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Adoptee Access to Original Birth Certificates and the Politics of Birthmotherhood in Ohio, 1963-2014

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Adoptee Access to Original Birth Certificates and the Politics of Birthmotherhood in Ohio, 1963-2014 Adoptee Access to Original Birth Certificates and the Politics of Birthmotherhood in Ohio, 1963-2014 Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Katherine Grace Livingston, M.A. Graduate Program in Women’s, Gender & Sexuality Studies The Ohio State University 2016 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Cynthia Burack, Advisor Dr. Wendy Smooth Dr. Mary Thomas Copyright by Katherine Grace Livingston 2016 Abstract The experiences of women who place children for adoption have been historically excluded from mainstream and feminist scholarship on reproductive politics. Similarly, scholars of adoption have insufficiently accounted for the impact of contemporary political movements for and against abortion on the discourses, institutions and relations of power that shape the experiences of these women, popularly known as birthmothers. Bridging that gap in scholarship, this dissertation addresses the ways in which political struggles over abortion rights influence adoption law and shape the way birthmothers are represented in public policy discussions. This dissertation project investigates the legislative and political history of major policy debates in the State of Ohio from 1963 to 2014 concerning the rights of adult adoptees to access their original birth certificates. Situating these debates in Ohio within a larger body of scholarship on U.S. adoption law and policy, I map a legislative and political history of pro-life interventions in this area of adoption policy. I examine this history with an eye toward how ideas about birthmothers’ sexual, reproductive and maternal lives are consolidated into political narratives about birthmothers. In particular, I am interested in the ways in which policy actors develop arguments against adoptee access that rely on political narratives about birthmothers’ identities, experiences and agency. ii Dedication For my son, Andy iii Acknowledgments My greatest debt of gratitude for this project is owed to my advisor, Dr. Cynthia Burack, for her unfailing support throughout my six years at The Ohio State University. It is simply impossible to inventory the ways in which she has advocated for me as a graduate student and encouraged me toward the completion of this project. For her keen editorial sense, her humor and compassion, I am grateful. Members of several academic communities made meaningful contributions to this research. For their guidance and support as members of my dissertation and candidacy exam committees, I thank Dr. Mary Thomas, Dr. Wendy Smooth and Professor Katherine Hunt Federle. I thank the faculty and staff of the Department of Women’s, Gender & Sexuality Studies at The Ohio State University, including Dr. Jill Bystdyzienski, Lynaya Elliot, Lexie Beer, Andy Cavins and Tess Pugsley, for their pragmatic assistance throughout this project. I am especially grateful to Dr. Jill Bystdyzienski and Lynaya Elliot, who went to great lengths in order to support my maternity leave in 2014 and subsequent return to the graduate program. Dr. Michelle Gibson, Dr. Amy Lind and Dr. Deb Meem of the University of Cincinnati played important roles in the early development of this project. Their enthusiasm for the questions explored in my M.A. project inspired my resolve to continue this work. Sam Affholter and Kara Ford took on the unenviable task of assisting me in the formatting of my citations. I could not have iv made it to the finish line without their labor and editorial assistance. Finally, I am indebted to Dr. Marianne Novy at University of Pittsburgh and Professor Elizabeth Samuels at University of Baltimore School of Law for their support in my development as a scholar in the field of adoption studies. I could not have completed this work without the encouragement and support that I received from my larger community of colleagues and allies. To my graduate school colleagues, Dr. Jackie Arcy, Dr. Wonda Baugh, Dr. Victoria Genetin and Krista Benson, thank you for being my cheerleaders and accountability partners. For her friendship and guidance, both academic and personal, I’m grateful to Dr. Mary Thomas. I met Alex Kennedy-Grant when this experience was just beginning, and I’ve drawn strength from his encouragement for over a decade. I received support for this project, both material and emotional, from many people in Ohio’s adoption community. Betsie Norris, a mentor and friend, inspired me with her tenacity. She gave me an incredible opportunity to learn from her work as an activist and make a contribution of my own. To Marley Greiner, I owe an enormous debt for her willingness to share her understanding of Ohio history and keep me informed of developments in Ohio adoption politics. Thank you to Dawn Friedman for being a sounding board and sharing your insights. Finally, I am grateful for the friendship, v compassion and resolve of the birth parents that joined me in creating and sustaining Ohio Birthparent Group. Margaret Sabec, Sara Blubaugh, Margaret Wilmeth, Stephanie Olsen, Jaime Robinson, Carmel Glassmeyer, and Joy Deken have enriched this project and my life in too many ways to count. I am particularly grateful to Margaret Sabec for her unfailing support of my family and our birthparent community. To Nancy Taylor, Mary Chellis, Shawn and Ariana, you four inspired this project from the beginning. It is my hope that this work contributes to the broadening of your future possibilities. To my grandma, Barbara Chellis, thank you for inspiring my passion for politics and my commitment to social justice. To my parents Susan and Rob Livingston and my siblings, Stephanie, David and Mae, you’ve instilled in me a great respect for the importance of connection and family. This project emerges from the understanding that some relationships, like ours, just cannot be replaced. It should go without saying that this project would not be completed without your support (and free babysitting). To David Brock, I am profoundly grateful to share this experience with you. Thank you for steadying me, making me laugh, and being a true partner in our shared commitment to our son, Andy. To Sam Affholter, I am in constant awe of how fortunate I am to experience the everydayness of partnership and parenthood with you. Thank you for your generosity, patience, love, brilliant ideas, wit, wits’ end, and doing all the dishes. Throughout this process, you have cared for me like no other. vi To my son Sycamore Maple Affholter Livingston, our life together is the great gift I’ve waited for. You are far beyond my most ambitious and hopeful imaginations. And finally, to my son Andy Hoben, thank you for awakening me to motherhood, feminist politics, and purpose. No one has shaped this project more than you. Your bright light guides me, and I hope someday that I have the opportunity to share with you all that you have been to me. vii Vita 8 September 1981 Born, Columbus, Ohio, USA 2007 B.A. Government, Smith College 2010 M.A. Women’s, Gender & Sexuality Studies, University of Cincinnati Publications Livingston, Kate. “Birthmotherhood and Reproductive Justice.” Journal of the Alliance for the Study of Adoption of Culture 4.1. (2014) 159-169. Livingston, Kate. “International Adoption as Humanitarian Aid: The Discursive and Material Production of the ‘Social Orphan’ in Haitian Disaster Relief.” Situating Intersectionality: Politics, Policy and Power. Edited by Angelia R. Wilson, 89-106. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillian, 2013. Livingston, Kate. “The Birthmother Dilemma: Resisting Feminist Exclusions in the Study of Adoption.” Adoption and Mothering. Edited by Frances Latchford, 58-72. Bradford, ON: Demeter Press, 2012. Fields of Study Major Field: Women’s, Gender & Sexuality Studies Critical Adoption Studies Adoption Policy & Practice in the U.S. Reproductive & Sexual Politics viii Table of Contents Abstract………………………………………………………………………..ii Dedication…………………………………………………………………….iii Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………….iv Vita…………………………………………………………………………... viii Table of Contents………………………………………………………….… ix List of Abbreviations ………………………………………..…………….....xii Chapter 1: Introduction…………………………………………………….... 1 Project Overview and Scholarly Significance………………….….…5 Why Ohio?............................................................................................9 Project Design……………………………………………..…………13 Defining Birthmother……………………………………………...…16 Literatures Informing this Project……………………………………18 Chapter Organization………………………………………….…..…23 Chapter 2: Placing Ohio in Context: Adoption Law, Policy and Activism in the United States……………......… 26 Race, Sexuality and ‘Illegitimate’ Motherhoods……………….……35 The Shift Toward Sealed Records……………………..…………….37 Open Records and Adoptee Rights Activism………………………. 39 Adoptee and Birthparent Activism: 1970-1990……………………..41 ix Adoptee and Birthparent Activism: 1990-2000……………………50 Chapter 3: Early Pro-Life Interventions: The Political History of Adoptee Access, 1963-2007….....................……54 H.B. 202: Brad Norris and the Sealing of OBCs in Ohio…………56 Cultivating Influence: Dr. Jack Willke…………………..…..……58 Ohio Adoptees Mobilize for Access…………………..………..…61 Birthmother Privacy Narratives……………………….……..……64 Conclusion…………………………………………………...……69 Chapter 4: Gender, Sexuality and Race in Dr. Jack Willke’s Sex Education and Anti-Abortion Curriculum…………………….…..…72 Representing Birthmothers…………………...……………..……76 The Wonder of Sex…………………………………………….…77 Heternormativity and The Adoption Imperative…………...…….84
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