL AGAINST CONTRE and et JEAN DE DIEU KAMUHANDA JEAN DE DIEU KAMUHANDA INDICTMENT ACTE D’ACCUSATION The Prosecutorof the International Le Procureurdu TribunalPë.’:al CriminalTribunal for Rwanda,pursuant to Internationalpour le Rwanda.en vertu,5.~ theauthority stipulated in Article17 of the pouvoirsque lui confèrelarticle 17 5u Statuteof the InternationalCriminal Statutdu TribunalPënal Intemationai po=r Tribunalfor Rwanda(the Statuteof the le Rwanda(le Statutdu Tribunahaccuse: Tribunal)charges: and et JEAN DE DIEU KAMUHANDA JEAN DE DIEU " KAMIHANDAT + With CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT D’ENTENTE EN VUE DE COMMETTRE GENOCIDE; GENOCIDE, or akernatively LE GÉNOCIDE: GÉNOCIDE c,u COMPLICITY IN GENOCIDE; DIRECT alternativement. COMPLICITE DE AND PUBLIC INCITEMENT TO COMMIT GENOCIDE: D’INCITATION DIRECTE GENOCIDE; CRIMES AGAINST ET PUBLIQUE A COMMETTRE LE HUMANITY and VIOLATIONS OF GENOCIDE: CRIMES CONTRE ARTICLE 3 COMMON TO THE GENEVA L’HUMANITÉ, et de VIOLa.TIONS DE CONVENTIONS AND ADDITIO~’AI L’ARTICLE 3 COMMUN AIX CONVENTIONS DE GENEVE ET Dt" 2,13ri~rt~~l~tt,at fitaîu~tl6~ IT(r~dna’~wanda PROTOCOLE ADDITIONEL Il, crimzs CI~,IITIFIEDTRI)F, COPY OF THE ORIC,,|RAI,SF, EN BY ME prévusaux articles2. 3 et 4 du Statutdu COPIE CERTIFIEE CONFORME & I;OR[GJNAL PAR NOUS "l+ribunal. & ~AM~ISOU’. ~,,,¢Y,t~;¢¢,t~.,.g(.:~,~.,.~ ...... s,a:v,*rv,[:....,,~,.,,»Are:"o"~:"°’&’tea~’ I, IIP,rORl~ ~,! { O~ ri.",! I. HISTORICAL CONTEXT 1. CONTEXTE HISTORIQUE 1.1 The revolutionof 1959marked the 1,1 La révolutionde 1950marque le beginningof a periodof ethnicclashes début d’une périçxted’affromements betweenthe Hutu and the Tutsi in Rwanda. ethniquesentre les Hum et les Tutsiau causinghündreds of Tutsi to die and Rwanda.provoquant au coursdes années thousandsmore to fleethe country in the quiont immédiatement suivi, des centaines yearsimmediately tbilowing. The revolution demorts chez les Tutsi et l’exode demillier:, resuhed,i.,in~ the abolition of théTutsi d’entreeux. Cette ré~olution entraîne monarchyand the proclamation or thé ~’~rst ~"abolitionde la monarchie’Tutsi et~ la Republicin early1961. confirmed in a proclamationde la PremièreRépublique au referendumheld in the same year. début de l’année196l. confirméepar Legislativeelections held in September rétërendumau coursde la mèmeannée. Les 1961confirmed the dominant position ofthe électionsIégislatives de septembre 1961 MDR-PARMEHUTU (Mouvement confirme la domination du MDR- DémocratiqueRépublicain- Parti du PARMEHUTU (MouvementDémocratique Mouvementd’Emancipation Hutu). led by Républicain-Parti du Mouvement GrégoireKayibanda. who was subsequently dÉmancipation Hum) de Grégoire electedPresident of the Republicby the Kayibanda.qui est dlu Présidentde la LegislativeAssembly on 26 October1961. Républiquepar l’assemblëe législative le 26 octobre1961. 1.2Thé early years of theFirst Repubtic. 1,2 Les premièresannées dexistence de whichwas under the domination of the Hutu cetterépublique, dominée par lesHum du of centraland southern Rwanda. were again centreet du sud du Rwanda.sont de markedby ethnicviolence. Thé victims nouveaumarquées par la violenceethnique. werepredominantly Tutsi, the former ruling Les victimesfurent principalement des eliteand those related to them,who were Tutsi.l’ancienne élite dirigeante, etleurs killed,driven to other régions of Rwanda or alliés:ceux-ci furent tués. chassés vers tbrcedto fleethé country.The gradual d’autresrégions du Rwandaou forcésde e liminationofthe opposition parties inthose s’enfuirdu pays.L’élimination progressive early years confirmed the MDR- despartis d’opposition durant ces premières PARMEHUTUas the singleparty, thé only annéesconfirme le MDR-PAR..\IEHUTU partyto présentcandidates inthe elections commeparti unique¯ qui est le seul5. of1965. présenterdes candidatsaux élections de 1965, 1.3 The earlypart of 1973 in Rwanda 1.3 Le débutde l’année1073 au Rwanda wasagain marked by éthnicconfrontations est de nouveau marqué par des betweenthe Hutu and Tutsi,prompting affrontementsethniques entre Hum et Tutsi anotherexodus of theTutsi minority from quiprovoquent, après ceux de 1959a 1963. I. ( ()~IE\IF, ttl",l()Rl()l thecountry, as hadoccurred between 1959 unnouvel exode de la minoriteTutsi. C’e~te andI%3. This new outburst of ethnicand recrudescencedes tensionsethniques ci politicaltension between thc North and politiques(entre le Nordet le Sud)aboum, Southresulted in a militarycoup by General te5 .juillet1073. à uncoup d’Etat militatre JuvénalHab}arimana on 5 July 1973, mentpar le Général.luvénal Hab}arim~.:oE shiFting5 power t’fore civilian to militar l.,ecot~t d’État entraine unrenxersement ,tu handsand from Hutu oî" central Rwanda to pouvoir,qui passe des mains des ci’,iIs à Hutuof the northern pr~!/L, ctures of Gisenyi cellesdes rnilitaires etde celles des Hum du (Habyarimanasnative region) and centredu Rwandaà cellesdes Hum ~«» Ruhengeri. prétecturesdeGisenyi et RuhenL-:eri au nerd du pays (rëgionnatale du Président Habyarimana); 1.4 In 1975, PresidentHabyarimana 1.4 En 1975.le présidentHabyarimana tbundedthe MouvementRévolutionnaire .Vationalpour le Développement(MRND), îbnde le MouvementRévolutionnaire Nationalpour le Développement(MRND). singleparty, and assumed the position of partiunique, dont il assume la présidence. partyChairman. The administrativeand La structureadministrative et ]a hierarchie partyhierarchies were indistinguishable in du MR,NDse confondenten un ’,éritab~e thissingle party state from the level of the parti-État à tous les niveaux de Préfetto the bourgmestres,and downto l’administrationterritoriale, du Préfet aux thatof the conseillersdë secteurand Bourgmestres,jusqu’aux conseillers de responsablesdecellule. secteursetresponsables decellule. 1.5 From 1973 to 1994.the government 1.5 De 1973à I994.le gouvernementdu of PresidentHabyarimana used a systemof PrésidentHabyarimana applique un ethnicand regionalquotas which was systèmede quotasbasé sur l’orio_ine supposedto provideeducational and ethniqueetrégionale qui était censé o~îl,ir emptoymentopportunities forail but which des chanceségaies à tous en matière was used increasinglyto discriminate d’éducationet d’emploi, mais qui tut utitisé againstboth Tutsi and Hutu from regions progressivementde manière discriminatoire outsidethe northwest. à l’encontredesTutsi et des Hutu originaires d’autresrégions que le nord-ouest. In fact,by thelate 1980’s, persons De fait,à la findes années 198o. fromGisenyi and Ruhengeri occupied many plusieursdes postesles plusimportants of the mostimportant positions in the dansles secteurs militaires, politiques. military, political, economic and économiqueset administratifs de la société administrativesectors of Rwandansociety. rwandaiseétaient occupés par des personn»s Amongthe privileged elite, an innercircle originairesde Gisenyi et Ruhengeri.Parmi ofrelatives and close associates ofPresident [’éliteprivilégiée, un noyau, connu sous Flabyarimanaand his wife, Agathe Kanziga, l’appellationAkazu, composé de membres knownas theAkazu, enjoyed great power. de la familleet d’intimesdu Président Thisselect group, almost exclusively Hutu, Habyarimanaet de son épouse,Agathc w,’lssupplemented by individualswho Kanziga.jouit d’un grand pouvoir. Aux :-/-s I. nl~i()Rl( ~,1 (o%t~%r sharedits extremist Hutu ideolog,,,, andwho membresc de ce grou~., pre,Nu camemainly from the native region of the exclusivementt[utu, se .ioignentdes Presidentand his wife. personnesqui en partagentl’id,àHogic Hutu extrémisteet qui sont principa[ement originaircsdela régionnatale du Prèsident etde son épouse. 1.6 In 1990. the Presidentof the 1.6 Au cours de l’anneelcago. I« Republic,,luvénal Habyarimana. and his Présidentde la Répubiquc.Ju~eaaI singleparty, the MRND, were t’acmg Habyarimana.et son partiunique, iç mountingopposition including t’rom other MRND, tbnt t~.ce à une opposition Hutu. grandissante,notamment de ta partdautres Hutu. 1.7 On 10ctober 1990, the Rwandan 1.7 Le ler octobre1990. le Front PatrioticFront (RPF), ruade up mainly PatriotiqueRv«andais {FPRL composé Tutsirefugees, attacked Rwanda. Within majoritairementderétùgiës Tutsi. attaque le days the governmentbegan arresting Rwanda.Dans les joursqui suixent.[e thousandsof people,presumed to be gouvernementprocède à l’arrestationde opponentsof Habyarimanaand suspected of milliersde personnesprësumées être des beingRPF accomplices. Although the Tutsi adversairesd’Habyarimana et soupç.onnées were the main target.Hutu political de complicitéavec le FPR. Parmiles opponentswere also arrested. personnes arrètées, majoritairement d’origineTutsi. il v a égalementdes opposantspolitiques Hutu. 1.8Following pressure from the internal 1.8 Suiteaux différentespressions de oppositionand the international community. l’oppositioninterne et de la communauré and the RPF attackof October1990, internationale,et à l’attaquedu FPR PresidentHabyarimana permitted the doctobreI990, le PrésidentHabyarimana introductionofmultiple political parties and autorisel’introduction du multipartisme et theadoption of a new constitutionon 10 [’adoptiondune nouvelle constitution le I0 June 199I. The Mouvement juin1991. Le MouvementRévolutionniire RévolutionnaireNational pour le Nationalpour le Développement(MRNDI Développement(MRND) was renamed estalors rebaptisé :çIotn’ement Républicai«z MouvementRépublicain National pour la Nationalpour
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