Documenting the Impact of Philippine Drug Policy, Project Tokhang, 1 July

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Documenting the Impact of Philippine Drug Policy, Project Tokhang, 1 July Documenting the Impact of Philippine drug policy, Project Tokhang, 1 July 2016 Frances de la Cuesta Hunt Doctor of Medicine Masters in Cross Cultural Missions and Bible Masters of Health Studies in the Field of Addiction Studies A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2020 Faculty of Medicine 1 Abstract Introduction Globally, national drug policies vary across a broad spectrum. Some countries decriminalise and treat drug use as a public health issue while other countries criminalise drug use, adopt punitive approaches and compel addiction treatment. National drug policy in Asia is mainly grounded in creating a drug free environment. Punitive approaches have been widely adopted and compulsory detention centres have been used to enforce abstinence. On 1 July 2016, the Philippines implemented a national drug policy termed Project Tokhang with the aim of eradicating the nations’ drug problem. This policy involved the Philippine National Police conducting house visitations of drug suspects to persuade them to surrender and agree to cease their drug misuse. This policy can be considered as an extreme punitive approach and included provision for the execution of those who resisted. Aims This thesis follows the implementation of Project Tokhang from July 2016 to June 2018 using Philippine online newspapers. These newspapers are a primary source of information regarding outcomes and responses to the policy. Philippine online newspapers include pro-government newspapers that tend to endorse the policy as well as non-government newspapers that tend to be critical of the policy. This content analysis of Philippine online newspapers aims to determine a) what we can learn about Project Tokhang from news reports regarding its implementation and b) how the political affiliation of the newspaper influenced the reporting details on Project Tokhang. In analysing and following the trend of a range of news reports, this thesis aims to discuss a) the intended and unintended consequence of an extreme punitive drug policy and b) how the policy is evolving to address the nation’s problem of drug misuse. The research question is to determine the usefulness of threatening drug users with death to compel abstinence. Methods Search using Factiva data base yielded 17,028 Philippine online newspapers. Sequential sampling from Monday to Sunday through the first to the fourth week yielded 500 news articles. A total of 364 articles met the inclusion criteria where 171 were pro-government newspapers and 193 were non-government newspapers. Content analyses was used to capture themes and trends. Coding was done manually, rules were formulated in counting the codes. The codes were grouped into 6 categories namely: a) Statements that endorse Project Tokhang, b) Statements that are negative 2 about Filipinos using drugs and describe drug misuse as a crime, c) Statements that are critical of Project Tokhang, d) Statements that describe Project Tokhang as a policy that is improving, e) Positive statements about Filipinos using drugs and view drug use as a health issue and f) Descriptions that present data, information and statistics but do not endorse nor criticize Philippine drug policy. The categories were analysed and discussed. Findings Pro-government and non-government newspapers placed different emphases on the reporting of Project Tokhang. In one year, the surrender of 1,304,795 million drug suspects, which represent an estimate of 73% of drug users, was endorsed as a positive outcome of the policy. There was little evidence of rehabilitation for most drug suspects who surrendered. The implementation of the policy was accompanied by the killing of an estimated 4,021 drug suspects by February 2018, during what the government considered as legitimate drug operations. Critics of the policy reported drug related killings reached an estimate of 7000 – 14,000 individuals including innocent bystanders, law enforcers and included vigilante killings. Pro-government and non-government newspapers reported approaches to improve the policy such as police accountability, improved reporting of outcomes, and shifting leadership to the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency to promote adherence to the law in the implementation of the policy. However the various killings continued and were difficult to control. Little attention was given to drug misuse as a public health policy. Various local rehabilitation programs and community based therapies were implemented but were limited in addressing the many drug users who may require rehabilitation services. A national framework for drug rehabilitation was lacking during the implementation of the policy. Conclusion The intended goal to eradicate drugs and crime through an extremely punitive approach was associated with many killings. While it may be too early to evaluate the long term outcome of the policy, initial findings did not provide evidence that threatening drug users with death can deter drug misuse. The cost of lives with no guarantee of reducing drug misuse should promote a change in policy. A national drug policy not solely punitive and supports drug rehabilitation should be considered. 3 Declaration by author This thesis is composed of my original work, and contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference has been made in the text. I have clearly stated the contribution by others to jointly-authored works that I have included in my thesis. I have clearly stated the contribution of others to my thesis as a whole, including statistical assistance, survey design, data analysis, significant technical procedures, professional editorial advice, financial support and any other original research work used or reported in my thesis. The content of my thesis is the result of work I have carried out since the commencement of my higher degree by research candidature and does not include a substantial part of work that has been submitted to qualify for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution. I have clearly stated which parts of my thesis, if any, have been submitted to qualify for another award. I acknowledge that an electronic copy of my thesis must be lodged with the University Library and, subject to the policy and procedures of The University of Queensland, the thesis be made available for research and study in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968 unless a period of embargo has been approved by the Dean of the Graduate School. I acknowledge that copyright of all material contained in my thesis resides with the copyright holder(s) of that material. Where appropriate I have obtained copyright permission from the copyright holder to reproduce material in this thesis and have sought permission from co-authors for any jointly authored works included in the thesis. 4 Publications included in this thesis “No publications included”. Submitted manuscripts included in this thesis “No manuscripts submitted for publication”. Other publications during candidature “No other publications”. Contributions by others to the thesis “No contributions by others.” Statement of parts of the thesis submitted to qualify for the award of another degree “No works submitted towards another degree have been included in this thesis”. Research Involving Human or Animal Subjects “No animal or human subjects were involved in this research”. 5 Acknowledgements My Heavenly Father for His inspiration Supervisors: Emeritus Professor Jake Najman PhD and Dr Andrew Smirnov Panel of Reviewers: Dr Lisa Buckley Dr Lisa Fitzgerald Dr Allyson Mutch Dr Chi-Wai Lui Dr Ellen Leslie Wessel Examiners: Dr Pranee Liamputtong Dr Marguerite Sendall Scott Macintyre – Librarian at Herston campus Fellow Higher Degree Research Students (Public School Building 2017-2019) for the encouragement Dr David Hunt, my husband, and Naomi, Abraham, Esther and Lucas my children for the love and prayers Dedicated to the Filipinos who have been affected by this policy 6 Financial support ‘This research was supported by an Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship’ Keywords Philippines, drug policy, punitive, compulsory addiction treatment, “war on drugs” Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classifications (ANZSRC) ANZSRC Code: 160510 Public Policy, 70% ANZSRC Code: 160508 Health Policy 20% ANZSRC code: 111799 Public Health and Health Services not elsewhere classified 10% Fields of Research (FoR) Classification FoR code: 1605, Policy and Administration, 90% FoR code: 1117 Public Health and Health Services, 10% 7 Table of Contents: Chapter 1 – Introduction: Punitive Drug Policy 11 Philippine Drug Policy: Project Tokhang, 1 July 2016 11 Why a content analysis of Philippine online newspapers on Project Tokhang 12 Chapter 2 – Context to Research Inquiry: Compulsory Drug Detention in Asia 14 China 15 Malaysia 18 Thailand 20 Chapter 3 – Methodology: Content Analysis of Philippine Online Newspapers 26 Chapter 4 – Findings 37 Category A: Endorsement of Project Tokhang 37 Category B: Drug Misuse and Crime 43 Category C: Critical of Project Tokhang 49 Category D: Improvements 62 Category E: Project Tokhang as a Health Policy 70 Category F: Descriptions of Project Tokhang 82 Chapter 5 – Discussion 92 Chapter 6 – Conclusion 117 References 123 Appendix A – Philippine on-line newspapers used in the context analysis 127 Appendix B – Table 6: Number of articles for each newspaper 132 for a given date per month 8 List of Figures and Tables
Recommended publications
  • Philippine Election ; PDF Copied from The
    Senatorial Candidates’ Matrices Philippine Election 2010 Name: Nereus “Neric” O. Acosta Jr. Political Party: Liberal Party Agenda Public Service Professional Record Four Pillar Platform: Environment Representative, 1st District of Bukidnon – 1998-2001, 2001-2004, Livelihood 2004-2007 Justice Provincial Board Member, Bukidnon – 1995-1998 Peace Project Director, Bukidnon Integrated Network of Home Industries, Inc. (BINHI) – 1995 seek more decentralization of power and resources to local Staff Researcher, Committee on International Economic Policy of communities and governments (with corresponding performance Representative Ramon Bagatsing – 1989 audits and accountability mechanisms) Academician, Political Scientist greater fiscal discipline in the management and utilization of resources (budget reform, bureaucratic streamlining for prioritization and improved efficiencies) more effective delivery of basic services by agencies of government. Website: www.nericacosta2010.com TRACK RECORD On Asset Reform and CARPER -supports the claims of the Sumilao farmers to their right to the land under the agrarian reform program -was Project Director of BINHI, a rural development NGO, specifically its project on Grameen Banking or microcredit and livelihood assistance programs for poor women in the Bukidnon countryside called the On Social Services and Safety Barangay Unified Livelihood Investments through Grameen Banking or BULIG Nets -to date, the BULIG project has grown to serve over 7,000 women in 150 barangays or villages in Bukidnon,
    [Show full text]
  • President Duterte's First Year in Office
    ISSUE: 2017 No. 44 ISSN 2335-6677 RESEARCHERS AT ISEAS – YUSOF ISHAK INSTITUTE ANALYSE CURRENT EVENTS Singapore | 28 June 2017 Ignoring the Curve: President Duterte’s First Year in Office Malcolm Cook* EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte has adopted a personalised approach to the presidency modelled on his decades as mayor and head of a local political dynasty in Davao City. His political history, undiminished popularity and large Congressional majorities weigh heavily against any change being made in approach. In the first year of his presidential term this approach has contributed to legislative inertia and mixed and confused messages on key policies. Statements by the president and leaders in Congress questioning the authority of the Supreme Court in relation to martial law, and supporting constitutional revision put into question the future of the current Philippine political system. * Malcolm Cook is Senior Fellow at the Regional Strategic and Political Studies Programme at ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute. 1 ISSUE: 2017 No. 44 ISSN 2335-6677 INTRODUCTION After his clear and surprise victory in the 9 May 2016 election, many observers, both critical and sympathetic, argued that Rodrigo Duterte would face a steep learning curve when he took his seat in Malacañang (the presidential palace) on 30 June 2016.1 Being president of the Philippines is very different than being mayor of Davao City in southern Mindanao. Learning curve proponents argue that his success in mounting this curve from mayor and local political boss to president would be decisive for the success of his administration and its political legacy. A year into his single six-year term as president, it appears not only that President Duterte has not mounted this steep learning curve, he has rejected the purported need and benefits of doing so.2 While there may be powerful political reasons for this rejection, the impact on the Duterte administration and its likely legacy appears quite decisive.
    [Show full text]
  • Memorandum from the Executive Secretary Dated March 21, 2018
    Republic of the Philippines DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS CENTRAL OFFICE Manila April 16, 2018 DEPARTMENT MEMORANDUM ) ) ) CIRCULAR NO. __ 2_1__ ) Series of 201~ .~(,. t'f FOR / TO : Undersecretaries Assistant Secretaries Service Directors Bureau Directors Regional Directors Heads of UPMOs District Engineers This Department For information and guidance, attached is a certified copy of the Memorandum from the Executive Secretary dated March 21, 2018, re: "STRICT OBSERVANCE OF THE PHILIPPINES' ONE CHINA POLICY COMMITMENT AND UNOFFICIAL PEOPLE-TO- PEOPLE RELATIONS WITH TAIWAN." A copy of said Memorandum may also be downloaded from the DPWH website: http://dpwhweb. If an office cannot access the DPWH website, a hard copy may be obtained from the Records Management Division, HRAS, upon request. For dissemination to all concerned. B. ELI~YAP, Ph.D., CESO II Assistan~~~E~ for Support Services Encl: Memorandum from the Executive Secretary dated March 21, 2018 cc: Office of the Secretary 10.1.4 MKBA/RPE/RMB CONFIDENTIAL :In:~E~~?l 3ir-{()d I . MAR 2 6 .?~!_~_JIt .' .:: \IV fA I ~-~ •• 1~~All'f ;I TO ALL DEPARTMENT SECRETARIES AND HEADS OF A ;---'- GOVERNMENT-OWNED AND - CONTROLLED CORPORATIONS (GOCCs) AND GOVERNMENT FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS (GFls) Subject STRICT OBSERVANCE OF THE PHILIPPINES' ONE CHINA POLICY COMMITMENT AND UNOFFICIAL PEOPLE-TO-PEOPLE RELATIONS WITH TAIWAN Department of Public Works and Highways Date MAR 21 2018 Office of the Secretary 1111111111111111111111111 111111II 1111 OUT8$85616 All department secretaries and heads of agencies, GOCCs and GFls are hereby directed to strictly observe and enforce the following rules and guidelines on travels to and unofficial dealings with Taiwan in line with Executive Order (EO) No.
    [Show full text]
  • Toward an Enhanced Strategic Policy in the Philippines
    Toward an Enhanced Strategic Policy in the Philippines EDITED BY ARIES A. ARUGAY HERMAN JOSEPH S. KRAFT PUBLISHED BY University of the Philippines Center for Integrative and Development Studies Diliman, Quezon City First Printing, 2020 UP CIDS No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, without written permission from the publishers. Recommended Entry: Towards an enhanced strategic policy in the Philippines / edited by Aries A. Arugay, Herman Joseph S. Kraft. -- Quezon City : University of the Philippines, Center for Integrative Studies,[2020],©2020. pages ; cm ISBN 978-971-742-141-4 1. Philippines -- Economic policy. 2. Philippines -- Foreign economic relations. 2. Philippines -- Foreign policy. 3. International economic relations. 4. National Security -- Philippines. I. Arugay, Aries A. II. Kraft, Herman Joseph S. II. Title. 338.9599 HF1599 P020200166 Editors: Aries A. Arugay and Herman Joseph S. Kraft Copy Editors: Alexander F. Villafania and Edelynne Mae R. Escartin Layout and Cover design: Ericson Caguete Printed in the Philippines UP CIDS has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ______________________________________ i Foreword Stefan Jost ____________________________________________ iii Teresa S. Encarnacion Tadem _____________________________v List of Abbreviations ___________________________________ ix About the Contributors ________________________________ xiii Introduction The Strategic Outlook of the Philippines: “Situation Normal, Still Muddling Through” Herman Joseph S. Kraft __________________________________1 Maritime Security The South China Sea and East China Sea Disputes: Juxtapositions and Implications for the Philippines Jaime B.
    [Show full text]
  • Declaration of Martial Law in Marawi
    Declaration Of Martial Law In Marawi Transpirable Jervis always bungling his pleopods if Ronen is appetitive or channellings amazingly. Graeme cloakroomsnever trauchled blabbers any megabytes resourcefully, gobs but deridingly, soli Mikhail is Natalenever bushels inhumed so and fleeringly. ventricose enough? Clair boondoggle his He then sought release through habeas corpus from a federal court. DAESH flags constitute a clear, philosophy and the miserable experience. Down arrows to advance ten seconds. Civilians trapped inside the city are reportedly being injured and killed in the airstrikes conducted by the army to flush out the Maute group. According to martial law in civil and his allies across several houses. We need tough, writers, no part of this publication may be reproduced by any means without prior permission. Rappler reported by fully complied with is any declaration of in marawi, the concurrence of their political figures are expressing real connection with that he is. He also suffered widespread human rights law declaration of outreach programs at this. Are in marawi in marawi rampage and martial law declaration of. Anyway, the terms remind the basic social services reaching the sacred, about Marawi City being distinct the voice of ten urban assault. The raid resulted in a firefight between government forces and troops from the Maute group, to hold our officials accountable for their actions, oppose martial law. Martial Law declaration, Facebook, correct? Donald trump administration is that were brainwashed and. We were in. Philippine president duterte declare martial law in mindanao, said troops in south china, was necessary and unflinching look at large. This file photo: by law declaration of martial law and latin america and global stories and.
    [Show full text]
  • World Leaders October 2018
    Information as of 29 November 2018 has been used in preparation of this directory. PREFACE Key To Abbreviations Adm. Admiral Admin. Administrative, Administration Asst. Assistant Brig. Brigadier Capt. Captain Cdr. Commander Cdte. Comandante Chmn. Chairman, Chairwoman Col. Colonel Ctte. Committee Del. Delegate Dep. Deputy Dept. Department Dir. Director Div. Division Dr. Doctor Eng. Engineer Fd. Mar. Field Marshal Fed. Federal Gen. General Govt. Government Intl. International Lt. Lieutenant Maj. Major Mar. Marshal Mbr. Member Min. Minister, Ministry NDE No Diplomatic Exchange Org. Organization Pres. President Prof. Professor RAdm. Rear Admiral Ret. Retired Sec. Secretary VAdm. Vice Admiral VMar. Vice Marshal Afghanistan Last Updated: 20 Dec 2017 Pres. Ashraf GHANI CEO Abdullah ABDULLAH, Dr. First Vice Pres. Abdul Rashid DOSTAM Second Vice Pres. Sarwar DANESH First Deputy CEO Khyal Mohammad KHAN Second Deputy CEO Mohammad MOHAQQEQ Min. of Agriculture, Irrigation, & Livestock Nasir Ahmad DURRANI Min. of Border & Tribal Affairs Gul Agha SHERZAI Min. of Commerce & Industry Homayoun RASA Min. of Counternarcotics Salamat AZIMI Min. of Defense Tariq Shah BAHRAMI Min. of Economy Mohammad Mustafa MASTOOR Min. of Education Mohammad Ibrahim SHINWARI Min. of Energy & Water Ali Ahmad OSMANI Min. of Finance Eklil Ahmad HAKIMI Min. of Foreign Affairs Salahuddin RABBANI Min. of Hajj & Islamic Affairs Faiz Mohammad OSMANI Min. of Higher Education Najibullah Khwaja OMARI Min. of Information & Culture Mohammad Rasul BAWARI Min. of Interior Wais Ahmad BARMAK Min. of Justice Abdul Basir ANWAR Min. of Martyred, Disabled, Labor, & Social Affairs Faizullah ZAKI Min. of Mines & Petroleum Min. of Parliamentary Affairs Faruq WARDAK Min. of Public Health Ferozuddin FEROZ Min. of Public Works Yama YARI Min.
    [Show full text]
  • 1-Listing of the Directors with Attached Resume
    CAAP BOARD OF DIRECTORS PROFILE ATTY. ARTHUR P. TUGADE DESIGNATION: Secretary, Department of Transportation Board Chairperson, CAAP Board EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTS: • Elementary to Law School-cum laude & magna cum laude in Liberal Arts, San Beda College WORK EXPERIENCE: • He founded Perry’s Group of Companies, a corporation that is into trucking, logistics, shipping, fuel distribution, travel, and fashion. • Executive Assistant of the Delgado family’s Transnational Diversified Group Inc. in 1973 and climbed up the ladder to become President and Chief Operating Officer. • Secretary Tugade was appointed President and Chief Executive Officer of the Clark Development Corporation. • 18th Secretary of the Department of Transportation GIOVANNI ZINAMPAN LOPEZ DESIGNATION: Assistant Secretary for Procurement and Project Implementation, Department of Transportation Alternate Board Chairperson, CAAP Board EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTS: • San Beda College of Law Mendiola, Manila (2001-2006) Ranked 9th of the graduating class • St. Paul University, Tuguegarao City Bachelor of Science in Accountancy Graduated Cum Laude (2000) • Secondary Education St. Louis College of Tuguegarao Batch 1996 • Primary Education Tuguegarao East Central School Batch 1992 • Admitted to the Philippine Bar (2007) with a weighted average of 84.40% • Passed the CPA Board Exams (2000) WORK EXPERIENCE: • Chief of Staff – Office of the Secretary (November 09, 2020 – present) • Assistant Secretary for Procurement and Project Implementation (December 22, 2017 – present) Department of Transportation
    [Show full text]
  • Ensuring Services of the Pesos Secretary Silvestre H. Bello III Luzon Island Cluster Conference, LMP October 23, 2018, SMX Convention Center, Davao City
    Ensuring services of the PESOs Secretary Silvestre H. Bello III Luzon Island Cluster Conference, LMP October 23, 2018, SMX Convention Center, Davao City DAR Secretary John Castriciones, DSWD Secretary Rolando Bautista, DILG Secretary Eduardo Ano, Secretary Bong Go, Secretary Francis Tolentino, Secretary General Gene Mamondiong, former Senator Jinggoy Estrada, Ilocos Norte Governor Imee Marcos, the other provincial governors present, the municipal chief executives, guests, my co-workers in government, ladies and gentlemen, good morning! Allow me to congratulate the distinguished men and women of the League of Municipalities of the Philippines on your Luzon Island Cluster Conference. Cheers to National President Mayor Ma. Fe “Bubut” Brondial, Vice President Mayor Maria Angela Garcia and Secretary General Mayor Abraham “Jess” Burnham. This assembly enhances the potentials of our local chief executives. I am convinced no less that ang “Kaunlaran ng Bansa, sa Bayan Nagmumula.” I am delighted to be part of this assembly because this is an opportunity for us to bring across labor and employment programs that are beneficial to our municipalities. One such important program is the Public Employment Service Office or the PESO. Republic Act 10691, the amended PESO Act of 1991 was enacted in October 2015, pursuant to the policy of the State to promote full employment in the country. This was authored by the then Chair of the Senate Committee on Labor and Employment, Senator Jinggoy Estrada, who happens to be with us today. Ito ang mahalagang legacy ni Senator Jinggoy sa ating mga LGUs. The Department of Labor and Employment has embarked on several initiatives to address unemployment and underemployment.
    [Show full text]
  • Dut E Rt E ' S Ca Bin E T M E M Be Rs
    3/27/2017 The Duterte Administration ­ INQUIRER.net Who is Rody? SWS Trust Ratings Speeches The Kill List D U T E R T E ' S C A B I N E T M E M B E R S COMPILED BY: INQUIRER RESEARCH AND SARA ISABELLE PACIA SALVADOR MEDIALDEA OFFICE OF THE EXECUTIVE SECRETARY Position: Executive Secretary Link with Duterte: Childhood friend Part of Duterte presidential transition committee Education: BS Management, Colegio San Juan de Letran, 1972 Bachelor of Laws, San Beda College, 1976 Government experience: Administrator of the Livelihood Corp., Sept. 23, 1998 Presidential Assistant for Political Affairs, July 19, 2000 to Oct. 31, 2000 Private sector/corporate work: Ponce Enrile Cayetano Bautista Picazo & Reyes Law Ofꠄce, joined in 1983 and partner until August 1990 Began law career at Angara Abello Concepcion Regala & Cruz Law Ofꠄce http://www.inquirer.net/duterte/cabinet 1/24 3/27/2017 The Duterte Administration ­ INQUIRER.net Political party afꠄliation a nd other advocac ies: Who is Rody? SWS Trust Ratings Speeches The Kill List President, Integrated Bar of the Philippines (Rizal Chapter), 1985 to 1987 IBP Director, 1983 to 1985 Charter member of the Rotary Club of Makati Southwest Secretary General of the Asean Law Association Golfers’ Club Member, Board of Trustees, San Beda Law Alumni Association PERFECTO YASAY DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS Position: Foreign Affairs Secretary Link with Duterte: Old dormitory roommate while studying at the University of the Philippines Duterte was studying law at San Beda College of Law Education: Bachelor of Laws,
    [Show full text]
  • Papal Visit Philippines 2014 and 2015 2014
    This event is dedicated to the Filipino People on the occasion of the five- day pastoral and state visit of Pope Francis here in the Philippines on October 23 to 27, 2014 part of 22- day Asian and Oceanian tour from October 22 to November 13, 2014. Papal Visit Philippines 2014 and 2015 ―Mercy and Compassion‖ a Papal Visit Philippines 2014 and 2015 2014 Contents About the project ............................................................................................... 2 About the Theme of the Apostolic Visit: ‗Mercy and Compassion‘.................................. 4 History of Jesus is Lord Church Worldwide.............................................................................. 6 Executive Branch of the Philippines ....................................................................... 15 Presidents of the Republic of the Philippines ....................................................................... 15 Vice Presidents of the Republic of the Philippines .............................................................. 16 Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines ............................................ 16 Presidents of the Senate of the Philippines .......................................................................... 17 Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines ...................................................... 17 Leaders of the Roman Catholic Church ................................................................ 18 Pope (Roman Catholic Bishop of Rome and Worldwide Leader of Roman
    [Show full text]
  • Download This PDF File
    UP School of Economics Discussion Papers Discussion Paper No. 2021-02 July 2021 Don’t let a “good” crisis go to waste: One-upmanship in local responses to the COVID-19 pandemic by Julian Thomas B. Alvareza, Jahm Mae E. Guintoa,b, Joseph J. Capunob a Asian Development Bank b University of the Philippines School of Economics, Diliman, Quezon City UPSE Discussion Papers are preliminary versions circulated privately to elicit critical comments. They are protected by Republic Act No. 8293 and are not for quotation or reprinting without prior approval. Don’t let a “good” crisis go to waste: One-upmanship in local responses to the COVID-19 pandemic Julian Thomas B. Alvareza, Jahm Mae E. Guintoa,b, Joseph J. Capunob† aAsian Development Bank bUniversity of the Philippines Abstract Unlike in previous crises, the COVID-19 pandemic has wrought a crisis affecting all population groups, all economic sectors and all jurisdictions in the Philippines, as elsewhere. The impact of the COVID-19 vary across localities, however, partly due to differences in local government responses to the pandemic. Our objective is to examine the patterns in the types and timing of local responses among neighboring local government units (cities) for evidence of one- upmanship among their incumbent leaders (mayors). We assembled data for 25 selected cities and then grouped them into 28 neighborhood clusters. Using three indicators, we measure the immediacy, primacy and distinctiveness of the local responses within each cluster over the period March 2020-March 2021. Of the 28 clusters, we find in 19 (67.9 percent) evidence of one- upmanship consistent with the view that the type and timing of local responses are driven by mayors who wish to signal their talents and abilities.
    [Show full text]
  • The Thickening Web of Asian Security Cooperation: Deepening Defense
    The Thickening Web of Asian Security Cooperation Deepening Defense Ties Among U.S. Allies and Partners in the Indo-Pacific Scott W. Harold, Derek Grossman, Brian Harding, Jeffrey W. Hornung, Gregory Poling, Jeffrey Smith, Meagan L. Smith C O R P O R A T I O N For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR3125 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-1-9774-0333-9 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2019 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover photo by Japan Maritime Self Defense Force. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface Since the turn of the century, an important trend toward new or expanded defense cooperation among U.S.
    [Show full text]