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Sloane Correspondence at Ushaw College: the Study of an Expatriate English Catholic (1815-1863)

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Sloane Correspondence at Ushaw College: the Study of an Expatriate English Catholic (1815-1863) Durham E-Theses The Sloane Correspondence at Ushaw College: the Study of an Expatriate English Catholic (1815-1863) GRI, LUCIA How to cite: GRI, LUCIA (2021) The Sloane Correspondence at Ushaw College: the Study of an Expatriate English Catholic (1815-1863), Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/13991/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 ABSTRACT This thesis closely examines the letters housed in the archives of Ushaw College, a former Catholic school and seminary located in the outskirts of Durham, written by the alumnus Francis Joseph Sloane to his Alma Mater between 1815 and 1863. The letters are mostly addressed to the Fifth President of the College, Mons. Charles Newsham, an old classmate of Sloane’s. Sloane and Newsham had been pupils in the first cohort of the newly-built college, in 1808, the transplantation of the Catholic College at Douay (‘Le Collège des Grands Anglais’), a school for the children of Catholic English families since the late sixteenth century who, due to the legal proscription of the time, had no opportunity to study in a Catholic school in their own country unless they converted to the established Anglican Church. At the time of the correspondence Sloane, of Scottish/Swiss emigrés parentage, was residing in Florence, first as a tutor and librarian to the family of Count Boutourline and later on, as the owner of Tuscany’s most productive and profitable copper mine. The letters show how Sloane remained an affectionate and generous alumnus, staunch friend to Ushaw, a concerned and spiritually propinquitous alumnus, ready to support the College, its students and clergy at any request. The letters give us a glimpse of the munificent gifts bestowed, such a Renaissance chalice, precious vestments, sums of money to help finance and enlarge the College buildings, and the establishment of the Sloane Fund for a poor student. The letters are historically significant as a contemporary record of the development of the fabric of Ushaw College, the development of the new freedom for Catholic believers in England and the philanthropy and dedication which allowed such a fertile renaissance to take place. Additional letters (from Sloane to the Ushaw College clergy and vice-versa) have also been consulted and transcribed to supplement the original collection. By means of the letters at Ushaw College, an attempt has been made to study the nature of Sloane’s philanthropic demeanour towards Ushaw and Florence (his place of domicile) during the period specified above, with a particular emphasis on the extent of his substantial financial largesse towards the College at a time when such English institutions required as much pecuniary support as they could muster. Moreover, Sloane’s financial support provided an illustration of his role, from his home in Italy, as facilitator and host for Ushaw students and alumni, a tightly knit community, which he maintained for many years out of genuine affection for his Alma Mater. This research has also discovered further facts of Sloane’s life and antecedents which, it is hoped, provide an additional and fascinating context for his life and his support for the fledgling existence of Roman Catholicism in nineteenth-century Britain. THE SLOANE CORRESPONDENCE AT USHAW COLLEGE: THE STUDY OF AN EXPATRIATE ENGLISH CATHOLIC (1815-1863) MA by Research School of Modern Languages and Cultures Academic Year 2020/2021 Lucia Gri ii iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Chapter One: Francis Joseph Sloane – An Outline of His Life 1.1 – Antecedents, Rome and the Scottish Connection 1.2 – Interaction with exiles 1.3 – The Advent of Ushaw College 1.4 – Early Years at Ushaw 1.5 – Sloane’s Education at Ushaw Chapter Two: Francis Joseph Sloane – Russia and Florence (1815-1836) 2.1 – Off to Russia 2.2 – Florence 2.3 – Back to Russia Chapter Three: Francis Joseph Sloane – The Road to Riches 3.1 – Sloane’s life takes a turn 3.2 – Philanthropy and Benevolence Chapter Four: Grateful Alumnus 4.1 – Ordination or Secular Employment 4.2 – Reconnection with Ushaw 4.3 – The Chalice and Other gifts 4.4 - The Sloane Fund Chapter Five: Our Man in Florence – Sloane the ‘Social Conduit’ Conclusion Bibliography Appendices Appendix 1 (Chronology/Timeline) Appendix 2 (Transcribed Letters) iv INTRODUCTION In the wind-swept hills of the bleak countryside around Durham, the College of St Cuthbert’s, also known as Ushaw College, educated the youth of the Catholic English gentry and trained young men for the priesthood for over two hundred years, until its closure in 2011. Since the Reformation, students from wealthy Catholic families had been forced to study abroad, in particular at Douai College (Collège des Grands Anglais) in the region of Flanders, an area which, at that time, was under the domination of the Spanish Habsburg kings. However, Douai College, founded by Dr William Allen, one-time Professor of Theology at Oxford University before the Reformation and later Cardinal, as an aspiring pre-Reformation ‘Catholic Oxbridge’ college, was itself threatened by another political earthquake, the French Revolution, and forced to close. In the wake of the Revolution and its antagonism towards all religion, Douai College’s property was seized, and the students had to flee. The students, principally English (though there were some Irish among them), came back to England, making it necessary for interested parties to consider the possibility of English Catholic educational institutions of various kinds, a discourse which led to the establishment of institutions such as Stonyhurst, Ampleforth and Ushaw. Indeed, v this is why Ushaw College, ‘the Douai College in England - the Alma Mater Rediviva’1 (brought back to life) came to exist. The location, chosen for its remoteness and its advantageous economic considerations (the estate having been offered by a sympathetic Catholic landowner), was ideal for the construction of a school and seminary in a country which, although legally had allowed its subjects the freedom of worship to exercise their Roman Catholic faith, was still conspicuously antagonistic towards the Catholic religion and nervous of its aspirations. Catholics could worship in their own way, provided they would do so quietly, without (as Elizabeth I initially pronounced) breaking the law, and without proselytising amongst the rest of the population. Ushaw College welcomed the first group of students to the present site in August 1808, after some years in temporary accommodation at Crook Hall and Tudhoe Preparatory School. Among these students, a young boy of fourteen years, Francis Joseph Sloane, arrived from Italy on 8 September 1808.2 Two hundred and ten years later, surviving archival evidence at Ushaw, in the form of a collection of letters from Sloane to his ‘beloved Alma Mater’ in the mid-1800’s, provides us with a unique and fascinating glimpse of the fond relationship between a former alumnus and an institution which had furnished him with more than a standard academic education. The letters form part of the extensive and impressive archives and treasures of the 1 Milburn, D., A History of Ushaw College (Durham, 1964), 71. 2 Letter from Sloane to Newsham, 9 June 1840, UC/P26/S9/1. vi College (now no longer a Catholic school and seminary, but still an academic institution) which, in the last few years, have been catalogued by Durham University staff. This cataloguing process is now bringing to light many unknown, extraordinary documents and artefacts, a proportion of which embrace a broad range of academic disciplines and which also reflect historical events on both a national and local level. The letters, written by Sloane, span a period of 48 years between 1815 and 1863, the bulk of which are addressed to the fifth President of Ushaw College, Monsignor Charles Newsham. The 48 years also cover a period which reveals Sloane as a young man fresh out of the College and looking for a situation of employment to a wealthy, confident sixty-seven-year-old gentleman, a man of the world mourning the death of his old friend, Newsham. The main body of the carteggio encompasses a period of time between 1840 and 1858, when Sloane resided in distant Florence, and yet the concern for his alma mater remained spiritually propinquitous, passionate and true. The letters are historically interesting for many reasons, in particular as a contemporary record of the development of the fabric of Ushaw College, the development of the new freedom for Catholic believers in England and the philanthropy and dedication which allowed such a fertile renaissance to take place. Additional letters (from Sloane to the Ushaw College clergy and vice-versa) have also been consulted and transcribed to supplement the original collection. Francis Joseph Sloane, born in Italy at the end of the eighteenth century, of Scottish and English/Swiss emigrés parentage, was among the students in the first vii cohort to start their studies at the newly-built Catholic college in 1808. Owing to the recent laws on the emancipation of Catholics and the relaxation on building regulations for Catholic worship, the Catholic Church was allowed to open several colleges, both for the preparation of priests, but also as schools in which the progeny of Catholic families in Britain could send their children for their education.
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