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Full-Text (PDF) Potential for Drug Abstract Abuse: Predictive Objective: This study was an attempt to predict potential for drug abuse on Role of Parenting the basis of three predictors, namely parenting style, stress, and type D Styles, Stress and personality. Method: In this descriptive-correlational study, 200 Type D Personality students (100 males and 100 females) of Islamic Azad University of Karaj were selected by convenience sampling. For data collection, perceived parenting styles Mahin soheyli, Gholamreza questionnaire, perceived stress scale, Dehshiri, Seyedeh Fatemeh type D personality scale, and Mousavi addiction potential scale were used. Results: The results showed that rejecting/neglecting parenting style and emotional support were Mahin soheyli positively and negatively correlated M.A. in General psychology with addiction potential, respectively. Gholamreza Dehshiri Conclusion: The child-parent Assistant Professor of Psychology relationship and also the relationship Alzahra University between stress and type D personality Tehran can be considered as predictive Iran factors in addiction potential. Seyedeh Fatemeh Mousavi Key words: Parenting Styles, Stress, Assistant Professor of Educational Psychology, Type D Personality, Addiction Women Research Institute Potential Alzahra University Tehran Iran E-mail: [email protected] Research on Addiction Quarterly Journal of Drug Abuse Presidency of the I. R. of Iran Drug Control Headquarters Department for Research and Education Vol. 9, No. 33, Spring 2015 http://www.etiadpajohi.ir/ 70 Research on Addiction Quarterly Journal of Drug Abuse Introduction Addiction, as one of the four main crises of the twenty-first century, is considered one of the major health, mental, and social problems as well as the most important factor effective in risk behaviors (Farnam, 2013). About 205 percent of universtiyy students has been involved in addiction due to various psychological and social problems (Bahadori Khosroshahi & Khanjani, 2013; Sarrami, 2012). Addiction is dependence on the substances whose repeated use with a specified quantity and at certain times is necessary for the user and leads to physical and psychological dependence (American Psychological Association, 2013) and also causes the creation of a phenomenon named tolerance in the body (Bazmi, 2011). Addiction is described as a set of defense and adaption mechanisms that begin from the beginning of adolescence and are stabilized with the compatibilities of adulthood (Johnson, 2003). Several factors are involved in the development of drug trends from the beginning of adolescence. In accordance with self-regulation theory, Zinberg (1984) emphasized the imbalance of “ego” in drug-dependent persons and their inability to maintain the independence of the "ego" and believed that drug dependent people lose the nutrition sources of environmental stimuli, establish destructive relationships with family and others, and their perceptions of the outside world become more negative. Kohut (1971) believed that the major damage to the addicts’ personality is the result of severe failures and negative experiences in relation with the mother and the failure in the adjustment of actions and tensions. This leads to the establishment of an inefficient mental structure in the internal regulation of their acts and behaviors. In scientific literature, this issue has been frequently researched under the title of parenting styles. Parent-child interaction is accomplished in two dimensions, namely admission evaluation (including supporting and fostering positive affect between parent and child) and control (including guidance and monitoring the child's behavior). Emotional warmth against hostility (neglect, rejection, and violence) is the most effective dimension of parent-child relationship and the base of the formation of one’s future experiences (Amato & Fowle, 2002). Baumrind (1967) considered both dimensions of responsiveness vs. unresponsiveness and demanding vs. undemanding and, then, introduced three styles as authoritative parenting (reasonable expectations by creating logical constraints, expressions of love, and the participation of children in decision-making), authoritarian parenting (onerous and unrealistic expectations, use of punishment and coercion, lack of attention to the emotional needs), and permissive parenting (not expecting children and weakness in control of child’s demands). Young, Klosko & Weishaar (2003) also introduced several parenting styles characterized by emotional deprivation, overprotective parenting, belittling parenting, perfectionist parenting, pessimistic/fearful parenting, controlling parenting, emotionally inhibited parenting, and conditional/ narcissistic parenting. The Seyedeh Fatemeh Mousavi et al 71 quality of mother-child relationship and all aspects of it (role confusion, positive affect, communication and replication) are involved in adolescents’ addiction potential (Farahati, 2012). Violent and authoritarian relationship, tendency to delinquent behavior, symptoms of depression, anxiety, and phobia are also prevalent in drug users that verify the role of parent-child interaction styles in the tendency of children to malicious behavior (Ra’easi, Anisi, Yazdi, Zaman & Rashidi, 2008; Goudarzi, Zarnaghash & Zarnaghash, 2004; Parker & Benson, 2004; Havasi, 2001; Shokrzadeh, 2013; Andersson & Eisemann, 2003; Zeinali, Vahdat & Gharehdingeh, 2010, Seifi Gandomani, Saffarinia & Kalantari Meybodi, 2013). Such experiences in childhood are mainly determinant of the structure of one's personality and predict his/her behavioral model in subsequent periods (Bazmi, 2011). Several studies have confirmed the relationship between personality traits such as introversion, incompatibility, and neuroticism and high-risk behaviors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and substance use. (Aderam & Nikmanesh, 2011; Kornor & Nordvik, 2007; Janery & Kan, 2012, Eshratifard, 2012; Ahmadi, Najafi, Husseini Almadani & Ashoori, 2012; Erfani & Poorsina, 2012). The existence of the vulnerable personality and serious problems of personality, such as narcissism, antisocial behavior, and borderline personality in drug abusers has also been approved (Bond, 2005, cited in Baron-Oladi, Navidian and Kaveh-Farsani, 2013; Sarason & Sarason, 1994; Mohamadzadeh & Aghayi, 2005). Some studies have also confirmed the intensification of mental and personality disorders after addiction (Ketabi, 2009), potential type D personality or frustration by a combination of two fixed personality constructs, including negative affect and social inhibition for tendency to addiction (Grossarth-Maticek & Eysenck, 1990), and lower tendency to health-related behaviors (Broek, Martens, Nyklicek, Voort & Susanne, 2007; Williams, et al., 2008; Whitehead, Perkins-Porras, Strike, Magid & Steptoe, 2007). In addition to the quality of interactions with parents and the consequent experiences in terms of personality traits, a variety of social, economic and psychological stresses are the underlying factors leading to potential for drug addiction (Samoo’ea, Ebrahimi, Mousavi, Hassanzadeh & Rafi’ea, 2000). Goeders (2004) considered tendency to drug as a mechanism aimed at overcoming stressful life factors or reducing the symptoms of anxiety and depression. Studies are also indicative of the inability to cope with stressors in terms of tendency to substance use (Pourseyedmoosayi, Mousavi & Kafi, 2012; Hyman, Fox, Hong, Doebrick & Sinha, 2007; McCuller, Sussman, Dent & Teran, 2001 ; Ghasemi, Rabie, Haghayegh & Palahang, 2011; Banna, Back, Do & See, 2010; Garland, Gaylord, Boettiger& Howard, 2011). With regard to the above-mentioned points, this study aims to investigate the relationship of parenting styles, stress, and type D personality with students’ addiction potential and, then, examine the predictive role of these three variables in students’ addiction potential. 72 Research on Addiction Quarterly Journal of Drug Abuse Method Population, sample, and sampling method The population of the study consisted of all Islamic Azad University students who were studying in the academic year 2014-2015. For the sample selection, seven faculties were randomly chosen out of the 11 faculties of the university. In this descriptive-correlational study, 200 students (100 males and 100 females) of Islamic Azad University of Karaj were selected from bachelor and master’s programs (176 students in bachelor program and 24 ones in master’s program) by convenience sampling method. All the participants in this study were in the 18-to-42-year-old age group with the mean of 23.73 years old and standard deviation of 4.5. Instrument 1- Short perceived parenting styles questionnaire EMBU (Swedish acronym for Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran): This scale was developed by Arrindell, et al. (2005) in 23 items for the replacement of its 81-item counterpart. The current scale contains three subscales of rejection (7 items), emotional support (6 items), and overprotection (10 items) with a 5-point Likert scale (never to always) for scoring. The items are scored from 0 to 4. In the study conducted by the designers of the scale, the reliability of the scale and its sub- scales was reported to be between .70 and .90. Hassani, Fathi Ashtiani & Rasoolzadeh Tabatabai (2011) obtained the convergent validity of the questionnaire in correlation with parental bonding instrument .77 and .72 for emotional support and overprotection, respectively. Moreover, its divergent validity was also assessed by anxiety questionnaire
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